Òhe entertainment industry as a component of the recreational activities of the resort: the problem of the safety of the consumption of its services

Suvorova Nataliia PhD in Economics Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Design and Ecology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Sochi State University 354000, Russia, krasnodarskii krai, g. Sochi, ul. Politekhnicheskaya, 7, kab. 310 arwa2006@rambler.ru Other publications by this author

Tabak Larisa Vladimirovna PhD in Economics Head of the Department of Architecture, Design and Ecology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Sochi State University 354000, Russia, krasnodarskii krai, g. Sochi, ul. Politekhnicheskaya, 7, kab. 310 larisatabak@mail.ru Other publications by this author

General provisionsHuman activity is always accompanied by psychophysiological processes, the use and waste of his energy, hormonal, muscular, mental, intellectual and other resources, which manifests itself in a change in his working capacity, which is understood as his ability to stably and for a long time maintain an intense rhythm of his activity in conditions of its increasing complexity and high nervous overload.

When examining the working capacity in its composition, first of all, the general working capacity is distinguished, that is, the maximum possible when mobilizing all the reserves of the body. In addition, the actual working capacity of the individual is important for the normal work process. It depends on his current level of health and well-being, on the typological properties of the nervous system, individual characteristics of mental processes (memory, thinking, perception, attention), on his assessment of the significance and expediency of mobilizing the body's resources to fulfill assignments and job responsibilities at a given level of reliability and for a given time, provided that the resources consumed are normally restored the body.

When performing work, a person goes through such phases of working capacity as mobilization, workability, optimal (compensation) and unstable (subcompensation) working capacity, decompensation, "final breakthrough" (before the end of work in case of strong motivation) and breakdown.

Starting from the subcompensation phase, a special state of fatigue occurs. There are physiological and mental fatigue. The first of them expresses, first of all, the effect on the nervous system of decomposition products released as a result of motor and muscular activity, and the second - the state of overload of the central nervous system itself.

Mental fatigue manifests itself in the following features: physical and psycho-emotional sensations change.

 In the field of sensations, fatigue manifests itself in a decrease in a person's susceptibility, as a result of which he does not perceive some stimuli at all, and perceives others with a noticeable delay. At the same time, his ability to concentrate attention decreases, consciously regulate it, as a result of which the individual is distracted from his duties and may make a mistake, which is fraught with far-reaching consequences. In addition, in a state of fatigue, he is less able to memorize, memories become fragmentary, which is why he is not able to fully apply his professional knowledge and skills. Finally, the thinking of a tired employee becomes slow, inaccurate, it to some extent loses its critical character, flexibility, breadth, he hardly thinks, can not make the right decision.

In the emotional area, due to fatigue, indifference, boredom, a state of tension arise, states of depression, increased irritability may occur, emotional instability occurs. At the same time, fatigue interferes with the activity of nervous functions that provide sensorimotor coordination, as a result of which the individual's reaction time increases, and, consequently, he reacts more slowly to external influences, simultaneously loses dexterity, coordination of movements, which again leads to errors and accidents.

Usually, the phenomena of mental and physiological fatigue are mutually intertwined, and mental fatigue, that is, a feeling of fatigue, most often precedes physiological fatigue.

After the termination of activity, a phase of restoration of physiological and psychological resources begins. In the case of an incomplete recovery period, residual fatigue phenomena persist, which can accumulate, lead to chronic fatigue of varying severity. In a state of overwork, the duration of the optimal performance phase is sharply reduced or may be completely absent, and all work takes place in the decompensation phase.

The increasing intensity, tension and responsibility of the life of modern Russians are manifested at the psychological level^[1] in an increase in the frequency of negative emotional experiences and stress reactions, which, accumulating, cause the formation of pronounced and prolonged stress states^[2].

The way to minimize stress depends on the degree of physical and emotional fatigue of the body, as shown in Table 1 ^[1,2,3].

Table 1

Nature and symptoms of stress

In a stress situation to eliminate overwork, as follows from the contents of Table 2, the ordering of rest and sleep, physical education, entertainment are shown ^[2].

Table 2

Degrees of overwork

In case of slight overwork, a vacation outside the place of permanent residence and related rest are useful, whose varieties are reflected in Table 3 ^[4].

Table 3

Typology of types of tourism

With severe fatigue, organized rest is necessary, implemented on the basis of recreation structures, whose role in human life is reflected in Figure 1.

	Human health factors

Fig. 1. The place and role of recreation in the human life support system

For severe fatigue, inpatient treatment is required. For all this, the Russian Federation has a unique complex of sanatorium-resort treatment, whose defining element is the resort destination with its inherent attractiveness^[3].

Destination (from Lat. "destino" – "location")^[4] is a geographical area that has certain boundaries, which, due to the factors it has, can attract and satisfy the needs of a fairly wide group of tourists. Ideographic, organizational and cognitive components are usually distinguished as part of the mentioned factors of any destination. The first of them are a set of specific "material" distinctive features of the territory: natural (climate, landscape, flora and fauna), human-related (culture, infrastructure, educational opportunities, shopping, price level, locals, etc.) and mixed (beaches, parks, resorts). Organizational factors determine spatial (the size of the destination – from a single attraction to a country or even a continent) and temporal features (the presence of a tourist within its limits for at least one night) ^[5]. Finally, cognitive factors are related to how the recreant perceives a particular destination, his feelings and sensations during his stay, the degree of involvement and the desire to visit it again.

Here under the resort (from it.  "Kur" - "treatment" and "Ort" - "place") is understood as a specially protected natural area developed and used for the purpose of treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention and rehabilitation, having natural healing resources and buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities, as shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Levels of recreational product of the resort

The peculiarity of the resort practice is that it combines a number of functions, namely: 1) preventive health improvement of the population; 2) rehabilitation of patients; 3) leisure and animation activities that can raise the vitality of vacationers.

We would like to focus our attention on the last component.

As you know, leisure consists of a number of levels that differ from each other in their psychological weight and degree of activity, and therefore active and passive forms of leisure are distinguished. If the passive view is marked by a state of rest that relieves fatigue and restores strength, then active rest is physical and creative activities that require strong–willed efforts.

As follows from the theory and practice of human physiology, an indispensable factor of a full-fledged leisure of an individual is his inclusion in animation or entertainment activities, whose meaning is reflected in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Background of tourist animation and its functions

To meet the socio-cultural needs of man in entertainment in any national economy created a special branch activities – entertainment. Its purpose is to use the various factors of entertainment.

This tool became a separate attractions^[5], as well as their entirety parks^[6]. Note that the first mass rides have appeared in Europe, where, during the fairs showman people entertained. First buildings were simple, swings and ice slides. Then, in the Middle ages, the first carousel. They knights before the fight went in a circle on wooden horses, which were pushing servants.

The basis of the current parks were parks^[7]. The oldest of them – the Park "the Bakken" (1583), is located in Klampenborg, near Copenhagen (Denmark). London's Vauxhall gardens opened to the public in 1661 In 1728 the entrance there was paid a shilling per person. Was released and silver tickets for the season. Another Park, "the age" (opening date – 1766) is the Prater, located in Vienna (Austria). A notable instance of a European Park, which has existed for 166 years, is the Park "Tivoli Gardens" (Copenhagen), matched for age with the Oktoberfest^[8].

In Russia, as in Europe, the first rides considered to be extant swings and slides for sliding, which was popular among all segments of society.

In XVII-XVIII centuries widespread such fun water game (comic fountains). Jets of water suddenly burst out of the ground, okatava parties fun (like "cracker" is still used, for example, in Peterhof).

A breakthrough in the entertainment industry can be considered as the invention of the Russian mechanic A. K. Nartova Petrine era of "mechanical roller coasters"^[9]. In practice, his idea has been implemented in 1747, when specially for Empress Elizabeth in St Petersburg was built by the first sliding hill. The French, who met with the attraction in the nineteenth century during the war of 1812, called it a "roller coaster". This name has been recognized worldwide^[10].

At the end of the XVIII century, in Vogue ballooning.

At the Great world exhibition in London (1851) was organized by the temporary Park where you can ride the carousel, the Ferris wheel and landscape railroad.

In 1884, in new York, and in 1897 in Japan appeared first mechanized slides^[11]. But they were only the rides, like the carousel with horses^[12]. Soon those rides were equipped with mechanisms to create a sense of racing and eliminate the risk of falls and survived to the present day.

Real boom in the opening of new attractions began in affluent America, when Europe was still recovering from the losses of the First world war^[13].

Over time, the rides were located in a limited area, has acquired the status of parks: first parks^[14], and then theme^[15] and water (water parks and beach activities)^[16], as well as parks family vacation^[17].

Referred boom raised and the Soviet Union. Central Park of culture and leisure (Gorky Park) them. Gorky created in 1928 at the behest of Stalin as a "plant culture in the fresh air", is still considered the largest in Eastern Europe. Soon there appeared the first permanent attraction - Ferris wheel^[18]. Later a similar wheel was installed in Izmailovo Park. So the government launched a program of construction and development parks in the Soviet Union, initiated during the NEP. From this moment began in the USSR Park boom^[19].

Tribute to the development of theme parks received in Russia^[20].

Today as the best theme Park experts often called the "Divo-island" (Saint Petersburg). It has existed since 2003, and a year after the discovery was named the best Park in Russia and the CIS, having received the "Grand Prix" at the national contest "Crystal wheel". The project invested $52 million

The Park is situated on the territory of Krestovsky island. The proximity to the metro provides high traffic.

"Divo-island" has its own unique style, with bright decorations and a fun puppets. Such parks are more popular and, ultimately, more profitable than regular amusement parks. For the first 4 months of work it was visited by more than 1 million people^[21].

The Park was built as the entertainment complex: in addition to the fun, here are a stage for concerts and show programs^[22], and 5 themed cafe.

At first the Park was 17 rides, then their number increased by 3 times. All the rides^[23], including extreme new ("Winged swing", "Forsazh", "Catapult", "Booster", "Seventh heaven") correspond to the world standards of the entertainment industry and have been certified to the international organization TUV.

The huge popularity of attractions is evidenced by the fact that in 2005, 335 million people visited their parks in the USA alone. In Europe, the figures are lower: 300 amusement parks honored 40 million people with their attention. Interest in the attractions is supported by the latest technologies that allow you to achieve unprecedented speeds, frightening heights and simply fantastic beauty of the attractions ^[24].

Alas, rides are a pleasant, but not so harmless entertainment. The mentioned technologies often cause tragedies. That is why technical problems on the rides can lead to real tragedies.

Experts divide incidents in amusement parks into four categories. The first category includes accidents caused by visitors due to non-compliance with safety rules^[25]. The second reason is non–compliance with the safety rules for the operation of attractions by their employees.^[26]. The third reason is a malfunction of the equipment^[27]. The third is purely medical, i.e. the reaction of the human body to overloads that occur during participation in the attraction ^[28]. And yet, the main cause of death of people around the world remains precisely violations of safety regulations during their operation.

As a result, it can be reasonably argued that any attraction is an object of increased danger, including an attraction located on the beach. Is it so?

For example, due to the prevalence of attractions, the USA is the "leader" in the number of incidents on them^[29]. However, tragedies occur not only in the USA, but all over the world, and with frightening regularity^[30].

In the context of what has been said, the desire of the Dubai authorities to ban water-powered beach activities can be considered emotionally understandable. The reason for this was the death at the end of October 2005 during a parasailing flight^[31] of a 10-year-old boy who crashed on impact on the roof of one of the mosques after a strong gust of wind broke the cable connecting his parachute with a towing boat.

In the CIS countries, where the entertainment industry is not as widely developed as in the West, accidents on rides occur, all with the same considerable frequency^[32].

According to the Russian Association of Amusement Parks and Manufacturers (RAPA), today in Russian parks from 70% to 90% of the rides have worked out their allotted service life and pose a threat to the lives of vacationers. As a result, in the Russian Federation from 1985 to 2005, 23 people died on the rides^[33].

According to sad statistics, amusement parks in the regions do not lag behind the capital, and sometimes they are ahead of it. Here are just a few cases dating back to 2004 ^[6-8][34].

 One can, of course, refer to the fact that all these cases were noted in the past, but, unfortunately, the situation in the Russian Federation did not improve later^[35].

The examples given are shocking. How significant are they for the Russian Federation? Alas, there are no official statistics of such accidents in the Russian Federation. Neither does RAPPA deal with this in detail. Therefore, it is impossible to say that they are unique or typical. Although, according to media reports, serious accidents happen all the time.

Special attention should be paid to the consideration of such an issue as the safety of water entertainment (water attractions ^[36]), especially characteristic of the Sochi destination.

Usually the latter includes the following attractions: 1) "Parachute"; 2) "Banana"; 3) "Water skiing"; 4) "Washer"; 5) "Bombardier", as well as a pleasure boat as a means of transportation.

The value of such attractions for the resort is that they are an organized, real, legal active type of activity, unprofessional, having a quasi–sporting character.

The significance of attractions lies in the effect of hormesis^[37], described in Figure 4 ^[1].

Fig. 4. The conceptual idea of hormesis

Alas, at the same time, attractions are a means of increased danger. This is proved by incidents on the beaches of "Svirsky"^[38], "Agoy"^[39], "pos. Loo"^[40], "Volkonka"^[41], etc.

It seems unreasonable to repeat the Dubai experience on the prohibition of water-motor entertainment in the Russian Federation, but it is necessary to control the technical condition of the attractions as a whole and their component, to control the competence of persons providing proper services.

There is still no federal legislation regulating the operation of attractions in the Russian Federation. Everything is determined only by local regulations, which, for obvious reason, are local in nature. In this regard, it is quite logical that there is no structure that carries out technical supervision of this kind of fun ^[42].

But the problems of amusement ride safety have a long history^[43]. Its finale came at the end of 2002, when the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation abolished the republican inspection for the control of the operation of attractions and labor protection. Since then, there has been no oversight of the entertainment industry. The problem was again approached in 2003 – after the adoption by the State Duma of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulation" dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ, which then ordered the owners of attractions to follow the technical regulations ^[9].

An attempt to resolve this contradiction can be considered the draft federal law "On special technical regulations "Safety of devices for entertainment"". It was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation by the deputy of a number of convocations V.G. Draganov on April 4, 2006. The author of the project proposed to establish the principles of technical regulation in the field of safety of entertainment devices, which are based on the experience of using Directive 98/37/EC "On the safety of machinery and equipment" and the European standard EN 13814 "Designs and mechanisms of permanent and mobile entertainment parks. Security". Alas, this bill is still being studied by deputies. Probably because the participants of the entertainment market consider the requirements of the new regulations to be too strict, they claim that the reissue of all documents will take a lot of time and money, and, apparently, they are lobbying for a delay in the adoption of the said regulations. As a result, when the latter will be adopted in the form of a law and whether it will be approved at all remains open.

In anticipation of the adoption of the above-mentioned law, a number of regions, including the Krasnodar Territory, were forced to develop local title documents, for example, the Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory "On Amendments to the Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory dated June 30, 2006 No. 536 "On approval of the rules for the protection of human life on water in the Krasnodar Territory and Rules for the use of water bodies in the Krasnodar Territory for navigation on small vessels"" dated February 14, 2008 No. 78 (as amended by Resolutions of the Head of Administration (Governor) of the Krasnodar Territory dated 03.02.2009 No. 55, dated 17.03.2010 No. 154, dated 27.08.2010 No. 733, dated 07.04.2011 No. 327, dated 25.07.2011 No. 788, dated 11.11.2014 No. 1241, dated 21.09.2015 N 887) ^[10]. In accordance with Article 5 of this document, entitled "Measures to ensure the safety of the public on water attractions", the following is specifically established:

1) for the period of the bathing season, the owner of the water attraction operating it, taking into account the peculiarities of the location, the size of the coastal territory and the water area of the water attraction, organizes the deployment of one or more rescue posts with the necessary watercraft, equipment, equipment in accordance with the proper equipment report card, which organizes the duty of rescue sailors and medical personnel to prevent accidents and providing assistance;

2) in order to ensure the safety of users of water attractions and swimmers on adjacent sections of beaches, rules for their use and behavior of people on water bodies should be developed for each water attraction, which should be posted in a prominent place on the territory of the water attraction. These rules of use must contain the following basic provisions: age restrictions of the visitors served; sanitary and epidemiological safety measures; 3) prohibitions on the operation of a water attraction under certain hydrometeorological conditions; safety rules; only specially trained personnel who have been instructed in safety techniques are allowed to service water attractions.

Today, the regulatory regulation of the safety of attractions has changed for the better. For a certain time, the procedure for obtaining a certificate for rides was regulated by Government Decree No. 982 ^[11]. According to this document, all attractions had to undergo conformity assessment in the form of certification or declaration. Mechanized rides were subject to certification, i.e. rides that are driven by electric motors, hydraulic drive, pneumatic drive, etc. Non–mechanized rides that are powered by human muscle power were declared ^[12]. The document becomes invalid from September 1, 2022 in connection with the publication of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2021 No. 2425, which approved the new lists ^[13].

On April 18, 2018, the Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union "On the Safety of Attractions" (EAEU TR 038/2016) came into effect ^[14]. The technical Regulations establish other criteria for evaluating attractions than the Government Decree. The choice of the type of conformity assessment now depends on the degree of potential risk to the passenger's health. The most dangerous ones are subject to certification, the less dangerous ones are subject to declaration. Confirmation of compliance can be for serial production or for a batch of attractions. A certificate is issued for mass-produced products for a period of up to five years, the validity period of the certificate of conformity for the batch is not limited. Technical inspection is one of the forms of conformity assessment, it is applied to attractions that have already been or are currently in operation. In fact, an inspection is an annual technical inspection of an existing attraction in order to identify and eliminate existing shortcomings that may threaten the passenger's health. In its content, the technical examination practically repeats the certification tests, sometimes even in a more extended version. It is conducted by employees of independent accredited laboratories, who, upon completion of the examination, issue a technical inspection certificate, which indicates whether the operation of the attraction is possible in the future. Upon receipt of the certificate of technical inspection, the customer or owner is sent to Gostekhnadzor or other supervisory authorities and there receives an admission ticket for the next year of operation.

The provisions of the EAEU Technical Regulation 042/2017 "On the Safety of equipment for Children's Playgrounds" ^[15], which came into force in November 2018, also apply to attractions for children. The development has been carried out for 6 years, since the inclusion of this type of product in the list of the Customs Union as important from the point of view of ensuring the safety of users. In total, four such types of products were identified, including attractions. The development of the regulations entered the active phase only in 2014, when the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) officially assumed the functions of the developer. With the support of this organization, working groups were formed at the EEC itself and in the participating countries. In the Russian Federation, such a group actively worked under the RSPP. Of course, the most important role was played by professional organizations, such as TK-455 in the Russian Federation and BelGISS in the Republic of Belarus. After the experts came to a common position on the requirements, terms and formulations, the regulations were coordinated by the relevant ministries in the EAEU countries for about a year. There were not so many comments, and then all the procedures clearly regulated in the legislation of the EAEU were carried out as planned, and it was signed by representatives of the participating countries and published ^[16]. But this is only the beginning of a lot of work on its implementation and the creation of a regulatory framework that ensures the safety of entertainment and attractions in particular.

ConclusionsFor the effective operation of the amusement ride safety system, first of all, a regulatory framework is needed, which is the basis for the work of all market participants.

It should include: 1) laws of the Russian Federation; 2) special technical regulations establishing mandatory requirements for the safety of production, certification, storage, transportation, sale, use, operation and disposal of attractions and other entertainment devices at all stages of their life cycle; 3) national standards of the Russian Federation establishing general safety requirements that must be observed when design, manufacture, operation and disposal of various attractions and auxiliary devices for entertainment, regardless of the place of their use, in order to minimize the risks associated with the use of entertainment devices; 4) laws and legislative acts of local authorities.

Secondly, testing laboratories and certification firms accredited by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology should assess the compliance of the safety level of products and services with the requirements. They, as a third party, should be independent from both manufacturers and operators, as well as from supervision and control bodies.

Thirdly, federal or municipal bodies of supervision and control in their activities should rely more on legal, and not only on administrative resources and take into account the interests of not only consumers, but also businesses.

Fourth, voluntary certification systems registered in the Federal Register play an important role in assessing the level of professional knowledge of the personnel of entertainment industry enterprises, the quality of products and services provided by these enterprises.

Fifth, a workable system for ensuring the safety of attractions and entertainment devices can be developed and implemented only through the joint efforts of all interested parties.

It is time to form an inspection for the supervision of attraction equipment in the system of municipal authorities by analogy with the corresponding department, which exists in the structure of the "Specialized State Inspection for the Supervision of the technical Condition of Self-propelled Vehicles and Other Types of Equipment of the Association of Administrative and Technical Inspections of Moscow", entrusting it with control over the technical condition of all, without exception, types attraction equipment on the territory of the resort, as well as certification of employees of attractions in order to ensure the safety of life and health of citizens, protection of their rights and legitimate interests.

^[1] Mental health - one of the elements of human health - reflects the general state of society. It decreases sharply in the years of any crisis. But for a proper level of mental health, the volumes of positive and negative emotions should be correlated as 7:1. Only in this case does the individual feel the comfort of being. Alas, with age, the above-mentioned ratio of positive and negative emotions changes and not for the better. For example, it has been proven that a child laughs an average of 400 times daily, while an adult laughs only 14-15 times. As a result, almost all adults feel a lack of positive emotions and an excess of negative ones.

^[2] A number of researchers believe that the term "stress"  it originated from the Latin "stringere" (to tighten), others produce it from the English stress - "pressure", "pressure", "tension". In science, this term was first used in the XVII century by R. Hooke to describe bridges experiencing load and resisting it. The term "stress" was introduced into medicine by the Canadian pathophysiologist, Nobel Prize winner G. Selye in 1936. He argued that different factors - stressors - can cause the same shifts in the body. The scientist defined stress as a non-specific (the same result, independent of the type of impact) adaptation syndrome (a set of signs) of an organism to any requirement presented to it, i.e. a complex of reactions of the organism to changing environmental conditions aimed at increasing its resistance and provided by various physiological and biochemical means. This opinion corresponds to the current biological understanding of stress as an important protective and adaptive reaction of the body to any strong impact, manifested in tension of the nervous and endocrine systems and further in shifts in the work of internal organs. In psychology, the concept of stress as a reaction mediated by threat assessment and protective processes was introduced by R. Lazarus in 1944, when US Army physicians encountered problems of adaptation to service and mental disorders arising in the conditions of military operations and associated not with physical injuries, but with the impact of a complex of socio-psychological factors.

^[3] Attraction (from Lat. "attrahere" - "attract") - attractiveness, the natural state of something, not causing irritation, but on the contrary inviting, causing a certain attraction, sympathy.

^[4] The term "tourist destination" was introduced by Prof. Meissen University (Auckland, USA) by N. Leiper in the mid-1980s and has since become widespread.

^[5] Attraction (from the French attraction - attracting) – a structure/device created for entertainment. It is usually installed in places intended for collective recreation (parks, entertainment centers, playgrounds).

^[6] An amusement park is a general term that combines a collection of attractions and other entertainment devices designed to lift the mood and have a good time for large groups of people.

^[7] Over time, they were replaced almost everywhere by theme and family parks.

^[8] Oktoberfest is not only a beer festival, but also a brand under which, since 1810, recreational parks have been opened. The "pioneer" of this was the Munich Park (Germany).

^[9] Nartov wanted to create such a slide to make winter fun "demi-seasonal".

^[10] Except for Russia, for whose citizens it has always been problematic to find a prophet in their homeland. Therefore, the same attraction in Russia was called a "Roller Coaster".

^[11] Now the most expensive roller coaster in the world (Top Thrill Dragster) is located in Ohio (USA). Its creation cost $ 25 million (usually such "toys" cost an average of $ 5 million).

^[12] Initially, such rides were driven manually or using animals. Then the first "steam carousels" appeared in the USA, driven by a steam engine.

^[13] This boom was facilitated, oddly enough, by trolleybuses: on weekends, the number of passengers decreased sharply, and experienced merchants decided to attract customers by trips to amusement parks, placing them at the end stations of trolleybus routes. As a result, in just the first quarter of the twentieth century, about 1,500 parks were built in the USA, and the entrance to their territory became paid.

^[14] The first recreation park in history was the family "Berry Farm" of W. Knott, whose appearance was initiated by life itself. In the 1910s. Knott and his family were selling berries by the roadside. In 1934, Knott's wife, Cordelia, began serving fried chicken in the cafe they built. Apparently, the chickens were not bad, because after a few years there was already a queue at their restaurant. To entertain clients, Knott built a "Ghost Town" in 1940 on the lands that belonged to him as a farmer, using props from real ghost towns of Arizona that appeared there during the Great Depression. In 1968, the Knott family fenced off their farm with all the entertainment facilities, and for the first time began to charge for visits. As a result, "Berry Farm" became the first recreation park.

^[15] Theme parks are modern recreation parks, either dedicated to one specific topic, or divided into segments, each of which is dedicated to its own theme.

It is believed that it was Walt Disney who proposed the idea of a theme park, although his Disneyland, opened on July 17, 1955 in Anaheim, south of Los Angeles, was a compilation of ideas taken from a number of recreation parks in Europe, where the director repeatedly looked. The construction of the park cost the world-famous animator, who planned to make his visitors experience an exciting journey through the magical land of famous cartoons on 180 acres of the park, $ 17 million. During the first six months, more than 1 million people visited Disneyland, after which theme parks began to open both across America (for example, Walt Disney World in Florida, which, in fact, united a number of theme parks under its auspices, or Holiday World in Indiana, etc.), and around the world (for example, "Ocean" in Hong Kong, "Magic Land" in Thailand, "Yong-In-Farmland" in Korea, "La Feria Magico" in Mexico, etc.). At the same time, if possible, entrepreneurs tried to maintain the thematic orientation of the parks. So, a few years after the opening of Disneyland, in Arlington (Texas) there is a park "Six Flags over Texas", dedicated to American history, in Nashville (Tennessee) An Opriland representing the "country" style is being built. Several parks erected in Jackson (New Jersey) - "Big Adventure" and "Safari in the Land of Lions" - combined attractions with an open zoo, where animals were kept in natural conditions.

Europe "grew up" to "Disneyland" only in 1992, when a corresponding park was opened in Paris on an area of 1943 hectares. Today, besides him, the most famous parks in the Old World are the Parisian Asterix, the Spanish Port Aventura, the German Europa Park and the Italian Gardaland and Mirabilandia.

The penultimate of a series of Disney parks and the first Chinese "Disneyland" was opened in September 2005 in Hong Kong (Hong Kong) on an area of 126 hectares. Finally, relatively recently, the Huanlegu Theme Park ("Valley of Fun") opened in the east of Beijing. In the park, whose area is 100 hectares, there are 6 thematic zones, where 120 different attractions are installed.

^[16] The idea of creating water attractions belongs to the American J.Millay. The first water park "Water Descent" was built by him in California in 1971. Later, Tikipul, the first indoor water park in Europe, appeared in the Netherlands.

^[17] Family recreation centers (parks) that offered visitors a lot of entertainment: from electronic games to mini golf, go-karting and attractions began to open in large numbers in the West in the mid-1980s. The most famous indoor "family" parks are the "Lot World" in South Korea (opened in 1988; it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest indoor park, with an area of 7562 m2)., as well as American "Camp Snoopy", "Indiana Beach", "Michigan Adventure", etc.

^[18] Now the world's largest Ferris wheel of 60 8-seater cabins is located in Nanchang (Jiangxi Province, east of China). Its diameter is 153 m, height is 160 m. The wheel makes a turn in half an hour.

Before that, the largest Ferris wheel in the world was the London Eye ("London Eye") with a height of 135 m, i.e. about 50 floors (40 m higher than Big Ben and 1/3 higher than the Statue of Liberty), built according to the project of D. Marx and J.Barfield for 6 years by the British airline British Airways on the south bank of the Thames by the onset of 2000, the wheel has 32 capsules for 25 people. It was planned to be dismantled in 2005. But the number of people wishing to see the whole of London from a bird's-eye view turned out to be so great that the authorities decided to leave him, although the profit from his work does not cover the costs. Therefore, London Eye will be spinning for at least another twenty years.

The desire for gigantomania knows no bounds. In Dubai, the Dutch design group Royal Haskoning will be engaged in the construction of the Great Dubai Wheel Ferris Wheel designed by the British Great Wheel Corporation. It will be the largest in the world (height - 185 m). Strictly speaking, this project involves the construction of 2 wheels. The first of them (30 capsule cabins) it will make a turn in half an hour, during which those who wish will be able to observe the surroundings within a radius of 50 km. The second wheel will consist of 24 cabins and go full circle in 6 hours. At this time, it will be possible to swim in the pool and have a snack in the restaurant. The wheel complex will be located on the territory of the entertainment mega-complex "Dubayland", located half an hour's drive from Dubai. The project cost is 250 million dirhams ($68.1 million). The first visitors of the large-scale attraction will take in 2009. According to their calculations, at least 2 million people will want to ride a huge Ferris wheel annually, and the capacity of the Ferris wheel will be 7.5 million people per year.

^[19] In parallel with this, stationary and mobile circuses were created - analogues of the current luna parks. The Ministries of Culture of the SSR had departments dealing with the development of parks in general and attractions in particular. Unfortunately, this boom did not last long, because at first the emphasis in economic development was on heavy industry, and then the war intervened. In the 1990s, this work ended altogether - the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation stopped dealing with parks.

^[20] According to the Russian Association of Amusement Parks and Manufacturers (RAPA), there are about 650 amusement parks in the country, including 30 large ones. Another association - the Union of Associations and Partners of the Entertainment Industry (SAPIR) - believes that there are 700 of them. However, it is actually quite difficult to count their number: this activity is not licensed and not certified. And because of the lack of industry technical regulations (analogous to GOST), it is unclear what still applies to attractions and what does not. Not so long ago, the total capacity of the park services and entertainment market was estimated at 3.5 billion rubles per year. More "recent" SAPIR data indicate the dynamics of its development: the market capacity is growing by 20% per year and exceeded 5 billion rubles in 2007 (the share of mobile amusement parks here is no more than 10%). The rise of the industry occurred in 2005, and is associated not so much with the growth of the audience, but with an increase in the incomes of citizens. In terms of fees and the number of attractions, the Central District is in the lead, of course, thanks to Moscow. So, the specialists of the Step by Step marketing agency conducted a survey among Muscovites and found out: 17% of respondents prefer amusement parks to all other entertainment, and 41% visit them more than once a month. C:copiesmoney.aspx?IssueID=41930È Moscow is not unique here. For example, 170 million people visit them annually in the USA alone.

^[21] In the park you can buy a subscription for a day (adult - 2000 rubles, children - 500), which operates according to the "all inclusive" scheme. Discount programs are also widely practiced.

^[22] The park prepares show programs for each holiday. In summer, concerts with the participation of Russian pop stars are regularly held here. Note that "Divo-Ostrov" managed to get rid of the seasonal factor: the park has 50 attractions in summer and 35 in winter, including a skating rink and ice slides.

^[23] They are manufactured by S&S Power INC, HUSS Maschinenfabrik GmbH&Co, Mauer-Sohne Vertriebs-GmbH, VEKOMArides, Preston&Barbieri, FABBRI Group, SELA Cars S.R.L., Visa International SRL.

^[24] About 600 types of amusement park rides are produced in the world. They are divided into 3 types: children's (at a price of 150-1000 thousand rubles), family (600-3000 thousand rubles) and extreme (from 2 million rubles).

^[25] For example, on June 28, 2008 in the Six Flags amusement park (Atlanta, USA), a 17-year-old teenager died as a result of an impact by a passenger module of a roller coaster, who ignored signs warning of danger, climbed over two fences and ended up in a restricted area where only service personnel are allowed access.

^[26] On July 3, 2008, a young Bulgarian who worked in a park in New Jersey (USA) as a roller coaster operator died under the wheels of a train while trying to pick up a hat that had fallen on the way. Prior to that, a 58-year-old employee of an American amusement park, who got on the rails of a working attraction, received a fatal kick, which a 14-year-old girl stuck out of a trailer racing at a speed of 80 km/ h on a roller coaster. The employee died on the spot, and the girl received a slight leg injury.

^[27] On July 21, 2006 in the English county of Staffordshire in the Alton Towers park on the "Mine Runaway Train" attraction, part of the wagons broke away from the train and rolled back. Making a circle at high speed, they rammed the "train". As a result, 29 people suffered from the blow, most of whom escaped with minor bruises. They were treated on the spot, some vacationers had to be hospitalized.

On July 24, 2006, a huge inflatable attraction in the form of a castle broke off from the ground in the park of the city of Chester-le-Street in the county of Durham (Great Britain). The original inflatable tent in the form of a castle spread over an area of about 2500 m2 (half of a football field), and at the time of the incident there were about 30 people, including children who adore jumping and playing on similar structures. As a result of the strong heating of the air with which the structure was filled, and a strong gust of wind, it broke off from the ground. Dragging along the ground for several tens of meters, the bouncy castle caught on a radio transmission mast, which saved a nearby playground from damage. As a result of the incident, two women - 38 and 68 years old - were killed. Another 13 people were injured and were taken to nearby hospitals. 3 boys aged from 8 to 11 years received fractures of the neck, arms and legs.

^[28] So, the trailers of the relatively new Dueling Dragons attraction ("Dragon Challenge" - an attraction of the "inverted" "Russian" slides), located in the Universal Studios theme park (Orlando, Florida, USA), develop speeds up to 100 km/h and gravity up to 5G! The external safety of this attraction is impeccable, but the safety of the brain leaves much to be desired, because with such cosmic overloads, stroke and paralysis are not far away. When using it, it is possible to reach the finish line unharmed, but, alas, with organic brain changes. And these are not abstract words. It turns out that some attractions in theme parks create conditions that correspond to the safety boundary for the human body. In particular, studies conducted in early 2002 by the organization "Annals of Emergency Medicine" showed: sharp acceleration, multidirectional upheavals up to 360° and gravitational loads that can reach 2G on wooden slides and up to 5G on metal structures can provoke serious and irreparable neurological disorders. The result is natural: studies have revealed that 13 of the 34 deaths that occurred in 1987-2001 in US theme parks were registered on roller coasters. Most of the deceased were victims of strokes, cerebral hematomas and disorders of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. For example, on August 18, 2006 in the same amusement park Six Flags Great America, located in Garni (Illinois), a 10-year-old girl died due to cardiac arrest, who had previously had heart problems. A small visitor lost consciousness after visiting a skating attraction at the Camp Cartoon Network site. The medics who arrived on call could not help the victim, an hour later the girl died in the hospital.

^[29] According to the American Consumer Association, after visiting the attractions in 1999, 11 thousand Americans ended up in hospital beds, and 6 people died. In 2002, 9200 people received rides in the USA (this is 24% more than in 1998). The USA, due to the prevalence of rides, is the "leader" in the number of incidents on them in general, 102 people have died on rides in the USA over the past two decades.

^[30] In 1999, 18 people, mostly children, were injured in a high-speed carousel accident in the Mundopark amusement park located 20 km from Seville. The most severe traumatic brain injuries were sustained by 2 girls and 2 boys aged 8 to 11 years.

Several incidents in 2000 occurred in the UK. In May, in one of the London parks, a roller coaster car derailed and, after flying 20 m, crashed into a building - a 28-year-old woman was killed, and two men were rescued in intensive care. A few days later, a 13-year-old girl died as a result of a carousel breakdown in a suburb of London. In another recreation park - in north London - a carousel called "Paratrooper" broke down and collapsed. 13 teenagers were injured of varying severity (severe head contusions and limb fractures).

At the beginning of September 2006, 2 trailers collided in the same Great Britain in the Blackpool Park on the Big One roller coaster - 23 people were injured.

In the spring of 2001 in Germany there was a short circuit in the booth of the "slides". A fire started, 54 people were injured.

In July 2002, a woman died in Egypt after falling out of the cabin of the Tornado attraction.

On January 12, 2008, in western India, in the suburbs of the Mumbai metropolis, 19 children were injured on a mini-train, whose 2 cars derailed due to a broken wheel axle.

On June 27, 2008, 7 children aged 11-13 years were taken to hospital with injuries sustained when air abruptly escaped from a 10-meter inflatable slide in Lemon Park (Nicosia, Cyprus) and it collapsed.

On July 4, 2008, in the Tivoli amusement park in Aarhus (Denmark), during an accident on the Cobra attraction, released in 2008 in Italy, a number of train cars broke away from the train and fell to the ground. 4 people were injured .

On July 15, 2008, in Liseberg Park (Gothenburg, Sweden), the Rainbow attraction (in the Russian interpretation, the "Magic Carpet"), installed back in 1983, collapsed. At the time of the incident, there were 36 people on it. out of a maximum possible 40 people . 18 people were hospitalized. During the dismantling of the attraction, a breakdown of the drive axle holding the Rainbow platform in a horizontal position was revealed. The defective part was installed to replace the old one in 2003. Two days later, the gondola of the observation tower with 15 passengers hovered there at a 48-meter height for two and a half hours. It's good that in case of such accidents, the attraction provides water supplies, buns and even a toilet.

On July 20, 2008, when a carousel fell in the village of Teki (Hungary), 17 people were injured. The cause of the incident was the simultaneous breakdown of 2 supporting consoles in places where the structural elements were poorly welded. 4 people were seriously injured and were taken to hospitals in Budapest. Most of the victims are teenagers 14-15 years old.

^[31] Parasailing is a parachute flight secured by a cable with a towboat.

^[32] In June 2002, in the luna park of Brest, one of the cars of the "slides" derailed - a young woman was killed. In Gomel, in the A.V. Lunacharsky Park of Culture and Recreation, during the movement of the Daisy attraction, a seat with 2 passengers who were hospitalized with spinal fractures broke off. In mid-May 2006, an extreme attraction "The Flying Dutchman" was installed in the Brest Culture and Recreation Park. Young people and adults who wanted to get their portion of adrenaline came to jump on rubber cables attached to two 15-meter masts. But less than 2 months later, the attraction had to be closed - on July 21, an 18-year-old girl injured her face on the cable.

On July 7, 2008, a chain carousel broke down at full speed in the Chelyuskintsev Park in Minsk. Part of the structure flew off the central rod and fell to the ground, and everyone who was on the carousel was thrown over the fence. Three victims were taken to the hospital, four were treated directly in the park.

On July 19, 2008, a woman was injured at the Sling Shot attraction in Karaganda (Kazakhstan) due to a cable break. She was diagnosed with a closed craniocerebral injury, a concussion of the brain and a double fracture of the collarbone.

In May 2005, due to the collapse of a chain carousel in the village. Belyaevka, Odessa region. 2 people were killed and 5 were injured. In August 2005, in Yevpatoria, two Russians (a 13-year-old boy and his 4-year-old sister) were injured after falling out of an overturned "Lybed" carousel. As experts have established, during its operation, the cradle's mounting bolt flew out, which is why it spun around its axis at a height. In Kherson, 2 children and 1 adult became victims of the "Boat" attraction. They were riding on an artificial lake on wooden punts when a worn-out load-bearing mast of the entire structure fell on them.

April 8, 2008 in Kharkiv Park named after Gorky's girl fell out of the Matrix attraction while riding^[32]. She was sent to the hospital. For two days, doctors fought for her life, but could not save her.

On May 9, 2008 in Lugansk recreation park "Druzhba" (Ukraine) on the attraction "Centrifuge" at the time of its crash, 10 people were injured. Two died on the spot, the rest were hospitalized.

June 7 of the same year. in the Darnitsky district of Kiev, an inflatable trampoline, where children were, was lifted into the air by a strong gust of wind to the height of a 5-storey building, after which the attraction collapsed to the ground. As a result of this incident, one child died, 24 were in intensive care. On the same day, jumping on an inflatable trampoline in the park of Soldiers-Internationalists in the Kharkiv massif of Kiev turned into serious injuries for 2 children and 2 women. A 13-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl with a head injury were taken to the hospital with a suspected lung rupture. An elderly woman was hospitalized with a hip injury, another escaped with minor bruises. It turns out that as a result of strong wind and poor-quality installation, the trampoline fasteners broke off, it rose into the air, and then fell on people.

^[33] The biggest accident occurred in 1999 in Sokolniki, where 5 children were injured on the roller coaster.

In the same year at the CPKiO named after. A woman was injured and killed on the "Magic Carpet" attraction at Gorky Park.

In 2000, a vacationer made his way into the forbidden zone of the vertical carousel in the Central Park and died during its movement. There was also a tragedy at the "Ship of Dreams" attraction, when the "rook" knocked down a woman who did not have time to go outside the fence. In September 2002, an emergency stop of the chain carousel "Whirlwind" occurred in the Central Park, in which 8 people were injured.

In 2003, a 21-year-old citizen of Belarus died there on the Catapult attraction. The essence of this one of the most expensive attractions (ticket price - 1600 Belarusian rubles) is that the cables attached to two poles are hooked on a person's belt and stretched. The tension force is calculated by a computer that takes into account the weight and height of a person. Then the fastenings holding the visitor on the ground are released, and the person soars into the air. At that time, one of the carbines securing the rubber cable failed on the "Catapult". At launch, the attraction "shot" a young man to the height of a 22-storey building, as if from a slingshot. When falling on a concrete slab from a height of 60 m, the guy had no chance to survive.

Finally, the most famous case of recent times, which served as a reason for tightening the rules for the operation of attractions in Moscow, - in the Lianozovsky Park of Culture on April 12, 2004, the Surprise carousel collapsed - the fastening of the platform broke. As a result, 16 people received injuries of varying severity. Of these, 10 were hospitalized, 3 were placed in a critical condition in the intensive care unit. In general, the "Surprise" that remained after the Japanese national exhibition of 1971 (a modernized carousel that rises at an angle of 45 ° relative to the horizon line when rotating) is deservedly considered a "killer attraction". During its operation, "Surprise" claimed the lives of 9 people who neglected safety belts.

^[34] At the celebration of the "Beer Day" on the territory of the Perm city Park, the corpse of a 24-year-old man was found - he was crushed by the mechanism of the "Black Hole" attraction.

In the Lazarevsky district of Sochi, a child died on an inflatable attraction: jumping, he fell on an electric pump for pumping a trampoline and received an electric shock.

In Smolensk, a 13-year-old boy who came from the USA to visit relatives was seriously injured on a children's attraction. The teenager was thrown out of the "Loping" carousel. His right leg remained in the attachment, and his foot was torn off.

^[35] On June 14, 2006 in Severodvinsk, in the park of culture and recreation, an inflatable trampoline overturned due to a gust of wind. As a result, 5 children aged 4 to 10 years were injured. The condition of 2 of them was assessed as "moderate severity". 1 child received a traumatic brain injury.

On July 21, 2006, a 3-year-old child died in Kursk after crashing on the trampoline children's attraction. The day before, two 3-year-old boys and a girl were jumping on a trampoline. Suddenly, a squall wind tore the ropes with which the trampoline was attached to the one-and-a-half-meter iron stakes driven into the ground. The inflatable attraction together with the kids was carried away for several meters. The girl fell on the car, one of the boys - on the roof of the pavilion. The boy who fell on the asphalt suffered the most. He received an open craniocerebral injury, multiple fractures and was taken to the intensive care unit. They fought for the life of the child for about another day, but the injuries were not compatible with life.

On August 17, 2006, in the already mentioned amusement park "Divo-Ostrov", located on the Krestovsky Island of St. Petersburg, at about 21 00 for 15 minutes due to a malfunction in the computer program, the Booster attraction (Austria) stopped. This attraction consists of two "arms" fixed on a metal axis and equipped with 2 movable gondolas for passengers rotating around their axis. The height of the structure is 40 m, the rotation speed is 100 km/h. Only after restarting the computer, the people stuck on it were able to get down to earth.

September 2, 2006 in Noyabrsk (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Tyumen Region) about 60 people became hostages of the Ferris Wheel attraction, due to a power outage in the central district of the city. People were evacuated by firefighters and rescuers.

On May 16, 2007, during the operation of the attraction "Simulator "Stingray" in Omsk, its door opened and a 5-year-old girl fell out of the cabin from a height. The child was diagnosed with a compression fracture of the ninth thoracic vertebra.

On March 23, a 7-year-old girl was riding a children's Ferris wheel in the Kirov Central Park of St. Petersburg, when the electricity suddenly turned off, and the basket with the girl froze at the height of the 3rd floor. To rescue the child, we had to call firefighters, who climbed onto the wheel with ropes and took the girl off.

On April 23, a 6-year-old boy fell from a Ferris wheel in the Berdsky city recreation park (Novosibirsk region). He and 2 other girls climbed over the fence of the attraction unhindered, turned on the start button and got into the cabins that floated up. After driving a circle, the boy got out of the cab of the Ferris wheel and clung to the bottom rungs from below. When the wheel lifted him to a 15-meter height, he fell down and crashed to his death.

On April 27, in the Arzamas Gaidar Recreation Park (Nizhny Novgorod region), as a result of unauthorized actions of unauthorized persons, the Vortex attraction was forced to stop, followed by spontaneous twisting of the chain suspensions of the chairs. As a result of the incident, 6 people were injured, including 1 child.

On May 1, a trailer of the Children's Steam Locomotive attraction jumped off the rails and overturned in the Moscow zoo, 2 kids out of 8 who were in it were injured and hospitalized.

On May 12, the Lavitsa attraction in Veliky Novgorod fell from a 4-meter height at full speed. "Lavitsa" was produced in the Czech Republic 4 years before and after operation in Tula was brought to Veliky Novgorod. The collapse occurred as a result of a design flaw in the support bearing units of the bench mounts of the attraction. 13 people were injured (3 of them were hospitalized with various injuries).

On June 20, in the Kazan Riviera water park, a gust of wind lifted an inflatable town to a 10-meter height, where girls of 5 and 10 years old were playing. Their father, trying to hold the attraction, which actually has 15 attachment points, but was held only by 3 pumps pumping air, clung to the side, but fell down onto the concrete embankment. The girls fell out of the structure already on the ground when it turned over during the fall. The younger one suffered a traumatic brain injury, and her older sister suffered a concussion and fractures. The children were taken to the Children's Republican Clinical Hospital, their father was also hospitalized.

On July 22, 2007, 8 Novorossiysk residents spent more than an hour on a 30-meter Ferris Wheel that stopped due to a power outage. The reason for the power outage was the heat. People were removed from the wheel "in manual mode".

^[36] Water attractions (water amusement parks) - technical means, devices and structures (entertainment, sports and wellness), placed fully or partially within a water body.

^[37] Hormesis (from the Greek. – "I excite, I set in motion") is the stimulation of any body system by external influences having a force insufficient for the manifestation of harmful factors (introduced by S. Zontman and D. Ehrlich in 1943, who observed the stimulation of the growth of fungi harmful to plants under the influence of small doses of poisonous bark extract tui)^[37]. By the 1950s, information had accumulated that the acceleration of growth, an increase in the life expectancy of various biological objects can be observed when their bodies are exposed not only to ultra-low doses of toxic chemicals, but also when exposed to a wide variety of physical factors. Hormesis, as a response to certain doses of exposure, is based on the biological Arndt-Schultz law, according to which weak stimuli excite, medium - stimulate, strong - inhibit, maximum - paralyze the vital activity of the organism.

^[38] On July 22, 2006, on the Svirsky beach, located in the village of Lazarevskoye, a jet ski left without control went to the coastal strip, hitting five vacationers, including a 5-year-old boy, as a result of which all of them received injuries of varying severity. According to this fact, the prosecutor's office of the Lazarevsky district of Sochi opened a criminal case under part 1 of Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (provision of services that do not meet safety regulations). During the investigation, it was found that the pilot of the jet ski provided paid services to the public in the form of rental of small vessels in the absence of a passport of the technical zone for boarding small vessels and disembarking passengers from them. In addition, when driving a small vessel, he violated safety regulations, losing control of it. Taken together, these circumstances led to a tragic ending.

^[39] On July 26, 2006, in the area of the village of Agoy (Tuapse district), an overconfident lady, born in 1966, driving a rented jet ski "Bombardier" collided with an inflatable attraction "Jack-bot" towed by a motor boat. As a result of the collision, 4 passengers of the Jack-Bot, including three minors, were injured. A 14-year-old boy died on the spot from his injuries. The "skipper" was also injured. All the victims were hospitalized.

^[40] On August 21, 2007 on the beach in the village. A jet ski crashed into the passengers of the banana, the driver of which tried to slip between the boat and the banana, but did not have time and crashed into people As a result of the accident, 4 people were injured, including a 12-year-old child who ended up in the intensive care unit of the Sochi Children's City Hospital with a hip fracture and a traumatic brain injury. His mother was also seriously injured. Another injured woman has a lacerated knee wound. The fourth victim, a man, was hospitalized with a fractured lower leg and forearm.

^[41] On June 9, 2008, newlyweds from Tula, who came on a honeymoon, rested on the beach of Volkonka (Lazarevskoye). They rode a "Washer" driven by a Yamaha jet ski. At high speed, the driver of the scooter directed him to a standing boat and made a sharp turn. As a result, the "Puck" crashed into the side of the boat, and the girl hit her head, from which she died. Apparently, this is fate, because her husband, who was nearby, did not even get a scratch. During the collision, he was simply thrown into the water. The owner of the jet ski was detained. As it turned out, he had no right to operate a watercraft at sea, he only had permission to operate in inland waters - lakes and rivers. Besides, he had no "sea" practice. Presumably, he could have deliberately driven the jet ski to the boat to add some "extreme sensations" to the passengers. Upon the fact of the tragedy, a criminal case was initiated under Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (provision of services that do not meet the requirements for the safety of life or health of consumers, which caused the death of a person by negligence). This article provides for a penalty of up to 5 years in prison. But what is 5 years compared to life?

^[42] In Sochi in 2007, the issues of inspection (control) of activities in the relevant industries were dealt with: 1) fisheries inspection; 2) architectural and land inspection; 3) state inspection of small vessels; 4) state labor inspection; 5) Sochi production site of the Don state inspection of assay supervision; 6) city tax inspection. Of these 6 organizations, only one - the state inspectorate for small vessels – is related, if not to the water-motor attractions themselves, but to their motor component, registering and checking the technical condition of boats and jet skis. As for the immensely popular inflatable rides now, no one is engaged in assessing the safety of their operation.

^[43] Until 1991, the control of the general safety of the services provided by parks and amusement parks was carried out by interdepartmental commissions formed by local authorities from representatives of individual state inspections, representatives of the public, park employees. The control of the technical condition and safety of the equipment operation was assigned directly to the heads of enterprises (parks or amusement parks) appointed by local authorities. At the same time, the rides that had worked out a certain period of time by the manufacturer were written off and disposed of. Instead, new equipment was purchased at the expense of the state budget under the item of expenditure "on culture".

The economic difficulties that befell the Russian Federation during the transition period led to the fact that cultural institutions, which included amusement parks, were insufficiently funded. Purchases of new equipment were suspended, the potential accident rate of the old one was increasing. In this regard, interdepartmental commissions were increasingly reluctant to take responsibility for the safety of services provided in parks and amusement parks.

This is probably why, in 1991, the Ministry of Culture of Russia assigned the duties of supervision and control of the technical condition and safe operation of attraction equipment to the Ministerial Republican Labor Protection Inspectorate, giving it the authority to certify specialized laboratories for the right to conduct technical inspection of attraction equipment with expired service life.

The scope of activity of the republican inspection extended only to organizations and enterprises belonging to the system of the Ministry of Culture. Within the limits of the financial influence and responsibility of the Ministry, certain work was carried out. Specialized laboratories were certified. Technical conclusions were issued regarding the possibility or impossibility of further operation of the equipment. The "Rules of technical maintenance and safe operation of attractions" were published. But the situation with financing in the public sector of the entertainment industry has not changed over time, and it began to decline.