Abstract: The subject of this article is the poetry of the Indian educator of the XIX – early XX century Guruzada Apparao. The poet's work reveals his program of the "religion of love", which has become an expression of the educational philosophy of Guruzada. Coming from the circles of the Indian intelligentsia formed under the colonial influence, Guruzada Apparao believed that in relations with the colonialists – the British – one should adhere to "practical patriotism", which assumed effective assistance to the people of the country, and not verbal strife. Guruzada Apparao's poetry is based on civic lyrics, which contain a protest against the ignorance of the Indian people, caste inequality, religious prejudice, and the oppressed position of Indian women. Special attention is paid to the reflection in the poet's work of the activities of the Indian National Congress, the leading political organization in the country, and criticism of its methods of fighting for the empowerment of Indians. The methodological basis of the article is the comparative historical method, with the help of which the specific historical features of Guruzada Apparao's "religion of love" are highlighted. As a result of the conducted research, the author came to the following conclusions: 1) the civil lyrics of Guruzada Apparato were formed in the conditions of the colonial-dependent state of India, which resulted in a significant deterioration in the situation of the Indian people. In this regard, Guruzada's poems trace educational motives, calls for a fight against the ignorance of the people, against the religious prejudices dominating in Indian society. As a result, Guruzada wrote works accessible to the common people, using folk expressions, and became one of the founders of modern Telugu literature. 2) At the same time, Guruzada Apparato stood apart from the leading political forces of the country at that time, in particular, from the Indian National Congress, considering its activities ineffective due to the desire to obtain personal power. 3) The "religion of love", which was one of the main motives of the poet's mature work, fades into the background at the end of his life, giving way to motives of disappointment and lack of agreement.

Keywords: British India, enlightenment, colonialism, civil lyrics, Indian literature, Telugu poetry, Indian poetry, Gurajada Apparao, Indian National Congress, patriotism

Abstract: The focus of this study is the literary-critical statements of V.S. Solovyov and Yu.N. Govorukha-Otrok about the poetry of A.A. Fet. The main object of research – articles written in the 1890s, during the formation of the philosophical method of literary criticism: "About lyrical poetry. Concerning the last poems of Fet and Polonsky" (Solovyov, 1890), "Poetry of Fet" (Govorukho-Otrok, 1892; 1893). Vladimir Solovyov, a younger contemporary and opponent of Govorukho-Otrok, can paradoxically be considered as a mentor in philosophical criticism. The purpose of this work is to identify and analyze the views of Solovyov and Govorukho-Otrok on the essence of poetic creativity. The novelty of the research lies in the comparison of the literary-critical systems of the opposing authors. The homogeneity of the methods reveals itself through a combination of journalism and subjectivity, as well as a mandatory focus on social impact. But if for Govorukho-Otrok the main point of support in literary and critical judgments is religion, for V. Solovyov it is history. Only the spiritual and eternal, according to those writers, can be both a source and an object of poetic comprehension. For both critics, the poet appears, if not a sacred, then an exceptional figure.

Keywords: pure art, lyricism, literary hierarchy, literary critical statement, Poetry, Govorukha-Otrok, Fet, Soloviev, philosophical method, Literary criticism

Abstract: The article presents the origins of avant-gardism in modern Persian poetry and the stages of its development in the XX century. In order to identify the social and political prerequisites for the modernization of literature, the period of the Constitutional Revolution in 1905–1911 is considered. Attempts to renew the Persian verse and create its theory were first studied by such literary figures as T. Rafat, A. Lahuti, N. Yushij, H. Irani, Tondar-Kiya, A. Ahmadi and others. The classification of Iranian poetic movements (conservative poetry, nimaist poetry and radical poetry) is considered. An overview of the work of the main representatives of Iranian literary avant-gardism is presented on the basis of an analysis of the relationship of their poetry with avant-garde and modernist literary trends such as Dadaism and Surrealism. The periodization of avant-gardism is described, the prerequisites for its emergence are analyzed, as well as the historical conditions of its formation and features of its development within the socio-cultural context. There are broken meters and unequal stanzas in their poems, but the individual efforts of each of them could not rise to a normative level. These authors, unlike Nima, did not leave behind a single theoretical work on new poetics, where an exhaustive description and justification of the need for new literary forms would be given. As a result, the work of Nima Yushij became the culmination of their creative quest. The purpose of the article is to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the phenomenon of the Iranian poetic avant-garde on the examples of "new poetry", poetry of the "new wave" and "poetry of volume", as the most influential avant-garde currents of modern Persian poetry. Particular attention is paid to the creative activities of the founders of the avant-garde.

Keywords: new Persian poetry, innovators, poetry of volume, renewal of Persian verse, nimaistic poetry, radical poetry, "new Poetry", poetry of the new Wave, Poetic avant-gardism, modern Persian poetry

Abstract: One of the characteristic features of Julia Zhadovskaya's poetry (1824–1883) is the abundance of repetitions: each theme is repeated several times, while retaining all its main distinctive features. Such a feature of Zhadovskaya's creative method as double thematic repetition is revealed: some poems form semantic pairs. The published and unpublished poems of Yu.V. Zhadovskaya served as the material for the study. The following methods were used to conduct the research: the method of historical and philological analysis (in identifying the historical context in lyrical works), the comparative method (in determining the structural, formal and other features of poems included in the lyrical microcycle), as well as the method of complex text analysis. In the research we study about Zhadovskaya's work, the phenomenon of the existence of paired texts has not been considered previously. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification of "paired" texts and the creation of a typological classification of lyrical pairs. We decided to combine texts into pairs based on the following features: the identity of titles according to synonymic and antonymic principles, variations of a common theme, intertextual dialogue. In conclusion, the author made the point that Zhadovskaya's paired poetic texts express a single figurative system, complementing and strengthening it. Microcycles consisting of plot analogies, thematic repetitions and parallels are of particular interest not only as a way of expressing the author's view of the world, but also as a way of organizing the reader's perception. And the cyclization in Zhadovskaya's lyrics deserves attention as a natural phenomenon of the development of lyrical cyclization in the literary process of the second third of the XIX century.

Keywords: microcycle, thematic repetitions, paired texts, The lyrical cycle, intertextuality, the author's context, poetics, the author's picture of the world, The lyrical plot, women's lyrics

Abstract: The subject of this article is the analysis of the translation reception S. Mallarmé's poem "Apparition" (1863). Based on Mallarmé's theory of poetry and symbol, the author examines the role of metaphorical transference in the creation of symbols. The research objectives include a comparative analysis of the translations of Bryusov and Talov. The main attention is paid to the analysis of translation strategies, the adequacy of the transmission of meaning and the emotional coloring of the original, which will allow to conclude about such an approach to the translation of Mallarmé's works, which helps to most fully recreate the author's intention. In the course of the study, a biographical method was used to establish a connection between the biography of the poet and the features of the literary work created by him. Linguistic analysis allowed to analyze the linguistic and artistic features of the original and translations of the work. Comparative method allowed us to draw a conclusion about the techniques necessary for the translator to recreate the poetics of the original. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the insufficient study of the problem. In addition, the poem "Apparition" had not previously become the object of close attention of Russian researchers, despite the high aesthetic qualities of the work and the existing translation multiplicity. As a result of the research, the peculiarities of perception and transmission of metaphorical images of light in the translations of V. Bryusov and M. Talov into Russian were revealed. The main conclusion of the study of the translation reception of Mallarmé's lyrics by Russian poets will be that when translating, it is necessary not only to recreate the poetic plot, but most of all to strive to convey the mood and impressions created in the original text.

Keywords: poetry, translation, light, symbolism, symbol, metaphor, translation reception, Talov, Brusov, Mallarmé

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of the topos of the garden in the subject–spatial organization of Russian poetic texts of the 1880s-1890s with a vector to the exoticism of the East. The subject of the study is a garden in the oriental context of poems of the designated period. The object is lyrical works of Russian poets of the last two decades of the XIX century, focused on the eastern context. Particular attention is paid to oriental imagery, which is transferred to the sphere of the universal language of poetry, into which poets translate the subjectivist attitude to the transformation of the real world into an ideal one. The specificity of the material and the multidimensional nature of its consideration determined the general philosophical principles of historicism and consistency as a methodological basis. The research is based on the synthesis of historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional, intertextual methods. The main conclusions of the study: 1) in the space of the oriental locus of lyrical works of the 1880s-1990s, the garden most often acts as cultural-specific units; 2) unlike the poets of the past decades, the authors of the "fin de siécle" era more often refer to Sufi symbolism itself. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the poetic heritage of the Muslim East in the texts of the "epoch of timelessness" – pre-symbolism, as well as the initial stage of the symbolist trend, has not previously become the object of systematic research. According to E.A. Tahodi's fair remark, in the last three decades, Russian science has grown interest "in the figures of the "second row", in the epochs of transformation of traditional literary paradigms, including pre-symbolism," which remains the least studied page in the history of Russian literature of the XIX century.

Keywords: subject organization of poetic texts, presymbolism, cultural realities, oriental imagery, topos, muslim East, russian poetry, phytonym, oriental space, garden

Abstract: The subject of the study is techniques and methods used in translation of poetical texts. The object of the research is a poetical text. The author considers in detail stylistic and structural aspects of the topic. The translatability of poetry is achieved by using some strategies which tend (come) to submitting or adapting the rules of the source language to those of the target language with use of such methods as analysis and comparison of a poem in different languages, interpretation which implies, unlike passive perception of the original text, an active, analytical approach to the poem. Special attention is paid to consideration of translation techniques such as generalization, specification, compensation, meaning extension, holistic transformation. The main conclusion of the study is that while a translation of poetry, the meaning of a poem, its structure and original stylistics must be preserved. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the analysis of the poetic texts in German, translated by the author herself, which allows for more precise semantic and stylistic analysis. The novelty of the research lies in comparing the ways of translating poetry using the example of the same literary work in Russian, German and English versions. The relevance of the study lies in the changes occurring in the structure of the poetic work when translated, resulting from the different grammatical structures of the languages.

Keywords: holistic transformation, meaning extension, compensation, specification, verse-to-prose translation, generalization, translation techniques, poetry translation, descriptive translation, literal translation

Abstract: The article examines the lullabies of the Ingush people in order to determine their genre specifics and artistic and stylistic features. The author analyzes the lyrics in detail from the point of view of the use of visual and expressive means in them - epithets, comparisons, metaphors, etc. Special attention is paid to the importance of this genre in the upbringing of children. Since ancient times, the Ingush have treated children and the elderly with special care. They were considered more unprotected, vulnerable and weak people. The task of adults was to protect them in every possible way. From the very birth of the child, the mother takes care of him, educates, worries about his fate. Careful attitude to the child, love, care, anxiety for the future, the state of mind of the mother, her spiritual world, thoughts, feelings – all very vividly reflected in lullabies. The main conclusions of the study are that the moral education of the younger generation, which to a certain extent depends on lullabies, is of great importance for the future of the people. The main task of lullabies, their main purpose is to put to sleep, calm, lull the child to sleep. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that lullabies are presented as a genre in which the people's desire to create a moral and aesthetic ideal of a person is expressed. Lullabies are also characterized as a lyrical genre of folklore, to determine their genre features and to identify artistic and stylistic means. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is his attempt to determine the antiquity of the origin of the genre and its significance in the upbringing of children.

Keywords: Ingush language, motif, plot, genre, lullabies, children's folklore, studies song folklore, folklore, literary design, epithets

Abstract: The article analyzes the poetical features of creating an alarming atmosphere and depicting the terrible in the novel by the famous British author of ghost stories M. R. James "You whistle ...". The purpose of the work: to trace the mixing of traditional Gothic and special author's methods. Special attention is paid to symbolism and the so-called "children's" mythology. The transformation of the main character's views from scientific skepticism to superstitious fear of the infernal, through overcoming the boundaries of his consciousness, is traced. The features of chronotope, spatiopoetics and sonosphere are investigated. The special functioning of the found artifact – the whistle – as a guide to a parallel oneiric space is noted. The concept of vision and blindness as the most important components of cognition of the world is actualized. Attention is paid to M. R. James' invariable "punishment" of the hero for excessive curiosity. Noteworthy is the motive of the "call", stated in the title of the novel, which is a reinterpreted quote from Robert Burns' verse "Song". The methodological base involves the synthesis of both philological and philosophical, as well as culturological approaches. An important result is the conclusion about the mixing of the traditional Gothic landscape orchestration of events and modern location, as well as the use of folk superstitions as a key to understanding transcendental phenomena. The aspects of scientific novelty include the use by the author of the article of modern psychological and philosophical concepts for a deeper and more detailed analysis. In particular, the works of Heidegger, Trigg, Harman and others are studied. Through this, "fear" - as the main element of Gothic novels, is explored comprehensively. Resorting to such an analysis, it becomes possible to give an answer to the question about the continuing popularity of the genre of "ghost stories". The paradoxical position of the author of the novel M. R. James is noted, who, being a man of science, demonstrates how strong the influence of irrational forces and subconscious fears on a rational person can be. This explains the choice of the title of the article.

Keywords: superstition, a call, anxiety, ghost, oneirosphere, sonosphere, fear, gothic, whistle, novella

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Persian rubaiyats of Kishwary, an Azerbaijan poet who lived in the XVth century in Tabriz. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the copies of Kishwary's two manuscripts in Persian. The research gives a better understanding of the poetic mastership of Kishwary and a fuller evaluation of his creative writing and place in the literary environment of those times. Bayramova analyzes such aspects of the topic as rhymes and radifs. Particular attention is paid to creative means of expression and depiction. In her research Bayramova applies the method of text analysis from the point of view of theoretical laws of the Oriental poetry in the Middle Ages and bases her conclusions on the inductive method. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Kishwary's Persian rubaiyats become a research subject for the first time in the academic literature. This research is a step towards studies of Azerbaijan literature in Persian, the results of the research can be used to teach Azerbaijan literature at universities. The conclusions of the research are as follows: 1. Four of Kishwary's Persian rubaiyats are rhymed according to the a, a, a, a scheme (rubai-ye tarane), the other ten are rhymed as a, a, b, a. 2. The following means of expression and depiction can be found in his rubaiyats: metaphor (tashbikh-i mufassal - adverbal conformation, tashbikh-i mudjmal - brief conformation, tashbikh-i balig - eloquent conformation,  allegory, opposition, madzhaz-i mursal - synecdoche, personification, and etc. 3. Themes that had been touched upon in rubaiyats include: a) love and desire to unite with a loved one; b) description of a beloved woman; c) depiction of nature and love; d) religious message. 

Keywords: Azerbaijan Literature, Tabriz, poetic figures and tropes, radif, rhyme, Kishwary's Persian rubaiyat, Persian divan, manuscripts in Persian, poet of the 15th century, literary heritage

Abstract: The object of the research is a number of interrelated terms: culture, concept, linguoculturology and linguoconceptology. The subject of the research is the explanation of aforesaid terms by academic sources. The purpose of the research is to define the relationship between the terms 'linguoculturology' and 'linguoconceptology' in modern language studies. The main sources include lexicographical editions and research articles written by linguists at various periods of time. The author of the article pays special attention to the comparative analysis of such lexical units as 'culture' and 'concept' in terms of definition and etymology as well as in relation to approaches offered by linguists to interpreting the terms 'concept', 'linguoconceptology' and 'linguoculturology'. By applying the method of continuous sampling, the author has analyzed lexicographical articles from different vocabularies. Then the data was analyzed using the method of explanation of the terms 'culture' and 'concept'. As a result of the research, the author has described the relationship between linguoculturology and linguoconceptology in modern anthropocentric paradigm. The results of the research can be used in linguoconceptual, linguocultural and lexicographical discourses. 

Keywords: definitions, lexicography, etymology, linguoculturology, linguoconceptology, culture, concept, semantic field, cognitive linguistics, semantic parameters

Abstract: The subject of the research is poetry as part of human world, i.e. anthropocosm. Morkina understands anthropocosm as the subject of cultural evolution and the world immanent to human - the world of meaning-ful mental phenomena. Just like William James and Edmund Husserl, the researcher understands consciousness as a flow of meanings. Being an intentional object, any consciousness phenomenon is a complex system of meanings. This is true for the phenomenon of a poetical composition. Poetical part of human world is viewed by the author of the article based on a concrete example, i.e. analysis of a poem 'The Sun' written by a modern poet Denis Karasev. The researcher provides a detailed analysis of Denis Karasev's poem by using phenomenological methods. Morkina views both the entire anthropocosm (human inner world) and poetical part of anthropocosm from the phenomenological point of view. In her anaysis Morkina tries to view poetry from the point of view of a philosopher but not a literary critic. The researcher introduces the term 'anthropocosm' and defines it as heuristic for the phenomenological research of human world. The definition implies conceptualization of human world that is understood as the entire humanity. The author of the article demonstrates that phenomena (intentional mental objects) create united systems. The main feature of these sytems is their meaningfulness. Anthropocosm is the greatest phenomenon system that includes components of all human meaning systems: all initial meanings - sensations, all human-dimension phenomena, all particular worldviews of certain sciences. For the first time in the academic literature the author demonstrates that a poetical composition is a complex ideal meaning systems included in the cultural evolution. 

Keywords: culture, evolution, anthropocosm, meaning, complexity, poetry, phenomenology, phenomenon, consciousness, philosophy

Abstract: The article states and proves the unbreakable bond between poetics and philosophical style of thinking and the value of poetic art in philosophical representation of reality. The author of the article underlines the mutual connection between philosophy and poetics as the two of the most ancient, initial methods of gaining insight into the essence of existence. Poetics is viewed not only and not just as a poetic measure or a rhyme word. The essence of poetics is understood as the internal beat, rhythm, pulse and harmony of any form of existence. Poetics is represented as the best method of achieving the philosophy target, i.e. gaining insight into the essence of existence and reproducing it in mental space. Philosophy is the core of any art including poetry. Poetics, in its turn, is the method of gaining insight into philosophical concepts. Poetical concept is the same as the philosophical concept except for that the best reproduced image of the poetical concept is a poetic word. Philosophy needs poetics as the art of gaining insight into harmonic beginning of the world through rhythmic and rhymed nature of the word and through the poetic image leading us to the transcendental dimensions of being. The best expression of philosophical thought has the power and harmony of poetics and bears the energy of the cosmic rhythm which is tune with the universal balance.

Keywords: poetics, philosophy, form, verbality, beauty, art, rhythm, rhyme, harmony, creative work.

Abstract: The author of the given article analyzes post-war late works by Martin Heidegger in which the philosopher addressed to the concept of ‘poetic thinking’. Heidegger’s thoughts on the matter combined both the Western and Northern philosophies that reveals the mystery of human existence and being and allows to get closer to the Truth. Special method of poetic questioning is the way of return to the primary meaning. Martin Heidegger’s ideas had a great influence on his successors who continued to work on ‘restoring’ the significance of the poetic word as a philosophical category.

Keywords: philology, poetry, Martin Heidegger, poetic thinking, philosophy, ontology, being, truth, phenomenology, hermeneutics.

Abstract: The present article contains an attempt to analyze Marin Heidegger’s creative work from the point of view of his interest towards poetic form of philosophy. One of the most complicated and still topical issues in philosophy and poetry is reflected in writings of a famous philosopher. Poetical way of thinking and poetical questioning become the main ways to achieve the Truth and understand the existence in Martin Heidegger’s ontology.

Keywords: philology, Martin Heidegger, poetry, being, human, philosophical anthropology, Truth, existence language, cogitation.

Abstract: The article analyzes a relation between poetry and philosophy, their intersecting points and inter-relation on the basis of similarities in their history and ontology.

Keywords: philology, poetry, philosophy, culture, metaphysics, Iosif Brodsky, art, phenomenology, history, literature.