Methodological Principles of Teaching Drawing in the Process of Preparing an Animation and Computer Graphics Artist

Chaika Nadezhda Mikhailovna ORCID: 0000-0003-2468-0840 PhD in Pedagogy Senior Lecturer, Department of Graphic Art and Communicative Design, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University 295007, Russia, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, Academician Vernadsky Ave., 4 chaika-604@mail.ru

Literature review.

Drawing can be considered the most important discipline in teaching visual literacy.  The aim is to develop knowledge, skills and abilities in spatial thinking, theory and practice of graphic art. The student needs to master the abilities of drawing, its practical implementation, composition, have the skills of linear constructive construction, understand and apply the necessary execution techniques to reveal the image, be able to convey volume using chiaroscuro, know the methods and laws of tonal, textured drawing to perform educational tasks. His teaching is individual and versatile for all ages and purposes.

The student should not just copy an object, but also realize and feel exactly how to depict it: be able to analyze the form, apply creative imagination, see the details of nature, convey them whole, with accents so as to arouse the interest of the viewer.

Pedagogical science offers different ways and methods of acquiring skills and abilities, developing the creative potential of students. In the XVI century, the Russian academic school of drawing appeared, which during its existence has educated many generations of artists. It is based on the traditions of classical Greek art developed during the Renaissance. The characteristic features of academic drawing are the idealization of nature and high professionalism in the technique of execution, which were instilled during the years of study at the Academy of Arts of Russia. Russian Russian academic school's outstanding representatives include A. P. Losenko, who is characterized by endowing the Russian academic school with national features, K. P. Bryullov with his attachment to talents and their development, A. I. Ivanov, whose important features are a thorough study of nature, sketching and many other representatives of the Russian school of drawing. ^{[17, 18, 24]}

At the end of the XIX century, the theoretical provisions of educational drawing were important in the teaching of visual literacy, and special attention was also paid to the principles of the practical issue of teaching methods and the organization of the educational process. In their works, many provisions on the development of the theory and methodology of teaching drawing by P. P. Chistyakov and D. N. Kardovsky are considered, their experience is also applicable by modern art teachers. ^{[11, 30]}

More modern psychological research on the problems of teaching visual activity is presented by the following authors: L. S. Vygotsky, E. I. Ignatiev, B. C. Kuzin, P. N. Jacobson. ^{[8, 10, 13, 31]} More extensively, based on the theory and practice of the realistic school of drawing, scientific data of psychology and physiology, methodological science is reflected in the works of methodologists: O. A. Avsiyan, N. N. Anisimov, G. V. Beda, B. C. Kuzin, N. N. Rostovtsev, G. B. Smirnov, A. E. Terentyev, A. A. Winkovsky, T. Ya. Shpikalova. ^{[1, 3, 4,13, 23, 26, 28, 29]}

The process of modern educational space in the field of teaching drawing to students training directions 05/04/03 graphics, animation and computer graphics artist of the Department of Graphic Art and Communicative Design of the Institute of Media Communications, Media Technologies and Design are, the analysis of the work performed by students shows that the fundamental methodological principles: the principle of step-by-step creation of a drawing, its execution from integral to elementary and vice versa, the principle of structural analysis of the transfer of form in the drawing, and others by a larger group of students are not observed, there is a weak perception and awareness of nature, technical skills of practical drawing also do not have the proper level. As a result, the role of the necessary methodological principles in educational drawing decreases, the quality of students' work is unsatisfactory, and the quality in step-by-step education decreases. At some stages, the drawing teaching methodology is stratified, weakened, and some groups of methods when performing drawings that are not brought to the norm fall out of the general process by both teachers and students.

It is important to correctly form the motivation of students to master the drawing. It is necessary to note the place of discipline in the educational process, its essence and importance, to arouse interest in the forms and methods of its study. Therefore, in the first place there is a clear definition and understanding of the tasks of working on the drawing, knowledge of the methodological foundations, a clear systematic organization of the internal structure of classes, consistency, constant focus on solving issues of methods and their implementation in practical classes.

Very often, in modern education, great importance is attached to such a principle, in which active methods of conducting classes are put forward, consisting of methods and techniques of pedagogical influence, attracting to increased mental activity, to the manifestation of creativity in visual activity. It is possible to note scientific research based on the study of the activation of practical activities of students, conducted by teachers N. A. Alimasova, V. P. Bespalko, A. I. Bondareva, A. K. Zhaksybergenov, A. Ya. Kozlyakov, E. F. Kuznetsov. In some methodological works, to activate the educational process in the field of drawing, V. K. Lebedko, N. N. Rostovtseva, A. E. Terentyev, there is an inclusion in classes of exercises on drawing from memory, representation. ^{[2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15]}

The scientific development of new forms and methods in teaching drawing comes to the need to study the history of teaching methods, analyze the pedagogical process and its scientific and theoretical justification.

It is possible to single out D. P. in the dissertation research. Psurtseva's methodological principle of in-depth study of the depicted nature as a drawing from different angles and the creation of additional sketches. ^{[21, 29-31 p]}

The role of systematic independent work is also important. The scientific works of V. V. Boos, V. A. Podchevarov, N. N. Rostovtsev describe the role of self-development of students through the study of art books and drawing textbooks. A.V. Sveshnikov offers a means of increasing the activity of students in the systemic psychological and pedagogical educational factor impact on the qualities of personality character in teaching methods guided by individual psychological characteristics. ^{[7, 23, 25]}

Of course, only a comprehensive system of pedagogical influence leads to the teaching of drawing in the most qualitative way, not in the same way as some individual means and methods of cognition of the discipline. The following can be distinguished: regular use of visualization, problem statement, systematic organization of full-scale productions, joint discussions of completed works, comments from the teacher, and other effective teaching methods and techniques.

Many authors believe that the process of activating learning involves a conscious approach to learning, in which the step-by-step implementation of the exercise is observed. Upon observation, it turned out that both in the first years and in the senior years, thoughtless copying of external forms of nature is noted without applying the important methodological principle "from the general to the particular". Students, without analyzing, build a volume in the drawing, but simply transfer the outline and tonal spots of the shape.

When studying the basics of visual literacy, it is necessary to solve important tasks, perform all stages and techniques of work, starting with studying simple geometric bodies and ending with a human figure. But methodically correct in this regard and the most correct will be the treatment from the initial stage of the educational process, in which the foundation of knowledge and skills in the field of drawing, professional and artistic perception of nature, constructive thinking, light-tone volume analysis is laid, then the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities are formed that contribute to the acquisition of high technical excellence. One of the main places in the training of a specialist is occupied by volumetric and plastic tasks. The next is the idea of a linear-constructive drawing.

It is necessary to highlight in the drawing studies in which a special place is given to the peculiarities of spatial thinking and the methodology of drawing the environment, the development of compositional construction, methods of perspective construction of space on a plane: D. G. Barysheva, P. V. Kapustina, V. I. Lokteva, N. F. Markova, V. K. Moore, V. M. Nepomnyashchego, N. P. Pyatakhina, G. M. Rusakova, V. M. Sonyak, E. A. Chernoy. ^{[16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 27]}

Organization of empirical research.

In many methodological studies, teaching the basic identification of the linear-constructive basis is put in the first place, and then the elaboration of the tonal form. As a result, a student who has achieved knowledge, skills and drawing skills from nature of complex plastic shapes (head and human figure) is considered a specialist prepared for various kinds of professional drawing.

Training for future specialists in the field of training 05/24/03 graphics, animation and computer graphics artist of the Department of Graphic Art and Communicative Design of the Institute of Media Communications, Media Technologies and Design begins with preparatory courses in the discipline "Drawing". Students of a higher educational institution can become those who have completed the courses, completed the examination task in compliance with all the necessary requirements for applicants in these disciplines.

All applicants can be figuratively divided into several categories: there are those with excellent pre–university training in drawing - these are college students; some may have average or poor education, such as students of art schools and art classes at secondary schools, studios, art schools, circles; there are also those who do not have any training in drawing at all.

In preparatory courses, which are one of the stages of preparation of applicants for teaching fine arts, the tasks performed already have a logical continuation of the educational process in a higher educational institution. Since most of the students of the preparatory courses are graduates of additional education, orienting their graduates to study at specialized universities, it is much easier for them to master the training requirements. But there are also nuances:  applicants come with their own baggage of knowledge, skills and abilities, and the vision of their teachers. From experience, many specialists in additional education have their own specifics of preparation: the desire to "build" geometric shapes in isolation from tone; non-academic hatching; primary drawing of the plane on which objects stand; drawing plaster figures with a very soft pencil; drawing each object separately; hatching planes of geometric shapes separately; drawing each object separately; lack of a stroke in the shape of the object; a strong opening of the table plane relative to the horizon line; uneven vertical lines; incorrect compositional placement on the sheet.

At the same time, all the principles of clarity are applied, the sequence of the exercise is explained. Unfortunately, the short period of study does not allow to fully fill the gap in the acquired knowledge. There are also individual tasks taking into account age characteristics, their three-dimensional thinking, in which primary skills are formed to observe, study, analyze and depict nature on a plane.

In higher education, the main form of teaching the discipline is first a linear constructive drawing, then a long-term tonal drawing based on the perception of nature. At the same time, the implementation of short-term exercises in the form of sketches and sketches for the development of observation and visual memory, hatching skills and constructive construction is taken into account.

Discussion of the results. Every year the tasks become more complicated to combined forms, more specifically the laws of linear and aerial perspective, drawing techniques are given: starting from simple still lifes, geometric shapes, capitals, they come to the construction of a stump, an ecorche, a skull, a head and a figure. Skills of step-by-step work are also instilled according to the principle: from general to particular and from specifics to generalization. At the last stage, students study the basics of plastic anatomy, the rules and features of the constructive and tonal drawing of the human head, compositional, perspective and tonal tasks of drawing still life and interior are more difficult to solve.

At the last stage, tasks aimed at the creative formation of a professional are also provided: a two-figure thematic production.

Self-study assignments are aimed at developing the skills and abilities acquired during classroom classes.

The experiment does not last long enough for students of the training area 05/04/03 graphics, animation and computer graphics artist of the Department of Graphic Art and Communicative Design of the Institute of Media Communications, Media Technologies and Design, it is necessary to continue for the reliability of the results.

Conclusions.

It is revealed that the characteristic features of academic drawing are idealized nature and high professionalism in the technique of execution, which were instilled during the years of study at the Academy of Arts of Russia.

The fundamental methodological principles are highlighted: the principle of step-by-step creation of a drawing, its execution from integral to elementary and vice versa, the principle of structural analysis of the transfer of form in a drawing, and others.

There is a clear definition and understanding of the tasks of working on the drawing, knowledge of the methodological foundations, a clear systematic organization of the internal structure of classes, consistency, constant focus on solving issues of methods and their implementation in practical classes.

The following methodological principles are highlighted: active methods of conducting classes, consisting of methods and techniques of pedagogical influence, attracting to increased mental activity, to the manifestation of creativity in visual activity; the methodological principle of in-depth study of the depicted nature as a drawing from different angles and the creation of additional sketches; regular use of visualization, problem statement, systematic organization of full-scale productions, joint discussions of the completed works, comments from the teacher, and other effective ways and techniques of teaching, features of spatial thinking and methods of drawing the environment, issues of the development of compositional construction, methods of perspective construction of space on a plane.

The role of systematic independent work is also important: the study of art books and drawing textbooks, the impact on the qualities of personality character in teaching methods guided by individual psychological characteristics.

It is necessary to pave the way for the introduction of methodological principles for students of the 54.05.03 graphics, animation and computer graphics artist Department of Graphic Art and Communicative Design of the Institute of Media Communications, Media Technologies and Design for a more complete understanding of the process of teaching drawing.