Review: This article is devoted to philosophical research on the origins of modern state surveillance, punishment and, more generally, the evolution of modern criminal law. It is presented as a discussion between the author of this article and Michel Foucault. It develops the idea that humanism has played an important role in the softening of state-sanctioned punishment and in the development of state surveillance over the last 300 years. The article deals with the historical origins of the modern state and the evolution of its relations with the individual; the evolution of government functions; the evolution of criminal law; and human rights and freedoms. It contains a critique of Foucault’s analysis of the evolution of the modern system of criminal law and of his concept of surveillance.

Keywords: punishment, state (government) functions, criminal law, modern law, Michel Foucault, Social philosophy, surveillance, humanism, human rights, freedoms

References:
Vladimirova, T.V. Setevye kommunikatsii kak novaya «formula spaseniya» sotsial'nogo poryadka (Network communications as a new “salvation formula” for the social order), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 2 (2013): 371 – 378; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.02.16
Chugaev, V.V. Yuridicheskoe oformlenie rezul'tatov Slavnoy revolyutsii 1688-1689 gg. (Legal arrangement of the results of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689), Pravo i politika 10 (2014): 104-107; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.10.13132
There is no better testimony to the fact that the monarch’s right over his subjects was tantamount to a property right that he or she exercised over them than the Magna Carta: “No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right”. Indeed, words such as “destroyed” applying to individuals is a clear example that human beings at that time were no different from an object (article) whose existence in society was governed by the monarch’s property rights.
The idea that criminal law reforms were created, and some of the human rights in the sphere of justice were established as a reaction to the sovereign’s abuses power is clearly expressed in the Habeas Corpus Act: “great delays have been used by sheriffs, gaolers and other officers, to whose custody any of the King's subjects have been committed for criminal or supposed criminal matters, in making returns of writs of habeas corpus to them directed, by standing out an alias and pluries habeas corpus, and sometimes more, and by other shifts to avoid their yielding obedience to such writs, contrary to their duty and the known laws of the land, whereby many of the King's subjects have been and hereafter may be long detained in prison, in such cases where by law they are bailable, to their great charges and vexation…”
Kostenko, N.I. Kontseptsiya stanovleniya mezhdunarodnogo ugolovno-ispolnitel'nogo (penitentsiarnogo) prava (The concept of formation of the international criminal penal (penitentiary) law), Pravo i Politika 4 (2014) : 452 – 464; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11614
Shubina E. V. Administrativno-predupreditel'nye mery v sisteme administrativno-pravovogo prinuzhdeniya (Administrative Preventive Measures in the Systems of Administrative Preventive Coercion), Administrativnoe i munizipalnoe pravo 11 (2014): 1160 – 1164; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.11.13277
Locke J. The Second Treatise of Government (Hackett Publishing 1980), 18.
Art. 17 of the French Declaration confirms this statement: “Property being an inviolable and sacred right…”
Babin, B.V. Proprietary right of the peoples in the modern international law, Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organizations 3 (2013): 300 – 308; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.3.9479
Lapaeva V.V. Privatizatsiya sotsialisticheskoy sobstvennosti kak konstitutsionno-pravovaya problema (Privatization of socialist property as a constitutional and legal issue), Pravo i Politika, 2 (2014): 140 – 152; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.2.10901
The Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution express this idea aptly: “ …nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation”.
When considering this natural law, Locke used only the examples of the individual-individual property relations and not state-individual property relations
For example, a French decree of 18 March 1793 sanctioned any attempt to adopt a law that intended to strip landowners of their property. Such an act was punishable by death.
Lyman J. L. The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci., 55 (1964): 141
Even today, there are examples of this in reverse: surveillance functions are transmitted back to the private sector. For example, modern fiscal evasion and fiscal fraud surveillance functions are partly exercised by the banking sector and by private financial institutions, and not exclusively by government agencies. The same is true for Internet-related service and product companies as well, which are often accused of collaborating with state security services and, especially, of transmitting personal data to those bodies.
Parkhomenko, R.N. Gosudarstvo i pravo v rabotakh B. Chicherina (State and law in the works of B. Chicherin), Pravo i Politika 3 (2013): 436 – 444; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.03.18
Parkhomenko, R. N. Formirovanie demokraticheskikh ucheniy v Anglii i Frantsii (XVII-XVIII vv.) (Creation of Democratic Teachings in England and France (XVII — XVIII Centuries)), Politika i Obshestvo, 10 (2014): 104-107, DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.10.12023
Alexy R. A Theory of Constitutional Rights (Oxford Press, 2010), 44.
As mentioned above. See paragraph 1.
Idrisov, I.T. Nakazaniya, svyazannye s trudovym vozdeystviem, v Anglii i Frantsii (Punishments regarding correctional labor in England and in France). Pravo i Politika 10 (2014): 104-107; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.10.12952
Alyoshina, M. V. Cohesion of the Society as a New Trend of Social Policy: Sociological Analysis, Politika i Obshestvo, 5 (2014): 513 – 523; DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.5.9512
Samarskaya, E. A. Raymon Aron. "Ideal'no-tipicheskiy" metod rassmotreniya industrial'nykh obshchestv (Raymond Aron. ‘Ideal Typical’ Approach to Studying Industrial Societies), Filosofiya i kultura 10 (2014): 1441 – 1449; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.10.12883
Durkheim E. De la division du travail social (PUF, 2013), 276
Ibid. 284
Ibid. 287
Ibid. 284
It is significant that in this chapter (“Le panoptisme”) – unlike other parts of his book – Foucault uses such words as “social” or “moral” a great deal.
Durkheim E. De la division du travail social (PUF, 2013), 105
Konstantinov, M. S. Bremya dobrodeteli: moral'nye kontsepty kommunitarizma (The Burden of Virtue: Moral Concepts of Communitarianism), Politika i Obshestvo 12 (2013): 1416-1422. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10375
Jellinek G. System der subjectiven offentlichen Rechte (Hrsg. u. eingel. v. Jens Kersten, 1905).
Popova, S.M., Yanik, A.A. Problemy global'nogo stareniya naseleniya: analiz dokumentov i strategii OON (Problems of global ageing of the population: analysis of documents and strategy of the UN), Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organizations 3 (2014): 429 – 443; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2014.3.12857
Pavroz, A.V. Gosudarstvo vseobshchego blagosostoyaniya: sushchnost' politiki i fundamental'nye protivorechiya (The Welfare State: the Nature of Politics and Fundamental Contradictions), Politika i Obshestvo. 11 (2011): 21-30.
Nikolaev, V.B. Pravo na obrazovanie i mezhdunarodnye standarty organizatsii ob'edinennykh natsiy (Right to education and international standards of the United Nations Organization). Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organization 2 (2014): 215 – 222; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2014.2.11895
Ismailov, N. O. Spravedlivoe obshchestvo kak proekt budushchego v filosofii A. M. Kovaleva (Fair Society as the Project of Future in Alexander Kovalev’s Philosophy), Politika i Obshestvo, 3 (2014): 277 – 286; DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.3.11439
Baimatov, P. N. Konstitutsionnoe pravo na sotsial'noe obespechenie: mesto i rol' v sisteme osnovnykh prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina (The constitutional right to social services: its place and role in the framework of basic rights and liberties of the man and the citizen), Pravo i Politika 11 (2013): 1527-1535. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.10037
Castles F.G., Introduction in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (Oxford University Press 2012), 5
Pierson Ch., Leimgruber M. Intellectual roots, in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (Oxford University Press 2012), 32ssq
The welfare state’s values are also considered by some authors as social rights of citizenship (e.g. T.H. Marshall (1964) Citizenship and Social Class, q.v.). Nonetheless, a conception of social rights based on citizenship, concomitant with such phenomena as the emergence of social democracy which was achieved by extending political rights (especially the right to vote) to the majority of the population, is outdated. Indeed, today many welfare rights are claimable not only by citizens, but – with conditions – by every person (even foreigners). As a consequence, social rights today are more than mere rights of citizenship; they have become universal human rights.
Nullmeier F., Kaufmann F.-X. Post-War Walefare Developement, in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State, (Oxford University Press 2012), 84
Castles, op. cit. 6
Gorokhova, D.I. Konventsiya Soveta Evropy o zashchite fizicheskikh lits pri avtomatizirovannoy obrabotke personal'nykh dannykh (The Council of Europe Convention in the sphere of protection of individuals in the sphere of automatic processing of the personal data), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 1 (2014): 165 – 170; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.01.17
Vladimirova, T.V. Informatsionnaya bezopasnost': sotsial'nye praktiki i struktury (Information security: social practices and structures), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 3 (2014): 390 – 397; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.3.11511
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. The Future of Humanity: Death or Immortality? Sociodinamika 3 (2013): 138-199; DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.3.478. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_478.html
Maslov, V. M. Postchelovecheskie trendy tekhnogennoy tsivilizatsii (Post-Human Trends of Industrial Civilization), Filosofiya I kultura 6 (2014): 804 – 813; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.6.11953
Dundukov, M.Y. (2013) Pravovaya reglamentatsiya taynykh operatsiy razvedki SShA (Legal regulation of secret intelligence operations of the USA), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost, 6: 55 – 65, DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.6.10032
Dundukov M.Y. (2014) Pravovye standarty zashchity informatsii v sfere natsional'noy bezopasnosti SShA (Legal standards of protection of information on matters of national security of the United States), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost, 5: 688 – 700, DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.5.1212

References (transliteration):
Vladimirova, T.V. Setevye kommunikatsii kak novaya «formula spaseniya» sotsial'nogo poryadka (Network communications as a new “salvation formula” for the social order), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 2 (2013): 371 – 378; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.02.16
Chugaev, V.V. Yuridicheskoe oformlenie rezul'tatov Slavnoy revolyutsii 1688-1689 gg. (Legal arrangement of the results of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689), Pravo i politika 10 (2014): 104-107; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.10.13132
There is no better testimony to the fact that the monarch’s right over his subjects was tantamount to a property right that he or she exercised over them than the Magna Carta: “No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right”. Indeed, words such as “destroyed” applying to individuals is a clear example that human beings at that time were no different from an object (article) whose existence in society was governed by the monarch’s property rights.
The idea that criminal law reforms were created, and some of the human rights in the sphere of justice were established as a reaction to the sovereign’s abuses power is clearly expressed in the Habeas Corpus Act: “great delays have been used by sheriffs, gaolers and other officers, to whose custody any of the King's subjects have been committed for criminal or supposed criminal matters, in making returns of writs of habeas corpus to them directed, by standing out an alias and pluries habeas corpus, and sometimes more, and by other shifts to avoid their yielding obedience to such writs, contrary to their duty and the known laws of the land, whereby many of the King's subjects have been and hereafter may be long detained in prison, in such cases where by law they are bailable, to their great charges and vexation…”
Kostenko, N.I. Kontseptsiya stanovleniya mezhdunarodnogo ugolovno-ispolnitel'nogo (penitentsiarnogo) prava (The concept of formation of the international criminal penal (penitentiary) law), Pravo i Politika 4 (2014) : 452 – 464; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11614
Shubina E. V. Administrativno-predupreditel'nye mery v sisteme administrativno-pravovogo prinuzhdeniya (Administrative Preventive Measures in the Systems of Administrative Preventive Coercion), Administrativnoe i munizipalnoe pravo 11 (2014): 1160 – 1164; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.11.13277
Locke J. The Second Treatise of Government (Hackett Publishing 1980), 18.
Art. 17 of the French Declaration confirms this statement: “Property being an inviolable and sacred right…”
Babin, B.V. Proprietary right of the peoples in the modern international law, Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organizations 3 (2013): 300 – 308; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.3.9479
Lapaeva V.V. Privatizatsiya sotsialisticheskoy sobstvennosti kak konstitutsionno-pravovaya problema (Privatization of socialist property as a constitutional and legal issue), Pravo i Politika, 2 (2014): 140 – 152; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.2.10901
The Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution express this idea aptly: “ …nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation”.
When considering this natural law, Locke used only the examples of the individual-individual property relations and not state-individual property relations
For example, a French decree of 18 March 1793 sanctioned any attempt to adopt a law that intended to strip landowners of their property. Such an act was punishable by death.
Lyman J. L. The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci., 55 (1964): 141
Even today, there are examples of this in reverse: surveillance functions are transmitted back to the private sector. For example, modern fiscal evasion and fiscal fraud surveillance functions are partly exercised by the banking sector and by private financial institutions, and not exclusively by government agencies. The same is true for Internet-related service and product companies as well, which are often accused of collaborating with state security services and, especially, of transmitting personal data to those bodies.
Parkhomenko, R.N. Gosudarstvo i pravo v rabotakh B. Chicherina (State and law in the works of B. Chicherin), Pravo i Politika 3 (2013): 436 – 444; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.03.18
Parkhomenko, R. N. Formirovanie demokraticheskikh ucheniy v Anglii i Frantsii (XVII-XVIII vv.) (Creation of Democratic Teachings in England and France (XVII — XVIII Centuries)), Politika i Obshestvo, 10 (2014): 104-107, DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.10.12023
Alexy R. A Theory of Constitutional Rights (Oxford Press, 2010), 44.
As mentioned above. See paragraph 1.
Idrisov, I.T. Nakazaniya, svyazannye s trudovym vozdeystviem, v Anglii i Frantsii (Punishments regarding correctional labor in England and in France). Pravo i Politika 10 (2014): 104-107; DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.10.12952
Alyoshina, M. V. Cohesion of the Society as a New Trend of Social Policy: Sociological Analysis, Politika i Obshestvo, 5 (2014): 513 – 523; DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.5.9512
Samarskaya, E. A. Raymon Aron. "Ideal'no-tipicheskiy" metod rassmotreniya industrial'nykh obshchestv (Raymond Aron. ‘Ideal Typical’ Approach to Studying Industrial Societies), Filosofiya i kultura 10 (2014): 1441 – 1449; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.10.12883
Durkheim E. De la division du travail social (PUF, 2013), 276
Ibid. 284
Ibid. 287
Ibid. 284
It is significant that in this chapter (“Le panoptisme”) – unlike other parts of his book – Foucault uses such words as “social” or “moral” a great deal.
Durkheim E. De la division du travail social (PUF, 2013), 105
Konstantinov, M. S. Bremya dobrodeteli: moral'nye kontsepty kommunitarizma (The Burden of Virtue: Moral Concepts of Communitarianism), Politika i Obshestvo 12 (2013): 1416-1422. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10375
Jellinek G. System der subjectiven offentlichen Rechte (Hrsg. u. eingel. v. Jens Kersten, 1905).
Popova, S.M., Yanik, A.A. Problemy global'nogo stareniya naseleniya: analiz dokumentov i strategii OON (Problems of global ageing of the population: analysis of documents and strategy of the UN), Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organizations 3 (2014): 429 – 443; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2014.3.12857
Pavroz, A.V. Gosudarstvo vseobshchego blagosostoyaniya: sushchnost' politiki i fundamental'nye protivorechiya (The Welfare State: the Nature of Politics and Fundamental Contradictions), Politika i Obshestvo. 11 (2011): 21-30.
Nikolaev, V.B. Pravo na obrazovanie i mezhdunarodnye standarty organizatsii ob'edinennykh natsiy (Right to education and international standards of the United Nations Organization). Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii / International Law and International Organization 2 (2014): 215 – 222; DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2014.2.11895
Ismailov, N. O. Spravedlivoe obshchestvo kak proekt budushchego v filosofii A. M. Kovaleva (Fair Society as the Project of Future in Alexander Kovalev’s Philosophy), Politika i Obshestvo, 3 (2014): 277 – 286; DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.3.11439
Baimatov, P. N. Konstitutsionnoe pravo na sotsial'noe obespechenie: mesto i rol' v sisteme osnovnykh prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina (The constitutional right to social services: its place and role in the framework of basic rights and liberties of the man and the citizen), Pravo i Politika 11 (2013): 1527-1535. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.10037
Castles F.G., Introduction in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (Oxford University Press 2012), 5
Pierson Ch., Leimgruber M. Intellectual roots, in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (Oxford University Press 2012), 32ssq
The welfare state’s values are also considered by some authors as social rights of citizenship (e.g. T.H. Marshall (1964) Citizenship and Social Class, q.v.). Nonetheless, a conception of social rights based on citizenship, concomitant with such phenomena as the emergence of social democracy which was achieved by extending political rights (especially the right to vote) to the majority of the population, is outdated. Indeed, today many welfare rights are claimable not only by citizens, but – with conditions – by every person (even foreigners). As a consequence, social rights today are more than mere rights of citizenship; they have become universal human rights.
Nullmeier F., Kaufmann F.-X. Post-War Walefare Developement, in The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State, (Oxford University Press 2012), 84
Castles, op. cit. 6
Gorokhova, D.I. Konventsiya Soveta Evropy o zashchite fizicheskikh lits pri avtomatizirovannoy obrabotke personal'nykh dannykh (The Council of Europe Convention in the sphere of protection of individuals in the sphere of automatic processing of the personal data), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 1 (2014): 165 – 170; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.01.17
Vladimirova, T.V. Informatsionnaya bezopasnost': sotsial'nye praktiki i struktury (Information security: social practices and structures), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost 3 (2014): 390 – 397; DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.3.11511
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. The Future of Humanity: Death or Immortality? Sociodinamika 3 (2013): 138-199; DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.3.478. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_478.html
Maslov, V. M. Postchelovecheskie trendy tekhnogennoy tsivilizatsii (Post-Human Trends of Industrial Civilization), Filosofiya I kultura 6 (2014): 804 – 813; DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.6.11953
Dundukov, M.Y. (2013) Pravovaya reglamentatsiya taynykh operatsiy razvedki SShA (Legal regulation of secret intelligence operations of the USA), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost, 6: 55 – 65, DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.6.10032
Dundukov M.Y. (2014) Pravovye standarty zashchity informatsii v sfere natsional'noy bezopasnosti SShA (Legal standards of protection of information on matters of national security of the United States), Nazionalnaya Bezopasnost, 5: 688 – 700, DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.5.1212

Review: This article examines the intensive and brightly expressed process of the globalization of science, which is an integral part of the global revolutionary transformations that unfold in many spheres of the human activity. These changes reflect the global trend of development of the modern science concentrated on the research of global processes and systems and the synergetic phenomenon that is associated with them – global development. This trend of the examined interdisciplinary research leads to a specific form of scientific knowledge, which is called the global knowledge. This type of knowledge reflects all global processes and systems that exist on the planet Earth from the perspective of their planetary integrity and evolutionary significance. A special attention is given to the methods and approaches used in a global research; i.e. the evolutionary and interdisciplinary approaches, and those that are associated with the geographic and time span in the subject area of the global research. An attempt was also made to implement integrative-interdisciplinary scientific methods and concepts in order to forecast the emergence of the new global scientific directions. Use of the evolutionary approach in the global research, which has recently been proposed by the author of this article, provided the ability to determine new scientific directions such as paleoglobalistics, futuroglobalistics, cosmoglobalistics, and a number of other areas of scientific search. The use of the evolutionary approach within the global research suggests that they will be more effectively studied based on the ideas and principles of the global (universal) evolutionism. It is expected that a new, evolutionary stage of global research will arise, and will concentrate attention on the global development.

Keywords: globalization, science, global research, global knowledge, global development, global processes, evolution, evolutionary globalistics, evolutionary approach, futuroglobalistics.

References:
Grinin, L.E., Ilyin, I.V., Korotayev,A.V.. Eds.2012. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, Volgograd.
Mazur, I.I., Chumakov, A.N. Eds. 2006. Globalistics: International interdisciplinary encyclopedic dictionary, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
Abylgaziev, I.I., Ilyin, I.V. Eds.2012. 3G: Globalistics, Globalistics, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest, Moscow.
Ilyin I.V., Ursul A.D., 2012. Nooglobalistics and Nooglobalistics, 3G: Globalistics, Global Studies, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest,Eds. I.I.Abylgaziev, I.V. Ilyin,Moscow.
Randers J., 2012. 2052 – A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years, ClubofRome.
Robertson R., 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London.
Robertson R.,1983. Interpreting Globality. Eds. Robertson R. World Realities and International Studies, Glenside (Pa).
Micklethwait J., Wooldridge A.A., 2000. Future Perfect: The Essentials of Globalization. N.Y.
UrsulA.D., Kaljuzhnaja D.E., 2014. Sustainable development and globa lpolitics.Vestnik MGIMO-University, 2.
Anheier, H.K., Juergensmeyr, M.. Eds. 2012. Enciclopedia of Global Stadies, Los Angeles, London and others.
Ilyin I.V., Ursul A.D. 2014.Global studies and globalistics. The evolutionary dimension. Saarbrücken.
Grinin, L.E., Ilyin, I.V., Korotayev,A.V. Eds.2014. Globalistics and Globalization Studies. Aspects & Dimensions of Global Views, Volgograd.
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Global'noe napravlenie nauki // Filosofskaya mysl'. - 2013. - 10. - C. 58 - 120. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8728.2013.10.8869. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8869.html
A.D. Ursul, T.A. Ursul Global'nye issledovaniya: ot globalizatsii znaniy k stanovleniyu global'nogo znaniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 8. - C. 81 - 91.
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A., Il'in I.V. Global'nye i politicheskie protsessy: stanovlenie evolyutsionnogo podkhoda // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 95 - 154. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2013.3.564. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_564.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Universal'nyy (global'nyy) evolyutsionizm i global'nye issledovaniya // Filosofskaya mysl'. - 2012. - 1. - C. 46 - 101. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_116.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Global'noe mirovozzrenie i global'nye issledovaniya // Sotsiodinamika. - 2012. - 1. - C. 137 - 173. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_46.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Evolyutsionnye paradigmy i modeli obrazovaniya XXI veka // Sovremennoe obrazovanie. - 2012. - 1. - C. 1 - 67. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pp/article_59.html
A.D. Ursul, T.A. Ursul Global'nyy (universal'nyy)
evolyutsionizm: predmetnoe pole
i problemnaya orientatsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 2. - C. 6 - 20.

References (transliteration):
Grinin, L.E., Ilyin, I.V., Korotayev,A.V.. Eds.2012. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, Volgograd.
Mazur, I.I., Chumakov, A.N. Eds. 2006. Globalistics: International interdisciplinary encyclopedic dictionary, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
Abylgaziev, I.I., Ilyin, I.V. Eds.2012. 3G: Globalistics, Globalistics, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest, Moscow.
Ilyin I.V., Ursul A.D., 2012. Nooglobalistics and Nooglobalistics, 3G: Globalistics, Global Studies, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest,Eds. I.I.Abylgaziev, I.V. Ilyin,Moscow.
Randers J., 2012. 2052 – A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years, ClubofRome.
Robertson R., 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London.
Robertson R.,1983. Interpreting Globality. Eds. Robertson R. World Realities and International Studies, Glenside (Pa).
Micklethwait J., Wooldridge A.A., 2000. Future Perfect: The Essentials of Globalization. N.Y.
UrsulA.D., Kaljuzhnaja D.E., 2014. Sustainable development and globa lpolitics.Vestnik MGIMO-University, 2.
Anheier, H.K., Juergensmeyr, M.. Eds. 2012. Enciclopedia of Global Stadies, Los Angeles, London and others.
Ilyin I.V., Ursul A.D. 2014.Global studies and globalistics. The evolutionary dimension. Saarbrücken.
Grinin, L.E., Ilyin, I.V., Korotayev,A.V. Eds.2014. Globalistics and Globalization Studies. Aspects & Dimensions of Global Views, Volgograd.
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Global'noe napravlenie nauki // Filosofskaya mysl'. - 2013. - 10. - C. 58 - 120. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8728.2013.10.8869. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8869.html
A.D. Ursul, T.A. Ursul Global'nye issledovaniya: ot globalizatsii znaniy k stanovleniyu global'nogo znaniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 8. - C. 81 - 91.
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A., Il'in I.V. Global'nye i politicheskie protsessy: stanovlenie evolyutsionnogo podkhoda // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 95 - 154. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2013.3.564. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_564.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Universal'nyy (global'nyy) evolyutsionizm i global'nye issledovaniya // Filosofskaya mysl'. - 2012. - 1. - C. 46 - 101. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_116.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Global'noe mirovozzrenie i global'nye issledovaniya // Sotsiodinamika. - 2012. - 1. - C. 137 - 173. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_46.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Evolyutsionnye paradigmy i modeli obrazovaniya XXI veka // Sovremennoe obrazovanie. - 2012. - 1. - C. 1 - 67. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pp/article_59.html
A.D. Ursul, T.A. Ursul Global'nyy (universal'nyy)
evolyutsionizm: predmetnoe pole
i problemnaya orientatsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 2. - C. 6 - 20.

Review: Author considers that with the expansion of a similarity certain objects turn other objects into their likeness. It is manifested in space and time. Expansion of similarity occurs in the process of stability of things, phenomena, when an object retains its likeness. In addition, there is an expansion density when a second-level expansion occurs - uniformity of different scales. It is an expansion of religions, communism, democracy, and so on. Author emphasizes the attention on next. However, in a true democracy everyone has the right to refuse to be the likeness of others. But not in respect of democratic laws and human lifestyle. A man has to be like others in exercising democratic laws and rules of humanity. The article concerns such topics as: “Nobody has the right to forcibly turn others to his likeness, unless it jeopardizes security through the system of violence or genocide”. Motion of uniformity is one of the most important forms of motion of the matter contrary to its other form - constant generation of innovations, diversity and differences. Motion of uniformity has at least three "sleeves": expansion of similarity, reflection as a universal property of matter and invariance, philosophically perceived as preservation of uniformity in various systems, transitions and dimensions. There are many forms of expansion of similarity: social contagion, fascism or totalitarianism and others. In the theory of reflection, developed in the twentieth century, we come across with a more or less passive reflection of some phenomena by others, which is why the researchers sought to specifically identify the active substance of reflection as universal properties of the matter. It was not incorporated in the concept of reflection. Concept of reflection initially had no idea of creation and "aggression", had to be supplemented in theory. The methods of the research are the following: dialectical approach, materialism, structuralism, comparative method, systemic and organismic approach, functional method, cloning method in cognition, methods of induction and deduction, method of inverted hierarchies, when ultimate event determines the processes while individual phenomena affect the key factors. The novelty of the problem is that the concept of expansion of similarity is introduced for the first time and is regarded as a universal category, universal law of existence and universal form of matter in motion Author concludes that the novelty of the problem is that the concept of expansion of similarity is introduced for the first time and is regarded as a universal category, universal law of existence and universal form of matter in motion. The article for the first time describes the logic of alliances and associations based on similarity of subjects and people. It takes place in nature as well, when communities of such objects and phenomena emerge. There is a fundamental law of existence that reflects essential commitment of phenomena to create systems similar to it or to continue own similarity. Science has known many scholars that studied similarity of phenomena, the relations of identity and difference, replication and difference. However in this aspect, motion of similarity as unfolding in space and time, in a variety of scope and depth, the concept of similarity expansion without doubt must find mathematical, astrophysical, in other word, natural science aspects through identification of specific laws and relations. The main thesis of the author is next. The concept of expansion of similarity more fully reveals essential aspects of democratic process, and identifies specific properties of extremism and fundamentalism, in other words, their "bloody mutation", regardless of their political colour. Giordano Bruno most vividly and selflessly defended cognitive cosmological principle, which concept is determined by the expansion of similarity - the entire infinite and yet to be better cognized Universe is similar to the universe seen to us. Expansion of similarity is manifested as a method of cognition and principle of determinism.

Keywords: Universalism, Expansion of Similarity, Democracy, Totalitarianism, Fundamentalism, Universal Law, Logic of Union, Humanism, System of Uniformity, Fascism

References:
Berndt R.M., Berndt K.H. World of First Australians.-Moscow, Nauka, 1981.
Porshnev B.F. Social Psychology and History – Moscow, Nauka, 1979.
Shakespeare W. Comedies. Chronicles. Tragedies. – V2, Moscow, Fiction, 1989.
Hugo Grotius. On the Law of War and Peace – Moscow, State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1956.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – My Life. Moscow, Nauka, 1969.
Conrad N.I. West and East, Moscow, Home edition of eastern literature, 1972.
R. M. Aleynik Apology Tolerance in the Contemporary Philosophy of Human // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2013. - 2. - C. 4 - 7. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.2.9565.
Kanasz, T. Emotion and Value Perspectives in Sociological Investigation of Happiness
// SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2013. - 1. - C. 80 - 92. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.1.9367.

References (transliteration):
Berndt R.M., Berndt K.H. World of First Australians.-Moscow, Nauka, 1981.
Porshnev B.F. Social Psychology and History – Moscow, Nauka, 1979.
Shakespeare W. Comedies. Chronicles. Tragedies. – V2, Moscow, Fiction, 1989.
Hugo Grotius. On the Law of War and Peace – Moscow, State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1956.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – My Life. Moscow, Nauka, 1969.
Conrad N.I. West and East, Moscow, Home edition of eastern literature, 1972.
R. M. Aleynik Apology Tolerance in the Contemporary Philosophy of Human // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2013. - 2. - C. 4 - 7. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.2.9565.
Kanasz, T. Emotion and Value Perspectives in Sociological Investigation of Happiness
// SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2013. - 1. - C. 80 - 92. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.1.9367.

Review: The proposed approach is an attempt to significantly update the new physical and philosophical view of the world, primarily astrophysical. The key to this is recognition of the ideal as an attribute of matter, along with the material. The ideal is an objective reality, sometimes in the subjective form, but not a material reality. The material is defined as such not only due to what relates to the matter, but due to the fact that the material as one of the attributes of matter is determinate being. At the same time the ideal as a determinate being is not defined. This article proposes to consider homeostasis as a universal phenomenon. It should be noted that in real nature there are no perfect lines or askew movements. Real objects in their motion in a straight line always experience fluctuations influenced by the environment, e.g. due to association of an object with other objects, and internal movement. Every movement is unique, unrepeatable, has it own logic, and this logic is ideal, essential, natural. The same applies to the planet Earth, the Sun, galaxies, etc. that are subject to the principle of universal homeostasis. Homeostasis as a dynamic equilibrium is always a deviation – comeback. All things and objects, shifting from one bias sometimes in the opposite direction, now and again return to the ideal positions. There is no ideal stability, only a dynamic balance – motive sustainability. But not materially, materially the balance is the essence of deviations-comeback. The ideal in homeostasis covers all the condition of the material as a whole, consistent and inconsistent with it. Ideal trajectory or positions sought by the objects in the process of universal homeostasis are not only the fact of consciousness of a cognoscitive person, but are also objective and real. Dialectical approach, Materialism, Structuralism, Comparative method, Systemic and organismic approach, Functional method, Cloning method in cognition, Methods of induction and deduction, Method of inverted hierarchies, when ultimate event determines the processes while individual phenomena affect key factors. Figuratively speaking, the Universe thanks to the universal homeostasis expands and quakes as a jelly. And the farther away the galaxy moves, the greater the rate of expansion and the stronger oscillations. Any real movement – inertial or accelerated – is uniformly uneven (material – ideal). The farther away a galaxy the greater is the amplitude of oscillation of both transverse and longitudinal. Longitudinal oscillations of flying galaxies occur in acceleration waves: now more expedited departure, now slower acceleration. In a sense it is similar to jerks. In our opinion, one can double check through oscillations (colour) of the redshift (colour) of Doppler effect. We believe it will be available for practical science. We could rely on the idea that every universal law of the Universe was there since its inception. Therefore, science faces the problem of detecting redshift oscillations. Rapidly receding galaxies oscillate around a receding ideal point of balance. Galaxies are tangible as an available existence and present an uneven acceleration flying away from one other. Consequently, one can assume that balanced ideal oscillation points obey some global law of uniform accelerating of ideal motion of galaxies. Hence the conclusion: Doppler effect should be addressed in the context of steady-unsteady motion – redshift oscillations.

Keywords: Dynamic balance, Mathematics, absurdity, philosophical, homeostasis, Universal, galaxies, New physical picture, Doppler effect, redshift oscillations.

References:
Aristotle. Works in four volumes. , 1976;
Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Spiritual Medicine / Preface. Dushanbe: Irfon, 1990;
Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Works. Dushanbe: Donish, 2005;
Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Science of Logic. Volume 1 / / Moscow: Mysl, 1970
Heisenberg W. Physics and Philosophy. Part and whole: Translation from German. Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
Asadullaev I.K. Beauty, Love and Perpetual motion. 16 new categories: based on the works by Aristotle, Avicenna, and Hegel. Dushanbe: Irfon, 2008;
Ilyenkov E.V. «Dialectical concept» // Politizdat, 1984.
www.gismeteo.ru/news/sobytiya/nasha-galaktika-kolebletsya-slovno-flag/‎
Aristotle. Works in four volumes / Volume 3, Moscow: Mysl, 1981.
Asadullayev I.K. New materialism / / Electronic Journal "Problems of society and politics" RAS number 2, 2013.
Boris Berry. Especially to The Epoch Times. www.epochtimes.com.ua. Berry BL Harmonic model of motion of the solar system and solar-geophysical processes of reconstruction and forecasts. 2011 http://geoberry.ru/garmoni4eskie% 20modeli.html; Berry B.L. Helio-geophysical and other processes, their oscillation periods and forecasts. / / Geophysical processes and the Biosphere. 2010. T. 9, ¹ 4. Pp. 21-66; http://geoberry.ru/geofizi4eskie%20procesy.html
Gurevich, P. S. The phenomenon of spirit in philosophical understanding of man // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences.-2013.-1.-C. 4-842. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.1.8932.
Àñàäóëëàåâ È.Ê.. Íîâîå îðóæèå... ïðîòèâ àñòåðîèäà? Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðèíöèïû // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2013. – ¹ 10. – Ñ. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.10.5659
Àñàäóëëàåâ È.Ê. Íîâûé ìàòåðèàëèçì // NB: Ïðîáëåìû îáùåñòâà è ïîëèòèêè. — 2013.-¹ 2.-Ñ.379-411. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.2.437. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_437.html
È.Ê. Àñàäóëëàåâ. Ðåôëåêñèÿ, Äàðâèí, ñóôèçì. Óíèâåðñàëüíûé çàêîí ðåôëåêòèðóþùåé ñîðàçìåðíîñòè. // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2012. – ¹ 12. – Ñ. 104-107.
Àñàäóëëàåâ È.Ê. Íîâîå îðóæèå â öåëÿõ êîñìè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè? Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðèíöèïû // NB: Ïðîáëåìû îáùåñòâà è ïîëèòèêè. — 2012.-¹ 1.-Ñ.174-184. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.1.76. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_76.html
È. Ê. Àñàäóëëàåâ. Òîòåì-îñåë. Ãèïîòåçà î ïåðâîì îáúåäèíåíèè àðèéñêèõ ðîäîâ è ïëåìåí ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ? // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2012. – ¹ 8. – Ñ. 104-107.
È. Ê. Àñàäóëëàåâ. Íåêîòîðûå îñíîâàíèÿ íîâîãî ìàòåðèàëèçìà // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2012. – ¹ 6. – Ñ. 104-107.
È. Ê. Àñàäóëëàåâ. Íîâîå îðóæèå… ïðîòèâ àñòåðîèäà? Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðèíöèïû // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2012. – ¹ 5. – Ñ. 104-107

References (transliteration):
Aristotle. Works in four volumes. , 1976;
Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Spiritual Medicine / Preface. Dushanbe: Irfon, 1990;
Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Works. Dushanbe: Donish, 2005;
Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Science of Logic. Volume 1 / / Moscow: Mysl, 1970
Heisenberg W. Physics and Philosophy. Part and whole: Translation from German. Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
Asadullaev I.K. Beauty, Love and Perpetual motion. 16 new categories: based on the works by Aristotle, Avicenna, and Hegel. Dushanbe: Irfon, 2008;
Ilyenkov E.V. «Dialectical concept» // Politizdat, 1984.
www.gismeteo.ru/news/sobytiya/nasha-galaktika-kolebletsya-slovno-flag/‎
Aristotle. Works in four volumes / Volume 3, Moscow: Mysl, 1981.
Asadullayev I.K. New materialism / / Electronic Journal "Problems of society and politics" RAS number 2, 2013.
Boris Berry. Especially to The Epoch Times. www.epochtimes.com.ua. Berry BL Harmonic model of motion of the solar system and solar-geophysical processes of reconstruction and forecasts. 2011 http://geoberry.ru/garmoni4eskie% 20modeli.html; Berry B.L. Helio-geophysical and other processes, their oscillation periods and forecasts. / / Geophysical processes and the Biosphere. 2010. T. 9, ¹ 4. Pp. 21-66; http://geoberry.ru/geofizi4eskie%20procesy.html
Gurevich, P. S. The phenomenon of spirit in philosophical understanding of man // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences.-2013.-1.-C. 4-842. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2013.1.8932.
Asadullaev I.K.. Novoe oruzhie... protiv asteroida? Filosofskie printsipy // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – ¹ 10. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.10.5659
Asadullaev I.K. Novyy materializm // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2013.-¹ 2.-S.379-411. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.2.437. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_437.html
I.K. Asadullaev. Refleksiya, Darvin, sufizm. Universal'nyy zakon reflektiruyushchey sorazmernosti. // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – ¹ 12. – S. 104-107.
Asadullaev I.K. Novoe oruzhie v tselyakh kosmicheskoy bezopasnosti? Filosofskie printsipy // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 1.-S.174-184. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.1.76. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_76.html
I. K. Asadullaev. Totem-osel. Gipoteza o pervom ob'edinenii ariyskikh rodov i plemen podtverzhdaetsya? // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – ¹ 8. – S. 104-107.
I. K. Asadullaev. Nekotorye osnovaniya novogo materializma // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – ¹ 6. – S. 104-107.
I. K. Asadullaev. Novoe oruzhie… protiv asteroida? Filosofskie printsipy // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – ¹ 5. – S. 104-107

Review: The subject of this research is Legal Development. The article discusses legal development in terms of the development of legal ideas about humanism by individual humans and society in general. Legal development includes human actions of intellectual and volitional nature mediated by the Law aimed at the transformation of elements of human activity (social reality). We are talking about humanization (spirituality and transformation of welfare) by means of human rights and society; the creation of a legal system, the center of which is a man, his rights and freedoms. Legal development is intellectual and volitional actions mediated by rights, aimed at the conversion and humanization of the legal system, the substantiation of the value of a person, one’s rights and freedoms in the legal system. Research methodology is rational and critical thinking in the context of universal values, natural rights and freedoms of people. The novelty lies in translating the ideas of humanism in the Law, the transformation of the individual, society and the state in terms of legal ideas of human development by the individual and society. In law, the ideas of humanism are formed as a gradual change in the ratio of such concepts as ‘rights’ and ‘man’. The idea lies in the ‘humanization’ of the Law, establishing such a legal system, which would be focused on people, their rights and freedoms.

Keywords: development, legal development, modern legal system, human rights, human values, humanization of the legal system, person and the right, the right as a value, right values, rational and critical thinking

Contact information: Ponomarenko Elena Vitalyevna, 625003, Russia, Tyumen, 23 Lenina street.

References:
Perevalov V.D. Theory of State and Law: Textbook. Moscow, Vysshee obrazovanie Publ., 2005. P. 134
Ìàïåëüìàí Â.Ì. "Ãóìàííàÿ ïåäàãîãèêà" è ãóìàíèçì // NB: Ïåäàãîãèêà è ïðîñâåùåíèå. — 2012.-¹ 2.-Ñ.126-154. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4188.2012.2.360. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pp/article_360.html
Ìàñëîâ Â.Ì.. Ïîñò÷åëîâå÷åñêîå êàê ïàðàäèãìà ñîâðåìåííîé êóëüòóðû // Ôèëîñîôèÿ è êóëüòóðà. – 2013. – ¹ 11. – Ñ. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.11.10005
È.Â. Åãîðîâà. Õàííà Àðåíäò î ìàññîâîé êóëüòóðå // Ïåäàãîãèêà è ïðîñâåùåíèå. – 2013. – ¹ 2. – Ñ. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2306-434X.2013.2.9596
Í.Ñ. Øèëîâñêàÿ. Êóëüòóðíûå ñìûñëû ãóìàíèçìà // Ôèëîñîôèÿ è êóëüòóðà. – 2013. – ¹
– Ñ. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.6.6018 6. Â.Ì. Ìàñëîâ. Ïîñò÷åëîâå÷åñêîå â ìèôîëîãèè è èñêóññòâå: ñïåöèôèêà è çíà÷åíèå // Ôèëîñîôèÿ è êóëüòóðà. – 2013. – ¹ 5. – Ñ. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.4
À.Ä. Óðñóë, Ò.À. Óðñóë. Áóäóùåå ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà: àïîêàëèïñèñ èëè äàëüíåéøàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ? // Ïîëèòèêà è Îáùåñòâî. – 2012. – ¹ 12. – Ñ. 104-107.
Ì.Ì. Ïðîõîðîâ. Èñòîðèÿ, êóëüòóðà îïðåäåëåíèÿ áûòèÿ è ãóìàíèçìà // Ôèëîñîôèÿ è êóëüòóðà. – 2012. – ¹ 2. – Ñ. 104-107
Gurevich, P. S. Will a human being stay unchanged? // Ôèëîñîôèÿ è êóëüòóðà. - 2013. - 2. - C. 261 - 262. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.02.13.
Å.Ã. Ìàëüöåâà Due diligence of human rights as a new way
of human rights protection // Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî è ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îðãàíèçàöèè / International Law and International Organizations. - 2012. - 4. - C. 116 - 121.

References (transliteration):
Perevalov V.D. Theory of State and Law: Textbook. Moscow, Vysshee obrazovanie Publ., 2005. P. 134
Mapel'man V.M. "Gumannaya pedagogika" i gumanizm // NB: Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. — 2012.-¹ 2.-S.126-154. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4188.2012.2.360. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pp/article_360.html
Maslov V.M.. Postchelovecheskoe kak paradigma sovremennoy kul'tury // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – ¹ 11. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.11.10005
I.V. Egorova. Khanna Arendt o massovoy kul'ture // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. – 2013. – ¹ 2. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2306-434X.2013.2.9596
N.S. Shilovskaya. Kul'turnye smysly gumanizma // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – ¹
– S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.6.6018 6. V.M. Maslov. Postchelovecheskoe v mifologii i iskusstve: spetsifika i znachenie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – ¹ 5. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.4
A.D. Ursul, T.A. Ursul. Budushchee chelovechestva: apokalipsis ili dal'neyshaya evolyutsiya? // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – ¹ 12. – S. 104-107.
M.M. Prokhorov. Istoriya, kul'tura opredeleniya bytiya i gumanizma // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – ¹ 2. – S. 104-107
Gurevich, P. S. Will a human being stay unchanged? // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 2. - C. 261 - 262. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.02.13.
E.G. Mal'tseva Due diligence of human rights as a new way
of human rights protection // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. - 2012. - 4. - C. 116 - 121.

Review: The author discusses anthropological aspects of modern globalization. He shows that comprehension of global processes requires analysis of the problems of human nature. An attempt is made at creating a generalized image of man that will be a symbol of the nascent world. On the other hand, the author criticizes the projects of deanthropologization, debiologization of man. Traditional questions of philosophical anthropology, such as «is man a creator or a creation?», «who or what is the demiurge of the modern world?», «is the human body really a basis for human identification?», «is human nature capable of extreme openness and infinite transformation?», prove to be topical again. The author uses the method of philosophical anthropology to analyze these problems. He shows that this philosophical trend, for the decades of its existence, has improved its approaches to the issues of philosophical comprehension of man and is based on these original traditions. The novelty of the approach is not related only to restoration of the mystical tradition of remaking man but also to critical consideration of the whole European experience of «reconstruction» of the personality. The article evaluates the technical project of «remaking man» from critical positions, sets forth arguments that permit to rationally approach the problem and its basic foundations.

Keywords: global world, man, cybernaut, identity, transformation, nature, genetics, philosophy, philosophical anthropology, symbol.

Contact information: Gurevich Pavel Semenovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, 14/1 Volhonka.

References:
Smirnov, S.S., 2003. Sovremennaya antropologia [Modern anthropology. An analytical review]. Chelovek, 5.
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Savchenko, I.A., 2009. Transformatsiya kul’turnoy identichnosti v multikulturnom soobshchestve [Transformation of cultural identity in a multicultural community]. Lichnost. Kultura. Obshchestvo, 50: 430-438.
Samokhvalova, V.I., 2009. K ponimaniyu cheloveka v ego chelovecheskoy identichnosti [On understanding of man in his human identity]. Polignosis, 2: 89-102.
Peskov, V., 2008. Novoselye murashey [A new ant home]. Komsomolskaya pravda, 24-31 July: 65.
Nietzsche, F., 1990. Ecce Homo. How one becomes what one is. In: Nietzsche, F., 1990. Works in two vols. Ì., Idea.
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 1981. Oration on the dignity of man. In: Shestakov, V.P. (comp.), 1981. Estetika Renessansa [Aesthetics of the Renaissance]. Vol. 1, p. 249.
Leary, T., 2002. The seven tongues of God. Ê., Janus, Ì., Peresvet.
Lektorskiy, V.A., 2004. Umer li chelovek [Is man dead]? In: Stepin, V.S. (edit.), 2004. Nauka, obshchestvo, chelovek. To the 75th anniversary of the birth of academician I.T. Frolov. Ì., Nauka.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2010. Bytie i nichto [Being and nothing]. St.Petersburg, Aleteja.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2010. Filosofia transgumanizma [The philosophy of transhumanism]. Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod University.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2009. Chelovecheskoe i inoe. Bor’ba mirov [The human and the other. The war of the world’s]. St.Petersburg, Aleteja.
Jaspers, K., 1997. General psychopathology. Ì., Workshop.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2006. Filosofskiy obraz nashego vremeni [The philosophical image of our time (the lifeless worlds of posthumanity)]. Smolensk, Smolensk state University.
Gurevich, P.S., 2008. Logika biosa i mozg mashiny [The logic of bios and the machine brain]. Filosofia i kultura, 8: 28-36.
Chardin, Pierre, 1987. Fenomen cheloveka [The phenomenon of man]. Ì., Nauka.
Dugin, A.G., 2007. Postgumanizm. Chelovek v mire postmoderna [Posthumanism. Man in the postmodern world]. Vestnik analitiki, 1: 132.
Baudrillard, J., 2006. The trapsparency of Evil. Ì., Dobrosvet.
Berdyaev, N.A., 1989. Smysl tvorchestva [The meaning of the creative act]. In: Berdyaev, N.A., 1989. Filosofia svobody. Smysl tvorchestva [The philosophy of freedom. The meaning of the creative act]. Ì., Pravda.

References (transliteration):
Smirnov, S.S., 2003. Sovremennaya antropologia [Modern anthropology. An analytical review]. Chelovek, 5.
Vdovina, I.S., 2008. Merleau-Ponty Maurice. In: Blauberg, I.I. (edit.), 2008. Filosofy Frantsii [French philosophers]. Dictionary, M.: Gardariki
Savchenko, I.A., 2009. Transformatsiya kul’turnoy identichnosti v multikulturnom soobshchestve [Transformation of cultural identity in a multicultural community]. Lichnost. Kultura. Obshchestvo, 50: 430-438.
Samokhvalova, V.I., 2009. K ponimaniyu cheloveka v ego chelovecheskoy identichnosti [On understanding of man in his human identity]. Polignosis, 2: 89-102.
Peskov, V., 2008. Novoselye murashey [A new ant home]. Komsomolskaya pravda, 24-31 July: 65.
Nietzsche, F., 1990. Ecce Homo. How one becomes what one is. In: Nietzsche, F., 1990. Works in two vols. M., Idea.
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 1981. Oration on the dignity of man. In: Shestakov, V.P. (comp.), 1981. Estetika Renessansa [Aesthetics of the Renaissance]. Vol. 1, p. 249.
Leary, T., 2002. The seven tongues of God. K., Janus, M., Peresvet.
Lektorskiy, V.A., 2004. Umer li chelovek [Is man dead]? In: Stepin, V.S. (edit.), 2004. Nauka, obshchestvo, chelovek. To the 75th anniversary of the birth of academician I.T. Frolov. M., Nauka.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2010. Bytie i nichto [Being and nothing]. St.Petersburg, Aleteja.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2010. Filosofia transgumanizma [The philosophy of transhumanism]. Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod University.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2009. Chelovecheskoe i inoe. Bor’ba mirov [The human and the other. The war of the world’s]. St.Petersburg, Aleteja.
Jaspers, K., 1997. General psychopathology. M., Workshop.
Kutyrev, V.A., 2006. Filosofskiy obraz nashego vremeni [The philosophical image of our time (the lifeless worlds of posthumanity)]. Smolensk, Smolensk state University.
Gurevich, P.S., 2008. Logika biosa i mozg mashiny [The logic of bios and the machine brain]. Filosofia i kultura, 8: 28-36.
Chardin, Pierre, 1987. Fenomen cheloveka [The phenomenon of man]. M., Nauka.
Dugin, A.G., 2007. Postgumanizm. Chelovek v mire postmoderna [Posthumanism. Man in the postmodern world]. Vestnik analitiki, 1: 132.
Baudrillard, J., 2006. The trapsparency of Evil. M., Dobrosvet.
Berdyaev, N.A., 1989. Smysl tvorchestva [The meaning of the creative act]. In: Berdyaev, N.A., 1989. Filosofia svobody. Smysl tvorchestva [The philosophy of freedom. The meaning of the creative act]. M., Pravda.

Review: The subject of study are human images that have taken shape in modern philos-ophy. The author proceeds from the assumption that the human image might be regarded in two dimensions: as «human» (human subjectivity) and as «superhuman» or meta-physical, manifested at various levels of his being, namely, semblance (possible being, being-as-seen) and seemingness (conditional being or being-as-if, pseudo-being as dis-tinct from true being), the objectively essential (whatness) and the subjectively essential (whoness). The metaphysical image proper that fixes the relationship with the transcen-dental world – the true-essential, is differentiated into authenticity (self-being) and oth-erness (other-being). In his study, the author is guided by the methodology of existential phenomenol- ogy. From this viewpoint he offers his interpretation of the phenomena of human exist-ence expressed by the notions «semblance» and «seemingness», «whatness» and «whoness», authenticity and otherness. The novelty of this work is in revealing a metaphysical dimension of human being that hides behind the layers of the properly «human» – human subjectivity, which is characterized by the tokens of thinking, freedom, creativity and reflexivity. At the latent level, the human image is expressed in terms of possible and conditional being. These, however, are but approaches to the main point. There is another essential level in the human being, which expresses his/her metaphysical essence – other-being.

Keywords: human being, subjectivity, thinking, freedom, creativity, reflexivity, semblance, seemingness, latent level, metaphysical image.

Contact information: Reznik Juriy Mikhailovitch, 119991, Russia, Moscow, uliza Volkhonka d. 14/5.

References:
Gatinskaya N.V. O funktsionalno-semanticheskom opisanii modalnykh slov – znakov kazhimosti [On a functional-semantic description of modal words – signs of seemingness] // Russkiy yazyk za rubezhom [Russian language abroad]. 2001. No. 1.
Rybas A.E. Osnovnoy vopros filosofii budushchego Rorty [The main ques-tion of Rorty’s philosophy of future] (see: http://anthropology.ru/ru/texts/rybas/russia_15.html).

References (transliteration):
Gatinskaya N.V. O funktsionalno-semanticheskom opisanii modalnykh slov – znakov kazhimosti [On a functional-semantic description of modal words – signs of seemingness] // Russkiy yazyk za rubezhom [Russian language abroad]. 2001. No. 1.
Rybas A.E. Osnovnoy vopros filosofii budushchego Rorty [The main ques-tion of Rorty’s philosophy of future] (see: http://anthropology.ru/ru/texts/rybas/russia_15.html).

Review: The subject of the article is to analyze the anthropological theme in the works of Russian writer Lev Tolstoy and give a characteristic of the Russian view of the world. Lev Tolstoy\’s works give a researcher a unique opportunity to have an idea about Russian worldview. An artist of genius, tireless worker and searcher for the meaning of life, the count-mouzhik left to future generations innumerable richness of observations, thoughts, artistic topics and images. Due to their depth and versatility they have long become and continue to be a subject of philosophical analysis. The article discusses a number of important meanings and values of Russian worldview that Tolstoy examined. First of all, in is the meaning (to be more precise – search for the meaning) of that which crowns human life. The theme of death and Russian people attitude to it was studied by the writer throughout his whole creative life. The author uses the method of hermeneutic analysis of the Russian writer\’s texts. Secular and theological thought referring to evaluation of the fear of death has been compared. The article\’s novelty is in looking for that which can oppose death. Having discovered for himself that the fear of death can be overcome through love as the fullest manifestation of God, Tolstoy turned to its analysis and then to consideration of the other side of this human feeling, devoting a number of great philosophical and artistic works to examination of passion. Sin and repentance, crime and punishment in human and social life, moral and legal justice are another worldview component of Tolstoy\’s creative work. The thinker\’s creative search has not been completed. But the very process is that most valuable heritage that he left to the reflecting descendants.

Keywords: literature, philosophy, fear, death, life, worldview, crime, repentance, law, justice.

Contact information: Nikolsky Serguey Anatolevitch, 119991, Russia, Moscow, uliza Volkhonka d. 14/5.

References:
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 13. Moscow: GIKhL, 1983.
Zverev, A.M., and V.A. Tunimanov. Lev Tolstoi. [In serial: Zhizn ' Zamecha-tel nykh Liudei]. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2007.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 4. Moscow: GIKhL, 1979.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 8. Moscow: GIKhL, 1981.
Nabokov, V. Lektsiipo russkoi literature. Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, 1996.
Strakhov, P.P. "O 'Voine i mire'." In Biblioteka russkoi kritiki, 2003.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vols. 1-3. Moscow: GIKhL, 1978.
Kritika 60-kh godov XIX veka. Moscow: Astrel, 2003.
Lifshits, M.A. Mifologiia drevniaia i sovremennaia. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1979.
Mardov, I.B. Lev Tolstoi. Drama i velichie liubvi. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2005.
Moscow: Russkie slovari, 2000. 2. Brodskii, I. Sochineniia Iosifa Brodskogo. St. Petersburg: MCMXVIII, 1997.
Bakhtin, M.M. Sobr. soch. v 7-mi t. Vol.

References (transliteration):
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 13. Moscow: GIKhL, 1983.
Zverev, A.M., and V.A. Tunimanov. Lev Tolstoi. [In serial: Zhizn ' Zamecha-tel nykh Liudei]. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2007.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 4. Moscow: GIKhL, 1979.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vol. 8. Moscow: GIKhL, 1981.
Nabokov, V. Lektsiipo russkoi literature. Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, 1996.
Strakhov, P.P. "O 'Voine i mire'." In Biblioteka russkoi kritiki, 2003.
Tolstoi, L.N. Sobr. soch. v 22-kh t. Vols. 1-3. Moscow: GIKhL, 1978.
Kritika 60-kh godov XIX veka. Moscow: Astrel, 2003.
Lifshits, M.A. Mifologiia drevniaia i sovremennaia. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1979.
Mardov, I.B. Lev Tolstoi. Drama i velichie liubvi. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2005.
Moscow: Russkie slovari, 2000. 2. Brodskii, I. Sochineniia Iosifa Brodskogo. St. Petersburg: MCMXVIII, 1997.
Bakhtin, M.M. Sobr. soch. v 7-mi t. Vol.

Review: In this article we attempt to demonstrate the initial coherence of faith and reason that cannot exist one without the other. Faith cannot be without the perception of reason, reason is based on faith. We contemplate faith not only as a religion, but more broadly, as universal for human beings. It involves not only faith in God, the Koran, Bible or other kinds of Holy Scripts, but also faith in ideals, faith between people, states, faith in future, etc. Firstly, we concentrate on the primary universality, restricted coherence of these phenomena in the life of a human being and mankind. This has been considered a great deal; however, we are interested in the impossibility of the existence of faith without reason and reason without faith.When subjectivist, Berkley, states that only sensation exists, but not objects, he is positive about it, he believes in his primary cognition. Similarly, when dialectic materialists make claims about the objective existence of the world and objects, they have an absolute faith in their primary cognition. To prove this they use practice as a criterion of the realness of what they say. In their primary cognition they also believe, though absolutely, in the realness of this judgment. Primary cognition based on faith in the self, can be obvious, or latent, or unobvious in the form of absolute assurance. That is to say, faith, trust in the self, even in our own doubts, are primary cognition for a human being. Misfaith in the self, our own senses and judgments is based on primary trust-faith in the rightness of such an attitude to them. When Rene Descartes says: «cogito ergo sum» – «I think therefore I am «, from this epoch of new science and ever after «cogito» (think) it was believed the first reliable cognition (act of faith and mind) primary is his faith in the realness of thought, faith-cognition (initial act of mind). Often this is not acknowledged. Faith in the realness of thought, as an initial act of thought, precedes the thinking process or occurs at one time. However, if faith-cognition is concurrent, it still precedes by substance, if not by time. This logic was first introduced by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in a different aspect.

Keywords: Contra Descartes, Faith, Reason, philosophy, theology, rationalism, universal, primary, science, religion.

Contact information: Asadullaev Iskandar Kurbanovitch, dr_asadullaev@mail.ru

References:
Asadullaev, I. K. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and the Universal Correspondence Principle // .-2011.-10.-C. 56-62.
Kirsberg, I. V. Religious Studies: from Study to Science? // .-2011.-12.-C. 84-94.
Omelchuk, R. K. Symbolism of Faith from the Point of View of Ontological Approach // .-2011.-4.-C. 24-35.
Fisher, N. Kant’s ‘Morally Definite Monotheism’ With Reference to Christology (continuation) (translated by I. V. Kirsberg) // .-2013.-5.-C. 692-700. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.11.
Kirsberg, I. V. How to Disguise Theology as Science from the Point of View of Phenomenology // .-2012.-11.-C. 29-38.
Omelchuk, R. K. Methodological Prerequisites to Ontological System of Faith // .-2012.-9.-C. 120-130.
Omarova, Z. U. Some Aspects of Studying the Religion Phenomenon // .-2012.-10.-C. 127-132.
Fisher, N. Kant’s Comprehensive System of Philosophically Found Theology (translated from German by I. V. Kirsberg) // .-2013.-3.-C. 325-336. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.03.6.
Gurevich, P. S. Faith as the Basis of the World // .-2011.-2.-C. 83-90.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Izbrannye philosophskie proizvedenia. Moskva: Izdatelstvo “Nauka”, 1980. Èáí Ñèíà. Èçáðàííûå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ. Ìîñêâà: Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Íàóêà», 1980.
Bertrand Russell (2004) History of western philosophy pp.511, 516-7
Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1992). "Descartes' life and the development of his philosophy". In Cottingham, John. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
Aristotle. Metaphysics. The work in four volumes. Vol. 1. // Moscow: “Mysl’”. – p. 431.
Augustine of Hippo (2008). Confessions. Chadwick, Henry transl. New York: Oxford University Press.
"Cartesianism (philosophy): Contemporary influences" in Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Descartes, René (1644). The Principles of Philosophy (IX). Rene Descartes “Meditationes de prima philosophia, in quibus Dei existential et animae humanae a corpore distinctio demonstrator”, 1647.
Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006). Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8. Retrieved 7 February 2012; Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. My Life/M. Nauka, 1969. – Ñ. 475-476; Asadullaev I.K. Novaya Paradigma. Ontology/Dushanbe: R-graph, 2011 – Ñ. 195.

References (transliteration):
Asadullaev, I. K. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and the Universal Correspondence Principle // .-2011.-10.-C. 56-62.
Kirsberg, I. V. Religious Studies: from Study to Science? // .-2011.-12.-C. 84-94.
Omelchuk, R. K. Symbolism of Faith from the Point of View of Ontological Approach // .-2011.-4.-C. 24-35.
Fisher, N. Kant’s ‘Morally Definite Monotheism’ With Reference to Christology (continuation) (translated by I. V. Kirsberg) // .-2013.-5.-C. 692-700. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.11.
Kirsberg, I. V. How to Disguise Theology as Science from the Point of View of Phenomenology // .-2012.-11.-C. 29-38.
Omelchuk, R. K. Methodological Prerequisites to Ontological System of Faith // .-2012.-9.-C. 120-130.
Omarova, Z. U. Some Aspects of Studying the Religion Phenomenon // .-2012.-10.-C. 127-132.
Fisher, N. Kant’s Comprehensive System of Philosophically Found Theology (translated from German by I. V. Kirsberg) // .-2013.-3.-C. 325-336. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.03.6.
Gurevich, P. S. Faith as the Basis of the World // .-2011.-2.-C. 83-90.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Izbrannye philosophskie proizvedenia. Moskva: Izdatelstvo “Nauka”, 1980. Ibn Sina. Izbrannye filosofskie proizvedeniya. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo «Nauka», 1980.
Bertrand Russell (2004) History of western philosophy pp.511, 516-7
Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1992). "Descartes' life and the development of his philosophy". In Cottingham, John. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
Aristotle. Metaphysics. The work in four volumes. Vol. 1. // Moscow: “Mysl’”. – p. 431.
Augustine of Hippo (2008). Confessions. Chadwick, Henry transl. New York: Oxford University Press.
"Cartesianism (philosophy): Contemporary influences" in Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Descartes, René (1644). The Principles of Philosophy (IX). Rene Descartes “Meditationes de prima philosophia, in quibus Dei existential et animae humanae a corpore distinctio demonstrator”, 1647.
Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006). Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8. Retrieved 7 February 2012; Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. My Life/M. Nauka, 1969. – S. 475-476; Asadullaev I.K. Novaya Paradigma. Ontology/Dushanbe: R-graph, 2011 – S. 195.

Review: Tolerance — passive patience, attitude to another as a decent person. This is a deliberate suppression of feelings of rejection views of manners and habits of the other. An appeal to it was dictated by changes in a church, political and scientific life. The essence and validity of several philosophical positions in justifying the vital problem of tolerance is investigated: above all, tolerance stated by J. Locke and P. Bayle in XVII; an embodiment of the tolerance in the project of multiculturalism and its destiny; culture-centrist and naturalistic concepts. Postmodern deconstruction project as a critic of thinking patterns that leads to dogmatism and intolerance is analysed, and so is the interpretation of tolerance as equality conceptual projects and value systems underlying the different cultures. The different beliefs systems cannot communicate because of they are locked-in. According Derrida to E. Levinas the roots of violence in the 20th century are originated in philosophy — from failure to respect the Other, and the domination of generalisation over individual and personal. The tolerance is needed because it is a virtue against fanaticism, sectarianism and authoritarianism (A. Comte-Sponville). Naturalistic project proposes to consider human only as a form of the biological life, and one should not oppose culture to biology, nature and wildness. When the human feels as a part of the living world, he ceases to be Aggressive? And he is more able to engage in a dialoque and interaction.

Keywords: tolerance, contemporary philosophy, human, postmodernism, practical humanism, new naturalism, culture, fanaticism, sectarianism, authoritarianism.

Contact information: Aleynik Raisa Michailovna, 125047, Russia, Moscow, Miusskaya sq., 9.

References:
Locke J. Works a 3 Vols. V. 3. (In Russian). Moscow, 1988.
Locke J. Works a 3 Vol. (In Russian). V. 3. M.: Mysl, 1988.
Derrida J. Violence and metaphysics. Essay on Emmanuel Levinas thought. // Derrida J. Writing and difference. (In Russian). Moscow: Academic Project, 2000.
Comte-Sponville A. Small treatise on the great virtues or How to use the philosophy of everyday life. (In Russian). Moscow, Eterna, 2012.
Bayle P. Historical and critical dictionary. V. 1-2. (In Russian). Moscow, 1968.
Schaeffer J.M. The end of human exceptionalism. (In Russian). Moscow: UFO, 2010.

References (transliteration):
Locke J. Works a 3 Vols. V. 3. (In Russian). Moscow, 1988.
Locke J. Works a 3 Vol. (In Russian). V. 3. M.: Mysl, 1988.
Derrida J. Violence and metaphysics. Essay on Emmanuel Levinas thought. // Derrida J. Writing and difference. (In Russian). Moscow: Academic Project, 2000.
Comte-Sponville A. Small treatise on the great virtues or How to use the philosophy of everyday life. (In Russian). Moscow, Eterna, 2012.
Bayle P. Historical and critical dictionary. V. 1-2. (In Russian). Moscow, 1968.
Schaeffer J.M. The end of human exceptionalism. (In Russian). Moscow: UFO, 2010.

Review: In that previous article, emptiness (space) was considered as a state of substance within which other substances are transformed — matter and field. In turn, matter and field form from the emptiness (energy).In the present paper, we consider matter and field (the micro world, macro world and mega world) as existence in our world. Non-existence in our world is existence in another world, for example, «dark matter and dark energy.» This means that, possibly, the «exhalation» of black holes is a transition of existence and certainty of our light Universe into non-existence in the form of non-participation. However, this non-existence is a form of existence of «dark matter and dark energy» which do not participate in the processes of «light matter.» There is a «window» of interaction in the form of gravitation between light matter and dark matter. However, it is possible that there is another «window» — the transformation of the matterfield of the light Universe into non-existence, that is, the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a state of non-participation with light matter — that is, with our light Universe. And vice-versa. The existence of «dark matter and dark energy», which are non-existence in our world, transform into existence in our light universe by birth of a matter-field of emptiness. This means that through the «exhalation» of black holes there is a permanent shrinking of the density of light matter, which at the same time increases the emergence of light matters/ matter-field in the center of the galaxy or through other means. We hope that this can be observed in light matter — that is, in our Universe. The mass and energy of our light universe are both growing and shrinking simultaneously. We hope that this can be observed through scientific observation.To be a phenomenon within this Universe means to be in unity with its distinctness — as manifestation and part of its distinctness. Every thing in this world is in interaction with other things, and in contact and out of contact. This is the general participation all things with each other — in the processes of one another. Distinctness of this world in all its unlimited diverse manifestations, is only in this way, not any other way, another distinctness may be nothingness, the nonexistence this world. The unity of this distinctness consist in that every thing, every object of this world may come into contact with any other thing.

Keywords: black holes, categories, participation, nonparticipation, «dark matter», emptiness, substance, existence, nonexistence, galaxy, matter.

Contact information: Asadullaev, Iskandar Kurbanovich, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734064, Apt. 52, 73/2 Ismoily Somony Str.

References:
1. Internet source: Rubakova V. «Temnaya energiya» (Dark energy) (Interview, Senior Research
Fellow Valery Rybakov, Nuclear Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow.)
2. «The Universe, Astronomy, Philosophy». Moscow State University Press, 1988.
3. Gindilis, L.M. «Multiplicity of inhabited worlds» (Mnojestvennost obitaemykh mirov)
in «The Universe, Astronomy, Philosophy,» Moscow State University Press, 1988. p. 93.
4. Aristotle. (Essays) «Compositions in Four Volumes,» Moscow, Mysl Press, Book III,
1981. P. 391.
5. Assadullaev, I. «The Eight Challenge of the Millennium? Is Emptiness Matter? Hypothesis
on the Incompleteness of the Principle of Conservation of Mass and Energy» //
«Sentence». ¹ 1. 2013.

References (transliteration):
1. Internet source: Rubakova V. «Temnaya energiya» (Dark energy) (Interview, Senior Research
Fellow Valery Rybakov, Nuclear Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow.)
2. «The Universe, Astronomy, Philosophy». Moscow State University Press, 1988.
3. Gindilis, L.M. «Multiplicity of inhabited worlds» (Mnojestvennost obitaemykh mirov)
in «The Universe, Astronomy, Philosophy,» Moscow State University Press, 1988. p. 93.
4. Aristotle. (Essays) «Compositions in Four Volumes,» Moscow, Mysl Press, Book III,
1981. P. 391.
5. Assadullaev, I. «The Eight Challenge of the Millennium? Is Emptiness Matter? Hypothesis
on the Incompleteness of the Principle of Conservation of Mass and Energy» //
«Sentence». ¹ 1. 2013.

Review: This article attempts to show incompleteness of the principle of conservation of mass and energy, on the basis of assumption of the recognition of two new for the science types of substance — being of proposition and being of perception, based on the fact that emptiness is not nothingness (nothing), but «something» — type of substance. The hypothesis proceeds also from the mutual transition of different types of matter: substances, fields and spaces, into one another in strictly defined conditions. We expect the recognition of emptiness as a type of matter to have far-reaching consequences for numerous sciences. Firstly, it «legalizes» in terms of natural scientific materialism, i.e. attaches legitimacy to the ideas of mass and energy extinction. This, however, does not mean transition of something into nothing, and by expanding conservation principle, we uphold the same position that matter does not disappear, but converses from one type into another — emptiness. The recognition of emptiness by matter brings to the cardinal conclusions about the emergence of galaxies, black holes, stars and stellar substance from space (emptiness). The hypothesis of emergence of substance in the centre of galaxies receives another indirect confirmation.

Keywords: energy, mass, principle of conservation, matter, galaxies, emptiness, nothing, hypothesis, being of perception, being of proposition.

Contact information: Asadullaev, Iskandar Kurbanovich, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734064, Apt. 52, 73/2 Ismoily Somony Str.

References:
1. Asadullaev, I.K. Beauty, Love and Perpetual motion. 16 new categories: based on the
works by Aristotle, Avicenna, Hegel. Dushanbe: Irfon, 2008.
2. Aristotle. Works in four volumes, 1976.
3. Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Spiritual Medicine / Preface. Dushanbe: Irfon, 1990.
4. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Works. Dushanbe: Donish, 2005.
5. Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Science of Logic. Vol. 1. M.: Thought, 1970. p. 235.
6. Heisenberg, W. Physics and Philosophy. Part and whole: Translation from German. M.:
Nauka, 1990.
7. Aristotle. Works in four volumes. M.: Mysl, 1976.

References (transliteration):
1. Asadullaev, I.K. Beauty, Love and Perpetual motion. 16 new categories: based on the
works by Aristotle, Avicenna, Hegel. Dushanbe: Irfon, 2008.
2. Aristotle. Works in four volumes, 1976.
3. Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Spiritual Medicine / Preface. Dushanbe: Irfon, 1990.
4. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Works. Dushanbe: Donish, 2005.
5. Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Science of Logic. Vol. 1. M.: Thought, 1970. p. 235.
6. Heisenberg, W. Physics and Philosophy. Part and whole: Translation from German. M.:
Nauka, 1990.
7. Aristotle. Works in four volumes. M.: Mysl, 1976.

Review: There is a widespread opinion that philosophical anthropology is a field of knowledge about the origin, history and content of culture. This statement is only partially true. Culture is demonstrative of a certain way of being. Many anthropologists and cultural scientists do not set themselves the task of finding out why man is as he is, what is his existential reality, in which his determined originality is manifested. Reduction of the whole problem of man to description of culture would mean disregard of the principal side of the question: what determines the cultural essence of man? The integrity of philosophical anthropology distinguishes it from other disciplines that study man in one particular aspect. Philosophical anthropologists wish to grasp, at least, the live wholeness of a person, his concrete «I». Philosophical anthropology more decisively than, say, gestalt psychology finds in man configurations and behaviours that are impossible to split and put to the final analysis. Spirituality is undoubtedly among the basic human existentials. The notion of «spirit» in philosophical anthropology has a long and peculiar history. Since time immemorial, freedom, reflection, spirit were considered to be man’s essential qualities. Spirit is man’s highest ability permitting him to become a subject of meaning-setting, personal self-determination, conscious transformation of reality. We, people, are the present existence, consciousness in general and spirit, that is the ideasdriven wholeness of comprehensible relationships in ourselves and in all that we have created, done and thought.

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, man, culture, human existentials, spirit, existence, meaning, wholeness, psyche, memory.

Contact information: Gurevich, Pavel Semenovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, Volkhonka Str., 14/1, build. 5.

References:
1. Adler, A. Nauka o kharakterakh: ponyat’ prirodu cheloveka [The science of character:
understanding human nature]. M., 2013.
2. Buber, M. The Problem of Man, p. 148 // Buber M. Two Types of Faith. Ìoscow, 1995.
3. Kant, I. Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View // Kant I. Coll. works in 8 vols.
Moscow, 1994. Vol. 7. P. 137-372.
4. Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason // Kant I. Coll. works in 8 vols. M., 1994. Vol. 3. P. 5-707.
5. Hegel, G.W.F. The Philosophy of Religion: In 2 vols. M., 1975. Vol. 2.
6. Hegel, G.W.F. Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences: In 3 vols. M., 1977. Vol. 2.
7. Spektr antropologicheskikh ucheniy [The spectrum of anthropological doctrines]. Issue 4 /
Ed.-in-chief P.S. Gurevich. M.: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 2012.
8. Barrow, J.D., Tipler, F.J. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford, 2005.
9. Agassi, J. Towards a rational philosophical anthropology. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977.
10. Skinner, B.F. About Behaviorism. New York, 1994.
11. Emerson, Caryl. The first Hundred Years of Bakhtin. Princeton, 2008.
12. Woolfson, M. Time, Space, Stars and Man. Singapore: World Scientific, 2013.
13. Spirova, E.M. Phenomenon of Spirit in Philosophical Anthropology, 2013. ¹ 1. C. 26-34.
DOI: 10.7256/ 2070-8955.2013.01.4.
14. Gurevich, P.S. Status of Philosophical Anthropology, 2011. ¹ 8. C. 4-6.

References (transliteration):
1. Adler, A. Nauka o kharakterakh: ponyat’ prirodu cheloveka [The science of character:
understanding human nature]. M., 2013.
2. Buber, M. The Problem of Man, p. 148 // Buber M. Two Types of Faith. Moscow, 1995.
3. Kant, I. Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View // Kant I. Coll. works in 8 vols.
Moscow, 1994. Vol. 7. P. 137-372.
4. Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason // Kant I. Coll. works in 8 vols. M., 1994. Vol. 3. P. 5-707.
5. Hegel, G.W.F. The Philosophy of Religion: In 2 vols. M., 1975. Vol. 2.
6. Hegel, G.W.F. Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences: In 3 vols. M., 1977. Vol. 2.
7. Spektr antropologicheskikh ucheniy [The spectrum of anthropological doctrines]. Issue 4 /
Ed.-in-chief P.S. Gurevich. M.: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 2012.
8. Barrow, J.D., Tipler, F.J. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford, 2005.
9. Agassi, J. Towards a rational philosophical anthropology. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977.
10. Skinner, B.F. About Behaviorism. New York, 1994.
11. Emerson, Caryl. The first Hundred Years of Bakhtin. Princeton, 2008.
12. Woolfson, M. Time, Space, Stars and Man. Singapore: World Scientific, 2013.
13. Spirova, E.M. Phenomenon of Spirit in Philosophical Anthropology, 2013. ¹ 1. C. 26-34.
DOI: 10.7256/ 2070-8955.2013.01.4.
14. Gurevich, P.S. Status of Philosophical Anthropology, 2011. ¹ 8. C. 4-6.