Abstract: The subject of the study was the procedural features of constitutional control that affect the style of constitutional and judicial argumentation. The author sought to identify and analyze the parameters of norm-control activity that determine the content of argumentation techniques, using as an empirical basis of the study the experience of organizing constitutional control in Russia, Australia, Austria, Germany, Israel, Spain, Italy, Canada, USA, Taiwan, France and South Africa. Particular attention was paid to such procedural and procedural factors as the model of constitutional control, the procedure for considering cases, including the specifics of raising questions addressed by judges to participants in court proceedings, the availability of texts of procedural documents, the tradition of presenting the text of a court decision, the number of judges, the collegial procedure for making a decision and the content of the institute of dissenting opinion. Using the concept of argumentation style and identifying the correlation between specific procedural rules and argumentation patterns arising in the practice of constitutional justice, the author outlined the advantages and disadvantages of certain parameters of judicial control over the constitutionality of normative acts. In general, the conducted research allows us to conclude that the institutional environment of norm-controlled activity is formed not only by procedural rules, but also by legal traditions that dominate in a particular state, since the relevance, suitability and relevance of individual argumentation strategies used within the framework of constitutional control largely depend on their compatibility with the nature of legal thinking.

Keywords: legal tradition, constitutional court, argumentation pattern, procedure, argumentation style, justice, constitutional control, legal reasoning, constitutionality, legal thinking

Abstract: The subject of this research is the general terms of three standard contracts set by International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) in 2017 – conditions of contract for engineering, construction and installation works designed by the contractor; conditions of contract for engineering, construction and installation works designed by the employer; conditions of contract for “turnkey projects” and norms of the Federal Law “On contractual system in the sphere of procurement, works, and services for state and municipal needs; as well as bylaws in the area of public procurement and urban development, which regulate the establishment and change of conditions of construction contracts regarding the types and volume of works, their cost and deadline. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that the conditions of standard FIDIC contracts are analyzed in comparison with the current legislation of the Russian Federation on regulation of public procurement. The conducted comparison revealed discrepancies in the legal regimes of contractual relations emerging thereof. The law establishes rigid requirements to agreeing and setting conditions on the source, cost and completion time of works which impede differentiation of the level of their detailing in contract documentation, and thus the creation of a favorable environment for implementation of investment and construction projects. Excessively rigid rules of public procurement legislation pertaining to the changes of contract terms block the action of risk management procedures enshrined in the FIDIC standard contracts. As a result, the parties are not able to respond adequately and promptly to the impact of external and internal factors that affect project environment. A conclusion is made on impossibility of mutually agreed terms of application of FIDIC standard contracts and Russian legislation on public procurement without making substantial amendments to the content of standard contracts.

Keywords: EPC contracts, contracts for construction, state procurement legislation, Silver Book, Yellow Book, Red Book, FIDIC model contracts, state employer, Export Services Strategy, comparative legal study

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legislation and practice of its implementation, as well as the legal doctrine of Russia, Germany and Great Britain on the existing special systems of compensation for damage inflicted to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases. The author examines the special systems of restitution for occupational damage that represent starkly different versions of implementation of basic models developed in global practice (Bismarck and Beveridge). Attention is focused on the key issues of compensation for occupational damage using the legal means available in the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on the existing foreign experience on the matter. The author’s special contribution to the research of the topic consists in the statement that for establishing balance within the system of restitution for occupational damage it is necessary to clearly demarcate the three types of compensations: guaranteed social security paid from the budget funds in terms of obligations assumed by government  to support vulnerable population groups; obligations in tort recovered from the tortfeasor, considering the grounds and limits of civil liability; insurance payments, which represent partial coverage of inflicted damage based on the terms of insurance contract. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the prospects for improving the national special system of restitution for occupational damage. It is substantiated that in such system the distribution of losses between different types of compensations should be based on the criteria of preferred form of compensation (payment in kind or financial compensation); legal nature of separate elements of reparation (incapacitation, occupational disease, etc.); type of payments (recurring or lump sum), purpose of compensation; calculation of payments.

Keywords: occupational disease, industrial accident, treatment costs, compensation, health, harm, special system, industrial harm, compensation system, working capacity

Abstract: This article makes an attempt of comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of youth parliamentarism as a structural possibility of involvement of representatives of the  Russian youth in law-making activity. The authors formulate a definition of youth parliament, as well as describe the organizational and legal framework of functionality of youth parliamentary structures. The authors develop a model of systemic assessment of the effectiveness of youth parliamentary structures based on the five key vectors of activity of these institutions: legislative, project, personnel training, and the organization of socially significant events. The need is substantiated for implementing such methodology of assessment and comparison of the effectiveness of activity of youth parliamentary structures in different regions of the Russian Federation for the purpose of determining most successful strategies of fulfillment of their functionality. The novelty of this work consists in the detailed analytical overview of the doctrinal and legal definitions of the youth parliament, as well as in elaboration of practical approach towards assessing the activity of regional youth parliamentary structures. The main result of the conducted research lie in the original (proposed by D. A. Fedotov) procedure for calculating the key performance indicators and efficiency coefficient. It is proven that introduction of universal indicator of youth parliamentary structures would eventually stimulate the development of youth parliamentarism in the Russian Federation. The authors formulate the assessment criteria for each vector of activity of the youth parliamentary structures. The future implementation of the all-Russian rating model would increase the effectiveness and coordination of interaction between the youth parliaments and civil society institutions

Keywords: legislative activity, youth representation, coefficient of effectiveness, KPI, youth parliamentary movement, youth parliamentary structures, youth parliamentarism, civil society, personnel policy, project activities

Abstract: The subject of this research is practice of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation applied in legal regulation of lawmaking process. Analysis is conducted on legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of their rights to realization of the legislative initiative. The author’s arguments on carrying out the analysis of regional legislation with regards to establishment of a circle of subjects with the right of legislative initiative are grounded on the scholars’ opinion that the status of the subject of realization of legislative initiative is special. The fact of recognition of the subject of lawmaking process as a subject of legislative initiative is a juridical fact bot only for acquisition of the right to introduction of a bill, but also guarantees for participation in lawmaking process of the parliament. Therefore, establishment of a circle of subjects with the right of legislative initiative is crucial in determination of peculiarities of the regional lawmaking process. Application of the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, allowed arranging the circle of the subjects of lawmaking process into groups, as well as formulate a conclusion on the specificities of setting rules for the lawmaking process realized in constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The philosophical methods of cognition of legal reality allowed determining the general rules of lawmaking process, summarize the acquired data, and comprehensively examine the research materials. Having analyzed the practice of legal regulation, the author identified the flaws in terminology used in practice of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are made to pay closer attention to ambiguity of legislation in some regions of the Russian Federation. A conclusion is formulated on the positive experience that can become an example for other constituent entities of the Russian Federation in setting rules for the lawmaking process.

Keywords: rules, law, deputy, Parliament., legislative initiative, constitushion of the Russian Federation, legislative process, the legislative proposal, the subject of the reference, governmental authority

Abstract: The subject of this research is the key, dominant and most consistent development trends of the national constitutional law in post-Soviet period (1990’s – present). The author examines the following trends: succession, reception, internationalization and cyclicity of the development of constitutional law, as well as expansion and conceptual changes in its content. Each trend is substantiated by the provisions of constitutional legal doctrine, current Constitution, legislation and constitutional practice. The main conclusions consist in the thesis that the determined trends are inherent namely to the modern constitutional law, rather than Soviet or prerevolutionary stages of its development. Moreover, if separate trends coincide with the modern constitutional law of foreign countries, in Russia they have peculiar content, justified by the specificity of state legal development of the country. The evolution of Russian modern constitutional law takes place at the intersection of constitutional distinctness and constitutional universalization. Constitutional distinctness implies the synthesis of succession, certain cyclicity in the constitutional legal sphere, and presence of the unique legal phenomena characteristic to the national constitutional legal system. The manifestations of universalization of the modern Russian constitutional law include its reception and internationalization. 

Keywords: constitutional identity, cyclicity, internationalization, reception, continuity, regularity, constitutional law, universalization, constitutional, constitutionalism

Abstract: In the processes of common globalization, the right to national self-determination gains high importance, and is one of the main principles within the legal systems of majority of states. The object of this research is the accumulation of constitutional law solutions, emerging in the area of constitutional law regulation, practice of implementation and protection of the right to national self-determination in Israel. The subject of this research is the Israel’s constitutional norms pertaining to this protection, in unity with the legal positions of the Supreme Court of Israel. The aim of this work is to study the peculiarities of establishment and development of the right to national self-determination within the legal system of Israel. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the fact that for the first time analysis is conducted on the content and reasons for adopting the Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People on July 19, 2018. The author determines the mismatch between the positions of the basic law “Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People” and the international documents ratified by Israel, Declaration of Independence of Israel, as well as presence of contradictions with the content of a number of other basic laws of Israel.

Keywords: ethnos, Israeli legal system, national minorities, democracy, the ideology of Zionism, the right to self-determination, Constitution, Herzl, religious parties, contradictions in parliament

Abstract: The subject of this research consists in certain aspects of legal procedure regarding individuals with criminal procedural immunity: circle of subjects receiving immunity, justification of inclusion therein of certain categories of citizens, as well as circumstances that are subject to assessment by the chambers of Federal Council, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation towards qualifying panel of judges in agreement to start criminal proceedings regarding members of the Federation Council, deputies of State Duma, judges of Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and other courts. The author devises criteria for endowment of categories of citizens with the criminal process immunity: affiliation of individual with the deputy or judicial body, i.e. branches of legislative or judicial government body. The author proposes a theoretical model of control over the execution of criminal prosecution of individuals with immunity. Control divides into two segments. First segment forms the criminal procedural control, carried out by the administration of investigative branches, prosecutor’s office and courts of general jurisdiction, and consists in verification of grounds for initiation of criminal investigation and adherence to the procedural rules of initiation of criminal procedure regarding the subject. Second segment form the public legal control, carried out by the branches belonging to the government branch of the subject (chambers of Federal Council, Constitutional Court, branches of judicial community).

Keywords: participants of criminal proceedings, immunity, preliminary investigation, initiation of criminal proceedings, criminal prosecution, criminal procedure, immunity of the deputy, inviolability of the judge, judicial control, prosecutorial supervision

Abstract: One of the main vectors of social policy of the country is the support of senior citizens. The subject of this research is the proposals of political parties in the area of pension policy. The object of this research is the campaign party platforms at the 2016 elections for State Duma of the Russian Federation. The author examines the significance of the pension issue within the platforms, as well as positions of their authors on the most pressing aspects of this issue: change in the retirement age, freezing of the investment part of state pension, continued reforms, and pension raise. The results of this research are based on the use of general scientific methods and principles of scientific cognition, systemic approach, comparative analysis and historical objectivity. Despite the significant interest of the population towards the pension issue in 2016, the parties were unable to fully capitalize on the electoral potential of this issue. Taking a stance on critical position, they did not offer comprehensive alternatives to the current system – disjointed proposals on its improvement and amplification did not correspond to the scale of the problem. Most of the promises to raise the pensions carried evident populist character, and were not accompanied by a mechanism of its implementation. Majority of the specific and achievable proposals pertained to separate additional benefits and were based on the already prepared legislative bills by the parties. However, with the continued pension reforms, the issue will remain relevant in the next electoral cycle, and it will soon be clear whether the parties were able to account for the 2016 miscalculations and prepare the voters for new comprehensive and quality proposals in the area of social security of the pensioners.

Keywords: children of war, social law, Spravedlivaia Rossiia, KPRF, Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Edinaia Rossiia, eletion, pension reform, pension support, RPPS

Abstract: This article examines the scientific approaches towards understanding constitutionalism in the global, integration, and national dimension; as well as the role of constitutional teleology in creating conceptual and regulatory framework of the national and global constitutionalism in the context of formation of integration law. The study determines the forms of interaction between the Russian constitutionalism and integration law, and their reflection in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author rationalizes the modern approaches towards understanding and terminological definition of constitution as the ultimate and supreme law of the country, regulating the domestic and international integration relations. The scientific views upon the key elements of constitutional law from the perspective of internationalization processes are revealed. The scientific novelty of this work consists in description of the theoretical framework of correlation between the global and national constitutionalism, Russian specificity of legal nature of constitutionalism, analysis of theological foundations of the formation of constitutional communication and constitutional identity, formulation of the concept of constitutional law from the perspective of Russia’s involvement in the integration and international relations. The article reflects the problem of internationalization of constitutional law and the problem of open structure of the constitution. The author suggests new forms for Russia’s participation in formation of the doctrine and practice of global constitutionalism, considering the challenges of integration processes in creation of the regulatory and structural framework of the Russian constitutionalism as an open system.

Keywords: constitutional political participation, the law of the constitution, constitutional communication, global constitutionalism, constitutional teleology, integration through the law, constitutionalism, constitution, constitutional identity, constitutional crowdsourcing

Abstract: The subject of this research is the system of socio-legal relations in area of ensuring road safety. The object of this research is the social relations with regards to priority areas of implementation of the Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation for 2018-2024. The goal lies in examination of provisions of the Strategy, its stages, policy and problems of implementation. The author examines the priority directions of the Strategy, laws and regulations that ensure implementation of its measures, organizational problems, as well as issues of legal regulation of social relations impacted by the measures of the Strategy. Statistical data underlining the relevance of the implemented measures of the Strategy is provided. The article analyzes the law enforcement practice on the subject; determines the problems of organizational and legal nature faced by law enforcement authorities in exercising the key measures of the Strategy. The research materials may be valuable for legislative and law enforcement practice, educational process, scientific works of the experts in ensuring road safety and improvement of branches of the Russian legal system. The novelty of this work is defined by practical and scientific significance of the problems of law enforcement activity in the area of ensuring road safety, as well as the need for improving legal framework regulating the authority of the parties interested in ensuring road safety and implementation of priority directions of the Strategy. In conclusion, the author describes the prospects of implementation of measures of the Strategy, indicates the problems in legal and organizational aspects of realization of the priority directions of the Strategy, which solution, in the author’s opinion, are of utmost importance.

Keywords: the condition of the vehicles, improving driver training, road accidents, reduce mortality, implementing reform, road safety, Strategy, zero indicator, the improvement of the road, changing behaviour

Abstract: The subject of this research is the political and legal mechanism of realization of the ideas and model reflected in the new constitutions (including the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993), in the conditions of instability and absence of social cohesion. Special attention is dedicated to the so-called counter-majoritarian institutions, which can most effectively and legitimately “correct” the lawfully and democratically made majority decisions if they do not correspond with the interests of social development or violate rights and freedoms of the citizens. Based on retrospective analysis, it is demonstrated that in modern Russia, since the new Constitution came into force, the indicated functions are exercised by the Head of the State and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made that the constitutions establishing counter-majoritarian mechanisms, ensure stability and due development of the new statehood and legal system more reliably. These institutions, among other matters, also contribute to sustainability of the modern political systems, characterized with more profound segmentation, as well as support of the political inclusion of minorities.  

Keywords: Political stability, Constitutional law, Constitutional court, President, Counter-majoritarian difficulty, Counter-majoritarian institute, Political history, Constitutional history, Russian Constitution, Political development

Abstract: The object of this research is the system of law and its subsystem – the institution of legal responsibility in their interconnection and correlation. The subject of this research is the problems of differentiation of legal norms in sectoral and sectoral institutions of legal responsibility on micro and macro levels; scientific outlooks on the system of law and the system of legal responsibility. Analysis is conducted on the most controversial issues of the structure of the legal system and bases of its division. The authors substantiate the unacceptability of arbitrary based solely on subjectivism of the legislator, determine the new branches of law, as well as integrated branches. At the same time. The existence of cross-sectoral institutions that are on the same level with the sectoral division of the system of law is recognized. Leaning on the theoretical positions on the system of law, research is conducted on the structure of the institution of legal responsibility; the theses are offered on political structuredness of this system, as well as presence of interconnections with various levels and elements of the system of law. Conclusions are made on the dependence between the elements of the system of law and the elements of the system of legal responsibility, which are not simultaneously of absolute nature. The presence of sectoral structure of the system of law does not always presuppose existence of sectoral institution of legal responsibility, same as the separation of the system of law onto private and public does not signify existence of private legal responsibility. The authors substantiate the unacceptability of the arbitrary selection of sectoral and cross-sectoral institutions of legal responsibility based solely on subjectivism of the legislator and declarativity of prescriptions.

Keywords: types of branches of law, branches of legislation, Institute of Legal, ; branches of law, legal liability system, system of law, types of legal, functional relationships, structure of law, liability structure

Abstract: The subject of this research is the national program “Digital Economy” and the federal project “Digital Technologies”. The object of this research is the problem of integration of digital technologies, particularly “crosscutting technologies” into industrial sector, as well as the ways for its solution. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the structure of national program “Digital Economy” and the structure of federal project “Digital Technologies”; as well as considers the functionality and competences of one of the platform of cooperation between business and government – Autonomous non-commercial organization “Digital Economy”. The scientific novelty of this work lies in demonstrating the methods of implementation of “crosscutting” technologies in the industrial sector, namely the use of the “Internet of Things” technology in the field of military and civilian production for cost reduction and improving the efficiency of the production process.

Keywords: federal project, road map, digital platform, innovative policy, cross-cutting technologies, digital technologies, digital economy, national program, strategic targets, manufacturing

Abstract: The subject of this research is the means of procedural (criminal-legal, civil-legal, administrative-legal, etc.) protection of scientific information in one of the BRICS member-states – India, viewed through the prism of the force of statutory law in form of the acts on intellectual property of this country (“Copyright Act”, 1957; “Patents Act”, 1970); procedure (Code of Criminal Procedure, 1873; Code of Civil Procedure, 1908) and others in the last revision; case laws developed within the framework of acting precedent law and provisions of the doctrine. The author draws a conclusion that the fairly new method of dispute settlement such as arbitration along with the traditional, time-proven civil-legal (damages, suit for a declaration, and others) and criminal-legal (imprisonment and others) means of protection are in the focus of attention of the Indian legislator for the purpose of protection of scientific information. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive consideration and analysis of the approaches of legislator and representatives of judicial branch towards the procedural aspects of protection of scientific information.

Keywords: arbitration, administrative procedure, criminal procedure, civil procedure, patent law, copyright, BRICS, India, intellectual property rights, scientific information

Abstract: A full-fledged practical implementation of the constitutional principle of democracy requires constant improvement of the institution of public control in the Russian Federation, which on one hand, manifests as the guarantee of people’s right to realization of democracy, and on the other hand – the mechanism that impedes the consolidation of power, its unlawful; appropriation, as well usage thereof not for the benefit of the citizens. The system of legal regulation of public control of power in the Russian Federation is represented by several groups of regulatory acts of international and national legislations. This article is dedicated to examination of the federal, regional, and municipal legislation in the area of regulation of public control in the Russian Federation. The author conducts the comparative analysis of regulatory acts that contribute to organization and functioning of the system of public control in the Russian Federation, as well as provides their original classification. This allows carrying out the analysis of regulatory framework of the mechanism of public control in the Russian Federation, determining their place, role, and significance in organization of the system of public control in the country.

Keywords: constitutional analysis, Russian Federation, public control, legislation, municipal, regional, federal, people, public administration, power

Abstract:  This article examines the evolution of the institution of socially oriented nonprofit organizations, granting them a status of the “deliverers of social services” and the “providers socially beneficial services” through the prism of influence of the concept of “service state” upon these processes. Relevance of this topic is substantiated by the rapid development of socially oriented nonprofit organizations in the Russian Federation and their impact on social life on one hand; and on the other – the government’s desire to include socially oriented nonprofit organizations into the sphere of rendering social services, which used to be the government monopoly. The goal of this research is to assess the impact of “service state” concept upon the process of inclusion of socially oriented nonprofit organizations into the sphere of social services. The author comes to a conclusion that the concept of “service state” influenced the development of the institution of socially oriented nonprofit organizations with regards to their acceptance into the sphere of social services. The acquired theoretical results complement the scientific research of the impact of “service state” concept upon the reforms of state administration in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: state firm, welfare state, community service, social service, social service provider, non-profit organization, service state, civil society, public association, open state

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legislation on the territories of traditional natural resource management and array of regulations determining the rights of indigenous peoples to use natural resources, as well as the established law enforcement practice with regards to implementation of the traditional economic activity. The study aims to determine the full extent of realization of positions of the Article 69 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Russian legislation, as well as conceptual justification of the changes required for creation of the mechanism that guarantees realistic implementation of the constitutional right of the indigenous peoples to preserve their traditional way of life. The historical and comparative-legal methods allow giving general characteristics to the two stages of development of the institution of traditional natural resource management. Based on assessment of the federal and regional legislation, as well as the law enforcement practice (including the responsibility for unlawful natural resource exploitation), the author suggests to revise the ideological doctrine that predetermines the development of national legislation in this area; formulates the changes that should be introduced to the legal and regulatory framework of the rights of indigenous peoples to natural resource management in terms of realization of the traditional economic activity. The results of the research demonstrate that the orientation towards limitation of indigenous peoples economy to the natural exchange essentially contradicts the fact that the members of the indigenous peoples are practically deprived of the preference to natural resource management in their original habitat. It is proven that the need to establish the duty of the government authorities to provide the communities with land suitable for conducting traditional economic activity in order to compensate them for their original land that is now being used by mineral developers, loggers, industrial or other objects.

Keywords: natural resources, traditional land use, aboriginal habitat, community of indigenous peoples, Far North, Arctic region, territories of conventional nature management, indigenous minorities, territorial structure, state land policy

Abstract: The subject of this article is the problem of scientific plagiarism (unlawful borrowing of another author’s text), protection of copyrights, and intellectual property in the broad sense of the word, which is viewed in the context of economization of human life alongside the introduced to the State Duma by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin legislative bill on extending the list of offences, which criminal charges can be dismissed in case of compensation for damage that has been inflicted. The author makes practical proposals aimed at combatting plagiarism, taking as a basis the words of Napoleon Bonaparte “Put a rogue in the lime-light and he will act like an honest man”. The scientific novelty of this research lies in examination of the problem of plagiarism from the perspective of economic and legal sciences, as well as partially sociology and human psychology. The article touches upon a number of interrelated issues: plagiarism and circumvention of legitimate citation; plagiarism and functionality of the national scientific schools; plagiarism and countermeasures; plagiarism and formation of scientific potential in Russia, etc. It is concluded that plagiarism entails a multitude of problems that can only be resolved as a whole, and not on the individual level, but representative scientific centers with government association.  

Keywords: scientific schools, fair citation, plagiary, scientists, modern science, plagiarism, scientific ethics, SRC, authors' rights, intellectual property

Abstract: The subject of this research is the positions of subjective public rights opposing the postulates of state administration doctrine. The authors subjects to criticism the “government-administration approach”, dominating the doctrine of administrative law starting with the Soviet era. Special attention is paid to the social legal analysis that formed within the doctrine of categorical row. In comparison to this, the author examines the concept and system of subjective public rights, in the context of which proposing a new outlook on the composition of the subject and the system of administrative law. A conclusion is made that state administration doctrine caused the most damage to the theory of subjective public rights. However, this doctrine plays a key role in the administrative law doctrine, having the potential for its development in the proper framework, since it provides not only positioning of private citizens as the central subjects in legal relations with public administration, but also the instrumental approach towards the analysis of such interaction, which is beneficial for legal practice and improvement of legislation.

Keywords: subjective right, human rights, Jellinek, public services, public administration, state management, subjective public right, administrative law, public law, authority

Abstract: The object of this research is the constitutional law status of the Children's ombudsmen for the President of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the requirements for the candidate for the position of Children’s Ombudsmen. The author conducts detailed analysis of the requirements for candidacy of Children’s Ombudsmen. Based on the analysis, the author comprises an average portrait of Children’s Ombudsmen that formed in the course of the work of the regional legislator. Special attention is paid to the requirements towards the candidacy for the position of Children’s Ombudsmen in foreign countries. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in identifying the need to have legislative framework for the requirements towards the candidate for the position of Children’s Ombudsmen in the Russian Federation. The author’s contribution to this topic lies in the proposal of a number of criteria towards the candidate for the position of Children's Ombudsmen for the President of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: child rights protection, higher legal education, citizenship, age limit, requirement to candidates, children's ombudsman, ombudsman, special requirement, post, rights protection

Abstract: This article deals with certain problems of legal regulation of the relations from harm caused by high-risk sources in legislation of Russian and the United States. The authors rely not upon the examination of abstract models of functionality of the high-risk source as tool separated from the manufacturer, but rather the results of studying the legal norms (including legislative regulations and precedents), doctrine and judicial practice of both countries that provide answers to multiple argumentative questions. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the authors consider the legal concepts and legislative solutions in the area of relations from the harm causes by high-risk sources (enhanced by hazardous activity) in the Russian Federation and the United States from the perspective of evolution of the scientific thought of these countries. The authors detect the common feature in both legislations – the doctrines of the Russian Federation and the United States contain the idea on the need for consideration not only the functionality of the tool (high-risk source), but also the actions of the operator of the high-risk source. Based on the conducted analysis of the physical essence of the high-risk source, is established the dialectical unity of the object, its properties and their possible transformation in the process of manufacturing or exploitation of the object. The analysis of physical essence with regards to resolution of the dichotomy of joint and several responsibility must be applied in future works dedicated to causing harm by the high-risk sources.

Keywords: product liability, fault, strict liability, Russian Federation and United States, ultrahazardous activity, high-risk sources, tort law, tort, negligence, Restatements of Torts

Abstract: The subject of this research consists in the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan regulating the internal corporate relations within publicly traded companies and LLC, as well as the rulings of the higher courts and legal doctrine of the countries in question. The object of this research is the internal relations within PTCs and LLCs of these countries. The authors research the prospects and horizons for the internal corporate and inter-corporate relations, comparing these concepts based on the doctrine of the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan. The novelty of this research lies in the comparative legal analysis of the regulation of internal relations within the PTCs and LLCs in Russia and Azerbaijan. The work employs the materials from the current Russian and Azerbaijan legislations with consideration of their latest revisions.

Keywords: business environment, private law power, self-regulation of relations, Corporate administration , LLC, Publicly traded company, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Internal corporate relations, Corporate relations

Abstract: The subject of this research is the modern normative legal base that institutionalizes physical culture in higher educational facilities of the Russian Federation. The object of this research is the domestic policy of Russia on formation of physical culture of the students. The author examines the key grounds and sources of the indicated domestic policy, indexes and indicators of its efficient implementation. The center of attention is the incorporation of the given component of domestic policy in such spheres as: education, physical culture and sport, youth policy, socioeconomic development, and national security of the country. The presented conclusions were acquired through application of the method of content analysis, comparison, and synthesis of the existing legislation. The author detects the presence of prominent domestic policy on formation of physical culture of the students in modern Russia, underlines its high relevance, as well as provides comprehensive characteristic, considering the profound interdisciplinary connections. The author’s substantiates a thesis that the efficiency of implementation of domestic policy of the Russian Federation on formation of physical culture of the students depends on the quality of normative legal regulation of the physical education processes within the higher educational facilities of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: human development, higher education, healthy lifestyle, student sport, physical education, physical culture, Russia, state policy, legislation, legal and regulatory framework

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the political legal phenomenon of lobbying, history of the emergence of its institution, as well as doctrinal and legal positions regarding the content of the concept of lobbying. The object of this research is the social relations established in the area of interaction between the society, citizens, and government pertinent to promotion of the normative legal acts into the government authorities and local self-governance with the lawmaking function. The subject of this research is the Russian doctrine and legislation in the field of lobbying. The article explores the history of emergence of the concept of lobbying, provides original definition of lobbying, as well as substantiated the need for establishment of a universal understanding of the aforementioned phenomenon. Special attention is given to correlation between the characteristics of lobbying and the approach, through the prism of which it is determined. For avoiding the conceptual ambiguity, it is suggested to view lobbying as a normal and legitimate phenomenon, the political legal institution that is aimed at achieving the socially useful objectives. The scientific novelty lies in examination of the political legal phenomenon of lobbying; formulation of the notion of lobbying, particularly the author’s original definition; for the purpose of elimination of the conceptual ambiguity  and reaching the terminological unity is suggested the universal understanding of lobbying, within the framework of which such phenomenon will have a positive implication.

Keywords: offense, corruption, corruption lobbying, illegal lobbying, legal lobbying, sing of lobbing, history of lobbying, Lobbying, approaches to lobbying, terminological unity

Abstract: This article is devoted to the means for ensuring the opposition of majority and minority parties, used in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly and in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States. The object of this research primarily concentrates on the means provided by the rules of both chambers and its realization. The aim of the article is to reveal the similarities and the differences of the realization of the idea of opposition in the lower chambers of these parliaments and the reasons thereof. The author reveals the means used in both parliaments such as the organization of majority and minority, possibility to express the majority and minority opinion, as well as their formal equality. It is concluded that the means, consolidated in the rules of the both chambers, are similar but there is a difference in the accents: ensuring the opposition in the House of Representatives and the possibility to express all the opinions in the State Duma.

Keywords: weaken the majority, role of the opposition, opposition, formal equality, rules of the parliament, opposition party, ruling party, parliament of RF, parliament of USA, expression of difference of opinions

Abstract: The subject of this research is the constitutional law norms that regulate the status of Aceh as a semi-autonomous province of Indonesia. The object of the study is the public relations forming in the sphere of the constitutional law regulation of its status. The author thoroughly explores such aspects of the topic as the 2005 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and its impact on formulation of the constitutional legal regime of the semi-autonomous province. Special attention is given to the transformational processes taking place within the framework of current legislative regulation with regards to conditions of this agreement on the autonomic status of Aceh. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that the territorial variety of autonomy currently represents one of the key mechanisms capable of supporting materialization of objectively possible and mutually acceptable models of organization and stabilization of domestic relations. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the need for analysis of the practice of formation and development of domestic relations in foreign countries for the purposes of its systematization and account.

Keywords: Regional House of People’s Representatives, Regional Government, governor, sharia law, public authorities, Aceh, territorial autonomy, Indonesia, Constitution, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of the year 2006 Regarding Governing of Aceh

Abstract: The object of this research is the political processes in Russia. The subject of this research is the current key problems of the political process in Russia and administrational techniques for the purposes of its institutionalization. The subject is examined from not only politological and sociological perspectives, but separate attention is also given to the philosophical component of the issue. The author determines the key issues of the modern Russian political process and its trends. The research includes results from the latest academic research in the area and presents various positions of experts. The research allowed determining the key trends in current political processes in Russia, define groups of problems impeding its institutionalization and primary strategies for achieving it, as well as substantiate the choice for necessary administrational techniques.

Keywords: Russian society, Transitional societies, Political administration, Democratic transition, Administrational techniques, Governing, Political system, Civil society, Institutionalization, Political process

Abstract: The object of this research is the process of establishing and developing “electronic governance”, which carries an important political and socioeconomic significance for modern states. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of realization of the “e-governance” in Russia examined on the analysis of the regulatory policy of the state in this area and assessment of its results. Study of the content characteristics of the “e-governance” allowed determining the level of correspondence between the realistic indexes and goals declared by the government, as well as determining the problems and prospects of state policy in this regard. The main conclusions consist in the fact that the process of establishing “electronic governance” in Russia reflects both, global trends, as well as national specificity set by the institutional environment and priorities in national and foreign policy of the Russian Federation. This process requires centralized coordination of the normative and financial support, as well as fusion of these measures with transformations within the framework of administrational reform.

Keywords: electronic technologies, information technologies, information society, public administration, political and administrative management, e-government, informatization of state bodies, public policy, administrative reform, e-services

Abstract: The subject of this research is the “service” category, content and aspects of which are formulated upon the achievements of the economic and legal thought, but were not coordinated, which led to differentiated and incoherent normative regulation. Democratic transformations of the Russian state of the late 80’s and 90’s led to the strengthening of the government role in service relations. At first glance, such involvement contradicts the public law role of the state, since “service” is associated with the private sphere of relations that is based on commercial approaches. But in the Western European countries the governments actively participate in such relation on the bases of post-neoclassic theory of public services, which was adopted by the Russian legislator in formation of concepts of administrative reforms. The conclusion was formulation of an original definition of “service”, “state service” and “municipal service”, with consideration of the theory of public services and active participation of public branches of government in service relations.

Keywords: Economic theory, Legal definition, Government services, Municipal services, State services, Public authority, State, Labor, Work, Service

Abstract: The subject of this research is the agrarian policy of the government of the Russian Empire pertinent to the former state and appanage peasants of Arkhangelsk Governorate over the period from 1861-1917. The land reform in the aforementioned region was conducted in conjunction with the example of the central governorate with a focus on the regional specificity. The distinctness of historical legal development of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, which consisted in lack of the private feudal dependency of the majority of northern peasantry and vivid regional aspects of the peasant community, defined the peculiarities of implementation of the government agrarian policy of the late XIX – early XX centuries. Special attention is given to the problem of legal regulation of land ownership of the peasants. Particularly, the uncertainty of legal status of the historically established two forms of land ownership – civil allotments and crown lands taking for clearing under the right of 40-year use, in practice created the circumstances for abusing the ownership rights by peasants, and thus, led to litigation. Relevance of this this research topic is associated with the search for the way to develop the agrarian sector of the Russian economy in the rich experience of the reforms of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author comes to the conclusion on the controversy and inefficiency of the policy of the Russian Empire with regards to peasants, which left unsolved led to problems of not only economic, but also political nature.

Keywords: volost court, appanage peasants, state peasants, clearing, government land, allotment land, community, agrarian reform, customary law, law

Abstract: The subject of this research is the relevant issues of correlation between the constitutional principle of ideological diversity and the extensively discussed within the Russian society question of establishment of the Russian national idea. The authors meticulously review various doctrinal approaches towards interpreting the constitutional principle of ideological diversity, as well as give special attention to the characteristic of the distinctive signs of ideology and national idea. It is noted that the ideology expresses the interests of separate social groups, is applicable to the sphere of limited, specific; national idea is characterized by universality and ubiquity, as well as manifests as a unifying social beginning that contains the common value bases of social life. The authors underline that in the context of the Russian history and present, the category of national idea is used in a narrow-ethnic, but broader cultural-civilizational meaning, which reflects the multinational and multiconfessional nature of the Russian society. Conclusion is made that the ideology alongside the national idea are not included into the subject of legal regulation, but rather suggest a continuously renewing dialogue, search process of the historically justified optimal combination of interests of the various social groups for the purpose of reproducing the social world.

Keywords: Social dialogue, Solidarism , Socialism, Liberalism, Deideologization, National idea, Ideology, Principle of ideological diversity, Constitutional principles, Constitution

Abstract: The subject of this research is the topical issues of legal technique in the context of the content, structure, and execution of constitutions (regulations) of subjects of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the topic at hand, the author analyzes legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation for assessing the efficiency of the established means, approaches, and techniques applicable to interpretation, structuring, and attributive execution of the fundamental regional normative legal acts. The article considers specific examples that illustrate the positive and negative aspects of interpretation, structuring, and execution of the constitutional (regulatory) acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the special place of the constitutions (regulations) of subjects of the Russian Federation alongside their peculiar functional assignment, an attempt is made to substantiate the need for formulation of the specific legal technical approaches regarding the interpretation, structuring, and execution of the constitutional (regulatory) acts of the subject of the Russian Federation. The author underlines the urgency of legislative consolidation of the unified for all regions approaches of legislative technique applicable for the constitutions (regulations) of subjects of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: Chapter, Article, Law, Subject of the Russian Federation, Legal quality, Rulemaking , Legal technique, Legislative technique, Regulation, Constitution

Abstract:   This article is dedicated to the questions of content and volume of the terms used in Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author examines the constitutional norms, which apply the terms identical or conformable to the common for other branches of law. In particular, attention is given to provisions of the Constitution pertaining to limitation of electoral rights of the individuals “who are kept in places of imprisonment under a court sentence” (Chapter 3, Article 32 of the Constitution); norms that define the grounds for impeaching the President of the Russian Federation due to the “charges of high treason or of another grave crime” (Chapter 1, Article 93 of the Constitution); as well as the term “international agreements of the Russian Federation) as a determinative circle of acts that from the perspective of stipulation of rules have priority over the laws (Chapter 4, Article 15 of the Constitution). Based on the conducted research, a conclusion about the lack of grounds for comprehending exceptionally within the logics of the blanker norms of constitutional provisions, conformable to the sectoral legal regulation from the standpoint of applied terminology. The author also believes that the dynamics of constitutional provisions cannot be identified with the possibility of their actual reconsideration as a result of the transformation of meaning of the particular terms at the scale of existing legislation. Due to this fact, in each similar case, the necessary for determining the concrete content of the constitutional provision consists in revealing the autonomous and “blanket” elements of the constitutional notions.  

Keywords: Constitutional term, International agreement, Imprisonment, High treason, Grave crime, Interpretation, Blanket norm, Terminology, Constitutional law, Constitution

Abstract: The subject this research is the questions of legal regulation and investment relations in BRICS member-states using the example of the Republic of South Africa, as well as key issues faced by the foreign investors in realization of various investment projects in this country. Proposed by the author comparative legal study covers certain aspects of the mechanism of admission of corporations with foreign investments to exploitation of mineral resources in South Africa, functioning of special economic zones, as well institutional structure involved in investments in this country. The scientific novelty consists in turning attention to the relevant questions of legal regulation of the investment relations in the conditions of reforms in the national investment legislation of South Africa, which became synonymous with the protectionist moods, justified by the state’s desire to overcome the Apartheid Regime, as well as preserve the country’s economic sovereignty.

Keywords: Investment arbitrage, Investment climate, Special economic zone, Investment ombudsmen, Legal guarantees of investors, Investment dispute, Bilateral investment agreement, Foreign investment, Republic of South Africa, BRICS

Abstract: The object of this research is the corruption in modern Vietnam, while the subject is the task of the country’s leading party to fight corruption. The goal of this work consists in identification of corruption as one of the pressing issues, which the Communist Party of Vietnam has to face in the difficult economic and social circumstances of the country. Special attention is given to the analysis of state of corruption and its harm to various areas of social life of the modern Vietnam, as well as examination of responsibility of the leading party pertaining to unproductive fight against corruption. The author also reviews the main causes that lead to the uncontrolled acts of corruption in all branches of government authority. Based on examination of relevancy of the problem of corruption in modern Vietnam alongside its comparison with the other regions of Southeast Asia, the conclusion is made that the creation of efficient measures aimed at combating corruption, currently is an unresolvable task for the Communist Party of Vietnam. Corruption and its consequences directly affect the reputation of the Vietnamese government in eyes of the foreign investors, manifest as a primary cause for the drop of people’s trust towards the ruling party, as well as the risk of political instability in the country.

Keywords: Political reform, Ruling party, Corruption Perceptions Index, Level of competitiveness , Government authority, National assembly, Communist Party of Vietnam, Budget deficit, National debt, Corruption

Abstract: This article analyzes the positions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation regarding the official promulgation of the normative legal acts. Particular attention is given to the review of the resulting from the Basic Law constitutional responsibility on the official promulgation of laws. Leaning on the analysis of theoretical material, legislation, and judicial practice, the author examines the notion of law as determinative of the object of such responsibility, subjects of its realization, content, and mechanisms of ensuring the aforementioned responsibility. Special attention is given to the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the question at hand, including the criteria for acknowledging the law promulgated, character of presidential power regarding the enactment and publication. The author comes to a conclusion that the constitutional responsibility on the official promulgation, which manifests as an important aspect within the system of constitutional structure, is realized by means of accomplishing a number of the formal and substantial criteria, rather than reduced only to publishing the law in the established official source. Such responsibility has a certain potential in development of the legal regulation from the perspective of the mechanisms of its realization. At the same time, in formation of such mechanisms must be considered their impact upon the correlation between various subjects of public authority, including in logic of separation of powers.

Keywords: Subject of public authority, Court, Constitution, Source of publication, Law enforcement, Lawmaking, Constitutional responsibility, Normative legal act, Law, Official promulgation

Abstract: The subject of this research is the separate constitutional legal aspects of implementation of the proportional electoral system at municipal elections. An acute discussion takes place within the academic community regarding the questions of foundation, circumstances, and limits of application of the aforementioned electoral system at local level, the participants of which hold diametrically opposed points of view. At times, there is doubt the very possibility of implementation of such electoral system at local level due to its probable discordance with the character of local self-governance, as well as inability to accommodate within the framework of representative body the maximally possible range of interests of the local society. At the same time changes in legislative base, which regulates the order of application of the proportional electoral system at local elections that took place over the recent years, carried the pronounced multidirectional character that often does not have a sufficient conceptual substantiation. The article provides a brief overview of the process of establishment of the proportional electoral system as a channel for formation of public authority at the local level; gives characteristic to its modern status; as well as analyzes the legislative base alongside corresponding legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion of this work consists in the formulated criteria that are based on the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and determine the admissibility of implementation of the proportional electoral system at the local level, as well as possible directions and specific measures aimed at improving the Russian model of application of proportional electoral system at the municipal elections.  

Keywords: Local self-governance, Political parties, Elections, Constitutional Court, Proportional electoral system, Local elections, Electoral process, Municipal law, Electoral coalitions, Electoral law

Abstract: This article examines the existing system of court institutions of the modern Lebanon, analyzes the realization of judicial authority considering the distinctness of the mixed legal system of Lebanon, as well as identifies the legal issues present in this area and possible ways for their elimination. The author reviews the regular courts that include civil and criminal courts; administrative court that is represented in Lebanon by the State Council; political court, the jurisdiction of which is realized by the Supreme Council; constitutional council; military court; religious courts, and special courts that can render judgments on the exclusive basis. A conclusion is made that inefficiency of the Lebanese acting system of courts can be explained by the following aspects: absence of proper education of judicial personnel; vulnerable economy that leads to the insufficient fund for hiring the technical personnel and judges; lack of computerized support; absence of the institution of judicial mediation and institution deal-making with the justice department in criminal cases, etc.

Keywords: special courts, Constitution of Lebanon, Islamic courts, administrative justice, legal agencies, system of courts, Lebanon, legal system, religious courts, military court