Abstract: The article presents the results of the empirical research studying the influence of medianews on the emotional well-being of media audience in regions. Quite often mass media dramatizes real events and aggravates unusual or abnormal nature of this or that event, thus creating negative emotional states such as anxiety or fear. With that in mind, Barinov aims his research of the emotional effect of news at defining peculiar conditions when anxiety and fear arise as a result of watching or listening to media news. The instruments used in the course of the research are based on the methods tested and proved by modern media researches. The theoretical basis of the research consists of scientific publications in teh sphere of sociology of mass communication and sociological research of social fears. The followoing conclusions have been made. Besides the factor of involving regions' audience into the process of medianews consumption, the nature of emotional states are also influenced by sociodemographic factors. Apparently, representatives of social groups extrapolate rules of cultural behavior regarding expressing emotions, values, attitudes and evaluations on news which either intensifies or weakens the role of such information in generation of fears and anxiety. Social groups whose positions within social relations can be described as unstable, insecure or uncertain are especially vulnerable and susceptible to fear-generating mass media information. 

Keywords: mass media influence, public mood, mass psychology, emotional well-being, social fears, agenda-setting, news media, media audience, sociology of mass communications, media practice

References:
Brayant Dzh., Tompson S. Osnovy vozdeystviya SMI / Per. s angl. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Vil'yame», 2004. 432 s.
Brodovskaya E.V., Shumilova O.E. Rossiyskie pol'zovateli i nepol'zovateli: sootnoshenie i osnovnye osobennosti // Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny. 2013. ¹3 (115). S. 5-18.
Buzin V.N. Vozmozhen li zakat televideniya? Sotsiologicheskiy prognoz // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2012. ¹10. S. 97-98.
Burd'e P. O televidenii i zhurnalistike / Per. s fr. T. Anisimovoy, Yu. Markovoy. Otv. red., predisl. N. Shmatko. M.: Fond nauchnykh issledovaniy «Pragmatika kul'tury», Institut eksperimental'noy sotsiologii, 2002. 159 s.
Internet v Rossii: dinamika proniknoveniya. Zima 2015-2016 // URL: http://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/12610
Pocheptsov G.G. Teoriya kommunikatsii. M.: Refl-buk; Kiev: Vakler, 2002. 656 s.
Rossiyskiy statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. 2015: Stat.sb./Rosstat. M., 2015. 727 s.
Samye zapominayushchiesya sobytiya. Press-vypusk. 06.08.2014. URL: http://www.levada.ru/06-08-2014/samye-zapominayushchiesya-sobytiya
Kharris R. Psikhologiya massovykh kommunikatsiy. SPb.: praym-EVROZNAK, 2003. 448 s.
Khlop'ev A.T. Krivye tolki Rossii // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1995. ¹1. S. 21-33.
Chto i zachem smotryat rossiyane // URL: http://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/11536
Shubkin V.N., Ivanova V.A. Strakh na postsovetskom prostranstve: Ukraina i Litva // Strakhi i trevogi rossiyan. SPb.: RKhGI, 2004. S. 139-169.
David L. AltheideMoral panic: From sociological concept to public discourse // Crime, media, culture. 2009. ¹5. Pp. 79–96. URL: http://cmc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/79. DOI: 10.1177/1741659008102063
Jan Van den Bulck, Kathleen Custers Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an Ecological Study across 23 member states of the European Union // European Journal of Public Health. 2009. Vol. 19. ¹ 4. Pp. 370–374. DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckp061
Ronald Weitzer; Charis E Kubrin Breaking news: how local tv news and real-world conditions affect fear of // Justice Quarterly. Vol. 21. No. 3. 2004. Pp. 497-520.
Rozin V.M. Kommunikatsiya i sotsial'nost' // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 9. - C. 1042 - 1054. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.9.13154.

References (transliteration):
Brayant Dzh., Tompson S. Osnovy vozdeystviya SMI / Per. s angl. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Vil'yame», 2004. 432 s.
Brodovskaya E.V., Shumilova O.E. Rossiyskie pol'zovateli i nepol'zovateli: sootnoshenie i osnovnye osobennosti // Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny. 2013. ¹3 (115). S. 5-18.
Buzin V.N. Vozmozhen li zakat televideniya? Sotsiologicheskiy prognoz // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2012. ¹10. S. 97-98.
Burd'e P. O televidenii i zhurnalistike / Per. s fr. T. Anisimovoy, Yu. Markovoy. Otv. red., predisl. N. Shmatko. M.: Fond nauchnykh issledovaniy «Pragmatika kul'tury», Institut eksperimental'noy sotsiologii, 2002. 159 s.
Internet v Rossii: dinamika proniknoveniya. Zima 2015-2016 // URL: http://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/12610
Pocheptsov G.G. Teoriya kommunikatsii. M.: Refl-buk; Kiev: Vakler, 2002. 656 s.
Rossiyskiy statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. 2015: Stat.sb./Rosstat. M., 2015. 727 s.
Samye zapominayushchiesya sobytiya. Press-vypusk. 06.08.2014. URL: http://www.levada.ru/06-08-2014/samye-zapominayushchiesya-sobytiya
Kharris R. Psikhologiya massovykh kommunikatsiy. SPb.: praym-EVROZNAK, 2003. 448 s.
Khlop'ev A.T. Krivye tolki Rossii // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1995. ¹1. S. 21-33.
Chto i zachem smotryat rossiyane // URL: http://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/11536
Shubkin V.N., Ivanova V.A. Strakh na postsovetskom prostranstve: Ukraina i Litva // Strakhi i trevogi rossiyan. SPb.: RKhGI, 2004. S. 139-169.
David L. AltheideMoral panic: From sociological concept to public discourse // Crime, media, culture. 2009. ¹5. Pp. 79–96. URL: http://cmc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/79. DOI: 10.1177/1741659008102063
Jan Van den Bulck, Kathleen Custers Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an Ecological Study across 23 member states of the European Union // European Journal of Public Health. 2009. Vol. 19. ¹ 4. Pp. 370–374. DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckp061
Ronald Weitzer; Charis E Kubrin Breaking news: how local tv news and real-world conditions affect fear of // Justice Quarterly. Vol. 21. No. 3. 2004. Pp. 497-520.
Rozin V.M. Kommunikatsiya i sotsial'nost' // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 9. - C. 1042 - 1054. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.9.13154.

Abstract: The article presents the analysis of the play and scenario interaction between people as elements of the role mechanism of suggestibility in a large group. The authors provide a brief overview of the problem of differentiation between suggestibility and hypnoability, methodological difficulties in their study, different theories to explain this phenomenon and describe its interdisciplinary and systemic nature. They view the concept of humn depreciation of himself and those around him, and the symbiotic relationship with mothers within the framework of the transactional analysis offered by Eric Berne. This is followed by the theory of psychological games where the central place is occupied by "games of power", as well as the system of role interaction proposed by Stephen Karpan. Then there is the concept of life scripts, the description of which begins with the analysis of the four basic existential positions of a man. The authors examine the mechanism of formation of a life script through the assimilation of the parent's guidelines as well as the two types of life scripts, heroic and not heroic. At the end of the article, there are historical examples that illustrate the described approach to understanding the nature of human relationships. The primary method of research in this article is a system analysis of Russian and foreign literature on the problem of suggestibility. For the first time in the academic literature suggestibility is being analyzed from the point of view of games and scenario interaction which allows to expand the understanding of the role mechanism. Conclusions: suggestibility is a complex system phenomenon which can't be studied from only one point of view; in large groups suggestibility is a result of human depreciation of himself and his tendency to build relationships with the powerful ones in the form of particular psychological games and life scripts which is very well demonstrated by the example of role relations. 

Keywords: life script, symbiosis, suggestibility, transactional analysis, manipulation of consciousness, existential life position, depreciation, psychological games, passive behavior, hypnoability

References:
Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A., Kozlov V.V.Metodologicheskie aspekty izucheniya fenomena vnushaemosti // Metodologiya sovremennoy psikhologii. 2015, ¹ 5. — S. 3-10.
Kollektiv. Lichnost'. Obshchenie: Slovar' sotsial'no-psikhologicheskikh ponyatiy// pod red. Kuz'mina E.S. i Semenova V.E. — L.: Prosveshchenie, 1987. — 144s.
Yapko M. Transovaya rabota: vvedenie v praktiku klinicheskogo gipnoza — M.: Psikhoterapiya, 2013. — 720 s.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Teorii vnushaemosti v sovremennoy psikhologicheskoy // sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya. Novye vozmozhnosti». 2014. — S. 115-117.
Freyd Z. Lektsii po vvedeniyu v psikhoanaliz — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. — 597 s.
Rozhnov V.E. Rukovodstvo po psikhoterapii — T.: Meditsina, 1979. — 620 s.
Goden Zh. Novyy gipnoz: glossariy, printsipy i metod. Vvedenie v eriksonovskuyu gipnoterapiyu — M.: Izdatel'stvo instituta psikhoterapii, 2003. — 298 s.
Sarbin T. Hypnosis as conversation: believed-in imaginings revisited // Contemporary hypnosis, 1997. ¹ 14. — pp. 203-215.
Shor R. The three-factor theory of hypnosis as applied to the book-reading fantasy and to the concept of suggestion // International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1970. ¹ 3. — pp. 89-98.
SkinnerB.F. Science and human behavior — NY.:Mcmillan, 1953. — 308p.
Hilgard E. Toward a neo-dissociation theory: multiple cognitive controls in human functioning // // Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1974. ¹ 17. — pp. 303-316.
MazilovV.A.Kommunikativnaya metodologiya psikhologicheskoy nauki: vozmozhnyy put' integratsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya // Sibirskiy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006, ¹ 24. — S. 65-69.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Delegirovanie otvetstvennosti kak mekhanizm vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe// sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya». 2015. — S. 142-145.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A.Tranzaktnoe vzaimodeystvie kak mekhanizm vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe // Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. 2015, ¹ 2 (77). — S. 135-140.
Zuykova N.L. Konsul'tirovanie i psikhoterapiya metodom «Tranzaktsionnyy analiz» — M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo MBA», 2013. — 160 s.
Shustov D.I. Rukovodstvo po klinicheskomu transaktnomu analizu — M.: Kogito-tsentr, 2009. — 367 s.
Styuart Ya., Dzhoyns V. Sovremennyy tranzaktnyy analiz — SPb.: Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy tsentr, 2009. — 330 s.
Bern E. Igry, v kotorye igrayut lyudi. Lyudi, kotorye igrayut v igry — M.: Eksmo, 2011. — 576 s.
Bern E. Za predelami igr i stsenariev — Minsk: Popurri, 2008. — 464 s.
KarpmanS. A game free life — San Francisco.: Allure, 2014. — 311p.
Makarov V.V., Makarova G.A. Igry, v kotorye igrayut v Rossii — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2008. — 179 s.
Bern E. Gruppovaya psikhoterapiya i transaktnyy analiz — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2013. — 384 s.
Gulding M., Gulding R. Psikhoterapiya novogo resheniya. Teoriya i praktika — M.: Klass, 1997. — 288 s.
Shtayner K. Stsenarii zhizni lyudey. Shkola Erika Berna — SPb.: Piter, 2003. — 416 s.
Kozlov V.V. Integrativnaya paradigma psikhologii //Chelovecheskiy faktor: Problemy psikhologii i ergonomiki. Tematicheskiy vypusk: Plenarnye doklady VII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii «Psikhologiya i ergonomika: edinstvo teorii i praktiki», 18-20 avgusta 2011. ¹3. — s.8-13

References (transliteration):
Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A., Kozlov V.V.Metodologicheskie aspekty izucheniya fenomena vnushaemosti // Metodologiya sovremennoy psikhologii. 2015, ¹ 5. — S. 3-10.
Kollektiv. Lichnost'. Obshchenie: Slovar' sotsial'no-psikhologicheskikh ponyatiy// pod red. Kuz'mina E.S. i Semenova V.E. — L.: Prosveshchenie, 1987. — 144s.
Yapko M. Transovaya rabota: vvedenie v praktiku klinicheskogo gipnoza — M.: Psikhoterapiya, 2013. — 720 s.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Teorii vnushaemosti v sovremennoy psikhologicheskoy // sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya. Novye vozmozhnosti». 2014. — S. 115-117.
Freyd Z. Lektsii po vvedeniyu v psikhoanaliz — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. — 597 s.
Rozhnov V.E. Rukovodstvo po psikhoterapii — T.: Meditsina, 1979. — 620 s.
Goden Zh. Novyy gipnoz: glossariy, printsipy i metod. Vvedenie v eriksonovskuyu gipnoterapiyu — M.: Izdatel'stvo instituta psikhoterapii, 2003. — 298 s.
Sarbin T. Hypnosis as conversation: believed-in imaginings revisited // Contemporary hypnosis, 1997. ¹ 14. — pp. 203-215.
Shor R. The three-factor theory of hypnosis as applied to the book-reading fantasy and to the concept of suggestion // International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1970. ¹ 3. — pp. 89-98.
SkinnerB.F. Science and human behavior — NY.:Mcmillan, 1953. — 308p.
Hilgard E. Toward a neo-dissociation theory: multiple cognitive controls in human functioning // // Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1974. ¹ 17. — pp. 303-316.
MazilovV.A.Kommunikativnaya metodologiya psikhologicheskoy nauki: vozmozhnyy put' integratsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya // Sibirskiy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006, ¹ 24. — S. 65-69.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Delegirovanie otvetstvennosti kak mekhanizm vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe// sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya». 2015. — S. 142-145.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A.Tranzaktnoe vzaimodeystvie kak mekhanizm vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe // Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. 2015, ¹ 2 (77). — S. 135-140.
Zuykova N.L. Konsul'tirovanie i psikhoterapiya metodom «Tranzaktsionnyy analiz» — M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo MBA», 2013. — 160 s.
Shustov D.I. Rukovodstvo po klinicheskomu transaktnomu analizu — M.: Kogito-tsentr, 2009. — 367 s.
Styuart Ya., Dzhoyns V. Sovremennyy tranzaktnyy analiz — SPb.: Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy tsentr, 2009. — 330 s.
Bern E. Igry, v kotorye igrayut lyudi. Lyudi, kotorye igrayut v igry — M.: Eksmo, 2011. — 576 s.
Bern E. Za predelami igr i stsenariev — Minsk: Popurri, 2008. — 464 s.
KarpmanS. A game free life — San Francisco.: Allure, 2014. — 311p.
Makarov V.V., Makarova G.A. Igry, v kotorye igrayut v Rossii — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2008. — 179 s.
Bern E. Gruppovaya psikhoterapiya i transaktnyy analiz — M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2013. — 384 s.
Gulding M., Gulding R. Psikhoterapiya novogo resheniya. Teoriya i praktika — M.: Klass, 1997. — 288 s.
Shtayner K. Stsenarii zhizni lyudey. Shkola Erika Berna — SPb.: Piter, 2003. — 416 s.
Kozlov V.V. Integrativnaya paradigma psikhologii //Chelovecheskiy faktor: Problemy psikhologii i ergonomiki. Tematicheskiy vypusk: Plenarnye doklady VII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii «Psikhologiya i ergonomika: edinstvo teorii i praktiki», 18-20 avgusta 2011. ¹3. — s.8-13

Abstract: The article touches upon motivational and role determinants of a virtual discourse, general features and types of such a discourse. The authors describe the following features of a virtual discourse: cultural conditionality, communicative nature, frequent returning to the point at issue, original slang, interactivity and tolerance of a discourse. It is noticed that development of vertical and horizontal social communications among members of virtual communities partly promotes formation of noncommercial sector in structure of the modern state and, on occasion, can influence socially significant events in the life of society. The research methodology consists of the information-semiotic approach considering public interaction as the world of the social information being accumulated and kept by means of signs created by people; Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, theories of social action of Jurgen Habermas and the concept social practices offered by Bourdieu. As a result of the carried out research, the authors conclude that the motivational potential of a virtual discourse is presented by motives and needs including psychological release, self-actualization and professional growth, satisfaction of the need for safety and anonymity, recognition and respect, and others. The discourse in the virtual subculture bears the impress of the socio-cultural space and provides for the performance of some functions, in particular, information function and development of the social image. The role determinants of a virtual discourse include rating assessment, hierarchy of users and structural constructs forming a pyramid of ranks  on the basis of assessed levels of activity of users. Considering the number of comments or the volume of the created content, users are assigned ranks that raise their status and encourage their activity. 

Keywords: status of the user, cyberspace, Internet communities, virtual environment, discourse, motivation, needs, role determinants, rating of the user, network dialogue

References:
Kapra F. Fizika Dao. – M.: Sofiya. – 2008. – 416 c
P.S. Gurevich Perevoploshchenie teksta v ideologiyu // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 4. - C. 423 - 428. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.04.1.
Nartsissova S.Yu. Argumentativnyy diskurs v obuchenii (psikhosemioticheskiy podkhod) // Psikhologiya i pedagogika: metodika i problemy prakticheskogo primeneniya: sbornik materialov KhVI Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii: v 2-kh chastyakh. Chast' 1 / Pod obshch. red. S.S.Chernova. – Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo NGTU. – 2010. – S. 67.
Zankovskiy A.N. Tipologiya stiley organizatsionnogo liderstva // sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie i psikhologicheskie problemy upravleniya // Sbornik nauchnykh statey po materialam I (IV) Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, prokhodivshey v Moskovskom gorodskom psikhologo-pedagogicheskom universitete. Pod obshchey redaktsiey M.G. Kovtunovich. – Moskva. – 2013. – S. 175-189.
Internet-zavisimost': psikhologicheskaya priroda i dinamika razvitiya (kratkoe soderzhanie dokladov simpoziuma) http://www.psy.msu.ru/science/conference/internet/2009/brief.html
Zankovskiy A.N. Struktura, tipy i etapy formirovaniya organizatsionnoy kul'tury // psikhologiya truda i upravleniya v sovremennoy Rossii: organizatsiya, rukovodstvo i predprinimatel'stvo // Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 20-letiyu fakul'teta psikhologii i sotsial'noy raboty. – 2014. – S. 14-17.
Brasher B. Give me that online religion / San Francisco: Jossey Bass.-San Francisco. – 2007. – 227 p.
Abul'khanova-Slavskaya K.A. Sotsial'noe myshlenie lichnosti // «Sovremennaya psikhologiya: sostoyanie i perspektivy issledovaniy. Chast' 3. Sotsial'nye predstavleniya i myshlenie lichnosti». – M.: Izd-vo «Institut psikhologii RAN», – 2002. – S. 89.
Pogorskiy E.K. Chelovek v setevom prostranstve // Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. – 2012. – ¹ 3. – S. 304-309.
Mikeshina L.A. Novye obrazy poznaniya i real'nosti / L.A. Mikeshina, M.Yu. – M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya. – 1997. – S.198-205.
Shaymiev V.A. Metadiskursivnost' nauchnogo teksta: na materialakh lingvisticheskikh proizvedeniy. Diss. ... d-ra filol. nauk. – SPb., – 1999. – 494 s.
Glushak V.M. Atributivnye izmereniya teksta kak lingvisticheskiy fenomen kontseptual'noy svyazi (na materiale nemetskogo yazyka): Diss. kand... filol. nauk. –M., – 1999. – 175 s.
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References (transliteration):
Kapra F. Fizika Dao. – M.: Sofiya. – 2008. – 416 c
P.S. Gurevich Perevoploshchenie teksta v ideologiyu // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 4. - C. 423 - 428. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.04.1.
Nartsissova S.Yu. Argumentativnyy diskurs v obuchenii (psikhosemioticheskiy podkhod) // Psikhologiya i pedagogika: metodika i problemy prakticheskogo primeneniya: sbornik materialov KhVI Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii: v 2-kh chastyakh. Chast' 1 / Pod obshch. red. S.S.Chernova. – Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo NGTU. – 2010. – S. 67.
Zankovskiy A.N. Tipologiya stiley organizatsionnogo liderstva // sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie i psikhologicheskie problemy upravleniya // Sbornik nauchnykh statey po materialam I (IV) Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, prokhodivshey v Moskovskom gorodskom psikhologo-pedagogicheskom universitete. Pod obshchey redaktsiey M.G. Kovtunovich. – Moskva. – 2013. – S. 175-189.
Internet-zavisimost': psikhologicheskaya priroda i dinamika razvitiya (kratkoe soderzhanie dokladov simpoziuma) http://www.psy.msu.ru/science/conference/internet/2009/brief.html
Zankovskiy A.N. Struktura, tipy i etapy formirovaniya organizatsionnoy kul'tury // psikhologiya truda i upravleniya v sovremennoy Rossii: organizatsiya, rukovodstvo i predprinimatel'stvo // Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 20-letiyu fakul'teta psikhologii i sotsial'noy raboty. – 2014. – S. 14-17.
Brasher B. Give me that online religion / San Francisco: Jossey Bass.-San Francisco. – 2007. – 227 p.
Abul'khanova-Slavskaya K.A. Sotsial'noe myshlenie lichnosti // «Sovremennaya psikhologiya: sostoyanie i perspektivy issledovaniy. Chast' 3. Sotsial'nye predstavleniya i myshlenie lichnosti». – M.: Izd-vo «Institut psikhologii RAN», – 2002. – S. 89.
Pogorskiy E.K. Chelovek v setevom prostranstve // Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. – 2012. – ¹ 3. – S. 304-309.
Mikeshina L.A. Novye obrazy poznaniya i real'nosti / L.A. Mikeshina, M.Yu. – M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya. – 1997. – S.198-205.
Shaymiev V.A. Metadiskursivnost' nauchnogo teksta: na materialakh lingvisticheskikh proizvedeniy. Diss. ... d-ra filol. nauk. – SPb., – 1999. – 494 s.
Glushak V.M. Atributivnye izmereniya teksta kak lingvisticheskiy fenomen kontseptual'noy svyazi (na materiale nemetskogo yazyka): Diss. kand... filol. nauk. –M., – 1999. – 175 s.
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Abstract: Being a widely occuring form of extremism in the modern army, the phenomenon of dedovshchina or hazing is characterized by the non-statutory (violent) relations humiliating human dignity among the military personnel of conscription service. In her article Popova examines qualitative levels and hazing modalities (such as sociocultural, philosophical and psychological, ethical modalities ) demonstrating a variety of the factors influencing aggression and distribution of violence in the army environment. The psychological mechanisms ensuring psychological safety and moral complacency are also considered. These include moral justification, substitution of notions, favorable comparison, responsibility rearrangement, distribution of responsibility, ignoring or distortion of consequences, dehumanization, and attributing of fault. The author is guided by the conceptual provisions of A. Bandura's psyhology who defined the most typical justificatory mechanisms allowing to deviate from strict moral claims without feelings self-disrespect. Analysing the philosophical and psychological factors of "dedovshchina" as some kind of justificatory mechanisms of this phenomenon, the author comes to the conclusion that they act as patterns of avoidance of self-punishment and loss of self-esteem owing to commission of reprehensible actions. They can not be articulated at the time of commission of an act of violence, but, as a rule, are present at the subsequent reflection over the behavior when there is a conflict of the values created by the army environment and social values where the idea of violence is either disadvantaged or hidden. 

Keywords: psychological factors of hazing, hazing, dedovshchina, human design, ethics of war, violence in the army, sociocultural factors of violence, violence and non-violence, non-violence philosophy, psychology of army service, ethics of non-violence

References:
Perov E.V. Teoriya i analiz sotsial'noy konfliktogennosti obshchestva // Voprosy bezopasnosti.-2013.-5.-C. 67-141. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2013.5.2308. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/nb/article_2308.html
Nikol'skaya A.V.Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie aspekty mezhvidovogo vzaimodeystviya // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-7.-C. 48-54.
Tsit. po: Khegenkhan B., Olson M. Teorii naucheniya.-SPb.: Piter.-2004.-S.330.
Svyashchennik Dimitriy Kuminov. Armiya-sil'noe iskushenie: i v fizicheskom, i dukhovnom otnoshenii. URL: http://www.k-stine.ru/morals/patriotism_pskov_eparhija.html
Popova O.V. Sotsiokul'turnoe konstruirovanie cheloveka voennogo (na primere analiza neustavnykh otnosheniy v armii) // Chelovek i kul'tura.-2014.-5.-C. 32-49. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2014.5.14499. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_14499.html
Kononenko M. Zachem gosudarstvu nuzhno fizicheskoe i psikhologicheskoe nasilie v Armii. URL: http://tapirr.livejournal.com/2126599.html
Prokof'ev A.V. Vybor v pol'zu men'shego zla i problema granits moral'no dopustimogo/Eticheskaya mysl'. Vypusk 9. Ros. akad. nauk, In-t filosofii.-M.: IF RAN.-2009.-S. 123. URL: htpp: www.deti.mil.by.
Dedovshchina v armii: sbornik sotsiologicheskikh dokumentov / Sost. S.Belanovskiy, S. Marzeeva /AN SSSR.-M.-1991.-S. 18–19.
Detyam ob armii.URL:htpp: www.deti.mil.by

References (transliteration):
Perov E.V. Teoriya i analiz sotsial'noy konfliktogennosti obshchestva // Voprosy bezopasnosti.-2013.-5.-C. 67-141. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2013.5.2308. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/nb/article_2308.html
Nikol'skaya A.V.Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie aspekty mezhvidovogo vzaimodeystviya // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-7.-C. 48-54.
Tsit. po: Khegenkhan B., Olson M. Teorii naucheniya.-SPb.: Piter.-2004.-S.330.
Svyashchennik Dimitriy Kuminov. Armiya-sil'noe iskushenie: i v fizicheskom, i dukhovnom otnoshenii. URL: http://www.k-stine.ru/morals/patriotism_pskov_eparhija.html
Popova O.V. Sotsiokul'turnoe konstruirovanie cheloveka voennogo (na primere analiza neustavnykh otnosheniy v armii) // Chelovek i kul'tura.-2014.-5.-C. 32-49. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2014.5.14499. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_14499.html
Kononenko M. Zachem gosudarstvu nuzhno fizicheskoe i psikhologicheskoe nasilie v Armii. URL: http://tapirr.livejournal.com/2126599.html
Prokof'ev A.V. Vybor v pol'zu men'shego zla i problema granits moral'no dopustimogo/Eticheskaya mysl'. Vypusk 9. Ros. akad. nauk, In-t filosofii.-M.: IF RAN.-2009.-S. 123. URL: htpp: www.deti.mil.by.
Dedovshchina v armii: sbornik sotsiologicheskikh dokumentov / Sost. S.Belanovskiy, S. Marzeeva /AN SSSR.-M.-1991.-S. 18–19.
Detyam ob armii.URL:htpp: www.deti.mil.by

Abstract: The authors of this article carry out the analysis of transactional interactions between people as a mechanism of suggestibility in major groups. They give a short review of suggestibility as a complex phenomenon as well as a brief overview of major theories of suggestibility. The authors provide a list of the main concepts developed in the transactional analysis of Eric Berne and examine the following: theories of personality, social interaction and conception of psychological “hungers”. The emphasis is made on some proximity between theories of classical psychoanalysis and transactional analysis when it comes to the nature of suggestibility. The authors also provide historical examples that illustrate the described approach to understanding the nature of human relationships. The main research method used in the article is a systems analysis of Russian and foreign literature on suggestibility. For the first time in the academic literature suggestibility is analyzed from both medical and socio-psychological points of view which allows to clearly distinguish it from the concept of hypnoability. This is also the first research to analyze suggestibility in major groups in terms of the transactional analysis. Conclusions: suggestibility is a complex system phenomenon that cannot be interpreted one-dimensionally; and suggestibility in major groups is a consequence of the mass entering of people in the Child's ego-state.

Keywords: Parent, manipulation with consciousness, suggestibility, transactional analysis, theory of personality, transaction, ego-state, Adult, Child, psychological “hunger”

References:
Kozlov V.V. Integrativnaya paradigma psikhologii //Chelovecheskiy faktor : Problemy psikhologii i ergonomiki. Tematicheskiy vypusk: Plenarnye doklady VII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii «Psikhologiya i ergonomika: edinstvo teorii i praktiki» 18-20 avgusta 2011 ¹3 Moskva-Tver': Izd-vo OOO «Triada», 2011 – S.8-13
Makarov V.V, Makarova G.A. Tranzaktnyy analiz – vostochnaya versiya — M. : Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2008. — 399 s.
Shustov D.I. Rukovodstvo po klinicheskomu transaktnomu analizu — M. : Kogito-tsentr, 2009. — 367 s.
Bern E. Za predelami igr i stsenariev — Minsk : «Popurri», 2008. — 464 s.
Bern E. Igry, v kotorye igrayut lyudi. Lyudi, kotorye igrayut v igry — M. : Eksmo, 2011. — 576 s.
Kristiansen K., Bilund P. Igry, v kotorye ne igrayut uspeshnye lyudi. Master-klass prakticheskoy psikhologii — SPb. : Praym-Evroznak, 2009. — 256 s.
Bern E. Transaktnyy analiz v psikhoterapii: sistemnaya individual'naya i sotsial'naya psikhiatriya — M. : Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2006. — 320 s.
Styuart Ya., Dzhoyns V. Sovremennyy tranzaktnyy analiz — SPb. : Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy tsentr, 1996. — 330 s.
Zuykova N.L. Konsul'tirovanie i psikhoterapiya metodom «transaktsionnyy analiz» — M. : Izdatel'stvo MBA, 2013. — 160 s.
Hilgard E. Toward a neo-dissociation theory: multiple cognitive controls in human functioning. // Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. — 1974, ¹17. — pp. 303-316
Rozhnov V.E. Rukovodstvo po psikhoterapii. — T. : Meditsina, 1979. — 620 s.
Slobodyanik A.P. Psikhoterapiya, vnushenie, gipnoz. — Kiev: Zdorov'e, 1982. — 376 s.
Freyd Z. Lektsii po vvedeniyu v psikhoanaliz. — M. : Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. — 597 s.
Kuz'mina E.S., Semenov V.E. Slovar' sotsial'no-psikhologicheskikh ponyatiy. — L. : Lenizdat, 1987. — 144 s.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Analiz sotsikognitivnykh iskazheniy kak mekhanizma vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe na primere pervoy mirovoy voyny // sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya. Novye vozmozhnosti» pod red. Kozlova V.V. Novosibirsk, 2014 – 229 s.

References (transliteration):
Kozlov V.V. Integrativnaya paradigma psikhologii //Chelovecheskiy faktor : Problemy psikhologii i ergonomiki. Tematicheskiy vypusk: Plenarnye doklady VII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii «Psikhologiya i ergonomika: edinstvo teorii i praktiki» 18-20 avgusta 2011 ¹3 Moskva-Tver': Izd-vo OOO «Triada», 2011 – S.8-13
Makarov V.V, Makarova G.A. Tranzaktnyy analiz – vostochnaya versiya — M. : Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2008. — 399 s.
Shustov D.I. Rukovodstvo po klinicheskomu transaktnomu analizu — M. : Kogito-tsentr, 2009. — 367 s.
Bern E. Za predelami igr i stsenariev — Minsk : «Popurri», 2008. — 464 s.
Bern E. Igry, v kotorye igrayut lyudi. Lyudi, kotorye igrayut v igry — M. : Eksmo, 2011. — 576 s.
Kristiansen K., Bilund P. Igry, v kotorye ne igrayut uspeshnye lyudi. Master-klass prakticheskoy psikhologii — SPb. : Praym-Evroznak, 2009. — 256 s.
Bern E. Transaktnyy analiz v psikhoterapii: sistemnaya individual'naya i sotsial'naya psikhiatriya — M. : Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2006. — 320 s.
Styuart Ya., Dzhoyns V. Sovremennyy tranzaktnyy analiz — SPb. : Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy tsentr, 1996. — 330 s.
Zuykova N.L. Konsul'tirovanie i psikhoterapiya metodom «transaktsionnyy analiz» — M. : Izdatel'stvo MBA, 2013. — 160 s.
Hilgard E. Toward a neo-dissociation theory: multiple cognitive controls in human functioning. // Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. — 1974, ¹17. — pp. 303-316
Rozhnov V.E. Rukovodstvo po psikhoterapii. — T. : Meditsina, 1979. — 620 s.
Slobodyanik A.P. Psikhoterapiya, vnushenie, gipnoz. — Kiev: Zdorov'e, 1982. — 376 s.
Freyd Z. Lektsii po vvedeniyu v psikhoanaliz. — M. : Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. — 597 s.
Kuz'mina E.S., Semenov V.E. Slovar' sotsial'no-psikhologicheskikh ponyatiy. — L. : Lenizdat, 1987. — 144 s.
Kozlov V.V., Gordeev M.N., Vlasov N.A. Analiz sotsikognitivnykh iskazheniy kak mekhanizma vnushaemosti v bol'shoy gruppe na primere pervoy mirovoy voyny // sb. po materialam ezhegodnogo Kongressa «Psikhologiya XXI stoletiya. Novye vozmozhnosti» pod red. Kozlova V.V. Novosibirsk, 2014 – 229 s.

Abstract: The current crisis of the transfer of historical experience conditions the importance of the subject under research chosen by the author: analysis of historical memory, socio-cultural and psychological mechanisms of intergeneration transfer of traumatic experience and their role in formation of the identity of the second generation of survivors in Israel and Eastern Europe after the Holocaust. Special attention is paid to psychological defense mechanisms aimed at restoring national identity that were activated in the process of transfer of traumatic experience at different stages of the development of Israeli society’s attitudes towards the Holocaust, especially that of the Jewish people in Eastern Europe. The authors also discuss stages of integration of traumatic experience into the national identity structure. The research was carried out at the interface between different research methodologies and involved the methods of comparative cultural historical analysis, clinical psychological reflection based on acute social phenomena as well as phenomenological methods of studying evidence and life stories. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, the authors show the complexity and sensitivity of the process of overcoming traumatic experience and describe stages of integration of traumatic experience into the historical memory and peculiarities of formation of the second generation identity. The research of social and psychological mechanisms of identity formation has allowed to define both differences and similarities in how people deal with the memory of traumatic events in different social cultural environments. The authors show that despite common attempts to institutionalize the Holocaust experience, there had been a number of problems related its transfer and integration which was later accompanied with different types of defense mechanisms in other succeeding generations. Individual inter-generation transfer of experience has created a complex internal dialogue in the minds and national identities of the second generation. The authors conclude that the phenomenon of national identity is included both in the historical memory (including different ideological transformations) and socio-cultural situation of modern times which creates particular types of memories, their understanding and ideological interpretations.

Keywords: historical memory, identity, traumatic experience, intergeneration transfer, the Holocaust, the second generation, cultural historical analysis, Israel, Eastern Europe, clinical psychology.

Contact information: Burlakova Natalya Semenovna, 111501, Russia, Moscow, Mokhovaya str. 11, bld. 9.

References:
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Yung K.G. Sovremennost' i budushchee. Minsk: «Universitetskoe», 1992.
Khorni K. Nevroticheskaya lichnost' nashego vremeni. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009.
Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. M.: Progress, 1996.
Khatton P. Istoriya kak iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2003.
Khal'bvaks M. Kollektivnaya i istoricheskaya pamyat' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ha2.html
Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo. M.:AST, AST MOSKVA: KhRANITEL', 2006.
Tompson P. Golos proshlogo. Ustnaya istoriya. M.: Ves' mir, 2003.
Adorno T. Chto znachit «prorabotka proshlogo»? // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2 – 3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ado4.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
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Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Psikhologicheskaya kontseptsiya identichnosti E. Eriksona v zerkale lichnoy istorii avtora. Monografiya. M.: OOO «IPTs «Maska»», 2011.
Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Urovni kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza v klinicheskoy psikhologii // Vopr. Psikhologii, 2012, ¹ 6. S. 33-45.
Gudkov L. D.«Pamyat'» o voyne i massovaya identichnost' rossiyan // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2 – 3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/gu5.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Gudkov L.D. Negativnaya identichnost'. M.: NLO, 2004.
Gurevich, P. S. Problema identichnosti cheloveka v filosofskoy antropologii // Voprosy sotsial'noy teorii: Nauchnyy al'manakh. 2010. Tom IV. Chelovek v poiskakh identichnosti / Pod red. Yu.M. Reznika i M.V. Tlostanovoy. M.: Assotsiatsiya «Mezhdistsiplinarnoe obshchestvo sotsial'noy teorii», 2010. S. 63-87.
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Gurevich P. S. Kul'turologiya. M.: «Yuniti», 2008.
Emel'yanova T.P. Sotsial'noe predstavlenie kak instrument kollektivnoy pamyati (na primere vospominaniy o Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne). Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal, 2002, 23(4), 56–66.
Zaytseva O. Nachal'nye etapy formirovaniya pamyati o Kholokoste (1948-1962 gg.). Evreyskoe obrazovanie, ¹1–2 (2004), s. 201-244.
Yeyts F. Iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Fond podderzhki nauki i obrazovaniya «Universitetskaya kniga», 1997.
Istoriya i pamyat' / Pod red. L.P. Repinoy. M.: Krug', 2006.
Mamardashvili M.K. Opyt fizicheskoy metafiziki (Vil'nyusskie lektsii po sotsial'noy filosofii). M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2008.
Meshcherkina E. Povsednevnost' v biografii i ustnoy istorii // Ob'yat' obyknovennoe: Povsednevnost' kak tekst po-amerikanski i po-russki: Materialy VI Fulbraytovskoy gumanitarnoy letney shkoly / Pod red. T.D. Venediktovoy. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2004. S. 145-162.
Nora P. Vsemirnoe torzhestvo pamyati // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/nora22.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Repina L.P. Istoricheskaya pamyat' i sovremennaya istoriografiya // Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2004. ¹ 5. S. 39 – 51.
Rubinshteyn A. Ot Gertslya do Rabina i dal'she. Minsk, «MET», 2002.
Stefanenko T.G. Etnicheskaya identichnost': ot etnologii k sotsial'noy psikhologii// Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser.14. Psikhologiya. 2009, ¹ 2. S.3-17.

References (transliteration):
Zelizer B. Visual Culture and Holocaust. Rutgers University Press, 2001. 1. S. 156−183. Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Psikhologicheskaya kontseptsiya identichnosti E. Eriksona v zerkale lichnoy istorii avtora. Monografiya. M.: OOO «IPTs «Maska»», 2011. Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Urovni kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza v klinicheskoy psikhologii // Vopr. Psikhologii, 2012, ¹ 6. S. 33-45. Gudkov L. D.«Pamyat'» o voyne i massovaya identichnost' rossiyan // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2 – 3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/gu5.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014) Gudkov L.D. Negativnaya identichnost'. M.: NLO, 2004. Gurevich, P. S. Problema identichnosti cheloveka v filosofskoy antropologii // Voprosy sotsial'noy teorii: Nauchnyy al'manakh. 2010. Tom IV. Chelovek v poiskakh identichnosti / Pod red. Yu.M. Reznika i M.V. Tlostanovoy. M.: Assotsiatsiya «Mezhdistsiplinarnoe obshchestvo sotsial'noy teorii», 2010. S. 63-87. Gurevich, P. S. Identichnost' – privilegiya cheloveka // Gumanitarnye nauki. Vestnik Finansovogo universiteta. Nauchno-obrazovatel'nyy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 2. S. 36-47. Gurevich P. S. Kul'turologiya. M.: «Yuniti», 2008. Emel'yanova T.P. Sotsial'noe predstavlenie kak instrument kollektivnoy pamyati (na primere vospominaniy o Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne). Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal, 2002, 23(4), 56–66. Zaytseva O. Nachal'nye etapy formirovaniya pamyati o Kholokoste (1948-1962 gg.). Evreyskoe obrazovanie, ¹1–2 (2004), s. 201-244. Yeyts F. Iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Fond podderzhki nauki i obrazovaniya «Universitetskaya kniga», 1997. Istoriya i pamyat' / Pod red. L.P. Repinoy. M.: Krug', 2006. Mamardashvili M.K. Opyt fizicheskoy metafiziki (Vil'nyusskie lektsii po sotsial'noy filosofii). M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2008. Meshcherkina E. Povsednevnost' v biografii i ustnoy istorii // Ob'yat' obyknovennoe: Povsednevnost' kak tekst po-amerikanski i po-russki: Materialy VI Fulbraytovskoy gumanitarnoy letney shkoly / Pod red. T.D. Venediktovoy. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2004. S. 145-162. Nora P. Vsemirnoe torzhestvo pamyati // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/nora22.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014) Repina L.P. Istoricheskaya pamyat' i sovremennaya istoriografiya // Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2004. ¹ 5. S. 39 – 51. Rubinshteyn A. Ot Gertslya do Rabina i dal'she. Minsk, «MET», 2002. Stefanenko T.G. Etnicheskaya identichnost': ot etnologii k sotsial'noy psikhologii// Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser.14. Psikhologiya. 2009, ¹ 2. S.3-17. Tompson P. Golos proshlogo. Ustnaya istoriya. M.: Ves' mir, 2003. Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo. M.:AST, AST MOSKVA: KhRANITEL', 2006. Khal'bvaks M. Kollektivnaya i istoricheskaya pamyat' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ha2.html Khatton P. Istoriya kak iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2003. Khorni K. Nevroticheskaya lichnost' nashego vremeni. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. M.: Progress, 1996. Yung K.G. Sovremennost' i budushchee. Minsk: «Universitetskoe», 1992. Bergmann M.S. Reflections on the psychological and social functions of remembering the Holocaust. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 1985, 5, r.9-20. Browining C. Collected Memories. Holocaust History and Postwar Testimonies. Madison, WI; The University of Wisconsin Press, 2003. Abramson G., Drama and Ideology in modern Israel. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Gills , J.R. Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship. In: Gills , J.R. (ed.) Commemoration: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994. Loshitsky Y. Identity Politics on Israeli Screen. University of Texas Press, 2001. Sagi N. German Reparations Negotiations. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1980. Solomon Z. From Denial to Recognition: Attitudes to Holocaust Survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8, no. 2 (April 1995): pp. 215 – 228. Zelizer B. Visual Culture and Holocaust. Rutgers University Press, 2001.
Solomon Z. From Denial to Recognition: Attitudes to Holocaust Survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8, no. 2 (April 1995): pp. 215 – 228.
Sagi N. German Reparations Negotiations. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1980.
Loshitsky Y. Identity Politics on Israeli Screen. University of Texas Press, 2001.
Gills , J.R. Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship. In: Gills , J.R. (ed.) Commemoration: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.
Abramson G., Drama and Ideology in modern Israel. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Browining C. Collected Memories. Holocaust History and Postwar Testimonies. Madison, WI; The University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.
Bergmann M.S. Reflections on the psychological and social functions of remembering the Holocaust. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 1985, 5, r.9-20.
Yung K.G. Sovremennost' i budushchee. Minsk: «Universitetskoe», 1992.
Khorni K. Nevroticheskaya lichnost' nashego vremeni. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009.
Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. M.: Progress, 1996.
Khatton P. Istoriya kak iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2003.
Khal'bvaks M. Kollektivnaya i istoricheskaya pamyat' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ha2.html
Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo. M.:AST, AST MOSKVA: KhRANITEL', 2006.
Tompson P. Golos proshlogo. Ustnaya istoriya. M.: Ves' mir, 2003.
Adorno T. Chto znachit «prorabotka proshlogo»? // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2 – 3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ado4.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Andreeva G.M. K voprosu o krizise identichnosti v usloviyakh sotsial'nykh transformatsiy // Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya (elektr.zhurnal), 2011, ¹ 6. URL: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2011n6-20/580-andreeva20.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Beyker K., Gippenreyter Yu.B. Vliyanie stalinskikh repressiy kontsa 30-ykh godov na zhizn' semey v trekh pokoleniyakh // Teoriya semeynykh sistem Myurreya Bouena. M., Kogito_Tsentr, 2005. S. 419-452.
Burgos M. Istoriya zhizni. Rasskazyvanie i poisk sebya // Voprosy sotsiologii. 1992. T.1. ¹ 2. S.123-130.
Burlakova N.S. O novykh vozmozhnostyakh kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza v klinicheskoy psikhologii // Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser.14. Psikhologiya, 2012, ¹ 2. S.49-56.
Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Identichnost' i problema sub'ekta v sovremennoy psikhologii // Metodologiya i istoriya psikhologii. 2010. T. 5. Vyp. 1. S. 156−183.
Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Psikhologicheskaya kontseptsiya identichnosti E. Eriksona v zerkale lichnoy istorii avtora. Monografiya. M.: OOO «IPTs «Maska»», 2011.
Burlakova N.S., Oleshkevich V.I. Urovni kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza v klinicheskoy psikhologii // Vopr. Psikhologii, 2012, ¹ 6. S. 33-45.
Gudkov L. D.«Pamyat'» o voyne i massovaya identichnost' rossiyan // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2 – 3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/gu5.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Gudkov L.D. Negativnaya identichnost'. M.: NLO, 2004.
Gurevich, P. S. Problema identichnosti cheloveka v filosofskoy antropologii // Voprosy sotsial'noy teorii: Nauchnyy al'manakh. 2010. Tom IV. Chelovek v poiskakh identichnosti / Pod red. Yu.M. Reznika i M.V. Tlostanovoy. M.: Assotsiatsiya «Mezhdistsiplinarnoe obshchestvo sotsial'noy teorii», 2010. S. 63-87.
Gurevich, P. S. Identichnost' – privilegiya cheloveka // Gumanitarnye nauki. Vestnik Finansovogo universiteta. Nauchno-obrazovatel'nyy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 2. S. 36-47.
Gurevich P. S. Kul'turologiya. M.: «Yuniti», 2008.
Emel'yanova T.P. Sotsial'noe predstavlenie kak instrument kollektivnoy pamyati (na primere vospominaniy o Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne). Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal, 2002, 23(4), 56–66.
Zaytseva O. Nachal'nye etapy formirovaniya pamyati o Kholokoste (1948-1962 gg.). Evreyskoe obrazovanie, ¹1–2 (2004), s. 201-244.
Yeyts F. Iskusstvo pamyati. SPb.: Fond podderzhki nauki i obrazovaniya «Universitetskaya kniga», 1997.
Istoriya i pamyat' / Pod red. L.P. Repinoy. M.: Krug', 2006.
Mamardashvili M.K. Opyt fizicheskoy metafiziki (Vil'nyusskie lektsii po sotsial'noy filosofii). M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2008.
Meshcherkina E. Povsednevnost' v biografii i ustnoy istorii // Ob'yat' obyknovennoe: Povsednevnost' kak tekst po-amerikanski i po-russki: Materialy VI Fulbraytovskoy gumanitarnoy letney shkoly / Pod red. T.D. Venediktovoy. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2004. S. 145-162.
Nora P. Vsemirnoe torzhestvo pamyati // Neprikosnovennyy zapas (elektr.zhurnal). 2005. ¹ 2–3 (40 – 41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/nora22.html (data obrashcheniya: 17.02.2014)
Repina L.P. Istoricheskaya pamyat' i sovremennaya istoriografiya // Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2004. ¹ 5. S. 39 – 51.
Rubinshteyn A. Ot Gertslya do Rabina i dal'she. Minsk, «MET», 2002.
Stefanenko T.G. Etnicheskaya identichnost': ot etnologii k sotsial'noy psikhologii// Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser.14. Psikhologiya. 2009, ¹ 2. S.3-17.

Abstract: The phenomenon of crowd defined an intensive development of crowd psychology as an independent branch of psychology. Starting from Gabriel Tarde and Herbert Spencer history has been conceived from the point of view of philosophy, social studies and psychology. However, most of the researches conducted by social psychologists have been inefficient. Michele-Louis Rouquette, Serge Moscovici and Elias Canetti offered numerous classifications and defined a great number of local mechanisms, however, their researches lacked integration with branches of global psychology. Current branches of psychology and crowd psychology develop independently. However, crowd psychology is particularly viewed in classical psychoanalysis, analytical psychology, transpersonal psychology and so on. Close interaction between the aforesaid branches of psychology and social psychology solves a number of problems and questions raised by social psychology. Lack of integration between branches and disciplines causes even more problems with conceptualization and terminology. A significant breakthrough appears when analytical psychology is matched to modern achievements in social researches of crowd.

Keywords: psychology of mass, crowd psychology, social psychology, analytical psychology, crowd, social studies, psychoanalysis, individual, collective, unconsciousness, collective soul, archetype.

Contact information: Korniliev Vladimir Vladimirovich, 125993, Russia, Moscow, ul. Smolnaya 36.

References:
Yung K.G. Bor'ba s ten'yu // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. Alkhimiya snov. Chetyre arkhetipa. M.: PBOYuL Medkov S.B., 2011. 311 s.
Yung K. G. // Soznanie i bessoznatel'noe : Sbornik / per. s nem. A.A. Alekseev M.: Astrel', 1997 .
Yung K. G. Soznanie i bessoznatel'noe Per. s nem. V. Bakusaeva M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. 188s.
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Fromm E. Dusha cheloveka. Ee sposobnost' k dobru i zlu. M.: Respublika, 1992. 430 s.
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Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass: per. s frants. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2012. 240s.
Kornil'ev V.V. «Ot besporyadka k kollektivnomu bessoznatel'nomu» // Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika, 2013, ¹4 s. 360-370.
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Yung K.G. O «sinkhronii» // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. O pererozhdenii // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. Psikhologiya bessoznatel'nogo. M.: AST-LTD, Kanon+, 1998. 400 s.
Yung K.G. Psikhologiya i religiya // Arkhetip i simvol. M., 1991.
Yung K.G. Struktura psikhiki i arkhetipy / per. s nem. 2-e izdanie T. A. Rebeka. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2009. 302s.
Yung K.G. Transtsendental'naya funktsiya // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003

References (transliteration):
Yung K.G. Bor'ba s ten'yu // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. Alkhimiya snov. Chetyre arkhetipa. M.: PBOYuL Medkov S.B., 2011. 311 s.
Yung K. G. // Soznanie i bessoznatel'noe : Sbornik / per. s nem. A.A. Alekseev M.: Astrel', 1997 .
Yung K. G. Soznanie i bessoznatel'noe Per. s nem. V. Bakusaeva M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. 188s.
Chernyshev A. V. Arkhetipy drevnosti v russkoy kul'turnoy traditsii // Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N.I. Lobachevskogo, 2010, ¹1, s. 349-356
Fromm E. Anatomiya chelovecheskoy destruktivnosti. M.: AST Moskva, 2006. 635 s.
Fromm E. Dusha cheloveka. Ee sposobnost' k dobru i zlu. M.: Respublika, 1992. 430 s.
Freyd 3. Massovaya psikhologiya i analiz chelovecheskogo "Ya" M.: Izd. gruppa "Progress", "Litera", 1992, s.256-324.
Sigele S. Prestupnaya tolpa. Opyt kollektivnoy psikhologii: per. s fr. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2011. 125s.
Russo Zh.-Zh.. Roman «Emil', ili O Vospitanii». Pedagogicheskie sochineniya: v 2 t. M.: Pedagogika,1981. 652s.
Rukett. M.-L. Poznanie mass. Ocherki politicheskoy psikhologii/ per. s frants. N.V. Vyshinskogo. M.: «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2010. 272s.
Raygorodskiy D. Ya. Psikhologiya mass. Khrestomatiya. Samara: Izdatel'skiy Dom «Bakhrakh-M», 2010. 592s.
Mayers D. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya. SPb.: Piter, 2007. 794s.
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass: per. s frants. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2012. 240s.
Kornil'ev V.V. «Ot besporyadka k kollektivnomu bessoznatel'nomu» // Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika, 2013, ¹4 s. 360-370.
Kanetti E. Massa i vlast' / Per. s nem. L. Ionina. M.: “Ad Marginem”, 1997. 528 s.
Druri N. Transpersonal'naya psikhologiya / per. s angl. M.:Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy; L'vov: «Initsiativa», 2001. 208s.
Gurvich Zh. Dialektika i sotsiologiya / per. s fr. yaz. M.M. Kirichenko. Krasnodar: KubGU, 2001. 294s.
Yung K.G. O «sinkhronii» // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. O pererozhdenii // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003.
Yung K.G. Psikhologiya bessoznatel'nogo. M.: AST-LTD, Kanon+, 1998. 400 s.
Yung K.G. Psikhologiya i religiya // Arkhetip i simvol. M., 1991.
Yung K.G. Struktura psikhiki i arkhetipy / per. s nem. 2-e izdanie T. A. Rebeka. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2009. 302s.
Yung K.G. Transtsendental'naya funktsiya // Sinkhroniya. M.: Kiev, 2003

Abstract: In modern political theory it has already become customary to focus on such topics as political systems, ideologies and political leadership. However, a whole range of issues within these topics are not analyzed. The phenomenon of political marginality is one o such issues. The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of political marginality and leadership of political marginals. This phenomenon usually describes oppositional leaders who either try to limit their opposition or, on the contrary, start confrontation with the political system. Political psychology usually views political leaders as already established political agents even when they do not have any leadership skills. The author of the article offers a description of different types of political marginals. The author achieves it by expanding the borders of political studies and addressing to modern researches of organizational psychology in transformational, i.e. constantly changing leadership. Transformational leadership symbolizes a certain behavior of leaders that motives workers to follow corporate targets and interests. As a result of his analysis, the author describes the two types of leaders: populist leader and ideologically-driven leader.

Keywords: manipulative ideologies, political psychology, organizational psychology, populism, transformational leadership, political leadership, political marginality, charisma, populist leader, ideologically-driven leader.

Contact information: Vafin Artur Mansurovich, 109316, Russia, Moscow, Volgogradsky prospect 46 B.

References:
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References (transliteration):
1. Andreev A. Politicheskaya psikhologiya. M., 2002.
2. Burd'e P. Sotsiologiya politiki. M., 1993.
3. Buruma I. Ubiystvo v Amsterdame: Smert' Teo van Goga i granitsy tolerantnosti. M., 2008.
4. Vafin A. Identichnost' i telo organizatsii: interaktsionistskiy podkhod k organizatsionnoy psikhologii //
Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. 2012. ¹ 3.
5. Vafin A. Ideologiya v organizatsii: Psikhologicheskie igry v «liderov» i manipulyatsii «massami». M., 2013.
6. Veber M. Politika kak prizvanie i professiya // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1990.
7. Griffin R. Ot slizevikov k rizome: vvedenie v teoriyu gruppuskulyarnoy pravoy // Verkhi i nizy russkogo
natsionalizma. M., 2007.
8. Gurevich P.S. Kuda idesh', chelovek? // Znanie. 1991. ¹ 7; Ego zhe: Gurevich P.S. Filosofskaya interpretatsiya
cheloveka. M., 2013.
9. Dyuverzhe M. Politicheskie partii. M., 2007.
10. Krauch K. Postdemokratiya. M., 2010.
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Abstract: The article studies the philosophical and psychological phenomenon of success in social activity. In particular, the author defines sufficient grounds for psychology and philosophy of success of music conducting. The author studies such moments in conductor’s activity as mass hypnosis, crowd contagion and just and successful management. In the first part of the article ‘Audience as the purpose and grounds of success’, the author shows that the crowd is naturally an aggressive and destructing social formation. A crowd can be 1) naturally formed or 2) forced to form. When studying the positive features of crowds, the author saw that aggression and destructiveness of crowds were neutralized in pa in music groups. In particular, choirs have an amazing feature of self-relaxation. People there are tolerant towards each other because 1) they are engaged in singing together b) they are equal. Besides those external features, a conductor also has two internal, personal methods of managing groups of people: a) hypnosis b) psychological ‘contagion’. A conductor becomes successful if he uses the aforesaid methods of management. The second part of the article ‘Requiem as special semantics of success’ is devoted to the opposition of the two existential issues – love and death. Based on the study, tragedy is especially popular and beneficial in show business and modern musical art. Combining ontological, philosophical truth and an attempt to look outside the borders of existence, the genre of requiem can bring a human to existential insight and understanding of his personal life. Working with the genre of requiem, a conductor can actually achieve excellence and become a brilliant leader of a music group. Thus, this is for the first time ever that conductor’s activity is viewed not from the point of view of musical art or cultural research but psychological and philosophicalcultural approach. Such terms as mass activity, psychology of crowd and leader’s successful management are also discussed. The author offers a new term ‘requiemability’ for describing one form of the grounds for success on stage.

Keywords: psychology, success, management, mass, requiem, death, love, music conductor, leader, music.

Contact information: Kayukov Valery Anatolievich, 420111, Russia, Kazan, Ploschad Svobody, d.2.

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References (transliteration):
1. Aristotel'. Metafizika / Per. s drevnegrech. A.V. Kubitskiy, M.I. Itkin; red. V.F. Asmus // Aristotel'. So-
chineniya: v 4 t. T. I. M.: Mysl', 1976. S. 63-367.
2. Akhmatova A.A. Rekviem // Akhmatova A.A. Sochineniya: v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Tsitadel', 1996. S. 196-204.
3. Bibliya. Vetkhiy zavet. M.: Rossiyskoe bibleyskoe obshchestvo, 2005.
4. Bol'shaya psikhologicheskaya entsiklopediya. M.: Eksmo, 2007. 544 s.
5. Gir M. Rekviem po zavoevatelyu. M.: EKSMO-Press, 2001. 640 s.
6. Erzhemskiy G.L. Zakonomernosti i paradoksy dirizhirovaniya. SPb.: Dean; Fert, 1993. 263 s.
7. Kayukov V.A. Obshchestvennaya khorovaya pedagogika v Yaponii i sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya tselostnogo vos-
priyatiya muzyki // Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2007. Spetsi-
al'nyy vypusk. S. 63-65.
8. Kochetov N. Artur Nikish i «Karmen» v Bol'shom teatre // Artur Nikish i russkaya muzykal'naya kul'tura.
Vospominaniya, pis'ma, stat'i / Sost. L.M. Kutateladze / Red. L.N. Raaben. L.: Muzyka, 1975. S. 151-154.
9. Kutdusov D.A. Obshchenie s nim odukhotvoryalo i vozvyshalo // Natan Rakhlin. Materialy. Stat'i. Vospomina-
niya. Interv'yu. Kazan': Titul-Kazan', 2006. S. 214-218.
10. Lebon G. Psikhologiya mass // Psikhologiya mass: Khrestomatiya. Samara: BAKhRAM-M, 2006. S. 5-130.
11. Lebrekht N. Maestro mif. Velikie dirizhery v skhvatke za vlast' / Per. s angl. S. Il'in. M.: Klassika-XXI,
2007. 448 s.
12. Leybnits G.-V. Monadologiya / Per. s fr. E.N. Bobrov; red. V.V. Sokolov // Leybnits G.-V. Sochineniya v chetyrekh
tomakh. T. I. M.: Mysl', 1982. S. 413-429.
13. Mandel'shtam O.E. Za Paganini dlinnopalym… // Mandel'shtam O.E. Sochineniya: v 2 t. T. 1. Stikhotvoreniya /
Sost. P. Nerler. M., 1990. 314 s.
14. Marinina A.B. Rekviem. M.: EKSMO-Press, 1998. 352 s.
15. Mayakovskiy V.V. Fleyta-pozvonochnik // Lyublyu: Poemy, stikhotvoreniya, proza. SPb.: Azbuka-klassika, 2002.
S. 191-201.
16. Platon. Pir / Per. s drevnegrech. S.K. Apt; red. A.F. Losev, V.F. Asmus, A.A. Takho-Godi // Platon. Sobranie
sochineniy v 4 tt. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1993. S. 81-134.
17. Raygorodskiy D.Ya. Vmesto predisloviya // Psikhologiya mass: Khrestomatiya. Samara: BAKhRAM-M, 2006. S. 3-5.
18. Tolstoy L.N. Chto takoe iskusstvo? // Tolstoy L.N. Sobr. soch.: v 22 t. T. 15. Stat'i ob iskusstve i literature.
M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1983. S. 41-221.
19. Freyd Z. Psikhologiya mass i analiz chelovecheskogo «Ya» / Per. s nem. Ya.M. Kogan // Psikhologiya mass i analiz
chelovecheskogo «Ya». SPb.: Azbuka-klassika, 2009. S. 5-108.
20. Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya / Per. s nem. V.V. Bibikhin. M.: Ad Marginem, 1997. 452 s.
21. Cheyz D.Kh. Rekviem blondinkam. M.: EKSMO-Press, 1998. S. 5-200.
22. Shekspir U. Gamlet / Per. s angl. M. Lozinskiy // Shekspir U. Poln. sobr. soch.: v 8. T. 6. M.: Iskusstvo, 1960. S. 2-157.
23. Shelling F.V. Filosofiya iskusstva / Per. s nem. P.S. Popov; red. M.F. Ovsyannikov. M.: Mysl', 1966. 496 s.
24. Yanechek D. «Rekviem» Elizavety Mnatsakanovoy // Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 2003. ¹ 62. S. 272-279.