Past participle in kyssa Tatar texts of the late XIX – early XX centuries

Gilemshin Fler Foatovich ORCID: 0000-0003-1957-5042 PhD in Philology Scientific Associate, Center for Islamic Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; leading researcher,  Laboratory of Multivariate Humanitarian Analysis and Cognitive Philology of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Docent, the department of Russian and Tatar Languages, Kazan State Medical University 420111, Ðîññèÿ, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, ã. Êàçàíü, óë. Áàóìàíà, 20, êàá. 308 Fler.Gilemshin@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Galiullina Gulshat Raisovna Doctor of Philology Professor, the department of Tatar Linguistics, Kazan Federal University 420008, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ, ã.Êàçàíü, óë. Êðåìëåâñêàÿ, 18 caliullina@list.ru

In Tatar culture, the kissa genre was formed under the influence of Oriental literature. The term "kissa" itself has an Arabic origin and is translated into Russian as "history, story, novella, novella" [1: 639]. In the history of Tatar literature, works written in a poetic or mixed with prose form, characterized by narration, a combination of folklore motifs and written literary traditions, are combined under the common name kyssa. In Tatar literature, works related to this genre have been known since the XIII century. For several centuries, Tatar literature has been enriched with works of this genre, many of which have become very popular among Tatars.

Tatar literature of the second half of the XIX century was very rich in similar works, among which the most popular were translations of "One Thousand and One Nights" ("Alf layla vayla") by F. Khalidi, the book "Tutiname" ("Tutyinama") by G. Fayezkhanov, the book "Kalila and Dimna" ("Kalila v Dimna")G. Fayezkhanova, The book "The Story of the Forty Vezirs" ("Kyryk vazir kyissasy") and The Book "Abugalisina" ("Abugalisina kyissasy") by K. Nasyri. These works have become the object of our present research.

The language of works related to this genre is characterized by a mixed format that combines the traditions of written literary and folk-spoken language. In these works there is an affinity to folklore, especially to fairy tales, parables. The study of the language of these works makes it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of the modern Tatar literary language, as well as to identify the linguistic features of the genre under consideration. Since the narrative style prevails in this genre, a lot of attention is paid to verb forms. In the texts of kyss there is a huge number of verbs functioning in various meanings and forms, among which participles occupy a special place.

The participle is a non–finite form of the verb, denoting the sign of the name associated with the action, and used attributively [7: 399]. In the typological aspect, participles in the Tatar language have a number of differences, among which it is possible to distinguish that the name defined by the participle can denote a subject, object, place, time, etc. Participles in the Tatar language are characterized by a high degree of activity both in colloquial and literary language. In the language of the works of the kyssa genre, the participle is represented by various forms that represent the category of time.

The purpose of our study is to demonstrate the features of the functioning of past participle in works related to the genre of kissa.

Past participles are actively represented in the literary language, as well as, as already indicated, in folklore genres. This form is actively used in such small genres as proverbs, sayings that reflect the specifics of the functioning of the Tatar vernacular. Since the language of the kissa genre is close to the vernacular language, we observe many common points in the use of this verb form. Also in the texts of the kyssa, the forms peculiar to the Old Tatar written literary language are recorded.

In the texts of kyss, the past participle is actively used in -yan /-gan, -qan/-kan (-gan/ -gan,-kan/-kan)characteristic of the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic languages. It should be pointed out that phonetic variants of this form have regular use in the texts of kys. This form often acts as a definition, being used in various collateral forms and in the form of negation. Let's consider the most common functions of this grammatical form.

In the texts of kyss, the past participle in the attributive function more often characterizes the subject: padi ? ah bulya n ke ? eg ? ni t ? rle xolyqny ?a d ? t itm ? k kir ? k [14: 21] ‘What character traits are needed for a person who has become a king?’; anda xadir bu?an ad?ml?r bajy jarlysy bar?asy jy?lamy?lar ide [14: 20] ‘All the people who were there, both rich and poor, all burst into tears‘; aw ?jr?tk?n b?rkete bar ide... [9:32] ‘Had an eagle trained to hunt’; sin ber jat jird ? n kilg ? n ke ? e [14:8] ‘You are a visiting stranger...’; qa ? yb kitk ? n padi ? ah baryb ya sk ? r ?y jyb ... [14: 24] ‘The escaped king managed to gather a new army...’ etc.

The past participle can characterize the object: qas?d? qalyan suny e?eb ... [10: 18] ‘After drinking the water left in the cup’; ? unda ? y ber bul ?a n a ? a ? ny n bota ? yn a q und y ... [13:9] ‘Sat down on a branch of one of the trees there’; pulad jozaq belan bikl?ng?n ber sandyq[13:3] ‘Locked in steel lock chest..’; aq atlasqa jazylyan ber jazu tabyldy [13:3] ‘Found a letter written on white satin..’ja ? a isk ?saba jile x ? b ? re ? barmy [12:6] ‘Fresh morning wind, do you have news?’; qartlardan qal?an s?z bar [12: 83] ‘There is an instruction bequeathed to us by our ancestors..’ and others .

Cases have been recorded when this form characterizes a place: m a n h a m jatqan jiremd a r a x a td a bulyrmyn[14: 20] ‘I, too, will lie quietly and rest’; t?b?se k?kk? tig?n ber bijek tawyta jitde [13:9] ‘I have reached a high mountain, the top of which has connected with the sky’.

The participle on -yan /-gann, -qan/-kan is often substantivized, taking affixes of case, number and affiliation, for example, any k?rg?n x?jran qalyr ... [9: 138] ‘Whoever sees him remains delighted...’; julda tuyry kilg?nn?r xatynny qyzyanyb, Allahy ?ifa birsen dijeb doyta id?rl?r ide ... [9: 127] ‘The people who came to meet her, feeling sorry for the woman, said: "May Allah grant her recovery'; ad ? m bul ?a n g ? nahdan xali bulmas[14:42] 'A person cannot be sinless...'; b?n ixsan itk?nl?rg? jax?ylyq it? tor ? an b?nd?l?rd?n [9:20] 'I am one of those who is responsible for good with good’;a mma k ?r dib a ? a ? any a ? u kebek tojylyr ide. [14: 240]. ‘Whatever he ate, everything seemed to be poison to him...’;? tk ? nn ? n so n ? kenm ? k fajda birm ? s[13:5] ‘Regretting what he has done will not benefit ...’.

This form is also often used in the function of the action name: Xajwan bary qarny a ? yqqanyn w ? tujyanyn beler[14: 80] ‘An animal can feel its hunger and satiety’; qaty qaty s?zl?r ?jtk?nen? ?kende[12: 85] ‘I was sorry that I said unpleasant words...’.

The affix – an, combined with the predicative words bar, juk, can act as a predicate: ?yp?yq d?xi k?b zamandan birle ana ?yp?yq janyna bar ? any juq ide [14: 41] ‘Sparrow hasn't visited his girlfriend for a long time.’

In the texts of kyssa, this form, together with the local-temporal case affix (- anda), also functions in the meaning of the adverbial participle, thereby indicating the time of the action, for example, ke?ene h?n?r w? m? ? rif?te bul ? anda mal ? a ixtija?y bulmas [12:5] “When a person has a profession and education, he will not have a passion for wealth’ A ? uny jegetne n a ? yzyna salajym dig?nd? jeget ahlab jib?rde d? xatyn sisk?neb w? qaw?ab jy ? yldy [13: 45] ‘When she wanted to pour poison into the guy's mouth, he (in a dream) began to oohe and ahh, the woman shuddered, scared and she fell’; basyb tor ? anda qar?yq jerten Ta? ?l-M?lekk? i?ar?t itde [10:74] ‘When they were standing (at the window), the old woman secretly gave a sign to Taj al-Mulyuk’; ?mma S?jjid Jaxja ?f?nde ?jtde: bu riwaj?tne ?uil? i?etdem ki, jiden?e ?ine t?km?g? kiterg?nd? aja ? yna ber n?rs? t ? rteleb qulyndan ?i t ? ? eb uwaldy dide, [8:112] ‘However, Mr. Said Yahya said: I heard this legend in this form: when he was carrying the seventh bottle to the drain, something caught his leg, the bottle fell and broke.’

This form is very common in the Turkic languages [2:60]. As the well–known dialectologist F. Yu. Yusupov writes, in the above meaning, as well as acquiring other meanings (object, condition, result, etc. of action), the form - anda (-ganda) is common in the dialects of the middle dialect and in the dialects of the Siberian Tatars [6: 101-103]. The frequency of the use of the form na - anda (-ganda) in the language of the studied period, as well as in the dialects of the modern Tatar language, indicates that it belongs to the vernacular language.

The text of the work "One Thousand and One Nights" contains past participles with the affix -dyq /-dek, characteristic of the Oguz group of Turkic languages: ijar dideke n?rs? ... [10: 101] 'A thing called a saddle...; ser didekl?re n?rs? b?nem qar?ymda saqlanmaq en ber b?lm?g? qujyan n?rs? kebider, ul b?lm?ne? bikl?b a?qy?lary juyalyan da, j?n? jozayy ?zren? m?xer orylmy?dyr... [11:11] ‘A secret is such a thing that was put for storage in a separate office, the keys to which are lost, and a seal is installed on the lock case.’

The participles on -dyq /-dek in the works of the kyssa genre are also substantivized: na?ar xalg? du?ar uldyyymny k?rg ... [9: 142] ‘Seeing that I was caught by a failure...’; s?ne k?rdekd?n birle [9:40] ‘Since I saw you...'; ta? jaqyn irdegen k?reb s?k?t ?jl?de [Thousand, 3: 3] 'When I saw the dawn coming, I fell silent...'; ke e? qyldyyy en... [11:305] 'For committing a bad act ...'.

This form, characteristic of the written literary language, subsequently became obsolete and did not become part of the modern Tatar literary language. The form in -dyq /-dek has limited use in dialect language as well. It is used only in the Zakazan and Upland groups of dialects of the middle dialect and forms the periphery of the diasystem of the Tatar language [6: 115-116].

The Oguz form of the past participle in -my?/-me?, -mu?/-m is used quite rarely: ber ta?lanmy? jird? [11:304] ‘In some abandoned place...’; g?wh?r il? jasalmy? k?rsi [11: 127] ‘A chair decorated with gems...’; ber qara ik k ? atlanmy ? aryq qyna ke ? eder[14: 73] ‘A thin man, on a black donkey...’; atylmy ? uq, s ? jl ? nme ? s ? z ? tk ? n ? omer – bolarny hi ? bere kire qajtmas[13:121] ‘A launched arrow, a spoken word, a past life – all this is irrevocable.’

The form in -my?/-me?, -mu?/-mu? was actively used in the ancient language and in the existing variants of the literary language. Its parallel use with the form na – an is recorded in the Turkic written monuments [3:237]. In the XIX century, the functionality of this form in the meaning of the participle narrows [5:147]. This feature, characteristic of this form, is noticeable not only in the function of the participle, but also in the function of the indicative mood. According to B. K. Minnullin, a researcher of the language of the newspaper "Borkhane Tarakki", published in the early twentieth century, "it should be noted that the form na –yan is used more often than the form na -my?, and this indicates the proximity of the newspaper's language to the Tatar literary language of the second quarter of the twentieth century and a departure from traditional linguistic norms" [4:297]. Developing the above–mentioned idea, we can add that the passivity of the form on -my? and in the texts of kyssa indicates the process of fixing literary variants of the participle in the Tatar language.

In the modern Tatar language, this form is the nuclear element of the diasystem. It has a limited use, in the proper participial function it occurs only in the middle dialect and dialects of the Siberian Tatars [6: 114].

Thus, the study of the features of the functioning of the past participle revealed that the forms of the participle, in addition to the main function, are often substantive and used in the meaning of the action name. Some forms, for example, -yanda, taking affixes of the local-temporal case, function in the meaning of the adverbial participle. Along with the Kipchak forms characteristic of the vernacular language, the Oguz forms -dyq /-dek, -my?/-me?, -mu?/-mu?, which are indicators of the written literary language, are used less often.