Abstract: It’s hard to shake the feeling that corruption has inevitably penetrated all spheres of the society and created one of the most serious threats to the rule of law, personal rights and freedoms and economic development of the country. Due to its internationalization, the international community should consistently coordinate their efforts and design the common struggle against corruption strategy. The fact that corruption has become one of the priority transnational issues, is proved by numerous international documents, adopted by international organizations, including the UNO, the World Bank, the IMF, the Organization of American States, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Council of Europe and the EU. The extension of anti-corruption legislation can’t be based merely on the requirements of the so-called legislative authority optimism. It is unquestionable that the respect for and the assumption of obligations in accordance with international standards and norms, and the positive comparative experience should be among the driving forces of the internal legislation reform. Therefore, the efforts, aimed at the further modernization of the anti-corruption legislation framework by means of the introduction of the standards, provided by international treaties, and the judgements of international organizations, should be appreciated. The research methodology is based on dialectics, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, deduction, the comparative-legal, formal-legal and interdisciplinary legal methods.

Keywords: public administration, recommendation, grug traffic, terrorism financing, human rights, The Council of Europe, struggle against corruption, exposure, financing of political parties, bribery

Abstract: The author analyzes international recommendations for penitentiary systems of different states, ensuring the achievement of the goals of punishment as a key element of the crime prevention policy. The author considers various legislative constructions of certain states, reflecting the current solutions and recommendations contained in international documents, concerning the issues of prison overcrowding due to prison population inflation. The author analyzes the structure and the main principles of the Recommendation No. R (99) 22, and provides the opinion about its scientific validity in the context of numerous discussions about the current problems of its application by the Council of Europe member-states. The author compares the statistical rates of prison overcrowding in France, Belgium and Russia, analyzes and compares international documents in this sphere. The research methodology is based on dialectics, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, deduction, the comparative-legal, formal-legal and interdisciplinary legal research methods. The author concludes that at the present stage of the global legal policy development, prison overcrowding and prison population inflation are serious problems for penitentiary institutions and the system of criminal justice in general from the position of observance of human rights and effective management. It is necessary to develop and implement effective measures in order to prevent prison overcrowding and to decrease the number of prisoners. These measures should be consistent and rational; they should be aimed at the prevention of crimes and criminal behavior, effective law enforcement and the protection of the society and the state from criminal infringements. The study and the analysis of the latest statistical data on prisoners prove that prison overcrowding and frequent repeated offences are the burning problems of modern penitentiary systems of many states. 

Keywords: human rights, punishment, prisoner, detention, imprisonment, penitentiary institutions, penal rules, penal system, crime, struggle against crime

Abstract: The author compares the most significant crime rates in the Republic of Macedonia and in Europe. The study is based on the police statistical data on the registered crimes. The author doesn’t consider the information of the court and penal systems. In order to avoid misinterpretations, the article gives attention to the methodological restrictions for analyzing international data. Together with theoretical materials, the article contains empirical data which help verify the registered correlations. The author studies the official statistical data, acquired from annual reports of the State statistical department of the Republic of Macedonia on the offenders for 2007 – 2011. The research methodology is based on dialectics, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, deduction, the formal-logical, comparative-legal, statistical and interdisciplinary legal methods. The author concludes that the crime tendencies in Macedonia are quite similar to those in other European countries, despite the crime rate growth of the recent years. The most concerning one is the crime rate, i.e. the number of crimes per 100000 people, since the Republic of Macedonia is traditionally considered as the state with a comparatively low crime rate. The study develops criminological and statistical theory and raises the issue about the need for the crime monitoring methods improvement in Macedonia and statistical registration modernization in order to provide international organizations and institutions, studying criminal situation in Europe, with the comprehensive information. The author emphasizes that Macedonia shouldn’t be excluded from these key scientific and research projects. 

Keywords: registration of crimes, crime rate, crime dynamics, crime statistics, crime prevention, crime trends, offences, crime, Interpol, statistical data

Abstract: The research subject is the development of modern criminal law in the last two decades, which are characterized by the activation of the search for the responses to the challenges of organized crime and other nonconventional forms of crime. The author analyzes the traditional system of criminal justice with its requirements for the reevaluation of choice of institutions of criminal responsibility with regard to the responsibility of legal entities and the system of criminal punishments, the toughening of criminal repressions and new sanctions, particularly the material ones, which are necessary for the creation of the appropriate incrimination system. The research methodology includes the comparative-legal, historical, dialectical methods, analysis, synthesis, generalization, the innovation method, the method of assessment, prognostication and specification. The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive study of the range of criminal problems of Macedonia and the author’s proposals about their solution in the correlation with international legislation and foreign practice. Particularly, the author considers the obligation to forecast the state of criminal responsibility of legal entities in Macedonia on the base of the experience of several countries and the texts of several international conventions. 

Keywords: forms, crime, criminal responsibility, prognostication, organized crime, convention, criminal law, activity, innovations, criminal activities

Abstract: The issues of cooperation and a collective experience in crime prevention are traditionally among the top-priority and undisputed issues of international relations. It can be explained by the fact that there are not so many factors dividing the states as compared to those uniting them. Thus it’s easy to understand why the scientific researches and comparative studies, which had been carried out in different periods of time by the authors having sometimes opposite views and beliefs, contain the same idea that our contradictory and often conflictive world is nonetheless characterized by the common strategic aspiration for interrelation of peoples, their solidarity and will to struggle together against the common evil such as criminality. To achieve the research objectives the author applies general scientific and specific methods of analysis, synthesis, the structural-logical method, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition. The author offers to create a regional scientific and research criminological centre of the UNO on the territory of the Russian Federation. The author supposes there are no insuperable political, economic, legal, personnel or institutional and management barriers to it. It is not that difficult to develop the subject area for scientific researches of this centre. 

Keywords: participation of Russia, international organization, prevention, criminality, contact, interrelation, appeal, offender, opportunity, premis

Abstract: The author considers such aspects of criminal justice response to organized crime as the set of political, socio-economic, informational and propagandistic, organizational, legal and other measures implemented by public authorities, local governments, public associations and other organizations, which are aimed at criminal processes neutralization, criminality deterrence and slowdown. The author detects and considers two levels of organized crime prevention: the general social and the specific criminological. The research methods include the comparative-legal and dialectical methods, analysis, synthesis, the historical method, the method of assessments, the structural-functional and system methods, and the method of moderating. The author concludes that there are two levels within the crime prevention system: the general social (crisis phenomena liquidation in economics, politics, public ideology and psychology, social sphere and law enforcement activity) and the special criminological ones (law enforcement agencies’ activities aimed at revealing the reasons and conditions encouraging crimes, and involvement of law enforcement organizations and citizens in crime prevention). 

Keywords: struggle, organized crime, security, crime, response, illegal behavior, law enforcement activity, measures, implementation, problem

Abstract: Criminality can’t be eradicated once and for all. Criminality prevention includes all the complex of efforts of the society and the state aimed at prevention and restraint of crimes, avoidance of crimes, correction of the guilty, and education of the youth in the spirit of respect for law and morality and the rules of the society. Crime prevention can be described as the following system: on the one hand, the state and the society as a huge system create the conditions for struggle against criminality, and on the other hand, law enforcement organizations, family, school, teachers and “common people” attempt to prevent criminal actions on the part of particular persons. In the sphere of struggle against criminality several terms are used, including “criminality prevention”, “struggle against criminality”, etc. The author notes that usually these terms are used as synonyms expressing one and the same idea. At the same time, some autonomous directions can be singled out in preventive activities. A significant number of people, committing murders, are recognized mentally incompetent, and therefore avoid criminal prosecution. But their social danger remains high, as far as they can commit another murder in a psychiatric hospital or after the treatment. The cases are known when the persons, released from psychiatric hospitals, committed two and even three murders. It means that they were released arbitrarily, the more so since there exist such psychiatric diseases, which can’t be cured. Therefore, the author suggests that those who have committed two or more murders should be kept in psychiatric hospitals for life. 

Keywords: prevention, criminality, prophylaxis, crime, restraint, avoidance, convicted, correction, individual, murder

Abstract: The research subject includes special measures of corruption prevention in law enforcement agencies. The author notes that the emphasis should be put on the development and implementation of preventive measures. The author enumerates the system measures of corruption prevention and combating in law enforcement agencies which cover all the stages of service – from the moment of employment till the retirement. The author emphasizes the particular role of the victimological vector in the structure of the special criminological preventive work. The research methodology comprises the system, comparative, structural-functional methods, the methods of analysis and synthesis, and the method of cause and effect relationship. The main contribution of the author is the comprehensive detection and characterization of special anti-corruption measures in law enforcement agencies. The analysis of special preventive measures shows that the emphasis should be put on the development and implementation of preventive measures. 

Keywords: official malfeasance, detection, activity, prevention, law enforcement agencies, condition, sphere, corruption, system of measures, prevention

Abstract: The idea of the priority role of prevention dictates the necessity to improve legislative activities aimed at traffic safety provision, and oblige the legislator to apply preventive measures in this sphere. Nowadays one in three traffic accidents is a crime, and their number has increased by 15 percent in the last 10 years. Such an increase of the number of road traffic crimes and the gravity of their consequences is in many aspects the result of the insufficient legislation in the sphere of traffic safety provision, and requires the improvement of road traffic safety. The effectiveness of prevention of the violation of the road laws and vehicles exploitation depends on the capacity to use legislative provisions in the sphere of road traffic safety. Legal measures connected with the improvement of criminal legislation and other statutory instruments, being the main direction of general measures of vehicles exploitation, should become a socially determined measures of road traffic safety provision. Together with an unavoidable and just punishment of the guilty of crimes in this sphere, prevention of crimes in this field of social safety is an advance, promising and efficient way to reduce the number of traffic accidents.  

Keywords: traffic, accident, criminality, rules, punishment, exploitation, sanction, prophylaxis, road traffic safety, prevention

Abstract: Acquisitive and acquisitive-violent crimes, committed using a theft, robbery, or robbery with violence, make up two thirds of juvenile delinquencies. From the point of view of criminological assessment, it is important to answer the question about the real situation with the motivational correlation of violent and acquisitive crimes of juveniles and the changes which had happened to their structure. To define this correlation more clearly criminologists often group all statistical and other quantitative crime indicators in three groups: according to violent, acquisitive, and violent-acquisitive crimes. To achieve the scientific objectives the author applies general scientific and specific research methods: analysis, synthesis, the structural-logic method, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition. Juvenile delinquency prevention can be divided into the early direct pre-crime behavior prevention and the recidivism prevention. On each stage it is important to develop and implement the set of targeted measures of influence on the juvenile, as far as it will determine the further development of the situation with juvenile delinquency in Russia. 

Keywords: transformation, characteristic, notion, doctrine, Criminology, activity, system, strategy, phenomenon, condition

Abstract: The author analyzes the criminological concepts of crime prevention, assesses the contemporary condition of crime prevention, and reveals the problems and shortcomings of this process in Russia. The peculiarity of the subject study lies in the study of the concept of impact on the reasons of crimes and its further fixation. Criminal behavior abandoning can be caused not only by the decision of the person, but also by the preventive social and special criminological impact. The research methodology includes the comparative, system, analytical, structural-functional, prognostic methods, content-analysis, and modeling. The peculiarity of the approach lies in the conceptual study of the crimes prevention system. In the special criminological meaning the preventive impact is aimed at criminal behavior abandoning by persons who have committed first or second offences. The support for the former convicts after release on the post-penitentiary stage using the control means and the instruments of social adaptation will help to fix the results of corrective treatment. 

Keywords: concept, criminality, realization, formation, criminal sanctions, reformed, struggle, measures, prevention, system

Abstract: The basis of measures preventing escapes from places of confinement is the continuous and systematic work of all penitentiary units aimed at detection and elimination of the reasons, conditions, and factors encouraging escapes. For the purpose of choosing the optimal measures and methods of treatment of the convicts and defining the strategically important directions of this activity, it is necessary to carry out coordinated activities including analysis, prognostication, planning, organization, and control in the sphere under consideration. To achieve the research objectives the author applies general scientific and specific methods of analysis, synthesis, the structural-logical method, statistical, and other methods of scientific cognition. When implementing the measures preventing escapes from penitentiary institutions, it is necessary to pay special attention to the dynamics of qualitative and quantitative structure of the convicted; to ensuring isolation, supervision and security; to accommodation of the persons in correction facilities, their employment, living conditions and medical maintenance. Only a well-organized cooperation of the staff of all penitentiary units will help to reveal the reasons, conditions, and factors encouraging escapes from places of confinement. 

Keywords: staff, convicted, places of confinement, the escape, exclusion, measures, prevention, avoidance, profile, crime condition

Abstract: According to the official statistical data, 1728643 cases were opened in 2014, and 76577620 administrative offences were terminated by the police. These figures demonstrate the difference between the number of detected crimes and administrative offences. Jurists admit that preventive actions should be one of the main directions of crimes prevention and should include not only detection, but also neutralization of reasons and conditions of this negative phenomenon. To achieve the research objectives the author applies general scientific and specific methods of analysis, synthesis, the structural-logical method, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition. The absence of the institution of attempt within the legislation on administrative offences determines the uncertainty of the moment of ending of a petty stealing, leads to an ambiguous interpretation of the provision in the judicial practice and the acts of interpretation of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. For the purpose of this problem eliminating and bringing the article 7.27 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation in compliance with the existing law enforcement practice, the author offers to impose administrative liability not only for the committed petty stealing, but also for the attempt at petty stealing thus preventing more dangerous crimes. 

Keywords: way, prevention, crime, administrative punishment, petty stealing, protection, disposal of the stolen property, administrative offence, termination, detection

Abstract: In the Soviet legal doctrine stealing of state and public property was considered as an infringement on the economic basis of the state. In terms of a permanent shortage of goods of prime necessity stealing of state and public property was qualified as a dangerous, damaging crime. According to the legislation of that period, the inquiry bodies, prosecution agencies and courts were responsible for implementation of the principle of unavoidability of punishment, the completeness and objectivity of adjudication of all stealing, appropriation and peculation cases wherever they had been happening. To achieve the research objectives the author applies general scientific and specific methods of analysis, synthesis, the structural-logical method, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition. The archive documents analysis shows that in many units of Leningrad directorate of prisoners of war and interned the head’s term of office depended upon the position of his patrons in the superior bodies. Thus, the head of the camp department No 21 of the directorate of prisoner of war camps No 339 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union M. Pavlov was fired from the system of internal affairs by the decree of the head of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union in Leningrad oblast No 628 of 1 November 1946 for a regular abuse of official position for lucrative purposes. The evidences were taken to the personnel department of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to be attached to his personal profile. 

Keywords: stealing, property, infringement, state, shortage, goods, qualification, crime, abuse, order

Abstract: The author analyzes the mechanism of implementation of the provisions of criminal and penal law in crime prevention. The research subject is the provisions of criminal and penal legislation playing crucial roles in crime prevention. The paper emphasizes the importance of the stage of preparation of the convicted for deinstitutionalization and post-penitentiary adaptation, on the one hand, and the declarative nature of the existing provisions of criminal and penal legislation and the absence of a specialized post-penitentiary service, on the other hand. The author characterizes the legislative inconsistency, and offers the ways of its improvement. The research methodology is based on the comparative and system methods, statistical analysis, the method of cause and effect, and content-analysis. The author analyzes the provisions of criminal and penal law from the position of preventive impact; outlines the key inconsistencies in the process of implementation of criminal and penal legislation. The author considers the problem of crime prevention from a new point of view and offers key proposals. Theoretical discussions and the search for practical ways of the penitentiary system improvement can help to create the national Russian structure based on the progressive penitentiary system. 

Keywords: criminal and penal law, convicted, registered, are, post-penitentiary prevention, problem, regimes, conditions, implementation, provisions

Abstract: The research subject is the role of an aggrieved person in the genesis of a socially-dangerous act. His role is conditioned not only by his behavior, but also by some psychological components. The authors insist on paying special attention to the problem of acquisitive crimes on the part of the victimological approach. The paper draws attention to the special role of victimological prophylaxis as a multifaceted activity of the state, the society and all law enforcement agencies. Therefore the prevention of victimization and the prevention of criminal behavior act together and are considered as an inseparable process. The authors apply the system and comparative methods, the method of cause and effect relationship, analysis and synthesis. The research novelty lies in the detailed analysis of the system of acquisitive crimes prevention on the part of victimological prophylaxis. The authors emphasize the short-sightedness of limitation of tactical methods of prevention by affecting only the persons committing larceny. The conclusions are formed in the concrete suggestions about social prophylaxis and personal protection improvement. 

Keywords: property, possession, society, victimology, struggle, criminality, prevention, larceny, stealing, crime

Abstract: The radical transformations, taking place in Russia, alongside the positive results, have caused the toughening of a crime situation. Criminality as a negative social phenomenon dominates in the society, destroys governmental institutions, demoralizes social conscience, and undermines the authority of government structures. New criminogenic challenges require reconsideration of the main directions of crime prevention. The former conceptual crime prevention paradigms have been destroyed, the positive experience has been rejected, and the existing scientific results have been ignored. In this context there is a need for a new vision of problems, an optimal criminological model able to neutralize the negative consequences of social relations decriminalization. To achieve the research purposes the author applies general and special scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, the structural-logical method, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition. The condition of criminality is the set of crimes committed on the certain territory for the certain period of time; the level of criminality is the correlation of the number of crimes committed on the certain territory and the population size; the criminality dynamics is the quantitative changes for the period of time; the criminality structure is the share correlation of particular groups and types of crimes in total. 

Keywords: characteristics, criminality, challenge, study, activity, defining, strategy, system, concept, criminological policy

Abstract: The author of the article notices the absence of requirements to the criteria of the term ‘scientific school’; substantiates the necessity to develop such criteria and offers her solution of this problem. Applying her positions to the work of the Department of Criminal Procedure of South Ural State University, the author comes to the conclusion that there are all reasons to recognize the existence of the scientific school in the speciality 12.00.09 – Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics in South Ural State University. The author applies general philosophical methods (dialectics, the systems method, analysis, synthesis, analogy, deduction, observation, modeling), legal methods (formal-logical) and the methods of special sociological researches (statistical methods, expert assessments, etc.). The efficiency of the work of the department, based on the traditions of the scientific school introduced by Professor Livshits, is proved by the experience of the scientific work, the work of lecturers and students, the defense of 150 dissertation researches, by the victories of the students in scientific competitions, cooperation with the leading departments of criminal procedure in Russia, by the permanent progressive development of the Department in spite of the circumstances, and by the interesting and original topics of the research. 

Keywords: department, requirement, science, criminal law, security, safety, investigation  , lawyer, dissertation, lecturer

Abstract: The study is devoted to one of the luminaries of Russian legal science, the honored scientist, Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor Iurii Danilovich Livshits. The author of the article describes his contribution to the creation and development of the scientific school of criminal procedure in South Ural State University (National Research University). The scientific ideas of Professor Livshits developed into the set of researches of the urgent problems of development and improvement of Russian criminal procedure, carried out by the members of the department. The results of this work were published in the monographs of the members of the department. The author applies general scientific and special methods of cognition: dialectical and formal-logical methods, modeling and structural-functional method. Iurii Danilovich supervised 5 doctors and more than 30 candidates of legal sciences who continue realizing his scientific ideas. Professor always was a very attentive and caring scientific adviser for his students; he always supported them in word and deed. He took care of his students and tried to create the most comfortable conditions for the scientific work, and raised more than one generation of scientists. He consulted his students not only at work, but at home. They became the family friends, and Iurii Danilovich became their elder friend and advisor. 

Keywords: restraint, jurisprudence, enforcement, criminal procedural law, safety, personality, source, expert, specialist, department