Abstract: Is there a possibility for a new human ontology? Is it necessary to go back to the basic elements and meanings pertaining to human ontology? How relevant is the question raised by Max Scheler that in all abundance of our knowledge about the world, the least is about ourselves, thus there is a need for development of a new anthropology, a new doctrine on human being? Or there is no such situation or necessity in the new anthropology? This article contains the answers to these questions. The author compares the classical and non-classical versions of philosophical anthropology, and dwells on the historical fate of philosophical anthropology. The article suggests a thought that among other philosophical disciplines, in essence, only the philosophical anthropology has lost its subject – a human. It resulted in a paradoxical situation – this block of knowledge split into multiple “anthropologies”. The author proposes to develop a new anthropological ontology through apprehending the scattered knowledge on human being. The interpretation of the key notions of human, consciousness, and identity is being compared within the classical and non-classical anthropology.

Keywords: Philosophy of life, Quantum paradigm, Subjectivity, Identity, Consciousness, Reason, Human nature, Human, Human ontology, Philosophical anthropology

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the approach towards the problems of consciousness, self-consciousness and the I within the framework of such direction of the modern humanitarian sciences as social constructionism. The main goal is examination of the main positions of this approach towards consciousness and its various manifestations from the perspective of this direction and placement of this approach into the context of other research of consciousness in classical and contemporary philosophy. Socio-constructivist approach to consciousness makes a strong accent on the role of social constructions in formation of consciousness and self-consciousness of an individual and leans towards denial of the existence of the I. However, criticizing social constructionism, the author demonstrates that the presence of common experience among all subjects does not depend on social constructs. At the same time, a positive feature of the socio-constructivist approach to consciousness is favorable for understanding of position of an individual within the modern information era. Author’s special contribution consists in determination of the intersecting points of social constructionism with other approaches to consciousness in classical and contemporary philosophy. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in Russian philosophy there are in fact no works dedicated to the socio-constructivist approach to the problems of consciousness.  

Keywords: communication, dialogue, discourse, narrative, I, social constructionism, self-consciousness, consciousness, nature vs upbringing, personal identity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the objective time as one of the possible approaches towards understanding of time in philosophy and as a category of metaphysics, as well as the peculiarities of the category of objective time as a subject of cognition. The author conducts explication and complex analysis of the main difficulties that are faced by the strategy of cognition of the objective time category within the modern analytical metaphysics. Among the main difficulties are the following: inability to gradually substantiate an objective nature of knowledge within the framework of the used in analytical metaphysics model of rationality; a rather spontaneous and restricted choice of categorical apparatus for the formation of the ontology of time, as well as their internal inconsistency; absence of a satisfactory solution of the problem of criteria for determination and choice of a true ontological theory of objective time. The article suggests an alternative strategy of cognition of the objective time in metaphysics, and formulates a list of its key positions. Scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive analysis of the objective time category as a subject of metaphysics. The key positions of the alternative strategy include: the establishment of correlation between the idea of objectiveness of time and the life conceptual questions, which allows suggesting an alternative view upon the idea on “useful” and “useless” metaphysics; consideration of the logical-theoretical model of time in unity with the metaphysical models of objective reality; use of the ideas on metaphysical referents of time. The author puts forward an assumption, according to which namely the category of objective time can become essential for the rebirth and successful development of the realistic metaphysics within the modern philosophy.

Keywords: ontology of time, metaphysics referents of time, metaphysics of time, ontology, metaphysics, real time, time, realism, ultimate reality, metodology of metaphysics

Abstract: Abstract. The culture of consumption in recent years has become the dominant type of culture in Russia and in Western countries. Accordingly, it is the object of study of sociologists and philosophers. Culturologists, psychologists. However, so far not established a unified theory of consumerism and not understood that a wide array of risks and threats to humans and society, which are the result of the spread of consumer culture. The problem of the article is associated with the comprehension of values impact of consumerism on the rise of individualism and the weakening of political activity. This influence is the subject of the research. As a theoretical-methodological basis of the study used the theory of the sociology of consumption, philosophy of culture and social philosophy of modern Russian and foreign authors. Scientific novelty is expressed in the following provisions. Social atomization and de-politicization associated with an increase in consumer values. The consumer is limited to interests that relate to his personal life. Is rejection of membership in the unifying political General. Place moral obligations, social relations is autonomy. The culture of consumption performs a call to an individual activity but a social inaction. The deconsolidation and individualization are associated with the loss of ideological, political and civil installations. The permanent revolution of individualism, expressed in the relevant changes of culture and values, eliminates political activism, political discourse displaces from consciousness. Global social projects and metanarratives prefer micronarrative and microprojects personal fate. "Social person" gives way to the "individual person", a politically active citizen surrenders to consumers, civil society – in front of the consumer. When the deconsolidation becomes widespread, there is a paradoxical phenomenon of "social exclusion of the majority".

Keywords: atomization, solidarity, individualism, consumer society, deconsolidation, political apathy, consumer culture, micronarrative, value orientation, project

Abstract: The object of this research is a spatial archetype of bridge. The subject of this research is the processes of human identification and spatial orientation, which characterize the role of bridges in creating a city image, as well as the correlation between a man and a place in the spatial concept of being. The authors analyze bridges as one of the most remarkable architectural elements that serve as subjects of psychological identification. Another aspect of the revealed topic is the role of bridges in spatial orientation that is functionally necessary and able to deliver a feeling of satisfaction, and rather completeness of the daily experience with existential meanings. The general philosophical methodology of this work is based on M. Heidegger’s principles of existentialism; the architectural methodology is based on the elements of C. Norberg-Schulz’ concept of the “spirit of place” (Genius Loci), K. Lynch’ theory of the urban spatial organization, J. Pallasmaa’s  “architecture of images”, and C. Jencks’ philosophy of modern architecture. One of the results of this research is an extensive substantiation on the exceptional role of bridges in man’s cultivation of the nature and urbanized landscape, as well as in revelation of the quality of place, its compilation and structuring. The authors conclude that bridges always play leading roles in spatial orientation that represents a function of the clarity of city image, the elements of which, according to K. Lynch’s theory, are the ways, limits, centers, landmarks, and districts. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt of combining the philosophical, theoretical-architectural, and linguistic discourses in examination of a spatial archetype of bridges, as well as in their systemic and detailed description from the perspective of the selected methodology.  

Keywords: identification, M. Heidegger, orientation, dwelling space, genius loci, being in the world, Chr. Norberg-Schulz, K. Lynch, city image, bridge

Abstract: The article “Three Lives of N. S. Voytkinskaya” describes the versatile personality of Nadezhda Savelyevna Voytkinskaya. There are practically no research dedicated to her; thus, the goal of this article is to familiarize the Russian scientific society with the creative and scientific heritage of this artist, philosopher, and interpreter. This work suggests to percept the various manifestations of N. S. Voytkinskaya creative aptitude not just through the different stages of her creative evolution, but rather as separate and independent paths of development (three lives).  The authors’ contribution consists in the attempt to introduce her works into the scientific circulation. The first part of the article is dedicated to the description of the main milestones of her biography; the author actively attracts the archive materials for the purpose of giving fullness to the picture. The second part describes Voytkinskaya’s contribution into the Russian visual art; she appears as an artist, who under the circumstances has to reject the visual art. This becomes one of the greatest tragedies of her life. The third part present a review of Voytkinskaya’s literary work, in which she appears in two images – as an interpreter, and as an author of popular science books. In the fourth part, which is the most important in the authors’ opinion, Voytkinskaya appears as a philosopher. A significant conclusion of this research consists in a synthetic view upon N. S. Voytkinskaya, which combines various aspects of manifestation of her creative nature that are usually studied separately.

Keywords: history of Russian literature, Russian Institute of Art History, Bestuzhev courses, art, Russian translators, lithography, history of philosophy, Russian philosophy, Philosophy of art, Soviet writers

Abstract: The subject of research in the article is a philosophical analysis of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia. Understanding the social and cultural space of post-Soviet Russia is presented in recognition of his phenomenological, geographical, social and anthropological bases. A significant aspect of the study is building a philosophical analysis of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia as a category and the phenomenon.The subject of the study is specified in the following sections of this article: Social and cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: an attempt categorical certainty "; "The structure and mechanisms of the dynamics of socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: an attempt of modeling"; "The man in the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russian system: the attempt to comprehend."Research methodology is defined by a combination of comparative aksiological, socio-cultural and socio-ontological approaches. Understanding the content and structural processes of socio-cultural dynamics of post-Soviet Russia space conducted by conjugation of philosophical research methodology with categorical apparatus and methods of social psychology, social cognitive science.The scientific novelty of the research is to identify some of the key characteristics of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: 1) socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia can be defined as an integral phenomenon, ontologically centered on a geographical and social reality of our country, combining the key parameters of its cultural and social development; 2) in the hierarchy of social spiritual phenomena - social and cultural space is the primary and most far-reaching, including defining such cultural phenomena as language, social memory, mentality, social unconscious, social consciousness, social and cultural identity, habitus; 3) along with defining cultural phenomenon in the structure of the socio-cultural space includes significant images (for example, the image of a vast geographical area of Russia; the image of the Motherland) and the types of social and cultural interaction (eg installation on the perception of the head of state as the protector of the people, traditionalism structure of everyday life); 4) the main mechanisms of the dynamics of socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia are: fixation, conflict, integration, deactualization actualization; 5) significant ontological attribute socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia is its anthropological in nature, for it is man in his epistemological and social (in all aspects) activity is, firstly, the main actor of its constituent phenomena (images, types of interaction), and secondly - the main carrier these key parameters.

Keywords: Post-Soviet Russia, Structure, Mechanisms of dynamics, Consciousness, Culture, Human, Society, Images, Types of cooperation, Sociocultural space

Abstract: The subject of this article is the analysis of integration possibilities and disintegration risks of the “Russian world” – a phenomenon that lately has attained a new sound, as well as became a subject for an extensive public discussion. The author makes an accent on the fact that the “Russian world” concept was being formed simultaneously in several platitudes: political, ethnical, economic, and cultural; thus the specificity of such phenomenon should undergo a comprehensive examination. Special attention is given to the issue of how the “Russian world” became an element of the Russian political culture; how harmoniously and/or controversially it combines ethnical, imperial, and national beginnings; which practical meanings can be determined with regards to this notion today. Based on the analysis of the theories on the heritage of the Russian philosophical thought, an attempt was made to translate a number of positions, associated with the “Russian world” concept, upon the modern sociopolitical reality of Russia, as well as critically apprehend the positive, promising, and potentially dangerous variants of interpretation of this notion in the current context. An impression can be formed that the term “Russian world” is an element of the present political language. At the same time, the attempts to mark the limits of the Russian world and to find its conceptual seed are taking place over a decade, and are certainly located not just in the political rhetoric, but also have a vivid philosophical aim.  The article presents a number of conclusions pertaining to the current stage of existence of the Russian world, which has to overcome the inner contradictions, and continues developing in the conditions of significant geopolitical shifts and complication of the sociopolitical space.

Keywords: nationalism, theory of culture, P. B. Struve, geocultural strategy, integration strategies, Russian world, empire, ethnic identity, nation, political philosophy

Abstract: The subject of this research is a detailed analysis of the correlation between such fundamental philosophical categories as freedom and spirituality with regards to the situation of post-modernity. The author carefully examines the understanding of spirituality as a dynamic and multi-vector process of sense-making. The article suggest considering freedom in the mode of its authenticity, namely as a spiritual being, cognized in light of the highest meanings and values. The author simultaneously conducted an analysis of the manifesting in the present sociocultural situation tendency of descending sense-making, which leads to a crisis of spirituality, and therefore, culture. The result of these processes consists in deformation of the free choice that leads to decline in the freedom and spirituality. As a resource for escaping the state of unbalance between the freedom and spirituality, the author consider the potential of philosophizing that can predict the results of a negative free choice, as well as detect a possibility of human’s sense maturation. The author’s contribution into the research of the topic of correlation between freedom and spirituality became the extrapolation of conclusions on dramatic effect of a free sense-making upon the modern sociocultural situation, often described in the terms of crisis. The author explains that the outbursts of antiquity in the modern society are justified by inauthentic mode of human self-substantiation or self-understanding as a foreign to this world being. This is evident in the project of modernity and inherited by post-modernity. The main conclusion consists in the attempts to find possible ways of neutralizing the seductions by the semantic transgression in its path of establishment of a new model of interpersonal and intercultural communications.

Keywords: Culture, Alienation, Values, Communication, Post-modernity, Consciousness, Antiquity, Modernity, Freedom of choice, Meaning

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of life-meaningful orientations of socially significant activity in the context of search of national idea of the Russian society. It is supposed that its search has to be carried out proceeding from humanistic idea of mercy and existential need of the person to create the benefit. The author suggests criteria that must be met for the Russian national idea. The conclusion is that compassion and charity can become the concepts of the Russian national idea. These concepts reflect substantive values of development of the Russian super-ethnos. The national idea which was offered in article will allow to avoid negative consequences of globalization which goes on the way of a Westernization of the public relations and a alienation of the person both from the «I», and from «Another». The Russian national idea including concepts of mercy and charity will be able to promote preservation of values and ideals of our country.

Keywords: collective consciousness, mentality, «russian idea», national idea, spirituality, mercy, charity, superethnos, national values, spiritual ideals

Abstract: One of the principal designations of a theatrical mask consisted in formation of the image of human identity, in development of which we can observe several staged by following the historical typology of masks. Due to this fact, one of the main functions of the Western European fashion in its conception was the reflection of social status in clothing; thus emerges a hypothesis on a possible borrowing in fashion of the mechanism of formation of identity determined by the mask. Such parallel becomes possible due to the role played by clothes in establishment of the individual image in social space, which turns out to be the next step after the formed by a mask human identity. Based on a similar in many aspects function realized by both, a mask, and later by fashion, the author makes an attempt to implement a historical typology of mast towards the phenomenon of fashion for clarification of the role of Western European fashion in Medieval Times – a historical period, when an individual has completely become established as a self-sufficient means of human identity, by questioning the means through which he can be presented in social space. Namely the mechanisms of representation of an individual in social field are granted by fashion, via borrowing the instruments revealed by a mask. Because of the fact that the means of expression of an individual in Medieval Times are endowed rather with the features of marginal and transgressive phenomenon, the fashion, using the means provided by the archetype of mask and historically emerged as a way of identification of social groups, proves itself primarily as a phenomenon of social identity.

Keywords: vestimentary code, individual, zoomorphism, social identity, transgression, mask, Middle Ages, fashion, social structure, identity

Abstract: The postmodernism is considered in this article not only, as the phenomenon of modern culture defining lifestyle, tastes and requirements of a civilized society but also as feature of thinking, as a call to scientific knowledge. The deconstruction (the direction of post-modernist criticism, one of manifestations of global unification of culture and the nature) is investigated from a position of organic type of philosophy of history and the multinational approach developed in domestic tradition (eurasianism of the 20-30th of the XX century and the theory of ethnogenesis of L.N. Gumilev). In this research the analysis of a current crisis state of science is submitted and an attempt to define its world outlook and sociocultural reasons is made. Achievements of modern science in the field of creation and distribution of GMO as one of ways of unification of the biosphere are presented to attention of the reader. Achievements of European civilization in distribution of "universal" culture and destruction of a national variety, are also obvious. Understanding of the modern world outlook problems defining now destiny of mankind is a first step on the way to formation of new rationalism in which there will be a place for various national interests where it is possible to keep a priority of cultural wealth and freedom of creative search.

Keywords: civilization, eurasianism, culture, unification, biosphere, science, deconstruction, postmodernism, technosphere, outlook

Abstract: The article investigates the basic provisions of the synthetic theory of the ideal, proposed by the Russian scientist D. Pivovarov, which became the methodological basis of the innovative concept of visual arts. D. Pivovarov analyzed and summarized the conceptual ideas of A. Losev, M. Lifshitz, E. Ilyenkov, E. Classen and D. Dubrovsky, and concluded that the main components of every ideal relationship are following: the fiducial object, the scheme of actions with it and the extrapolation of the knowledge about it in the supersensible reality. According to D. Pivovarov "ideal" is a balance of internal and external, where the "ideal" is externally (sensory) presented as "idol", and the content of the "ideal" is internally (supersensory) presented as "an idea." According to the statement of D. Pivovarov, culture is a human activity on cultivating ideals intended to facilitate the process of human being comfortable existence, comfortable communication with other people, first and second nature objects, and the universe. The comparative analyses of the sources related to the subject of the study, as well as the critical analysis of previously published works of the Russian scientists are given in the article. Methodological ideas of D. Pivovarov created the conditions for a theoretical explanation of the elite, inclusive and individual evolution aspects of the creation of an ideal; and also for studying the laws of the ideal creation process in visual arts. The author concludes that the synthetic theory of the ideal, developed by D. Pivovarov, helps to master the extremely complex mechanism of representative (through the idol) relationship of a viewer with his own soul and souls of other people, the Spirit of God and the perfection of the fullness of life by means of art-object as a complex of signs.

Keywords: Spectator, Creative work, Model, Concept, Visual art, Culture, Eidos, Ideal, Synthetic theory of idealism, D. V. Pivovarov

Abstract: This article explores the polemic between the renowned enlighteners Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Claude Adrien Helvétius on the question of upbringing.  How does one raise an enlightened member of society? Rousseau believes that teaching should be conducted individually, leaving the student and mentor out in the nature. Helvétius leans towards collective education. But both believe that the upbringing should take place in a village. Rousseau supports the religious and fairly limited upbringing, while Helvétius is against religion and in support of higher education. The specificity in Helvétius’ understanding of human leads him to paradoxes, analyzed by Denis Diderot. The upbringing means of the Age of Enlightenment are being carefully examined for the first time. The author compares the views of Rousseau and Helvétius on the utmost important factors – religious, anti-religious, moral, educational, and professional. A special attention is given to the paradoxes in thinking that result from Helvétius’ understanding of human being. The author provides explanation to the paradoxes as dialectical contradictions intrinsic to Enlightenment.  

Keywords: Friendship, Village, Society, Education, Morality, Religion, Paradox, State, Educator, Influence

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the original intellectual discourse of the contemporary philosopher S. Nickolsky, pertaining to the Russian classical literature in the book “Horizons of Meanings. Philosophical Interpretations of Russian literature of the XIX-XX centuries”. The author determines the dominant of this discourse – the concept of the “Russian worldview”, as well as underlines the importance of understanding of the Russian writers as philosophers (from Goncharov to Platonov). The presented in the book system of signs or aspect of the Russian worldview, the main of which is considered the binary (including an opposition of “life/death) is being defined. The author notes the uniqueness of a conceptual approach towards Lermontov, Slavophiles, Herzen, Tolstoy, Platonov, and Akhmatova. The scientific novelty is defined by the polemics suggested by the author with regards to S. Nickolsy’s book. We start a dialogue with the author of the book concerning his assessment of the relations between the “writer” and the “power”, which he considers exceptional in the works of Platonov; with regards to recognition of Chekhov’s characters primarily positive or negative; with regards to the absence in the book of special parts dedicated to Pushkin, Gogol, and Gorky.  

Keywords: power, death, life, binary, outlook, Russia, meaning, literature, Philosophy, Nickolsky