Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate the procedure of determining priority of patients (triage) in the Russian Federation, as well as the grounds for bringing to criminal responsibility of the representatives of medical profession for causing death during this process. The object of this research is the social relations arising in terms of prioritizing  treatment  of patients under the circumstances of severe shortage of medical resources, namely in case of mass infection. Analysis is conducted on the established by Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation conditions that exclude criminal nature of the act. The conclusion is made that on their inapplicability in similar circumstances. The author examines the nature of the process of medical sorting  – allocation of patients according to certain characteristics and order of their treatment, regulatory norms, as well as analyzes  the trends in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the fact that the Russian criminal law science does not feature special research dedicated to triage, the article provides a brief overview of the works of foreign legal scholars along with similar positions of national scholars, as well as determines the circumstances that affect the criminal nature of patient's death that takes place in the conditions of severe shortage of resources. The novelty lies in the cross-sectional study of the norms of Russian criminal law and the corresponding norms of medical law, based on which the author develops solution to the problem that did not previously receive due coverage in the Russian science. The author answers the question regarding criminal responsibility for the death of one of the two patients when it is not feasible to provide simultaneous medical treatment to both. It also The article also describes potential amendments to the sectoral medical legislation for the purpose of consolidation of legal status of medical professionals, protect their rights from unsubstantiated criminal prosecution,  protect rights of the patients, and maintain ethical well-being of medical profession.

Keywords: Italy, Great Britain, USA, Russia, COVID-19, resources, criminal law, medical triage, medical law, criminal liability

References:
Ugolovnoe pravo Rossii. Chasti Obshchaya i Osobennaya: uchebnik dlya bakalavrov / otv. red. A. I. Rarog. — M.: Prospekt, 2015. 496 s.
Vuković I. Collision of duties as a defense of justification in the circumstances of pandemic // Crimen (Beograd). – 2020. – № 2. – S. 132-144.
Oliva A. et al. Liability of Health Care Professionals and Institutions During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Symposium Proceedings and Position Statement // Journal of Patient Safety. – 2020.
Jerry I. I., Robert H. COVID-19: Responsibility and Accountability in a World of Rationing // University of Missouri School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper. – 2020. – № 12.
Cohen I. G., Crespo A. M., White D. B. Potential legal liability for withdrawing or withholding ventilators during COVID-19: assessing the risks and identifying needed reforms // Jama. – 2020. – №. 19. – S. 1901-1902.
«Klinicheskie rekomendatsii «Gripp u vzroslykh» (utv. Minzdravom Rossii). SPS Konsul'tantPlyus
Prikaz Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya RF ot 5 iyulya 2016

Abstract: Hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime against an unprivileged group. This article provides an overview of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia. Emphasis is placed on several aspects: (1) legal status of hate crimes in Russia, (2) available data sources and statistical analysis of anti-LGBT crimes, (3) number of such crimes and general tendency (4) problems of collection and interpretation of data. To answer these questions, the article employs previous research on the topic, reports of the local and international organizations, and law enforcement practice. Russian courts recognize motive of hate towards LGBT  as a direct “hate motive against a social group” (consisting of two or more people who regularly interact based on mutual expectations and share common identity). However, the judges often avoid the direct application of such norm, replacing the motive of hat3 with the concept of “personal antagonism” or prejudice that affected the motives of the perpetrators. This leads to a misinterpretation of anti-LGBT crime statistics, since “personal antagonism” does not entail legal consequences of hate crimes. Therefore, the absence of the official data on such crimes encourages the researchers to search for the alternative sources of statistical data. For assessing the degree of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia, the author explores various research approaches and reports, which testify to the fact that the number of such crimes has increased since 2013. The author outlines a range of challenges faced by the researchers dealing with this topic, as well as potential vectors for further research.

Keywords: LGBT, homophobia, LGBT right, discrimination, aggravating circumstances, LGBT in Russia, criminal law, hate crimes, russian law, social groups

References:
Artists of Soviet gay cinema. Not like everyone else: Soviet gay stars. The most famous real gays in Russia. URL: https://thebridgestudio.ru/en/artisty-sovetskogo-kino-netradicionnoi-orientacii-ne.html (access: 26.07.2020).
Bartenev, D. (2016). Justice or Complicity? LGBT Rights and The Russian Courts. EQUAL RIGHTS TRUST.
Butler, W.E. (2004). Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (4r.e. edition). Simmonds & Hill. Publishing Ltd.
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, 23.09.2014 N 24-P. (n.d.). URL: https://legalacts.ru/doc/postanovlenie-konstitutsionnogo-suda-rf-ot-23092014-n/ (access: 26.07.2020).
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. (1999). Simmonds & Hill.
Dan Healey (2012). A History of homophobia // The St. Petersburg Times, March 28, 2012 (Issue # 1701. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20140308193817/http://www.sptimes.ru/story/35384 (access: 26.07.2020).
Dixon, L., Court, D. (2003). Developing Good Practice with Racially Motivated Offenders. Probation Journal, 50(2). P

Abstract: The subject of this study is the judicial practice of Russian courts on cases commeneced against medical personnel under the Part 2 of the Article 109 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – infliction of death by negligence due to improper performance of professional duties. The subject of research also includes the legal framework on the procedure for conducting forensic medical examination in the Russian Federation, medical legislation, as well as the relevant provisions of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of this research connsists in the comprehensive approach towards its implementation, including the analysis of the current judicial practice of Russian courts on medical malpractice. As a result of this analysis, the main problems that Russian courts face when assessing the causal relationship in iatrogenic crimes, primarily committed by omission, were identified. Through a detailed analysis of the laws and bylaws governing the procedure for conducting a forensic medical examination, the author has identified possible reasons for discrepancies in forensic practice, which, in turn, lead to discrepancies in jurisprudence. Also, using the historical method of interpretation, the author revealed the existence and causes of significant contradictions in the relevant legislation. Using a comparative-analytical method applied to the Russian criminal and forensic legislation, the main problems that hinder the effective and fair consideration of iatrogenic cases at the moment are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed depending on the state's priorities in criminal policy.

Keywords: determinism, criminal omission, medical forensics, causation, Croatia, Russian Federation, medical malpratice, criminal law, statistical method, coincidence

References:
Korshunova P. V. Edinstvo sudebnoy praktiki v Rossii: sovremennye tendentsii i riski // Yuridicheskaya tekhnika. – 2019. – № 13. – S. 698-700.
Bugrova E. G. O poryadke formirovaniya sudebnogo pretsedenta kak istochnika ugolovno-protsessual'nogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Yurist'-Pravoved'. – 2020. – № 2. – S. 203-208.
Kargal'tsev A. I. K diskussii o sudebnykh aktakh kak istochnikakh ugolovnogo prava Rossii //Vestnik Mezhdunarodnogo instituta ekonomiki i prava. – 2010. – № 1. – S. 152-162.
Distsiplinarnaya otvetstvennost' sud'i za narushenie edinstva sudebnoy praktiki // Sovremennoe pravo. – 2020. – № 4. – S. 85-91.
«Chislo zhalob v Sledstvennyy komitet na deystviya vrachey vyroslo v 2019 godu vdvoe». https://medvestnik.ru/content/news/Chislo-jalob-grajdan-v-Sledstvennyi-komitet-na-deistviya-vrachei-v-2019-godu-vyroslo-vdvoe.html (data obrashch. 01.11.2020).
Prigovor Krasnokamenskogo gorodskogo suda Zabaykal'skogo kraya po ugolovnomu delu № 1-7/2019 ot 23.09.2019. Sayt Krasnokamenskogo gorodskogo suda // http://krasnok

Abstract: This article analyzes the legal regulation of relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the Russian Federation in the field of adoption of Russian orphans by Spanish citizens. The authors examine the history of development of the bilateral Russia-Spain cooperation; normative legal framework and order of adoption of the Russian orphans in Russian and Spanish legislation. The article provides statistical data on the adoption trends of the orphans in the Russian Federation by the citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that for many years Spain has demonstrated steady interest in this regard, holding a second place among the countries that adopt children from Russia. However, the legislative and bureaucratic framework for cooperation in this field requires improvements. The conclusion is formulated that despite the decrease in the number of adopted Russian orphans by Spanish citizens in recent years, it is necessary to continue developing cooperation in this area, as well as improve the existing normative legal framework.

Keywords: Spain, state, citizen, child rights, international adoption, legislation, orphans, regulatory framework, international cooperation, Russia

References:
González S. A. Adopción internacional y sociedad multicultural [International adoption and multicultural society] // Cursos de Derecho Internacional de Vitoria Gastéiz [Courses on International Law of Vitoria Gastéiz].-1998.-№. 1. pp. 175-211.
Ofitsialnyi sait Eleny Mizulinoi [Official website of Elena Mizulina]. URL: http://www.elenamizulina.ru (Accessed on: 08.05.2020)
Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry. URL: https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=69 (Accessed on: 10.05.2020)
Dogovor mezhdu Rossiiskoi Federatsiei i Korolevstvom Ispaniia o sotrudnichestve v oblasti usynovleniia (udochereniia) detei [Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Spain on cooperation in the field of adoption of children]. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420218889 (Accessed on: 09.05.2020)
González S. A. Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y doctrina de la DGRN: una lectura más cr&#

Abstract: This article examines the provisions of the Federal Law No. 323-FZ "On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on the improvement of the grounds and order of exemption from criminal responsibility" in terms of making changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on decriminalization of battery and default in paying money for maintenance of children and physically disabled parents, establishment of criminal liability for minor larceny (Article 158.1), and introduction of such ground for exemption from criminal responsibility as the release from criminal liability in connection with the infliction of judicial fine (Article 76.2). The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive research of provision of the aforementioned federal law regarding the adoption of amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analyzing the new law, the author focuses attention on its positive and negative aspects, as well as makes a number of remarks, which can be applied by a legislator for further improvements in the criminal legislation.

Keywords: criminal responsibility, administrative responsibility, liberalization, humanization, decriminalization, minor larceny, battery, Criminal Code, Supreme Court, punishment

References:
B.A. Spasennikov. O dekriminalizatsii poboev // http://www.navainfo.ru/36/o-dekriminalizatsii-poboev.
A. Zemtsova. Perspektivy liberalizatsii ugolovnogo zakona posredstvom administrativnoy preyuditsii. – SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus»
V. Malkov. Neodnokratnost' pravonarusheniya i administrativnaya preyuditsiya kak sredstva kriminalizatsii i dekriminalizatsii sodeyannogo v rossiyskom ugolovnom prave // Biblioteka kriminalista. 2013. N 2(7). S. 179-186
N.E. Krylova. Gumanizatsiya ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva prodolzhaetsya? Analiz proektov federal'nykh zakonov, odobrennykh Plenumom Verkhovnogo Suda RF 31 iyulya 2015 g. – SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus»
V.I. Torgovchenkov. K voprosu o vnesenii izmeneniy v ugolovnyy i ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeksy Rossiyskoy Federatsii, predlozhennykh Verkhovnym Sudom Rossii. – SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus»
A.I. Korobeev. Ugolovno-pravovaya politika sovremennoy Rossii: problemy penalizatsii i depenalizatsii. – SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus»
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (red. ot 22.11.2016).
P

Abstract: The subject of this research is the public relations associated with the constitutional-interpretational role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (CCRF) within the Russian legal system. In addition to that, the author examines the process of institutionalization of the traditional family values by the Constitutional Court in the context of opposition to the forming “gender-tolerant” social trend in the Western countries. In justification of his hypothesis, the author suggests an extensive sociological material, which representatively reflects an attitude of the Russian citizens towards various issues pertaining to family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood. Examination of the presented sociological material is correlated to the analysis of jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court. The scientific novelty consists in explanation of the presence of a traditional (conservative) value trend in the area of family among the citizens of Russia, as well as in determination of an institutionalization mechanism of this trend by the CCRF. The author is first to analyze such sociological data from the perspective of the constitutional legal science.

Keywords: same-sex marriages, gender equality, traditional family, constitutional values, Constitutional Court, human rights, democracy, Constitution of Russia, globalization, modernity

References:
Knyazev S.D. Rol' konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya v gosudarstvenno-pravovom razvitii sovremennoy Rossii // Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: sotsial'nye orientiry, praktika realizatsii (k 20-letiyu Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii). Barnaul: Izd-vo Alt. Un-ta, 2014. S. 20.
Khorunzhiy S.N. Konstitutsionnaya ideologiya kak aksiologicheskiy element sovremennoy pravovoy sredy // Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya. 2015. № 3 (45). S. 31-34.
Sergevin S.L. Rossiyskoe natsional'noe pravosoznanie: nekotorye konstitutsionno-pravovye problemy // Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya. 2014. № 5. S. 16-23.
Bondar' N.S. Sovremennyy rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: filosofskoe osmyslenie v svete konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya // Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. 2012. № 4. S. 3-18.
SZ RF. 2014. № 40 (Chast' III) St. 5489.
Zor'kin V.D. Predel ustupchivosti // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2010. 29 oktyabrya.
Standarty seksual'nogo obrazovaniya v Evrope URL: http://srhhivlinkages.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/who_bzga_standards_ru.pdf
Tach

Abstract: The subject of this research is the separate aspects of constitutional law on application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections. The issues of application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections are characterized by especially high relevance. The questions of bases, conditions and limitations of the application of this electoral system on the local level is the subject heated debates in the scientific community, the participants of which hold diametrically counterpoising points of view. The very possibility of application of such electoral system on the local level is often being doubted due to its potential discord with the nature of local self-governance and its inability to reflect the maximal spectrum of interests of the local community within the representative branch. At the same time, the recent changes to the legislative base that regulates the order of application of proportional electoral system at the local elections, carried a brightly expressed multi-vector character, which often did not have sufficient conceptual justification. This work offers a brief overview of the process of establishment of the proportional electoral system as the channel of formation of public authority at the local level, and provides characteristics of its current status and analyzes the legislative base and the corresponding legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research are the criteria formulated based on the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation that determine the allowability of the application of proportional electoral system at the local level, as well as possible directions and specific measures on improvements to the Russian model of the application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections.

Keywords: Local self-government, Political parties, Elections, Constitutional Court, Proportional electoral system, Local elections, Electoral process, Municipal law, Electoral coalitions, Electoral law

References:
Churov V.E., Grishina M.V., Chernova E.S. Kommentariy k postanovleniyu Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 7 iyulya 2011 g. № 15-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti polozheniy ch. 3 st. 23 Federal'nogo zakona «Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii» i ch. 2 i 3 st. 9 Zakona Chelyabinskoy oblasti «O munitsipal'nykh vyborakh v Chelyabinskoy oblasti» // «Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava», № 10, oktyabr' 2011 g. S. 116-118.
Ovchinnikov I.I. Mestnye vybory v mekhanizme munitsipal'noy demokratii // Vestnik RGPU, seriya «Yuridicheskie nauki». 2013. № 1(11). S. 60-69.
Kynev A.V., Lyubarev A.E., Maksimov A. Regional'nye i mestnye vybory v Rossii 2014 goda v usloviyakh novykh ogranicheniy konkurentsii. M., 2015. 372 s.
Kynev A.V., Lyubarev A.E., Maksimov A. Regional'nye i mestnye vybory 8 sentyabrya 2013 goda: tendentsii, problemy i tekhnologii. M., 2014. 312 s.
Kynev A.V., Lyubarev A.E., Maksimov A. Na podstupakh k federal'nym vyboram – 2016: regional'nye i mestnye vybory v Rossii 13 sentyabrya 2015 goda. M., 2015. 56

Abstract: This article explores the criminal procedure and criminal law aspects of application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CCRF). The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as consequences of reconciliation of the parties to a dispute in cases of change of the category of a crime, application of the positions from Chapter 11 of the CCRF in cases of change of the category of crime, limitations of court of cassation in application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as change of the category of a crime in hearing of a criminal case according to Chapter 40.1 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Among the main conclusions is that application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the CCRF causes a number of criminal law and criminal procedure issues that can produce corruption in the judicial process during the evaluation of the gravity of a crime. Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation expands the boundaries of the principle of judicial discretion and defines dispositive regulation of criminal law relations.

Keywords: Early release, Suspended sentence, Criminal record, Correctional facility, Circumstances, Convict, Reconciliation, Court of cassation, Judicial discretion, Crime category

References:
N.E. Mullakhmetova. Primirenie storon pri izmenenii sudom kategorii prestupleniya. SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
A.V. Grinenko. Kategorizatsiya prestupleniy i polozheniya obshchey chasti ugolovnogo kodeksa RF v svete gumanizatsii zakonodatel'stv. SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
S.I. Nikulin. Voprosy primeneniya ch.6 st. 15 UK RF. SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
A.L. Ivanov. Rekomendatsii Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF o primenenii ch.6 st. 15 UK. SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
A.N. Kravtsova. Predely polnomochiy suda kassatsionnoy instantsii po primeneniyu chasti 6 stat'i 15 UK RF. SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Kudryavtseva A.V., Voronin Yu.A. Ugolovno-protsessual'nye aspekty izmeneniya kategorii prestupleniy v sootvetstvii s ch. 6 st. 15 UK RF // Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya "Pravo". N 20(279). Vyp. 30. S. 50.
L.V. Vinitskiy. M.E. Kubrikova. Vozmozhno li izmenenie kategorii prestupleniya pri rassmotrenii ugolovnykh del v poryadke glavy 40.1 UPK RF? SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. 2013. N 8.
A.L. Ivanov. Rek

Abstract: The subject of this paper is social relations relevant to consideration by Russian courts of disputes related to a foreign state’s property. The paper deals with the issues of the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state and its property. The purpose of this work is examination of the innovations in the Russian legislation on jurisdictional immunity. The objectives of  include analysis of jurisdictional immunity concepts, provisions of international treaties in this field and practice of various states for jurisdictional immunity restriction. The methodological basis for this research consisted of systemic and comparative approaches and methods of analysis.Academic novelty of the paper stems from the coming changes in the legal regulation of these issues in Russia. In 2015, the Government of Russia submitted to the Russian parliament draft Federal Law On the Jurisdictional Immunity of a Foreign State and Foreign State’s Property in the Russian Federation.The results of this study make it possible to generalize the requirements of the Russian legislation in the field of restriction on the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state and the legal grounds for consideration of disputes in this field by Russian courts.

Keywords: jurisdictional immunity, immunity from legal process, immunity from interim measures, immunity from enforcement, The reciprocity principle, sovereign powers authority, Russian legal system, foreign state, functional immunity, waiver of immunity

References:
Khlestova I.O. Problems of the jurisdictional immunities of States: author’s abstract from legal sciences doctor dissertation. M. 2003. (in Russian)
Shaikhutdinova G.R. The jurisdictional immunities of States: author’s abstract from a legal science candidate’s dissertation Kazan., 1991 (in Russian)
Murphy S.D. State Jurisdiction and Jurisdictional Immunities: U.S. Judgments Against Terrorist States //American Journal of International Law. 2001. Vol. 95. no. 1, pp. 134-139.
Hazel Fox . The Law of State Immunity. Oxford. 2008. 600 p.
Feldman M.V. The United States foreign soveieign immunities Act of 1976 in perspective: a founder's view // Inteinational and Comparative Law. Quarterly 302. Vol.35. no 1-2. 1986, pp. 302-319.
Vinogradova P.A. Judicial legal position on adaptation of international treaties in law enforcement // Rossijskaya yusticiya [Russian justice], 2015, no. 4, pp. 20-23. (in Russian)

Abstract: The article discusses the creation of integration regional international associations, which at times become not only international unions, but also acquire elements of certain public power, a particular public-legal form, and can create its regional supranational (“supra-state”) law. At this time it fully applies only to the European Union, but other integration unions can also follow this path (for example, the EAEU). Using the methods of political science, science of state, and comparative-legal methods of studying this new phenomenon, the author concludes that in the EU there is an incomplete public power sui generis, which is not a state power, but has elements of statehood, operates special supranational law, which takes precedence over the law of member-states, and changes the concept of state sovereignty. Its member-states retain state sovereignty, but self-restrict some of its elements. But all of this takes place only within certain framework: certain sovereign rights and government powers voluntarily transferred to the EU by the member-states.

Keywords: Regional organizations, European Union, Public-legal form, Supranational law, supra-state law, EAEU, constitutionalism, international law, supranational law, constitutional law

References:
http://www.rosbalt.ru/main/2015/03/09/1375834.html; http://sol.ru/news/show/prezident_francii_vistupil_za_sozdanie_pravitelst
https://docviever./yandex.ru/?url=ya-mail%3A% etc.(data dostupa 10 yanvapya 2015 g.)
Edeya porivnyal'nogo mezhnarodnogo prava. Pro et contra. Zbirnik naukovykh prats' na chest' inozemnogo chlena NAN Ukraini Uil'yama Eliotta Batlera. Kiiv-D'viv.2015.
Emergence of Global Administrative Law. Durham. 2005
Kashkin S.Yu., Chetverikov A.O., Kalinichenko P.A. i dr. Pravo Evropeyskogo Soyuza: uchebnoe posobie (otv. red. S.Yu. Kashkin).-3-e izd., pererab. i dop. Prospekt.M., 2011
This article questions the popular and national sovereignty are not considered
Engineering Constitutional Change. A Comparative Perspectives on Europe, Canada and the USA. Ed. By Xenophon Contiades. Rutledge. N.Y. 2013. A collection of essays prepared by the authors of 19 countries.
Machado J.E.M. The Portuguese Constitution 1976. Half-Live and Decay // Engineering Constitutional Change. A Comparative Perspectives o