Abstract: Every day a person experiences tension and perceives various situations as stressful. Stress is known to have an impact on mental and physical health. There is evidence that women experience more distress than men. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the factors and mechanisms associated with distress in women. Coping strategies and anticipatory consistency can be attributed to such variables. An analysis of the literature revealed a shortage of studies that would examine the relationship between anticipatory well-being, coping behavior, and perceived stress. The aim of the current study is to determine how anticipatory well–being affects perceived stress of women, and whether coping strategies are involved in this relationship. It is assumed that anticipatory consistency is negatively related to perceived stress, and coping strategies mediate the relationship between anticipation and stress. The study involved 305 female respondents. The following psychodiagnostic methods were used: the scale of perceived stress 10, the questionnaire "Strategies of coping behavior", a short version of the test of anticipatory consistency. Statistical methods: correlation analysis, simple mediation analysis, multiple mediation analysis. The result is a model of multiple mediation. Anticipatory well-being of women is negatively related to the level of perceived stress. This relationship is not direct, but is mediated by coping strategies. Coping methods such as "escape-avoidance" and "problem-solving planning" mediate the relationship between anticipatory well-being and the level of perceived stress. The higher the level of anticipatory ability, the higher the probability of using the "problem solving planning" strategy, which reduces the level of perceived stress, and the lower the probability of actualizing the "escape-avoidance" coping strategy, which is associated with increased stress. Anticipatory consistency makes it possible to predict the results of coping behavior even before the actualization of a specific activity, and coping strategies act as specific efforts that affect stress. The main limitations of the current work are also briefly considered.

Keywords: distress, perceived stress, stress, anticipatory consistency, anticipation, coping mechanisms, coping strategies, coping behavior, coping, adaptation

Abstract: Qualitative measurement of stress levels relying solely on subjective questionnaires poses significant challenges, especially in the case of adolescents. This is due to the often observed lack of reflection and awareness of their emotional states and experiences within this age group. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of stress levels requires a more integrated approach. The subject of the study is the neuropsychophysiological correlates of stress responses in adolescents and their coping mechanisms. This article analyzes the results of a study aimed at combining information obtained from two physiological signals: galvanic skin response (GSR) and functional fitness (FF). These data are utilized to investigate the neuropsychophysiological correlates of stress responses and the mechanisms for coping with them in adolescents. The research was conducted through a neurophenomenological interview, which allows for a deeper understanding of the internal processes occurring during stress and their impact on adolescents' mental health. Physiological indicators of GSR and FF were recorded using a biofeedback device "Reakor" during the neurophenomenological interview. All questions were categorized by themes. The study examined two periods: the period of listening to the question posed by the interviewer and the period of responding to the question. Significant differences were identified during the research related to the gender and age characteristics of the subjects. These differences pertain to the selection and application of various basic coping strategies that adolescents use to manage stress and anxiety. The processes of regulation and the application of coping strategies are more actively observed in girls. Additionally, key areas of life were identified that may significantly contribute to the development of anxiety within this age group. The combination of psychophysiological tests with psychodiagnostic methods represents an innovative approach that allows for the identification of mental processes that remain unnoticed when using standard subjective questionnaires. This multifaceted approach may aid in the development of effective support and correction programs for anxiety in adolescents, helping them cope with difficulties and improving their overall mental well-being.

Keywords: Oncological diseases, Neuro-phenomenological interview, Photoplethysmography, Galvanic skin reaction, Coping behavior, Anxiety, Coping strategy, Stress-reaction, Psychophysiological correlates, Chronic diseases

Abstract: The study describes the characteristics of loneliness and anxiety experienced by adolescents of the older and younger age groups who use surfactants and are undergoing rehabilitation in a drug treatment center. The object of the study is the peculiarities of experiencing loneliness and anxiety, the subject was their predictive role in the formation of adolescents' addiction to surfactants in different age groups. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of loneliness and anxiety of adolescents who use surfactants. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the study of adolescents suffering from chemical dependence and who are in the process of rehabilitation. To conduct the study, we used the following methods: assessment of the subjective experience of loneliness by D. Russell, M. Ferguson (UCLA); the A.Beck anxiety scale (BAI); the scale of overt anxiety for teenagers by A.M. Parishioners. The study involved 50 adolescents (25 boys and 25 girls, 20 of them younger adolescents (10 boys and 10 girls) and 30 older adolescents (15 boys and 15 girls) who use various types of surfactants and are undergoing rehabilitation in drug treatment centers. The sample of respondents is maximally ordered by gender, age and sociodemographic criteria (full families, average income, permanent residence in Moscow and/or the Moscow region, regular use of surfactants of the same type). As a result of the study, we identified stable features in experiencing anxiety and subjective loneliness: adolescent boys of both age groups are more likely to experience loneliness as a misunderstanding from others and an average level of anxiety, while the anxiety level of adolescent girls is significantly higher and is associated with the manifestation of the scale of social desirability. At the same time, adolescents of the younger age group are prone to higher levels of anxiety, while older adolescents are prone to deeper experiences of subjective loneliness in terms of impaired social interactions.

Keywords: drug treatment center, rehabilitation, predictors of addiction, minors, loneliness, anxiety, Surfactants, dependence, teenagers, chemical dependence

Abstract: The subject of the study is the emotional sphere and cognitive functions (memory, attention, thinking) of patients with HIV infection. The object of the study is the patients themselves. The author provides a detailed analysis of the cognitive impairments in this group of patients, which significantly affect treatment adherence, emotional stability, and overall quality of life. The focus is on the experience of conducting group training, the effectiveness of which is demonstrated by improvements of participants' emotional state and cognitive functions. The study emphasizes the importance of a personalized approach to assessing and correcting cognitive functions and emotional disorders, considering factors such as disease stage, comorbidities, psychoemotional state, and individual patient characteristics. Based on these findings, the author developed a training program tailored to meet the needs of this group. In the work we used an information questionnaire, Schulte tables, “10 words memorization test”, “Munsterberg test”, methods “Essential attributes”, “Exclusion of superfluous” (non-verbal version), method “Complex analogies”, “Psychopathological symptomatology severity questionnaire”, method of diagnostics of irrational attitudes A. Ellis and method “Life satisfaction index”. Psychodiagnostic examination was conducted before the training and after every eight sessions. The main conclusions of the study are the proven effectiveness of the training in improving memory (of 39% of participants), attention (of 83%), logical thinking (of 36%) and emotional state, including a significant reduction in somatization, obsessive-compulsive manifestations, depression and anxiety (of 47-63%). Questionnaire survey of participants showed high satisfaction with the training and improvement of cognitive functions and emotional state, which confirms the relevance of the approach. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between emotional tension and irrational attitudes, which is important to consider in rehabilitation programs. The training program was adapted to the peculiarities of the participants, which allowed to achieve improvements in cognitive and emotional spheres.

Keywords: life satisfaction, irrational beliefs, a personalized approach, emotional disorders, comorbidity, psychological technology, training, cognitive impairment, cognitive functions, HIV infection

Abstract: The problem of post-combat personality changes in combat veterans over the past decades has become particularly important both in socio-psychological and clinical and organizational aspects. The purpose of the work: to study the features of post-combat personality changes of combat veterans. The subject of the study is personal changes of veterans of combat operations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The object of the research is scientific publications on the research topic. Special attention is paid to both the historical aspects of the study of post-combat personality changes of veterans, as well as modern ideas about personality development and views on its pathological development. The conceptual approaches to the problem of post-combat personality changes of combatants within the framework of various models of combat stress and combat post-traumatic stress disorders are considered.  Materials and methods: the literature of the RSCI citation database was analyzed (elibrary.ru ) by keyword queries: "combat veteran", "combatant", "personality changes". The analysis includes 23 papers, 87% of which were published later than 2004. The review article provides an analysis of personal changes of Russian combat veterans in clinical, descriptive and conceptual directions. Descriptions of post-traumatic personality changes in combat post-traumatic stress disorder are presented. The close interrelation of the concepts of combat stress, combat mental trauma, and combat post-traumatic stress disorders is noted. Attention is focused on the important role of the social aspect in solving the complex problem of post-combat personal changes in combatants. Taking into account modern (sometimes very controversial) ideas about personality disorders and socio-psychological characteristics of society in the context of a special military operation, the problem of post-combat personal changes of combat veterans is, in our opinion, becoming increasingly relevant, which implies further comprehensive development of this problem.

Keywords: vital threat, combatant accentuation, personality disorder, combat personality transformation, post-traumatic stress disorder, combatant, combat veteran, combat stress, international classification of diseases, war

Abstract: The subject of the study is the psychological features of the hospital adaptation of adolescents, depending on the profile of the disease (gastroenterological and neurological). The work is aimed at identifying clinical and psychological characteristics in conditions of hospitalization as a "target" for preventive support of socio-psychological adaptation of adolescents in the hospital. The materials of an empirical study are presented, 120 people took part in all stages, two groups of subjects (neurological and gastroenterological departments) with an equal number of participants, the same number of boys and girls, and equal average age in the groups (11±0.8) were selected for the forming experiment. The authors pay special attention to the identification of psychological correlates of adaptation, the consideration of which increases the effectiveness of psychological support in the hospital. According to the results of the implementation of the developed program, an improvement in the indicators of socio-psychological adaptation of adolescents, stabilization of emotional well-being and a positive attitude to the treatment process in the hospital was revealed. Psychodiagnostic methods were applied: the CMAS scale of explicit anxiety; The methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers, R. Diamond; the Kettell test, 14PF/HSPQ, the Spielberger-Hanin anxiety scale. Methods of mathematical statistics: Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Student's T-criterion Scientific novelty lies in the identification of psychological correlates of hospital adaptation depending on the disease profile. Conclusions were obtained: the presence of psychological support for the hospitalization process of children allows to reduce anxiety, improve attitude to treatment, consolidate a positive emotional state and stabilize the socio-psychological adaptation of adolescents in the hospital; it is advisable to implement a hospital adaptation program taking into account the psychological characteristics of adolescents, depending on the profile of the disease; hospital adaptation of the patients with the neurological profile is accompanied by anxiety particularities; psychological support can be carried out in the direction of activating self-presentation, creating situations with vivid impressions and interesting facts, supporting the positioning of a teenager as an adult, independent and responsible for his behavior and a clear mode of life in a hospital.

Keywords: emotional well-being, prevention of maladjustment, socio-psychological adaptation, attitude to treatment, adolescents, maladaptation, psychological support, anxiety, hospital adaptation, personal characteristics of teenagers

Abstract: Currently, special attention is being paid to improving the efficiency and quality of medical care for palliative cancer patients. However, the problems faced by patients and their loved ones affect not only the physical health of these patients, but also their emotional sphere. In this regard, the aim of the study was to compare the meaningful and dynamic characteristics of the emotional state of palliative cancer patients receiving and not receiving psychocorrective care. The subject of the study is the possibility of correcting the emotional state in palliative cancer patients through the use of visualization, relaxation, and art therapy methods. Experimental sample of the study: 33 patients of oncological palliative profile aged 38 to 65 years. In the course of the study, the authors studied the psychological characteristics of these patients. Special attention is paid to the development and implementation of a program aimed at providing psychocorrective support for palliative patients diagnosed with oncology in a hospital setting, in particular, to reduce anxiety levels and harmonize emotional state. Empirical methods: (Testing methods, group clinical conversation with patients, conducting a group psychological program. Research methods: The test "Index of life satisfaction" and its adaptation by N.V. Panina. The test "Toronto scale of alexithymia" TAS adaptation V.M.Bekhterev Institute. The personal scale of anxiety manifestation by J. Taylor, adaptation by T. A. Nemchinov. The presented work examines the possibilities of providing psychocorrective support to palliative patients diagnosed with oncology. The study revealed the peculiarities of the psyche, developed mechanisms for providing appropriate psychocorrective care, psychological interaction with the above category of people. A psychocorrection program has been developed and implemented aimed at reducing the level of anxiety, harmonizing the emotional state, working on the phenomenon of death and acceptance of the phenomenon of dying, working on anxiety, working on the search and activation of resource states. Testing of the program on an experimental group of palliative patients showed positive results. It was possible to reduce the level of anxiety and alexithymia. To achieve positive dynamics in life satisfaction indicators. The obtained research results will contribute to the creation of an empirical and practical basis for psychocorrective support for palliative patients.

Keywords: the T-Wilcoxon criterion, experiences, mentality, palliative care, negative thoughts, psychocorrection program, quality of life, psychotherapy, psychological support, oncological diseases

Abstract: The subject of the study is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of people exposed to stress factors in the city of Mariupol during the active phase of the Special Military Operation in the city. Taking into account the tasks of socio-psychological rehabilitation of the civilian population located in an area of increased risk of psychological and physical trauma, identifying the level of prevalence of PTSD in Mariupol is extremely relevant from both a scientific and applied point of view. Obtaining relevant information is important both for further in-depth research and for the development and implementation of appropriate programs of socio-psychological and (or) depth psychological rehabilitation. In addition, this information is relevant in the context of solving the problem of forming the all-Russian civic identity among new generations of Russians. The study used structured clinical interview technology, as well as the Clinical-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and a PTSD screening questionnaire. Based on the data obtained during the study, it was concluded that, in comparison with similar indicators identified among the civilian population of Afghanistan and Chechnya, who were in the territory of intense military operations and experienced the effects of powerful stress factors, as well as among people who witnessed the shooting of the Russian parliament in 1993, the prevalence of PSTD among residents of Mariupol who were in the city during the operation to liberate it is quite low. In the opinion of the authors of the article, this fact is explained by the fact that the majority of Russian citizens who remained in Mariupol and returned to it perceive the military actions of 2022 as a “forced necessity”. This leads to the conclusion about the extreme importance of using psychological and psychological-pedagogical technologies in the sphere of protecting traditional values.

Keywords: Event, Research, Value, Connection of times, Reabilitation, Trauma, Stress, Identity, PTSD, Factor

Abstract: The subject of the study is the attitude of the personality of elderly and senile people to the meaning of life and life satisfaction. The methodological basis of the study is the biopsychosocial approach, as a fundamental research model in medicine and medical psychology. Changes in the lives of older people are associated with retirement, changes in social status, loss of professional, interpersonal connections and financial stability, the presence of health problems, which leads to changes in values and meanings of life, and sometimes to maladaptation, which makes it relevant to study the characteristics of individual relationships old people. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the personality of elderly and senile people to the meaning of life and life satisfaction and to indicate the direction of psychological assistance. Scientific novelty of the study: empirical data were obtained on significant differences in the life-meaning orientations of elderly and senile people. The study was focused on studying the life-meaning orientations, life satisfaction, cognitive functions and emotional state of elderly and senile people. When analyzing the relationships between indicators, it was revealed that the meaningfulness of life of older people is associated with the consistency of achieving goals, which leads to positive self-esteem and satisfaction with life itself. Representatives of old age, due to physical and cognitive decline, distance themselves from activity in society, while maintaining satisfaction with life. The focus of psychological assistance programs requires a differentiated approach when working with elderly and senile people. Along with the correction of cognitive functions and the formation of new hobbies, it is important to include classes to develop communication skills among representatives of the older group. The results obtained can be used by specialists in medical and social institutions.

Keywords: psychological help, hobbies, new skills, depression, activities in society, cognitive functions, values of life, life satisfaction, old age, elderly people

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study changes in indicators of emotional burnout and the level of neuropsychic maladaptation among counselors at children's camps at different stages of work. Carrying out a theoretical review, the author examines in detail the phenomenon of emotional burnout, analyzes foreign research on the problem of the formation of emotional burnout among counselors in the process of their work. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that the level of neuropsychic maladjustment and emotional burnout increases during work as a counselor. In other words, the longer a counselor works, the higher his level of neuropsychic maladjustment and emotional burnout. The subject of the study is the change in the level (dynamics) of emotional burnout and neuropsychic maladaptation among counselors at children's camps. The object of the study is emotional burnout and neuropsychic maladjustment. In the process of working on the article, the following methods were used: the emotional burnout questionnaire by K. Maslach, S. Jackson (adapted by N. E. Vodopyanova), the Neuropsychic Adaptation Test by I.N. Gurvich. All employees were diagnosed three times (on every 10th day of their shift in the camp). As a result of the study, it was revealed that indicators of emotional burnout, in general, increase towards the last stage (shift in the camp), which is consistent with the results of some previous studies. In the group of counselors for whom the first stage of testing coincided with the first shift in life or the first shift after a long break, not only indicators of emotional burnout increase, but also the level of neuropsychic maladaptation (which does not happen in the general sample). In addition, counselors who were working for the first time at the time of the first stage of the study had significantly higher rates of emotional exhaustion and neuropsychic maladaptation than counselors who had been working for a long time. The novelty of the stated topic lies in the fact that this is the first study in the domestic scientific literature that examines changes in the levels of emotional burnout and neuropsychic maladaptation of counselors in a long-term perspective.

Keywords: children's camp, reduced personal accomplishment, counselors, dynamics, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, maladaptation, neuropsychic adaptation, emotional burnout, professional burnout

Abstract: The work carried out a neuropsychological assessment of different types of memory and determined the profiles of mnestic disorders depending on the type of hemispheric asymmetry and localization of the lesion. The analysis of the features of the course of stroke in the right (subdominant) hemisphere was carried out. The main symptoms of impaired types of memory, for which the subdominant hemisphere is responsible, were studied. The presented data correlate with the data found in the world literature: stroke in the subdominant hemisphere has a less pronounced effect on memory impairment, is associated with a better prognosis, while visual memory, spatial, logical, and mechanical suffer more often. A detailed topographic analysis of the syndromatics is presented, comparing instrumental data on visualization of the lesion and psychological tests that reveal a deficiency of a particular type of memory. The data obtained make it possible to identify targets and opportunities for early neuropsychological correction of disorders by attracting compensatory brain capabilities, which is important when planning an individual rehabilitation program. The analysis of mnestic activity in patients with strokes in the right (subdominant) hemisphere was carried out. The applied set of patho- and neuropsychological methods: The Wexler memory scale, Indirect memorization according to A.N. Leontiev, the "Pictograms" technique, Benton's Visual retention, the "Memorizing 10 words" Technique, the "Memorizing faces" technique, the "Memorizing shapes" method., the MOSS test. For the first time, a comprehensive clinical, psychological and experimental psychological study was conducted, which made it possible to characterize the quality and hierarchy of impaired and preserved types of mental activity in the defeat of the right (subdominant) hemisphere. For the first time, a comparative analysis of disorders of the mnestic activity of the dominant and subdominant hemispheres of the brain was carried out, which allowed us to identify the specifics of memory disorders depending on the lateralization of lesions. The novelty is also represented by the systematization of mnestic disorders carried out by the author, accompanied by the isolation of neuropsychological syndromes of disorders of mnestic activity in the defeat of various parts of the right (subdominant) hemisphere in the acute period of syndromes of occipital, temporal, parietal lobe lesions and their combinations. Based on the data obtained, the necessity of studying the features of mnestic activity in order to restore and further rehabilitate higher mental functions in patients with cerebral infarction in the right hemisphere is justified.

Keywords: Neuropsychocorrection, Compensatory mechanisms, Disorders of cerebral circulation, Neuropsychological syndromes, Hemispheric asymmetry, Mnestic function, Brain infarction, Neuropsychological diagnostics, Subdominant hemisphere, Cognitive impairment

Abstract: The subject of the study is the parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is paid to the type of attitude to the mother's child's illness and her emotional burnout. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship of parental burnout with the type of attitude to the child and his illness in women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Theoretical analysis of scientific research on the problem of emotional burnout of parents raising children with autism spectrum disorder allows us to conclude that each family faces huge problems of a different nature, which leads to chronic stress, flowing into emotional burnout. Different types of attitudes to the disease can aggravate this condition. The main conclusions of the study are presented in the provisions. Parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders is determined by the peculiarities of emotional relationships with the child. Data were obtained on different relationships between the symptoms of parental burnout and the type of relationship with a child of different ages. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduction of parental achievements are interrelated with the peculiarities of contact with the child, the inability to understand the child, feelings arising in interaction with the child, the inability to provide emotional support to the child. The type of attitude to the child's illness is determined by the peculiarities of the emotional relationship between mother and child. Thus, the predictors of the types of attitude to the child's illness are the feelings that arise in the mother's relationship with the child, a negative attitude towards herself as a mother, unconditional child, restrictions on activity and physical contact.

Keywords: emotional relationships, child's illness, kid, family, emotional exhaustion, parental burnout, nosognosia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorders, autism

Abstract: The object of this research is the practical principles of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (REBT) by A. Ellis. The subject of the research is the specifics of the formation of the conceptualization of the client within the framework of a rational-emotional-behavioral approach. The aim of this research is to develop an algorithm for compiling client conceptualization in the therapeutic direction under consideration based on the systematization of activating events, irrational beliefs, key contesting counterarguments and rational statements. The conceptualization developed in this research also allows the client to form abstract ideas about problematic areas of life, to discover common cognitive behavioral patterns ("schemes") peculiar to him, to derive abstract irrational beliefs and rational statements (a new effective philosophy) and behaviorally reinforce the latter in order to realize significant (including global) life goals and values. The methodological basis of the work is the research of the founders and representatives of rational-emotional-behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy. The main result of the conducted research is the developed REBT conceptualization, which until now was absent in rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, but is actively used in a related psychotherapeutic approach – A. Beck's cognitive therapy. The presented conceptualization and the described algorithm of its compilation contribute to eliminating the risks associated with an insufficiently systematic understanding by the client of the abstract structure of his emotional and behavioral disorders during the passage of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, known for its deep philosophical approach to solving specific problems, mainly due to philosophical disputation of specific irrational beliefs of the client. The scientific novelty of the work also lies in the description of cognitive-behavioral patterns ("schemes") characteristic of the majority of clients suffering from affective disorders, formulated on the basis of twelve typical irrational beliefs identified by A. Ellis in 1956.

Keywords: cognitive behavioral pattern, rational statement, irrational belief, conceptualization, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, schema, emotional disorder, therapeutic intervention

Abstract: The research is devoted to the study of the specifics of oculomotor activity of patients with schizophrenia when solving the cognitive task of searching for common (similar) signs in 4 stimulus images and, on this basis, the exclusion of 1 superfluous object on the cards of the "Exclusion of the 4th superfluous" technique. Oculomotor activity is a reliable biomarker of both conscious and unconscious cognitive processes, and eye movement patterns serve as a quantitative (objective) characteristic of the process of perception, attention and thinking in real time. When solving cognitive tasks, the subject of study was the mental processes of patients with schizophrenia: comparison, classification, generalization, abstraction, which were revealed in the responses of patients in the "Exclusion of the fourth superfluous" technique. The respondents' answers were analyzed depending on the level of generalization: by categorical and functional criteria, by specific situational criteria, and latent criteria. To assess the characteristics of oculomotor activity, the AI tracker method was used using a hardware and software complex for contactless registration of human oculomotor activity. To assess the characteristics of mental activity, the “Exclusion of the fourth superfluous" technique was used. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate difficulties in the recognition process, there is an emphasis on individual parts of the image, as well as: chaotic movements of the gaze between objects and their details. This indicates the need for a longer time period for image recognition, as well as difficulties in analyzing and identifying common essential features of objects (images), as a result of which schizophrenia patients carry out mental generalization operations based on a variety of, more often insignificant and latent signs, which is reflected in making the "wrong" decision. The study of eye movement during the solution of such mental tasks has shown that the characteristics of the gaze during the search for common features reflect the mental acts of comparison and generalization of essential features and can provide objective information about the difficulties and violations of the produced. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the features of oculomotor activity in patients with schizophrenia are closely related to disorders of cognitive processing of visual information at early levels of the thought process. Eye movements in solving cognitive tasks accompany the mental process of searching and selecting significant features from the general background of diverse visual information and reflect the difficulties of its selection.

Keywords: latent signs, selectivity of thinking, the selectivity of perception, visual fixations, cognitive functions, oculomotor activity, visual perception, the eytracker, mind, schizophrenia

Abstract: The study of diagnostic methods and the development of methods for the treatment of personality disorders is a significant scientific task. Personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder, characterized by hypertrophied emotions and a violation of self-identification, are painful for both patients and their loved ones. The article analyzes the results of a number of studies and observations in the field of experience of the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and behavioral responses to therapy of the patients with borderline personality disorder are considered, as well as the features of building a therapeutic alliance, the formation of epistemological trust of the patient to the therapist, resistance to therapy and early dropout.   Based on the analysis of a number of studies, it was found that patients with borderline personality disorder are in dire need of psychotherapy, believe that the therapist is the person who can solve all their problems, often transfer responsibility for their condition on him, forming a kind of child–parent relationship. Because of this, patients with borderline personality disorder often violate the therapist's personal boundaries, demanding his availability at any time. Such patients may perceive therapy as the only safe environment. At the same time, due to the fear of rejection, the formation of a therapeutic alliance takes a long time.

Keywords: therapeutic alliance, therapist, a patient, psychotherapy, behaviour, reactions, mind, borderline personality disorder, resistance, gap

Abstract: The object of this research is the theoretical and methodological features of the cognitive-behavioral direction of psychotherapy. The subject of the research is the comparative characteristics of rational–emotional-behavioral therapy (REBT) by A. Ellis and cognitive therapy (CT) by A. Beck in the context of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The authors investigate in detail the cognitive model of the formation of dysfunctional reactions, analyze the mutual determination of dysfunctional beliefs through the prism of both approaches, compare philosophical and cognitive solutions to the problem of emotional disorders, investigate the relationship of automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs, and also emphasize the differences between A. Beck's cognitive therapy and A. Ellis' rational-emotional-behavioral therapy. If in A. Beck's cognitive therapy cognitive restructuring is implemented on a descending principle, consistently affecting the levels of automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs (cognitive distortions) and self-concept (deep beliefs), then in A. Ellis' rational-emotional-behavioral therapy the procedure of disputing (challenging) irrational beliefs is carried out on an ascending principle, moving from the modification of imperative and derived evaluative beliefs to change automatic perceptions and conclusions. The scientific novelty of the research also consists in clarifying the categorical framework of cognitive behavioral therapy in terms of clarifying the content and correlation of the concepts of "irrational belief", "dysfunctional attitude" and "cognitive distortion". The research also outlines the prospects for the integration of A. Beck's cognitive therapy and A. Ellis' rational-emotional-behavioral therapy.

Keywords: low frustration tolerance, catastrophization, due, attitude, rational statement, irrational belief, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, global assessment

Abstract: The subject of the study is the type of attitude towards pregnancy in the context of a new coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19. The aim of the study is to identify relationships between the type of attitude towards pregnancy and early maladaptive patterns of women in the context of a new coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19. The author analyzes in detail the possible prerequisites for the occurrence of affective disorders in women in late pregnancy in conditions of instability, uncertainty of the world in the context of a new coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19. At the same time, pregnancy is considered as a crisis period in a woman's life. Research methodology: conceptual position on early maladaptive schemes by J. Young, methodological development on the types of attitude of a pregnant woman I.V. Dobryakova. The study was conducted on the basis of the Altai Regional Clinical Center for Maternal and Childhood Protection with pregnant women aged 18 to 40 years. Scientific novelty of the study: the existence of relationships between the types of attitudes in the context of a new coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19 and early maladaptive patterns has been theoretically substantiated and empirically proven. Qualitative differences in the types of attitudes towards pregnancy in women of different ages under the conditions of a new coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19 were determined. Beliefs that are significantly associated with understanding life in the context of a new coronavirus infection have a positive correlation with anxious and depressive types of attitudes towards pregnancy. Pregnant women under the age of 25 are more likely to worry about the possible fragility and uncertainty of reality than women of other age groups, which may be due to the actualization of early maladaptive schemes and the high level of infantility of women in this age group. Based on the research data, it seems important to further develop a correctional program for pregnant women in order to adaptively comprehend the existing reality and accept the low controllability of the world as a whole.

Keywords: Psychological preparation, Early maladaptive scheme, Pregnant woman's attitude, Anxiety-depressive symptoms, Depression, Anxiety, Scheme-therapy, Psychotherapy, Type of relationship pregnant, Pregnancy

Abstract: The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing number of younger schoolchildren with difficulties in mastering reading and writing. In recent decades, the hypothesis has been confirmed that one of the causes of difficulties in mastering reading and writing in elementary school may be reduced sensory reactivity of the vestibular system. The article presents the results of an experimental study of dynamic visual acuity in children with learning difficulties. Dynamic visual acuity reflects the quality of interaction between the visual and vestibular systems. Its violations can complicate the development of reading and writing. The study involved 35 primary school students with learning difficulties. The study was conducted on the basis of a pediatric neurological clinic, instrumental studies and vestibular training were conducted as prescribed by a neurologist. At the first stage, functional diagnostics of vestibular function was carried out. The functions of the otolith part of the vestibular apparatus were evaluated by the method of cervical vestibular evoked potentials. The functions of the horizontal semicircular channels of the vestibular apparatus were evaluated by measuring the duration of post-rotational nystagmus. The experimental group included children whose learning difficulties were combined with sensory hyperactivity of the vestibular system or asymmetry of sensory reactivity of the vestibular system. Then the children underwent vestibular training on a riding simulator with visual biofeedback. The duration of the training is 14 days. The assessment of dynamic visual acuity was carried out by the standard method in sitting and standing positions before and after the training. Dynamic visual acuity depends on the quality of the vestibulocular reflex. It is shown that vestibular training on a riding simulator with visual biofeedback significantly improves dynamic visual acuity in a group of children with hyperactivity, symptoms of astheno-neurotic syndrome, asymmetry of sensory reactivity of the vestibular apparatus. Further research is needed to assess the impact of the training results on the success of children in learning.

Keywords: semicircular channels, sensorimotor integration, reading and writing, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulocular reflex, vestibular system, learning difficulties, children, otolith organs, hyperactivity

Abstract: The article presents a step-by-step description of the procedure for cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire on the Russian sample. The goal is to adapt and test the Stroke Self-efficacy Questionnaire on stroke patients with an assessment of internal consistency and convergent validity. 77 patients of the Tomsk Regional Vascular Center filled out the Russian-language version of the "SSEQ" and the "Scale of general self-efficacy" (R. Schwarzer, M. Yerusalem, adapted by V.G. Romek) were studied. When filling out 13 scales of the questionnaire, patients assessed their abilities, capabilities, resources in performing everyday tasks after a stroke on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is absolutely not sure and 10 is absolutely sure. To assess convergent validity, post-stroke patients filled out a "Scale of general self-efficacy" consisting of 10 items, each of which has 4 degrees of consent of the respondent from "absolutely incorrect" to "absolutely true". The total values on the scale (from 10 to 40 points) reflect the overall indicator of subjective assessment of personal effectiveness. The article presents the psychometric characteristics of the test and descriptive statistics. The internal consistency of the test was determined by the Kronbach method. The coefficient is generally equal to 0.875. Adaptation and testing of the questionnaire "Self-efficacy after stroke" in many countries has shown good validity results. Cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire "Self-efficacy after stroke" was conducted in Russia for the first time. The advantages of using this questionnaire include the possibility of using it as an express technique in the work of a clinical psychologist within a multidisciplinary team to assess the motivational component of rehabilitation potential in the system of staged rehabilitation treatment.

Keywords: coefficient Cronbach, rehabilitation, ischemic stroke, approbation of the methodology, self-efficacy, convergent validity, cross cultural adaptation, stroke, motivation, multidisciplinary team

Abstract: The research is devoted to the study of the emotional sphere of psychoactive substance users at the stage of rehabilitation. The aim of the study is to compare the content and dynamic characteristics of the emotional state of patients with chemical dependence who receive and do not receive psychotherapeutic help. Subject of research: the possibility of correcting the emotional state of drug addicts through the use of art therapy methods. Experimental research base: rehabilitation center (Krasnoyarsk). Experimental sample of the study: 24 drug-addicted men aged 25 to 40 years. Research methods: the study of the locus of control of J. The study of the level of anxiety (the scale of C.D. Spielberger, Y.L. Khanin); the Rosenzweig test "The technique of pictorial frustration"). Data processing was carried out using the program "SPSS Statistics 21". The reliability of the differences between the indicators in the experimental group and the comparison group was calculated using the U-Mann-Whitney criterion for independent samples. The results of the study showed that a psychocorrection program with elements of art therapy can relieve emotional tension, reduce anxiety and frustration. In addition, the shift of the locus of control towards the internal type contributes to an increase in the level of responsibility for one's own actions and a decrease in the level of aggressiveness. And increasing the level of social adaptation improves interaction within the group, which leads to a decrease in the number of external and internal conflicts. Additionally, patients' motivation for recovery increases due to the support of the group, which is very important for the effective and successful completion of the rehabilitation program. The obtained data and the proposed psychocorrection program can be used by medical psychologists in working with drug-dependent patients to correct their emotional state during treatment and rehabilitation measures.

Keywords: psychotherapeutic assistance, U-Mann-Whitney criterion, treatment and rehabilitation process, art therapy, psychocorrection program, rehabilitation, psychological characteristics of drug addicts, drug addiction, drug addicts, drug addiction motivation

Abstract: The article presents a historical overview of academic approaches to the problem of sexualised abuse against children and adolescents. The evolution of academic debates on the subject of sexual interactions between adults and underage persons is considered. Particular attention is paid to the differences between the interpretations of this phenomenon from various scientific and worldview positions. An analysis of tendencies in the description and explanation of sexualised abuse of underage persons within the medical paradigm, the psychoanalytic school, clinical sexology, feminist gender studies and sociology of morality is carried out. The most significant changes in the history of the paradigmatic field of research on sexualised abuse of underage persons are described. It concludes with an overview of current trends, considering the moral and ethical foundations of the consensus on the inadmissibility of sexual contact with children and adolescents and the need to confront the problem of sexualised abuse directed at them. Fundamental challenges related to the lack of unity in understanding sexualised abuse of underage persons as such, mechanisms of development of reactions to trauma, conceptualisation of its consequences, and the variety of discourses about victims/survivors and fragmented interventions by professional helpers are analyzed. The author proposes current problematic issues, the solution of which will help to determine the way of further development of scientific and ethical approach to the protection of injured persons.

Keywords: medical paradigm, social interpretation, sexualized abuse, sexual abuse, child abuse, sexual abuse trauma, ethical issues, services to victims, psychological interventions, historical overview

Abstract: The results of an experimental study aimed at assessing the dynamics of electroencephalographic parameters of children with epilepsy and/or epileptic changes and concomitant developmental disorders during audio training using the A. Tomatis method are presented. The study involved 820 children aged 2.5 to 6.5 years with autism spectrum disorder and severe language development disorders. The audio training was part of a fifteen-day rehabilitation course, which was conducted according to the appointment of a neurologist. The trainings were aimed at modulating the work of the auditory and vestibular systems in order to normalize the ability to learn and improve the quality of life. For the first time, the effectiveness and safety of audio training using the Tomatis method was evaluated for children with epilepsy and/or epileptic changes and concomitant developmental disorders. This is the first study of the effectiveness of the Alfred Tomatis method, conducted on a large sample with the control of electroencephalographic parameters. Encephalographic indicators were recorded during the use of frequency filters, as well as before and after the training. For the first time, encephalographic indicators were monitored using portable equipment directly while listening to music. It was found that 80.3% of the subjects had stable EEG indicators before, during and after audio training using the A.Tomatis method. 8.2% of children had a tendency to deterioration of EEG indicators. 11.5% of children had a decrease in the index of representation of epileptiform changes. Audio training by the method of A.Tomatis does not significantly aggravate the electroencephalographic picture in most children and can be used in rehabilitation in children with epileptiform disorders and epilepsy under the supervision of an epileptologist and after a preliminary functional diagnosis. Taking into account the capabilities of modern electroencephalographs, for greater safety of children with concomitant epileptiform disorders, it is recommended to conduct audio training using the A.Tomatis method under EEG control.

Keywords: rehabilitation, epileptiform disorders, audio therapy, audio training, Tomatis method, epilepsy, EEG, developmental disorders, corejective influences, children

Abstract: The subject of the study is comorbid disorders of children with mental retardation. The object of the study is the frequency of comorbid disorders of the children with mental retardation. Using a retrospective analysis of medical records, the authors examine in detail the neuropsychiatric manifestations and behavioral stereotypes that frequently occur in the study sample of children. These behavioral stereotypes or comorbid disorders were noted by parents or health care professionals who interacted with the children. The total sample included 1,000 preschool and young children (from 1.5 to 7 years old) with various neuropsychiatric speech diagnoses - delayed speech development, autism spectrum disorders, delayed psycho speech development, and other unspecified speech diagnoses. The main finding of this study is that a list of the most common comorbid disorders was compiled. Using this list of the most common behavioral disorders, it is possible to make a screening assessment of mental development and identify the degree of its delay on the basis of the formed behavioral and speech patterns. This will help specialists (psychologists, speech therapists, defectologists and neuropsychologists) working with children to provide them with the necessary assistance in a timely manner. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that previously no comprehensive list of the most common behavioral disorders of the children with mental retardation was compiled. This list made it possible to differentiate the primary diagnosed child into one or another group according to the belonging to the diagnosis, with subsequent more thorough verification of the diagnosis.

Keywords: assistance to a specialist, behavioral disorders, speech disorders, behavioral stereotypes, primary diagnostics, list of violations, behavioral features, mental retardation, delayed speech development, autism spectrum disorder

Abstract: The purpose of the study: to study destructive forms of cognitive impairment in old age. Materials and methods. A study of 38 people was conducted, of which 16 were men and 22 were women. The control sample consists of 23 people, of which 8 are men and 15 are women. The definition of the control sample was based on the fact that this category of people had cognitive impairments that are the result of other age-related changes that are not the result of AD, whereas the experimental sample needed to have cognitive impairments that are the result of AD. The experimental sample consisted of 15 people, 7 men, 8 women. In the process of MMSE testing, 6 subjects (15.8%) entered the first group, 10 subjects (26.3%) entered the second group, and 22 (57.9%) entered the last group. 42.1% of respondents had mild Alzheimer's type dementia, while 57.9% of respondents had cognitive impairment due to age-related changes. According to the indicators obtained by the method of the short scale of assessment of mental status (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE), it can be concluded that memory, attention and orientation in time and space are primarily reduced. Data on the Frontal Dysfunction Battery (FAB) technique showed the absence of a grasping reflex in 29 out of 38 subjects (76.3%), so the presence of a grasping reflex most often indicates a severe degree of Alzheimer's type dementia.

Keywords: destructive forms, pre - dementia, dementia, clinical picture, Alzheimer's disease, old age, neurodegenerative diseases, Cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment, praxis

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of development of thinking skills in confluence of the factors of manual asymmetry and hearing impairment in families in which parents have hearing impairment and preserved hearing. The object of this research is the characteristics of thinking in combination of hearing impairment and manual asymmetry. The author dwells on such aspects as hereditary factor in the formation of thinking skills among left-handed and right-handed students with hearing impairment. Special attention is given to the peculiarities of the formation of thinking in combination of hearing impairment and manual asymmetry among students brought up by deaf or normally hearing parents. The main conclusions are as follows: right-handed students with hearing impairment brought up by deaf parents have higher characteristics of logical and creative thinking than students brought up by normally hearing parents; left-handed students from families of the deaf have higher characteristics of creative thinking if their parents' hearing is preserved, while the characteristics of logical thinking are higher if their parents’ hearing is impaired; a "mirror image" is detected in the development of creative thinking among left-handed and right-handed students, depending on the hearing condition of their parents; connection is established between logical and creative. The author’s special contribution lies in acquisition of data on the influence of hereditary factor upon the development of thinking in combination of hearing impairment and manual asymmetry. The novelty of this research consists in comparative study of creative and mathematical thinking in confluence of the factors of hearing impairment, manual asymmetry and a hereditary factor. New data is obtained on the peculiarities of development of thinking skills among right-handed and left-handed students with hearing impairments brought up by hearing parents and parents with hearing impairment.

Keywords: characteristics of thinking, hereditary factor, right-handed pupils, left-handed pupils, deaf parents, creative thinking, parents with normal hear, deaf pupils, logical thinking, manual asymmetry

Abstract: The subject of this study is the dependence of the frequency of search queries related to a certain medical and/or psychological problem on time and geographical location. In this study, two types of search queries were studied: "status" queries and "help" queries. To obtain data on the frequency characteristics of requests, the capabilities of the Googl Trends web application were used. Requests for "help" were investigated based on the results of an anonymous questionnaire of those who applied for psychological help to the Moscow Psychological Assistance Service for the Population. Seasonal variations of the query "depression" qualitatively repeat seasonal fluctuations, which are one of the main characteristics of this disease: spring-autumn peaks of circulation with summer-winter recessions. Attention is also drawn to the high severity of the autumn peak in the number of requests. At the same time, the graph of the frequency of requests for the word "alarm" does not have such a pronounced cyclicity and does not show an upward trend in the second half of the year. The analysis of the "help" requests found: (1) seasonal cyclicity, similar to the "depression" query — with spring and autumn peaks, and (2) a downward trend by the end of the year, unlike the "depression" query.      The analysis of search queries presented in this article is an important research tool, since the statistical characteristics obtained in such a study are independent of traditional statistics based on the analysis of patients' appeals to medical or psychological institutions. Thus, we found that seasonal variations of the query "depression" qualitatively repeat seasonal fluctuations in the frequency of occurrence of the disease: spring-autumn peaks alternate with summer-winter declines, which may indicate the reliability of evaluating search queries as a tool for analyzing depressive and anxiety–depressive states. Variations of "help" requests also have a similar cyclicity.

Keywords: psychotherapeutic experience, ideas about psychotherapy, depression class, anxiety disorders, subclinical depressions, medical behavior, reference group, appeal, search queries, seasonal fluctuations

Abstract: Academic procrastination of students remains an actual and significant subject of research in many psychological schools, directions of both domestic and foreign authors. In this paper, an attempt is made to scientifically study the phenomenon of academic procrastination in medical students, and also presents a meaningful analysis of the mental states of students with various academic success and showing a high level of academic procrastination. One of the methodological bases of the study was the classification of procrastination types according to N. Milgram. The respondents in our study were medical students of the 1st and 6th courses in the number of 80 people. At the empirical stage, the following methods were used: "Self-assessment of mental states" by G. Eysenck; "PASS procrastination Assessment Scale" by M. V. Zvereva; methods of mathematical processing of research results (Mann-Whitney U-criterion; Kruskal-Wallis criterion; Pearson correlation analysis). В  The paper reveals the frequency of the manifestation of academic procrastination and the peculiarities of mental states in medical students studying in the first and sixth years. Statistically significant differences were found between first- and sixth-year respondents in the frequency and quality of academic procrastination. In addition, the links between a high level of academic procrastination, mental states (anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness, rigidity) and the academic performance of medical students were determined. For some correlations, clinical characteristics of the mental states of highly procrastinating students are given. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that mental states are considered not only as a cause, but also as a consequence of academic procrastination of students. The results of the study may provide valuable provisions for the construction of clinical observations in order to describe the personal characteristics of students with a high level of academic procrastination. The further development of preventive measures and correctional activities for the prevention of mental states contributing to the development of tendencies to personality disorders of highly procrastinating students is promising.

Keywords: academic success, rigidity, aggressiveness, frustration, anxiety, mental states, academic procrastination, medical students, procrastination, personal characteristics

Abstract: The problem of information impact is extremely relevant and significant in modern clinical psychology and medicine in the context of the emergence of risk of neurotic disorders. Russian and foreign authors view information is viewed as one of the key factors of neurogenesis. In modern scientific circulation, the generally accepted term that denotes pathogenic effect of information is the information overload. The author outlines the content of the concept and stress factors of its occurrence. There is lack of research dedicated to interdependence between the information stress factors and personal response. No specific personality characteristics that determine the sensitivity or resistance of an individual to particular causes of information overload are revealed. The object of this research is the impact of the factors of information overload upon the individual. The subject is the interrelation between personal peculiarities and specificity of the impact of information stress factors. The study involved medical students as the respondents who constantly deal with the key information stress factors due to specificity of their activity. The article is based on the 5PFQ five-factor personality survey, BMS II survey (fatigue-monotony-satiety-overload). V. A. Bodrov’s classification of the factors of information overload allowed developing the questionnaire that indicated the “direct information” factors. The author establishes acute significance of the estimated causes of information overload among the respondents. The use of correlation analysis allows establishing the dependence between personality characteristics and specific impact of the information stress factors, which reveals individual sensitivity to the particular information stressors.

Keywords: Operational efficiency, Workload, Lack of information, Stress in students, Informational stress factors, Iatrogenicity of information, Personal traits, Information threats, Neurosis, Information overload

Abstract: This article reviews the results of research dedicated to personality characteristics of women struggling with psychogenic infertility (on different levels of organization of individuality: physical, affective and behavioral). It is assumed that all levels of organization of individuality are interrelated, which allows observing a holistic picture of personality of women involved in the study. The goal consists in examination of personality traits of women with reproductive disorders on physical, personal and social levels of the organization of individuality. The subject of this research is the psychological peculiarities, coping strategies, and psychological defenses of women with reproductive disorders on different levels of organization of individuality. The following methods were applied: empirical, such as testing and quantitative methods (charting); statistical, such as correlation analysis; qualitative methods, such as generalization, systematization, comparison. The scientific novelty lies in studying personality traits of women with reproductive disorders on different levels of the organization of individuality. The conclusion is made that women struggling with psychogenic infertility (comparing to women with no such disorder) are characterized with the following personality traits on different levels of the organization of individuality: 1) on the physical level – distorted perception and dissatisfaction with their body; 2) on the personal (affective) level – high anxiety, both reactive and personal; alexithymia; rigidity; inclination to depressive disorders; 3) on the social (behavioral) level –  facing difficult life situations, women with reproductive disorders are not able to take responsibility, and often resort to such defense mechanisms as denial, avoidance, regression and projection.

Keywords: physical, defence mechanisms, aggression, personality characteristics, alexithimia, depression, anxiety, sterility, maternity, reproductive function

Abstract: The subject of this research is the coping behavior strategies within the structure of optical-spatial activity among the patients with chronic conditions of locomotor system. The theoretical parts of the article examines the topic of coping behavior in the context of somatic disease, optical-spatial activity, and interrelation between them. Analysis is conducted on the factors affecting the coping behavior in the normal and in the condition of illness. The author describes the significance of perception of own body in the formation of spatial functions within the framework of general development of cognitive functions and impact upon coping behavior. The empirical part of this work presents the results of survey that involved 60 respondents (men and women, aged from 18 to 60). The participants were divided into equal groups: control and empirical (which included patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Bekhterev's disease and psoriatic arthritis). The author describes the research results of coping behavior strategies, frustration responses, and state of cognitive functions; conducts qualitative analysis of interrelation between cognitive sphere and coping behavior. The main conclusion consists in determination of correlation between the disease of locomotor system and coping behavior due to the effect of pain upon spatial functions. The relevance of acquires results is substantiated by the need in psychological support of the patients with chronic conditions of locomotor system in order to promote a habit of following doctor’s recommendations and formation of adaptive coping strategies.

Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, somatic disease situation, visual-spatial activity, coping, coping behavior, higher mental functions, concept, somatognosis

Abstract: An evident technological progress in the area of preservation of life and improvement of its quality, also due to dynamic development of transplantology, is accompanied by active antagonism towards this process, caused by diverse phenomena. In a number of cases, such attitudes are a threat to human life and wellbeing, although in some situations may manifest as the factors of healthy conservatism. Among these phenomena are the religious beliefs that take roots in the archaic “stages” of mental reality (which does not mean automatic inadequacy). All these occurrences require meticulous scientific examination. The authors apply multidisciplinary approach that includes in-depth psychological, religious, philosophical and medical approaches. The following conclusions were made: 1) among a significant amount of churched believers attributed to both Christian and Muslim faiths, the topic of transplantology is associated with a strong unconscious conflict; 2) this conflict is also referred to the sphere of archaic religiousness that partially relates to the perception of “shadow” sides of human psyche and to the “paranoid-schizoid” layer; 3) based on the aforementioned arguments, there is a need for conducting an additional large-scale research of defense mechanisms emerging in the context of perception of the phenomena of transplantology; 4) some believers should clarify the attitude on transplantology for themselves (either negative or positive); no obvious differences  are determined between the Orthodox or Muslim believers with regards to transplantology.

Keywords: Illusion, Defense mechanisms of the psyche, Archaic, Transplantology, Unconsciousness, Religion, Conflict, Consciousness, Horror, Participation

Abstract: The relevance of the research on aging well is substantiated by the demographic, socioeconomic and paradigm changes currently taking place in the world. This article presents analysis of the concept of “optimism” from the perspectives of Russian and foreign psychological concepts. Empirical research is conducted on dispositional optimism as a cognitive-attributive and value-semantic correlate of aging well. The goal of this work lies in assessment of quantitative parameters of optimism among elderly people, analysis of correlation of dispositional optimism with the demographic indexes and components of aging well. The method of studying the structure of aging well was developed in form of an original questionnaire “Index of Aging Well”, consisting of 70 points and allowing assessment of the level of subjective wellbeing, and evaluate it on seven subscales: health, financial wellbeing, social interaction, periodic prospects, work and hobby, personal growth and positive emotions, family. The identified positive correlations between optimism and social status, monthly income, health, financial wellbeing, work and hobby, personal growth and positive emotions, aging well indicator, and negative correlations between optimism and family status are juxtaposed to the empirical data that previously reported on the correlation of optimism with other psychological and social factors. The conclusion is made of the link between optimism and the level of subjective wellbeing among representatives of the elderly population. The conducted research may be of interest for specialists interacting with elderly people within the framework in psychological consulting and psychotherapeutic practice.

Keywords: subjective well-being, dispositional optimism, positive psychology, attributive style, optimism, gerontopsychology, successful aging, health psychology, late age, developmental psychology

Abstract: The subject of the research is the attitude to a socially dangerous act (SDA) demonstrated by patients sick with schizophrenia who are in compulsory treatment. The authors view the attitude to the SDA by analyzing the components of such attitude, i.e. emotional, motivational-behavioral and cognitive aspects. The research focuses on efficient rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients who are held for compulsory treatment at psychiatric hospital. The aim of the research is to analyze peculiarities of the attitude to the socially dangerous act demonstrated by schizophrenic patients in compulsory treatment. The research methods include hermeneutical method that implies analysis of respondents' hospital charts and conversations with patients using a structured interview developed by the author according to the components of the attitude to the socially dangerous act. The authors process the results using the cluster analysis and association analysis based on Pearson's chi square in the STATISTICA 12.0 software. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors define peculiarities of schizophrenic patients' attitude to the SDA, offer their classification of attitudes to the socially dangerous act which allows to complete conceptual and methodological bases of the differential assessment and risk prediction for schizophrenic patients who have committed socially dangerous acts before and may commit them in the future. The classification offered by the authors include the following categories of patients: guilty of the SDA, not guilty of the SDA, was abusing alcohol or drugs at the moment of the SDA. The classification offers to better maintain psychological support of compulsory treatment for such patients. At the end of the article the authors conclude that it is very important to consider peculiar attitudes of schizophrenic patients to the socially dangerous act in order to maintain a steady remission and prevent the commitment of socially dangerous acts in the future. 

Keywords: criminal history, components of the relationship, rehabilitation, psychological support, psychocorrection, criticality, socially dangerous act, attitude to the SDA, compulsory treatment, schizophrenic patients

Abstract: In her article Glazkova presents the results of an empirical research of the intensity of alexithemia demonstrated by the first-year college students. The researcher analyzes the phenomenon of alexithymia from the psychological point of view as one of the most important factors of mental illness and emotional disturbances. The object of the research is the intensity of alexithymia of teenagers. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of alexithymia demonstrated by teenagers depending on their place of residence (urban or country-side), age, gender, and Academic Grade Average. Glazkova has used the following research methods: review of literary sources, questionnaire (gender, age, place of residence before college, grade average); and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) as a measure of deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions. The results of the empirical research demonstrate the following: students younger than 16 years old, mainly young men who live in city and have high Academic Grade Average are more inclined to alexithymia. According to the researcher, alexithytmia prevention should include psychological and pedagogical measures. It is also important to take into account that teenager age is one of those periods when the emotional sphere is finally formed and personal features such as alexithymia are fixed. Therefore, it is very importtant to do everything possible to avoid the development of the problem personality. The results of the empirical research can be used to provide efficient treatment and prevention of this phenomenon. 

Keywords: rural mentality, urban mentality, experiences, feelings, emotions, teenagers, personal characteristic, alexithymic status, alexithymia, psychosocial phenomenon

Abstract: The subject of the research is the difficulties in context processing and how these difficulties may be overcome by borderline and schizotypic patients which can be used as psychodiagnostic criteria. Different ways of updating the social context have been implemented, depending on the varying conditions of presentation of the stimulus material and its emotional charge. The study involved 110 respondents: 20 patients with personality disorder, 20 respondents with neurotic disorder, 20 patients with schizotypal disorder and 50 patients without mental illness. A modified version of the experimental method “Exclusion of objects” was used with two series of samples suggesting variation of semantic relations between objects and strengthening of hidden, connotative, emotionally loaded properties of objects; pathopsychological experiment; cognitive style research techniques. The main findings of the study describe the differential mechanisms of violation of contextual processing in borderline mental pathology and schizotypal disorder in their connection with the characteristics of cognitive styles. Different mechanisms of violation of contextual processing (emotional dysregulation experienced by respondents with personality disorder and contextual disintegration experienced by patients with schizotypical disorder) are shown empirically in the absence of violations in the sample of neurotic disorder and the control group.

Keywords: emotional dysregulation, social experience, subjective mediation, generalization, thinking, context processing, schizotypic disorder, borderline mental disorders, contextual integration, cognitive styles

Abstract: The subject of the research is the features of the cognition and affection in the internal picture of the disease of patients with neurological disorders. The object of the research is the structural elements of the internal picture of the disease as it is presented in the characteristics of the affective sphere (attitude to the disease, presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms) and cognitive sphere (attitude to the disease, basic cognitive ideas about the disease) of patients with neurological pathology (based on the the example of patients with Parkinson's disease (G20), multiple sclerosis (G35), spinal osteochondrosis (M42), consequences of a stroke (I67), dizziness and instability (R42)). The following methods and techniques are used: anamnestic survey,  set of psychodiagnostic methods ("Type of attitude to the disease", "Questionnaire of cognitive ideas about the disease", "Hospital anxiety and depression scale") and methods of mathematical statistics. The features of the cognitive and emotional spheres in the internal picture of the disease of each nosological group are determined. An ambiguous combination of types of attitude towards the disease was found in the presented clinical groups (ergopathic, anosognosic and anxious types prevail); the presence of various basic cognitive strategies with a predominance of the strategy of “perception of the benefits of the disease”; differences in the severity of (clinical and subclinical) anxiety and depression. It has been revealed that the changes associated with the presence of neurological pathology are most clearly manifested in the features of the cognitive and emotional sphere of ICD patients, which is important for the clinical and psychological work with patients. 

Keywords: multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, basic concepts, spinal osteochondrosis, internal picture of the disease, disease attitude, effects of stroke, dizziness and instability

Abstract: The article provides an analysis of literature data, which makes it possible to substantiate the assumption that the art-therapeutic neurographic technique causes a positive effect in everyday and, importantly, in clinical practice, and also makes it clear that the individual steps of the algorithm are reasonable from the point of view of the physiological effect on the stress response. Neuro-graphics stand out from a number of art-therapeutic methods due to the presence of a clear algorithm and accessibility even for those who have no habits of skill and even a penchant for drawing. The author of the article considers the individual steps of the algorithm in the light of modern scientific data on the effect of drawing techniques in clinical practice and gives its own data of the initiated research on the effects of neurography when working with women undergoing chemotherapy in relation to oncological diagnosis. The article is a literary review of publications of Russian and foreign studies on the use of art therapy, in particular drawing, in situations of stress. To study the effects of neurography in the practice of working with oncological patients, methods were chosen that assess levels of stress, anxiety, depression, mood, and quality of life. The main conclusion of the literature review and practical results of use is that neurography has the ability to activate the maximum number of points of impact on stress reduction and helps to change the subjective perception of the situation, to form new ideas that enable a person to take qualitatively new actions. Such effects may be useful in a clinical setting, including in cancer patients.

Keywords: clinical art-therapy, integrative psychotherapy, psycho-oncology, basic algorithm of neurographica, cortisol, distress, clinical psycology, neurographica, art-therapy, psychosomatic

Abstract: Personality pathology that used to be called 'psychopathy' before and currently called 'personailty disorder' is the core phenomenon in psychic pathology that deals with borderline disorders but closely relates to endogeneous disorders. Still, this disorder still remains very unclear for clinicists, especially when it comes to its etiology, pathogenesis and even clinical borders. In such cases, O. Kerbikov believed it would be reasonable to appeal to the historical side of the issue and analyze certain discussion points that have been risen as personality pathology developed. The authors of the research analyze the origin of the term 'psychopathy' and focus on Russian priorities in the history of teaching about psychopathy. In Russia, V. Kandinsky was the first to describe psychopathy. According to O. Kerbikov, besides I. Balinsky who gave a definition of psychopathy, there should have been at least three names being recalled when we speak of psychopathy. These are V. Kandinsky, O. Chechotta and I. Balinsky, each of them made their own very special contribution to the research of psychopathy. For example, O. Chechott introduced the term 'psychopathy' into judicial psychiatry, I. Balinsky promoted the term among lawyers and others and defined psychopathy as an individual clinical phenomenon, and V. Kandinsky gave an in-depth description of personality pathology. 

Keywords: a priority, teachings, behavior, expertise, psychiatry, pioneer, history, personality disorder, psychopathy, criteria

Abstract: The subject of the research is the formation of stress resistance to extreme situations that may be experienced by penitentiary officers during their service. Stress resistance is formed through combined effect of psychological training and audovisual stimulation. This research is the health psychology type of research and aimed at developing particular methods for psychological support and prevention of stress that may be experienced by penitentiary officers in extreme situations. The researchers create and test a psychological support program aimed at forming stress resistance of penitentiary officers. This program is usedat psychological centers of penitentiary organisations. Based on the aims and objectives ot the empirical research, the authors have used assessment methods, educational experiment, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of empirical data. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors obtain new scientific data about developing stress resistance by teaching self-regulation skills and developing life-sense orientations. As a result of this program's approbation, the researchers have discovered that combination of training and audiovisual stimulation proves to be more efficient in formation of stress resistance as a mental health resource and significantly increases such indicators as life-sense orientations and stress resistance. 

Keywords: extreme professions, life-sense orientations, forming a stress resistance, psychological support program, penitentiary system, audiovisual stimulation, stress, health psychology, training, approbation

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the dependence of generalisation process distortion on external contextual factors (task settings) of patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and its relation to the deficit of specific, socially important and typical internal context. Within the framework of this article external context is viewed as conditions for task presentation, internal context is viewed as the structure of semantic representations of social experience. The authors employ different ways of internal context actualisation depending on variable conditions of stimulus material presentation. The research involved 20 patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and 21 mentally healthy respondents. The authors have applied a modified version of the Cross-Out the Odd Item Test with two sample sets that imply variation of semantic connections between items and intensification of hidden, connotative, emotionally charged features of items. The authors demonstrate the growth of external semantic context due to sensibilization of relevant semantic connections between items influenced by actualisation of subjective features as essentials in the process of generalisation in both groups of patients and mentally healthy respondents. In a group of patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia generalisation errors are caused by the deficit of specific, socially important, typical internal context while objective social typical context remains mostly the same. Patients have difficulty processing negative emotional context when making generalisations. This difficulty creates affective disorganisation and purposeless answers. 

Keywords: affective disorganization, social experience, emotional context, connotative property, generalization, internal context, external context, context effect, context processing, schizophrenia

Abstract: The subject of the research is the adaptative resources of personality in extreme conditions of professional activity demonstrated by penitentiary officers (in terms of their professional identity, resiliency, and subjectively perceived social, psychological and physical well-being). The object of the research is the stress reactions of extreme activity officers (based on the case study of penitentiary officers). The research is based on the concept of the psychology of health and oriented at developing guidelines for preparing health saving and health developing technologies and stress prevention programs to overcome stress reactions experienced in extreme conditions by penitentiary officers. Using the methods of statistical analysis and psychological tests, the authors examine the role of personality traits, life values, and motives for professional activity in the structure of life quality and distress causing factors. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors view adaptational resources of personality as precipitant factors in the model of stress condition development. As a result of the research, the authors define that penitentiary officers have a developed system of life values. Reliliency, subjective social, psychological and physical well-being viewed by the authors as adaptational resources, do not relate to personal traits of penitentiary officers but relate to one's attitudes to control and desire to lead a productive activity and life. 

Keywords: organizational stress, the quality of life, hardiness, psychology of health, extreme activity, adaptation resources, semantic-life orientations, penitentiary system, constraints, UIS employees

Abstract: There is a growing number of children who suffer from autism. Experts even write about a mental epidemic. However, the phenomenon of autism still remains a mystery. There is a huge amount of empirical data collected and lots of counsulting and rehabilitation methods developed and yet, the general picture of the disease is still unclear. Previous ideas aobut 'defectiveness' of autists make us feel that they are 'different'. These children see the world in a different way. They see us different from what we see ourselves to boe like. Signals coming to their minds from their senses are like disconnected and unstructured elements. Their special type of reality perception excites our imagination due to a so-called quantum paradigm that suggests there are a lot of worlds we exist in. Mankova bases her research on psychological and philosophical researches and provide examples from her own clinical practice. Experts believe that in order to become normal, autists need to experience a so-called numinous feeling that allows them to get rid of their feeling of loneliness. The author also concludes that autists leave some anthropological gaps uncovered. In particular, they have not overcome the stages of developing speech competence and operating with symbols.   

Keywords: symbol, personality, genius, abilities, autistic thinking, speech, emotional disorders, schizophrenia, autism, human

Abstract: There is a growing number of children who suffer from autism. Experts even write about a mental epidemic. However, the phenomenon of autism still remains a mystery. There is a huge amount of empirical data collected and lots of counsulting and rehabilitation methods developed and yet, the general picture of the disease is still unclear. Previous ideas aobut 'defectiveness' of autists make us feel that they are 'different'. These children see the world in a different way. They see us different from what we see ourselves to boe like. Signals coming to their minds from their senses are like disconnected and unstructured elements. Their special type of reality perception excites our imagination due to a so-called quantum paradigm that suggests there are a lot of worlds we exist in. Mankova bases her research on psychological and philosophical researches and provide examples from her own clinical practice. Experts believe that in order to become normal, autists need to experience a so-called numinous feeling that allows them to get rid of their feeling of loneliness. The author also concludes that autists leave some anthropological gaps uncovered. In particular, they have not overcome the stages of developing speech competence and operating with symbols.   

Keywords: symbol, personality, genius, abilities, autistic thinking, speech, emotional disorders, schizophrenia, autism, human

Abstract: The subject of the research is the process of developing adaptive behaviour of children with disabilities under the conditions of inclusive education. The object of the research is the inclusive education as a factor of developing adaptive behavior of children with disabilities. The purpose of the research is to study factors that influence the dynamics of changes in the levels of agression and anxiety of pre-school children with disabilities when they are involved in the system of inclusive education. Inclusion of pre-school with visual impairments into the general education process is a stress factor for them. The research methods included: 1) observing anxiety of children method offered by P. Baker and M. Alvord; 2) Child's Aggression Level Inventory offered by G. Lavrentieva and T. Titarenko. When the preschool children in inclusive education, both children with visual impairments and other children have problems related to the difference in perception, change of usual environment, and etc. The conclusion of the research is that inclusive education has significant potential for increasing the levels of anxiety and aggression of children with disabilities. However, in order to realize this potential, it is necessary to carry out a timely assistance aimed at developing social competence of pre-schoolers with visual impairements and pre-schoolers without those before transferring to inclusive education. The objectives of such assistance should include development of skills and knowledge that reduce aggression and anxiety of children and who will attend inclusive education groups and their parents.

Keywords: features of adaptation, visual impairment, anxiety, aggression, inclusive group, inclusive education, inclusion, children with disabilities, difference of perception, social competence

Abstract: The subject of the research is the process of developing adaptive behaviour of children with disabilities under the conditions of inclusive education. The object of the research is the inclusive education as a factor of developing adaptive behavior of children with disabilities. The purpose of the research is to study factors that influence the dynamics of changes in the levels of agression and anxiety of pre-school children with disabilities when they are involved in the system of inclusive education. Inclusion of pre-school with visual impairments into the general education process is a stress factor for them. The research methods included: 1) observing anxiety of children method offered by P. Baker and M. Alvord; 2) Child's Aggression Level Inventory offered by G. Lavrentieva and T. Titarenko. When the preschool children in inclusive education, both children with visual impairments and other children have problems related to the difference in perception, change of usual environment, and etc. The conclusion of the research is that inclusive education has significant potential for increasing the levels of anxiety and aggression of children with disabilities. However, in order to realize this potential, it is necessary to carry out a timely assistance aimed at developing social competence of pre-schoolers with visual impairements and pre-schoolers without those before transferring to inclusive education. The objectives of such assistance should include development of skills and knowledge that reduce aggression and anxiety of children and who will attend inclusive education groups and their parents.

Keywords: features of adaptation, visual impairment, anxiety, aggression, inclusive group, inclusive education, inclusion, children with disabilities, difference of perception, social competence

Keywords: Stigma, Discrimination, Depression, Stress disorder, Adolescents, Sexual orientation, Homosexuality, Bisexuality, Bullying, Structural equation modeling

Abstract: The research deals with the study of sensomotor reactions demonstrated by men of military age who suffer from arterial hypertension. The existing system of professional selection focused on the use of blank psychological techniques has proved to be efficient, however, in many cases it is advisable to further investigate the psycho-physiological characteristics of a recruit. In particular, based on the results of psychophysiological research it is possible to define the level of neuro-psychological stability of a recruit. In cause of a recruit suffering from arterial hypertension physiological changes are determined before manifestation of clinical symtoms which correlates to a decreased level of neuro-psychological stability. 128 respondents participated in the research. The research methodology is based on the comparative analysis of results. Men with the first-degree arterial hypertension demonstrated a worse balance of inhibitory and excitative processes during stress. They also demonstrated a higher value of activity and made more action errors. 

Keywords: operation cost, stress testing, balance of the nervous processes, accuracy of time perception, psychophysiological test, variability of the samples, sensomotor reactions, recruit, arterial hypertension, action errors

Abstract: The article deals with methodical research opportunities of affective representation of the body in the model health group of adolescents in the context of ontogenesis and psychosomatic dysontogenesis. To study the affective components of body representation the authors used the author's modification of the “Wonderland of feelings” method that allows to carry out the data processing both from the position of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The authors also described and theoretically grounded the following method parameters that introduce various affective components of body representation: the body needs representation, emotion load of the body and its parts, the emotional attitude to the body.  60 younger adolescents (11-12 years old) of the first, second and third health groups (20 in each group) were involved in the research. Analysis of the results of the research was made by using the following statistical tests: 1. Mann-Whitney U-test for ordinal scales; 2. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; 3. Wilcoxon signed-rank test; 4.Pearson's chi-square test for the assessment of the significance of the frequency. The authors demonstrate the difference in measures of the extracted parameters for the adolescent three health groups and reveal various mechanisms of the body affective representation in terms of psychosomatic problems, as well as prove the possibility of using the author's modified method “Wonderland of feelings” for purposes of individual psychosomatic diagnostics, psychological correction and psychological preventive measures. 

Keywords: body needs representation, affective body representation, younger adolescent, health groups, psychosomatic dysontogenesis, psychosomatic ontogeny, emotion load of the body, psychosomatic, psychology, emotional attitude to the body

Abstract: The subject of the research is the relationship between emotional states (fear, anxiety, pleasure, satisfaction) experienced while dreaming, the main functions of dreams (protection, compensation and adaptation) and secondary images presented as a certain color in baby dreams. The object of the research is children from five to seven years old. The author of the article examines such topics as the impact of color on mental, psychological and physiological states of human; dreaming and its functions; dreamed images as the secondary images indicating neurotic condition. Special attention is paid to a particular color image appearing in children's dreams, relation of this color image to the dreamer's emotional state and color image as a sign of a psychological problem. In her research Sviridchenkova has used such research methods as survey, analysis and comparison. To define and validate statistically significant differences between appearances of a particular color in scary and pleasant dreams the researcher has used the Student's t-criterion. The results of the research demonstrate that there is a relationship between emotional states (fear, anxiety, pleasure, satisfaction) experienced by a dreamer and secondary images presented by a particular color in dreams. The researcher describes the dominating color images typical for scary children's dreams and color images typical for pleasant dreams seen by a child. The results of the research can be used for early diagnostics and prevention of neurotic states that haven't formed clinical symptoms yet but can be already found in dreams as color images of a particular color.   

Keywords: gratification, anxiety, fear, emotions, neurotic state, secondary image, dreaming function, pleasure, color image

Abstract: The problem of psychic infantilism is relevant both from the point of view of social phenomena of modern society, and psychiatric diagnosis and prognosis of psychic disorders in childhood and adolescence. The analysis of the clinical and psychological literature devoted to the problem of psychic infantilism, showed that in modern psychiatry boundaries of this phenomenon are not defined, moreover, psychology does not have diagnostic tools  that would qualify and differentiate this phenomenon both in normal and pathological development of children and adolescents. The generalization of psychological phenomena in psychic infantilism showed the greatest heuristic nature of the psychological construct of self-regulation. The authors of the article considers this factor to be a backbone that integrates all the diversity of psychological phenomenology of psychic infantilism through his emotional, social and personal components. The purposes of the research is to study psychological peculiarities of self-regulation as a marker of psychic infantilism in adolescents with organic and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The research involved 140 infantile and non-infantile adolescents with organic non-psychotic disorders (F06.6 - F06.8) and schizotypal disorder (F21). For the study of psychological self-regulation of adolescents with mental disorders with psychic infantilism and without the following methods were used: 1. "Drawing a non-existent animal"; 2. The research technique of self-esteem offered by Dembo-Rubinstein; 3. Cloninger test TCI-140. To analyze the results of the study the researchers used the following statistical criteria: 1) Chi-square Pearson; 2) angular Fisher transformation; 3) U-Mann-Whitney test for ordinal scales. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors systematized psychological phenomenology of psychic infantilism in adolescents with mental disorders from the point of view of the emotional, social and personality self-regulation using multiple criteria psychodiagnostic assessment. It is shown that the peculiarities of emotional, social and personal psychological components of self-regulation in adolescents with psychic infantilism have specific differences depending on their nosology. The infantile adolescents with non-psychotic organic disorders registered higher compared to non-infantile patients this nosological group results highlighted psychological components of self-regulation in the leading role of the social component, which is associated with the compensation mechanism of cognitive failure. Infantile adolescents with schizotypal disorder, on the contrary, found lower rates of psychological self-regulation compared to non-infantile peers, reflecting the deepening nosological characteristics of psychic defect.

Keywords: schizotypal disorder, organic non-psychotic disorders, psychology, personal self-regulation, psychiatry, psychic infantilism, adolescence, psychological self-regulation, emotional self-regulation, social self-regulation

Abstract: The purpose of the research is to study peculiarities of motivational propensities of patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and peculiarities of regulation of their aggression. In her research Khudyakova used the Szondi test. The research involved 203 patients aged from 18 to 64. The experimental groups included 102 patients that had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The experimental groups were created depending on their gender and duration of their disease (more or less than 5 years). The control groups included 101 patients without any mental diseases. The participants of the control groups were divided depending on their gender. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research involved the provisions of the biopsychosocial theory. When interpreting the results of the projective Szondi test, the author also applied the provisions of the psychodynamic approach. As a result of the research of motivational propensities, patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia demonstrated decreased needs for love and belonging. Women with paranoid schizophrenia had a high level of aggression as a personal motivational factor. Men with paranoid schizophrenia demonstrated a higher tendency towards the factor of sexual undifferentiality compared to healthy men. The researcher has also studied peculiarities of regulation of aggressiveness in the aforesaid groups. Women who had been suffering from paranoid schizophrenia for less than 5 years had difficulty regulating their aggression due to the dissociation of their motivational structure. Women who had been suffering from their disease for more than 5 years regulated their aggression only by the ethic motivational factor which usually came out as pseudo religious beliefs and reasoning about the Good and the Evil and etc. Aggressiveness of men who had been having the disease for less than 5 years was regulated by the motivational factor of adhesion and consistency as well as the motivational factor of devotion, aggressiveness of men who had been ill for more than 5 years was regulated by the motivational factor of adhesion and consistency.

Keywords: regulation of aggressiveness, aggressive behavior, aggression, aggressiveness, paranoid schizophrenia, motivational propensities, needs, Szondi test, projective tests, gender

Abstract: The subject under research is the peculiarities of visual perception and visual thinking demonstrated by primary school students with different ontogenesis when perceiving genre paintings. The article contains the theoretical analysis of visual functions and visual thinking of primary school students with different ontogenesis. New psychological literature on diagnostics of child's mental development focuses extensively on visual perception and visual thinking as the prerequisites for successful education. Thus, it is becoming an urgent issue to study the relation between visual perception and visual thinking of school students with different mental impairments as a result of medical diagnoses such as minimal brain dysfunction and autism spectrum. The methodological basis of the research involves contemporary views of Russian psychologists on the objective laws of the development of higher mental functions described by Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria taking into account the unevenness of their development during ontogenesis as well as the mechanisms of mental impairments described by the neuropsychological approach. Traditional methods of diagnostics of the higher mental functions are the methods of neuropsychological diagnostics allowing to perform the comparative analysis of the level of the development of particular higher mental functions. This is the first research in the academic literature to describe the relation between visual perception and visual thinking, to create a classification of mistakes and to discuss the influence of these mistakes on the level of understanding of genre paintings by primary school students with different ontogenesis. As a result of the research, Shal' has found out that children suffering from minimal brain dysfunction and autism spectrum with normal ontogenesis have a deficiency of visual perception which has an impact on visual thinking, too. Consequently, visual thinking does not always support teaching activities where there is the deficiency of visual perception. These results have allowed to define the 'targets' for corrective measures of school psychologists working with primary school children. 

Keywords: primary school age, learning disabilities, representational thought, comparative analysis, active visual perception, higher mental functions, pediatric neuropsychology, ontogenesis, minimal brain dysfunction, autism spectrum

Abstract: This study reports the development of the Proactive Behavior Inventory that was designed to define the level of proactivity and to analyze personal components of proactive behavior (self-reflection and self-regulation, forecasting and anticipation, spontaneity, internal locus of control and metamotivation). The authors of the article define proactivity as the feature of a mature personality with a high level of self-determination, personal responsibility, ability to make a conscious choice of a behavioral model and to predict life events. The need to create a new inventory was determined by the fact that there are no Russian psychological tests that would precisely study proactivity as a personal trait. The primary development of the Proactive Behavior Inventory involved 187 people including healthy individuals and patients suffering from schizophrenia, depression, coronary artery disease, drug abuse and addiction at different stages of medical treatment. The empirical validity of the test was assessed through the comparison of the results with the results obtained by the means of the Proactive Coping Inventory offered by Esther Greenglass, Ralf Schwarzer and Steffen Taubert. The Inventory offered by the authors of the article allowed to discover significant differences of a number of proactivity parameters in different groups of respondents. Primary findings prove the statement that mentally healthy and adaptive people have high indicators of proactivity while patients suffering from schizophrenia and drug abuse demonstrate a lower level of proactivity. Mathematical and statistical analysis demonstrates a high level of homogeneity of the Inventory and validity of the questionnaire items related to the integral proactivity indicators. Thus, the basic psychometric indicators of the Inventory show a high reliability and validity as well as the internal homogeneity of the Inventory. Further researches should be carried out in order to involve a greater number of respondents, to analyze the gender and cross-cultural factors and to study patients with other mental and psychosomatic diseases. The results of the study will be of interest to clinical psychologists and allow recommending the Proactive Behavior Inventory for investigating personality traits of self-determination, spontaneity, goal-setting and ancitipation of both healthy individuals and patients suffering from mental diseases. 

Keywords: depression, standardization, psychodiagnostics, internality, self-determination, anticipation, schizophrenia, proactivity, proactive behavior, positive psychology, drug abuse

Abstract: The subject under research is the peculiarities of the development of functional units of the brain (according to Alexander Luria’s theory). Children aged 5-7 years with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st, 2d and 3d levels living in the Republic of Mari El were studied. The three functional units of their cognitive activity were studied: the unit of programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, the unit of obtaining, processing and storing information and the ‘energy’ unit regulating cortical tone or waking. Peculiarities of the serial programming of movements and actions were evaluated based on the analysis of neuropsychological tests for dynamic praxis and telling a story with pictures. Programming and control of voluntary actions were evaluated based on the analysis of the results of such tests as the choice experiment and putting pictures in order. The unit of obtaining, processing and storing information was evaluated based on the results of the following tests performed by children with speech dysfunction: the test for processing kinesthetic information (finger pose praxis), the test for processing verbal information (verbal memory), the test for processing visual information (perception of crossed out images) and the test for processing visual-spatial information (redrawing a picture). The energy unit was evaluated based on the results of the tests for reciprocal coordination, dynamic praxis and graphomotor test. Methodological base of the research includes the main concepts of neuropsychology on the structure and brain organization of higher mental functions (Luria, Vizel, Simernitskaya, Tsvetkova, Shklovsky and others). Neuropsychological approach to the analysis of speech dysfunctions is one of the most promising approaches because it allows to study speech pathology at the level of interaction of brain systems and functions. This, in its turn, allows to provide a better understanding of speech as a higher mental function and predict its further development. Researchers have used the neuropsychological diagnostics program including famous neuropsychological tests offered by Luria and modified by Akhutina, Inshakova, Vizel and Semenovich. The scientific novelty of the research is in defining typical distinctive features of the development of functional units of the brain of children with speech dysfunction based on the comparative analysis of the results of neuropsychological diagnostics in terms of the age and severity of the speech underdevelopment. Conclusions: 1. Children with speech dysfunctions, in particular, general speech underdevelopment of the 1st, 2d and 3d levels demonstrate insufficient functioning of all the three units of the brain: the unit of programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, the unit of obtaining, processing and storing information and the ‘energy’ unit regulating cortical tone or waking. 2. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results of particular tests show irregularity in the distribution and diversity of dysfunctions of particular functional units both in case of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st and 2d levels and in case of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of the 3d level. 3. Comparison of different levels of speech underdevelopment shows that children with general speech development of the 1st and 2d levels had more difficulties with programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, obtaining, processing and storing information and energy unit than children with general speech underdevelopment of the 3d level. 4. Analysis of the results of tests performed by children with speech dysfunction in terms of age shows that preschoolers aged 6-7 years with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st and 2d levels have more difficulties in functioning of all the three units of the brain.

Keywords: neuropsychological analysis, general speech underdevelopment, functional units of the brain, neuropsychological tests, neuropsychological diagnostics program, speech pathology (dysfunction), conditional age norm, cross section method, dextrocerebral (right hemisphere) problems, sinistrocerebral (left hemisphere) problems.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the functional and categorical types of generalization which reflect adequate variants of cognitive operations and relate to different levels of activity: 1) generalization of a great number of items that have very different sensitive features but that are usually used to satisfy universal social needs – ‘functional generalization’; and 2) generalization of a number of items that are usually used to achieve universal social goals – categorical generalization. The research is based on the Russian activity approach to studying the superior mental functions as well as discoveries of foreign authors who viewed the process of categorization and semantic processing of knowledge through studying peculiarities of the storage, processing and extraction from the long-term memory and through studying mental vocabulary. The authors assume that functional and categorical generalizations are actualized progressively along with the increasing general cognitive and emotional deficit demonstrated by a person with schizophrenia. According to the authors, oversensitivity to functional generalizations accompanied with their simultaneous distortion and decrease of categorical generalizations is more typical for the psychopathological schizophrenia defect; increase in categorical solutions when performing mental operations is more typical for pseudo-organic type of schizophrenia defect.

Keywords: schizophrenia, type of defect, thought disorder, activity, semantic organization of knowledge, social memory, generalization, cogitation, functional generalization, categorical generalization.

Abstract: The author of the article views proactivity as a stable characteristic of mature personality. When it is normal, proactivity is presented as self-determined behavior, willingness to make active influence on the environment and life circumstances, ability to predict certain events, to set personally important goals and try to achieve them. The author studies personal determinants of proactive (i.e. self-determined) behavior of people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia. The author specifies that the following factors decrease or destruct proactivity of the patients: disadaptive stereotypes in the sphere of interpersonal communication and deficit of life-meaning orientations (including feeling satisfied only about current events, reduced ability to set long-term goals, absence of the feeling of control over one’s life and low internal control). The author also shows the role of delusionary symptoms in distorting patterns of proactive behavior when a patient is sick with schizophrenia and has tendencies towards avoidance of social contacts and autism. The majority of the listed above features correlate to low praoctivity which, in its turn, has a negative impact on the level of social functioning of patients. The author suggests that we should view the above mentioned problems as targets of the psychotherapeutic process aimed at restoration of social and cognitive functions of patients suffering from schizophrenia.

Keywords: proactivity, proactive behavior, schizophrenia, personal predicates, life-meaning orientations, stereotypes, self-determination, internality, goal-setting process, social functioning.

Abstract: In Russia over 7 million of people suffer from bronchial asthma. The medical and social role of this disease is highly significant. The wide spread of the disease among people of working age, high death risk and increasing disability of patients make bronchial asthma a social suffering. The main goal of treating of people sick with bronchial asthma is teaching patients to control and observe their disease. People sick with asthma attend classes at so called ‘Asthma School’. Asthma Schools have been taught in our country for over 20 years. However, the level of knowledge of patients about their disease is still low and they can’t observe and control their disease themselves. The purpose of the present research is to develop recommendations for pulmonary specialists and therapists on teaching patients with bronchial asthma to control their disease. The recommendations are based on the results of studying psychological qualities of patients and causes of their fears. The research involved 127 patients suffering from bronchial asthma including 62 males and 65 females. The respondents were tested by the standard clinical methods such as the SMIL test and the questionnaire developed by the author for studying causes of particular fears experienced by patients. According to the results, particular fears of patients suffering from bronchial asthma are mostly caused by their inability to control the disease, to deal with asthma attacks and a low level of knowledge about the disease in general. Based on the analysis of psychological qualities of patients with bronchial asthma, the author develops recommendations for a pulmonary specialist on how to teach at the Asthma School. According to the author, it is very useful to maintain good relations with a patient and to teach him particular algorithms of actions. A patient must also keep the self-observation notes (diary). Then a patient and a doctor analyze what causes asthma attacks.

Keywords: bronchial asthma, ‘Asthma School’, psychological assistance, emotions, fear, disability, defense mechanisms, behavior, personality disorders, rationalization.

Abstract: The study is devoted to personal constitution of proactive behavior of patients suffering from ischemic cerebrovascular accident. It has been established that the key personal predictors of formation of proactive patterns, based on the patients studied, are their socially determined needs (metaneeds) and a free will. The least developed elements of proactive patients with CVA are reflection and prognosis of consequences of one’s behavior which is most likely to be the result of decreased cognition. The most frequent proactive coping strategies in a group of patients include proactive, reflective and preventive coping. Proactive aggression as a deliberate violent behavior is rarely met compared to reactive aggression. In the course of the study it has been established that proactive personal elements represented as the patient’s desire to achieve personal goals, may be used as a personal resource influencing the success of rehabilitation measures.

Keywords: proactive behavior, proactivity, aggression, coping behavior, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, personal resources, coping strategies, reactive aggression, proactive aggression.

Abstract: The article presents a theoretical review of Germina Hug-Helmut’s psychoanalytical works. Germina Hug-Helmut was one of the founders of foreign child psychoanalysis. At the beginning of XX century a researcher of child psyche Germina Hug-Helmut (1871–1924) actively developed Freud’s views on psychoanalytical work with children. She discovered many peculiarities about child psychoanalysis before Anna Freud and Melanie Klein but her works were undeservedly forgotten for almost a hundred of years. Based on Western historians who study modern psychoanalysis, Germin Hug-Helmun was the first author of articles and books on the theory and methods of child psychoanalysis. Yet, her works are still not known among Russian researchers of psychoanalysis. Most of her books and articles were published in international journals and almost all her works had a foreword written by Freud who supported Germina Hut-Helmut’s researches.

Keywords: psychology, child psychoanalysis, theory of psychosexuality, play therapy, Viennese psychoanalytical society, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, child dreams, child fantasies, setting in child psychotherapy.

Abstract: The article is devoted to studying childhood autism from the point of view of dividing ontogenesis into periods. Each period is viewed as a program solving a particular task of development. Based on the author, when infantile autism occurs, the first stage of ontogenesis remains unsolved, which is the formation of species-related activity. It is further assumed that the main symptoms of childhood autism are the results of species-related alienation.

Keywords: psychology, early childhood autism, ontogenetic problem of development, consciousness reconstruction, development crisis, subject of species activity, three-year crisis, Self-conception, species-related consciousness, speciesrelated alienation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of psychological peculiarities determining destructive behavior of patients with paranoid schizophrenia. As the research shows, Ego-structures of such personalities have prevailing Ego functions such as deficiency aggression, destructive anxiety, external alienation of Ego and narcissism. The analysis of forms of aggressive behavior (based on Buss and Durkey’s method) shows that the studied group of patients manifests the following forms of aggression: suspicion, verbal aggression and guilt. Among unconscious tendencies and needs of patients suffering from schizophrenia the priorities include such needs as aggression, self-justification, harm-avoid behavior, failure-avoid behavior, understanding and denial. These peculiarities are subject to psychotherapeutic and preventive measures.

Keywords: psychology, aggression, destructive behavior, unconscious personal tendencies, predictors of aggression, Ego structure, projective tested, schizophrenia, needs, Hand-test.

Abstract: The articles presents the study focused on analysis of gender psychosomatic symptom formation. The study involved 20 women diagnosed with F45.3 — “somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system”, and 20 women without diagnosed somatoform disorders with the use of the gender role questionnaire BSRI S. Bam. The article shows that gender identity is a complex system, in which structure the following components are identified: a gender ideal, gender stereotype and internal gender. The article confirms that an internal gender acts as a flexible, dynamic education, changing its values in the course of the disease. Authors had found that the psychological factor of somatoform disorders appears in inconsistency of gender ideals, gender stereotypes and internal gender. The article allocates two gender factors of psychosomatic symptom formation that implement two different strategies of pseudo-resolution of the intrapersonal conflict: the rejection of the internal gender and finding more femininity.

Keywords: psychology, psychosomatics, disease, conflict, symptom, identity, femininity, gender, ideal, stereotype.

Abstract: The article provides the research of the image of the child and aggression of women с угрозой выкидыша and emotional characteristics of the image of the child. The goal of the research is to analyze the relation between the image of the child and aggression of women who suffer from problems during their pregnancy (угроза выкидыша). The article summarizes the ideas of the Russian school (G. G. Philippova) and psychoanalytical conception of pregnancy offered by Dinora Pines. In Russian psychology the image of the child is viewed as the part of the system of needs and motives that includes a woman’s ideas and attitude to her future child based on social, cultural and biological prerequisites and relationship between the woman and her own mother.

Keywords: psychology, image of the child, pregnancy, aggression, abortion, miscarriage, , child-and-parent relations, reproduction function, ambivalency, identification.

Abstract: Women’s level of anxiety often relates to such situations as a) trimester of pregnancy (which has been already proved by other researchers earlier); b) the way a woman perceives stressful events and situations; c) previous experience of pregnancy (whether the pregnancy is the first one or not).

Keywords: gy, problems, pregnancy, anxiety, stressful events, trimester of pregnancy, perception of events, physical health, psychological problems, safe maternity.

Abstract: The article describes peculiarities of psychological adaptation of HIP positive mothers. The study involved 135 mothers who had children younger than 2 years old. The main group was made up by HIV positive mothers and the control group included conventionally healthy females. The author studied emotional disturbances (integrated anxiety test, Beck’s depression scale were used as methods of the study), quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire), significant relations (incomplete-sentence test, TOBOL), parental attitudes (PARI) and particular interaction with a child (observance and psychological interview). The results of a poly-structured interview with females provide by the observance over mother-and-child interactions allowed to define the indicator of woman’s adaptation towards maternity – her sensibility to behavioral manifestations of child’s needs. It is shown that low sensibility to child’s needs is connected with other dysfunctional characteristics of the mother-and-child interaction as well as the feeling of dissatisfaction and uncertain parental attitudes. HIV positive mothers with low sensibility towards their child’s needs are characterized by emotional disturbances, low quality of life and aggravated medical and social history.

Keywords: psychology, HIV/AIDS, mother’s attitude, babyhood and toddle age, mother’s sensibility, disturbance, adaptation towards maternity.

Abstract: The author of the article studied emotional states of pregnant women throughout the last ten years. This study is important because it both relates to psychosomatic medicine paying attention at chronic negative emotional states influencing physical health and to the task of ensuring high quality of life of pregnant women. As the study shows, a woman can actually enjoy her pregnancy, although positive emotions are less typical for them compared to women in a post-natal period. Pregnant women often experience such emotions as surprise, compassion, interest, empathy and anxiety; a bit more rarely they feel shame, shyness and fear. Pregnant women are more imposed to the influence of negative emotions compared to women in a post-natal period. They also show fewer social contacts and communications due to their emotional and physical states.

Keywords: psychology, pregnancy, shame, guilt, offence, anger, quality of life, social contacts, anxiety, shyness.

Abstract: given article represents results of research of tsennostno-semantic sphere of consumers of psychoactive substances. Comparison substantial and dynamic characteristics of motivational sphere of patients with dependence on the psychoactive substances which are receiving and not receiving the psychotherapeutic help was an objective of this research. Research has shown that patients with experience of psychotherapeutic intervention are more focused on productive activity have more adaptive and socialized hierarchy that is possible, reflects positive influence of psychotherapy. The conducted research also specifies in values which are necessary for developing in the course of medical-rehabilitation actions with the patients dependent on psychoactive substances.

Keywords: psychology, psychoactive substances, psychotherapy, dependence, a narcotism, alcoholism, motivation, valuable orientations, hierarchies of values, smyslo-vital orientations.

Abstract: Abstract: the author described psychological features of post-insult conditions and studied neuropsychological and clinical aspects of motor re-training.

Keywords: psychology, psyche, medicine, insult, motor re-training, disadaptation, perception, brain, kinesitherapy, personality changes