Abstract: The goal of this research lies in examination of the phenomenon of viewer, as well as in the attempt to give its definition within the framework of post-secular era. Based on the conditions of human existence and worldview, definition is given in the context of hermeneutical approach, revealing the traits of a viewer through post-secularity, and clarifying his connection with such the socialization process. The peculiarity of the subject of research consists in the fact that post-secular society changes the requirements imposed on a viewer, adding a so-called religious prism to the events unfolding on the screen, which raises the question on the specificity of such prism. The scientific novelty of this work lies in examination of the phenomenon of a viewer in the socio-philosophical context, as well as analysis of a viewer in the post-secular era. It is proven that the viewer of post-secular era faces the clash of religious and non-religious worldviews, which leads to the formation of unstable system of value orientations. The article substantiates that the specificity of post-secular situation is to provoke an internal conflict in a viewer, which would affect the perception of cinematographic plotlines based on compliance with certain moral-ethical norms or preservation of the entertainment principle. Resolution of this conflict is possible in case of creating a specific cinematographic product with quasi-religious content, but enclosed in the entertainment shell.

Keywords: post-secular society, conflict, hermeneutics, methodology, space, cinema, Spectator, duality, religion, tradition

Abstract: The subject of this research is the symphonic works of the prominent Russian composer of the late XX century Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko (1939 – 2010). His symphonic pieces synthesize different images, ideas, genres, and forms. This article explores various stylistic and linguistic effects upon his works, reveals the origins of fresh and unique artistic thinking. Emphasis is placed on the innovative role of B. Tishchenko in the revival of Russian symphonic style of the 1960s. Special attention is given to Tishchenko's succession of the great Russian symphonic tradition. The main conclusion lies in the thought that B. Tishchenko is one of the few among his contemporaries to remain faithful to the genre of great, “pure” symphony, as well as is the successor of the symphonic line of his brilliant teacher D. Shostakovich. The novelty consists in proving the thesis that symphonic style of B. Tishchenko is a holistic, meaningful, and truly modern phenomenon. Tishchenko amusedly delved into the new composing techniques, highlighting dodecaphony, aleatoric music, sonorism, pointillist music; however he did no remain faithful to these genres to the end; he constantly “refined” his musical language, introduced novelties for creating an artistic image.

Keywords: musical thinking, style in music, renewal, sonoristics, symphony orchestra, dodecaphony, symphony, Boris Tishchenko, tradition in the art, musical Avant-garde

Abstract: This article analyzes the fundamental principles of the concept of "aesthetic education" of F. Schiller, which remain relevant in solving the crisis challenges of the modern era. The subject of this research is the concept of “aesthetic education” described in Friedrich Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”. The goal consists on analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education” for more profound understanding of the development paths of German philosophy, as well as in assessment of the philosophical and sociopolitical importance of the philosopher’s ideas in the current context. Detailed analysis is conducted on F. Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”, highlighting the key features and major contradictions the concept of “aesthetic education”. The novelty of the research lies in the relevant analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education”, and assessment of its value for the development of philosophy and society. The central concept of aesthetic theory becomes the concept of play drive, which balances the sense drive and the form drive, which ensures the ability of perception in all kinds of interaction between a human and the world, and the rational independence from perception. The aesthetic freedom, on the one hand, is determined as state of harmony between the sensual instincts and the laws of reason; while on the other hand, it is the freedom that arises from the sense of exalted belonging to the category of pure spirit and revealing the absolute moral power beyond feelings. According to modern philosophers, the aesthetic way of creating the “composition of the world" lies in the sphere of transcendental. The advantage of Schiller’s concepts is the expansion of its boundaries from the sphere of art to sociopolitical sphere. In addition to intellectual and ethical path of human development, Schiller offers the aesthetic path. The idea of “aesthetic education” implies the communicative and societal power of art, which is capable to comprehend the overall nature of modern politics.

Keywords: art, German philosophy, beauty, the instinct of play, the aesthetic education, Schiller, aesthetic state, aesthetics, culture, freedom

Abstract:   This article explores the philosophical system of the School of Chinese Buddhism San-Lun, as well as continuity of traditions of the Indian School Madhyamaka (one of the two schools of Mahayana along with Yogachara) in China. The teaching of San-Lun is based on the doctrines of Sunyavada and declaration of the principle of the middle way. The founder of San-Lun School in China monk Chi-tsang not only developed the concept of two truths, but also advanced the theories of three and four types of the two truths. The object of this research is the soteriological concept of the Middle Way through the prism of Buddha, which represents the peculiarity of the philosophical system of San-Lun in the context of Chinese Buddhism. San-Lun is the Chinese version of Madhyamaka School of Indian Buddhism. In the history of establishment of the trend Mahayana – Madhyamaka – in China it was of crucial importance to fill the gaps in translations from Sanskrit to Chinese language. The key role in this process played the prominent translator Kumārajīva, who translated the texts that have become fundamental for this school, and thus, created the theoretical framework for the Chinese scholars to study the teaching of Madhyamaka. The article examines the core philosophical concept of San-Lun: the doctrine of two truths and the concept of “eight negations”. Analysis is conducted on the concept of the nature of Buddha in San-Lun teaching, which demonstrates the introduction of the new understanding of Madhyamaka and determines the degree of scientific novelty.  

Keywords: soteriology, middle way, Buddha Nature, Shunya, Prajna, Sanlun, Chinese Buddhism, Madhyamika, Buddhism, Two Truths

Abstract: This article analyzes the fundamental principles of the concept of "aesthetic education" of F. Schiller, which remain relevant in solving the crisis challenges of the modern era. The subject of this research is the concept of “aesthetic education” described in Friedrich Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”. The goal consists on analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education” for more profound understanding of the development paths of German philosophy, as well as in assessment of the philosophical and sociopolitical importance of the philosopher’s ideas in the current context. Detailed analysis is conducted on F. Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”, highlighting the key features and major contradictions the concept of “aesthetic education”. The novelty of the research lies in the relevant analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education”, and assessment of its value for the development of philosophy and society. The central concept of aesthetic theory becomes the concept of play drive, which balances the sense drive and the form drive, which ensures the ability of perception in all kinds of interaction between a human and the world, and the rational independence from perception. The aesthetic freedom, on the one hand, is determined as state of harmony between the sensual instincts and the laws of reason; while on the other hand, it is the freedom that arises from the sense of exalted belonging to the category of pure spirit and revealing the absolute moral power beyond feelings. According to modern philosophers, the aesthetic way of creating the “composition of the world" lies in the sphere of transcendental. The advantage of Schiller’s concepts is the expansion of its boundaries from the sphere of art to sociopolitical sphere. In addition to intellectual and ethical path of human development, Schiller offers the aesthetic path. The idea of “aesthetic education” implies the communicative and societal power of art, which is capable to comprehend the overall nature of modern politics.

Keywords: christian religion, Pascal's wager, theism, idealism, materialism, the main question of philosophy, faith, atheism, anti-scientism, scientism