Abstract: Annotation The subject of study in this article is the period at the beginning of the development of manual automatic weapons in Russia (the turn of the 19th–20th centuries). The overall supervision of such works on new weapons was carried out by the Main Artillery Administration (GAU), albeit in a rather general manner, which meant that the level of sophistication of the created models depended on the talent of the inventor. This article analyzes a project that demonstrates a high degree of originality and expressiveness of engineering thought, as well as a considerable potential of domestic inventor-weapons designers. The focus is on the projects of a modified automatic rifle and a machine rifle developed by engineer B.E. Sosinski. This project was considered by the Russian military authorities in the 1900s. It is an undeniable fact that B.E. Sosinski was a skilled and talented engineer who had a deep understanding of and passion for weaponry and possessed significant potential as a weapon designer. However, these traits of his personality were not adequately utilized due to the peculiarities of the weaponry era in Russia. The following research methods were used in this material: historical-scientific analysis of specialized research literature, comparative-historical method, and processing of archival data. In conclusion, it is necessary to characterize Sosinski's machine gun project from the perspective of contemporary knowledge about automatic small arms. Despite the existing shortcomings, as of the date of submission (1906), it was one of the most thought-out and adequately looking proposals. In terms of the quality of technical solutions incorporated into the project, it surpassed by two orders of magnitude the primitive automatic weapon projects being developed at the same time by other Russian inventor-weapons designers. This consideration allows us to put forward the thesis that at the beginning of the 20th century, there were talented inventors in Russia with significant creative potential who, with proper organization of the design process and refinement of weaponry, were capable of creating modern samples.

Keywords: light machine gun, machine gun, GAU, Main Artillery Directorate, experimental weapons, weapons design, automatic weapons, automatic rifle, three-line rifle, Bronislav Sosinsky

Abstract: The article is devoted to a little-studied problem – the resettlement of Austrian and Romanian Old Believers-Lipovans to the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 20th century. The work evaluates the significance of the All-Russian Congresses of Old Believers of the Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy and their Council in this process. The role of the immediate leaders of this structure, D. V. Sirotkin and P. P. Ryabushinsky, as active supporters of the idea of returning "foreigners" to the homeland of their ancestors is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the arguments of both supporters and opponents of the repatriation of Lipovans and their "settlement" in the Amur region. The idea of an organized resettlement of Old Believers to the Far East – to Chinese Manchuria – to the line of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) that was then under construction was first put forward by Finance Minister S. Yu. Witte. In 1900, the dignitary reported this to the delegation of the First Old Believer Congress that arrived in Yalta. After some time, the Yalta proposal became known to the Austrian Lipovans. The local Old Believers, who were experiencing land shortages and other difficulties, had high hopes for the Russian minister's project and expressed a desire to definitely go to Northern China as colonists, but the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 prevented the implementation of this plan. The implementation of another resettlement project (this time to the Russian Amur region) became possible after the revolutionary upheavals of 1905-1907, when the Old Believers received certain civil rights. The liberalization of religious policy in Russia against the backdrop of the deteriorating socio-economic situation in the countries of residence contributed to the return of foreign Old Believers to their historical homeland. Lipovans and Nekrasovites living in Austria, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey began to submit petitions for Russian citizenship, petitioning for resettlement in the Amur region. The tsarist government, interested in the rapid settlement and economic development of its Far Eastern outskirts, appreciated this desire. The role of the link between the Lipovan communities and the Russian authorities belonged to the Council of Congresses, whose members cared about satisfying not only the spiritual but also the material needs of their co-religionists. By and large, it was thanks to the mediating aspirations of the Council that the resettlement of the "foreigners" became possible, while the "Austrians" and "Romanians" received some benefits.

Keywords: D. M. Smirnov, P. P. Ryabushinsky, D. V. Sirotkin, Amur region, Russian Far East, Bukovina, resettlement, All-Russian Congresses of Old Believers, Lipovans, Foreign Old Believers

Abstract: The disclosure of the human potential of the Soviet worker was one of the most important tasks of the government in the 1920s, the solution to which was seen in increasing labor productivity. The main goal of our research is a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the dynamics of labor productivity and wages during the period of the New Economic Policy, examined through the example of the "Sickle and Hammer" factory and other industrial enterprises that were part of the Machine Trust. Throughout the work, monthly data on these indicators for the years 1924–1926 were collected and systematized, which allowed for a thorough analysis of the differences in their growth rates and the identification of factors that had a significant impact on these differences. This period was chosen as it allows for the characterization of the trends existing during the peak of the New Economic Policy. In this work, a microanalysis method was used, which allowed for the examination of the interaction between labor productivity and wages based on specific enterprises. Additionally, methods of systematic analysis, as well as problem-chronological and dialectical methods, were employed in the article. The conducted research demonstrated that the management of the "Sickle and Hammer" factory failed during this historical period to align the growth of nominal wages with the indicators of labor productivity of industrial workers. It should be emphasized that the rates of growth in real wages and labor productivity had only slight discrepancies. A significant result of this research was not only the introduction of new statistical data and materials into scientific circulation but also the systematization of the factors influencing the dynamics of labor productivity and wages in the context of the New Economic Policy. The following factors were identified as influencing labor productivity at a specific enterprise: the size of the industrial enterprise, the nomenclature and assortment of produced goods, the strategic position of the enterprise in the production chain, time loss, and the reasons determining those losses. At the same time, a number of other factors complicated the solution of the crucial task of halting the pace of wage growth. The management of the enterprise had to make managerial decisions under extremely difficult conditions of acute shortages of skilled labor, the presence of influential trade unions, and the necessity of meeting production targets.

Keywords: microanalysis, real wages, Hammer and Sickle, labor relations, metallurgy industry, wages, labor productivity, new economic policy, Machine Trust, labor motivation