Abstract: The subject of the research is the original ancient Greek writing that represented approaches of Greek researchers to the problem of longevity and brevity of life in philosophy and medicine. In her research Solopova analyzes Aristotle's treatise 'On Longevity and Brevity of Life', one of the series of minor natural-scientific treatises (so-called Parva naturalia) and the first aphorism of Hippocrates ('Ars longa, vita brevis', etc.). Hippocrates' aphorism is compared to the saying of a sophist Protagoras who talked about the brevity of human life explaining his refusal to study the problem of gods' existence/non-existence. In order to demonstrate the novelty of Aristotle's natural-scientific analysis of life's longevity and brevity, the author of the article analyzes Plato's thoughts on the matter based on his teachings about the immortal soul and periods of cosmos circulation. In the course of her research Solopova has applied methods that are traditionally used in ancient times studies: historical-philosophical, historical-cultural and linguistic analysis of original texts, reading, conceptual interpretation and comparative analysis of sources. For the first time in the academic literature the author compares and analyzes Protagoras', Hippocrates', Plato's and Aristotle's expressions and sayings about longevity and brevity of life. The author demonstrates how unique approach of each philosopher to the problem of longevity was. Special attention is paid to the analysis of Aristotle's treatise 'On Longevity and Brevity of Life' as the first research of the problem. The author analyzes arguments offered by Aristotle, logical aporias and general and specific reasons of long life of plants and animals described by Aristotle. 

Keywords: longevity, life, soul, Plato, brevity of life, Hippocrates, Aristotle, disease, animals, plants

References:
Platon. Politik / Per. S.Ya. Sheynman-Topshteyn // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 4. M.: Mysl', S. 3‒70.
Platon. Fedon / Per. S.P. Markisha // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1993. S. 7‒80.
Platon. Fileb / Per. N.V. Samsonova // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 3. M.: Mysl', 1994. S. 7‒78.
Platon. Apologiya Sokrata / Per. M.S. Solov'eva // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1990. S. 70‒96.
Diogen Laertskiy. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov / Per. M.L. Gasparova. 2-e izd. M.: Mysl', 1986. 571 c.
Gippokrat. Prognostika // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi / Per. V.I. Rudneva. M.: Svarog, 1994. S. 307‒328
Gippokrat. Epidemii // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi /Per. V.I. Rudneva.. M.: Svarog. 1994. S. 329‒391.
Gippokrat. Aforizmy // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi / Per. V.I. Rudneva. M.: Svarog, 1994. S. 691‒735.
Platonis opera / Edited by J. Burnet. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900 (repr. 1967).
[Theophilus Protospatharius. Damascius. Stephanus Atheniensis]. Commentarii in Hippocratis aphorismos / Ed. F.R. Dietz // Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum. Vol. 2. Scholia in Aphorismos. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1966. P. 236, 238‒240, 244‒544.
Galenus. In Hippocratis Aphorismos Commentarii vii / Ed. C.G. Kühn // Claudii Galeni Opera omnia. Vol. XVIIb. Leipzig, 1829 (repr. Hildesheim, 1965).
Hippocrates. Aphorismi / Ed. E. Littre // Oeuvres Completes dʼHippocrate. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1962. P. 458‒608.
Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker / Ed. H. Diels, W. Kranz. 6 Aufl. Bd. 2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1952 (repr. Dublin; Zurich, 1966).
Aristoteles. On length and shortness of life // Aristotle. On the soul. Parva naturalia. On breath / With an English translation by W.S. Hett. Cambridge; London: Harvard university press, 2000. P. 394‒409.
Solopova M.A. Vita brevis: K tolkovaniyu pervogo aforizma Gippokrata // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2012. ¹ 1(8). S. 5‒25.

References (transliteration):
Platon. Politik / Per. S.Ya. Sheynman-Topshteyn // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 4. M.: Mysl', S. 3‒70.
Platon. Fedon / Per. S.P. Markisha // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1993. S. 7‒80.
Platon. Fileb / Per. N.V. Samsonova // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 3. M.: Mysl', 1994. S. 7‒78.
Platon. Apologiya Sokrata / Per. M.S. Solov'eva // Platon. Sobranie sochineniy: V 4 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1990. S. 70‒96.
Diogen Laertskiy. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov / Per. M.L. Gasparova. 2-e izd. M.: Mysl', 1986. 571 c.
Gippokrat. Prognostika // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi / Per. V.I. Rudneva. M.: Svarog, 1994. S. 307‒328
Gippokrat. Epidemii // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi /Per. V.I. Rudneva.. M.: Svarog. 1994. S. 329‒391.
Gippokrat. Aforizmy // Gippokrat. Izbrannye knigi / Per. V.I. Rudneva. M.: Svarog, 1994. S. 691‒735.
Platonis opera / Edited by J. Burnet. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900 (repr. 1967).
[Theophilus Protospatharius. Damascius. Stephanus Atheniensis]. Commentarii in Hippocratis aphorismos / Ed. F.R. Dietz // Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum. Vol. 2. Scholia in Aphorismos. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1966. P. 236, 238‒240, 244‒544.
Galenus. In Hippocratis Aphorismos Commentarii vii / Ed. C.G. Kühn // Claudii Galeni Opera omnia. Vol. XVIIb. Leipzig, 1829 (repr. Hildesheim, 1965).
Hippocrates. Aphorismi / Ed. E. Littre // Oeuvres Completes dʼHippocrate. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1962. P. 458‒608.
Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker / Ed. H. Diels, W. Kranz. 6 Aufl. Bd. 2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1952 (repr. Dublin; Zurich, 1966).
Aristoteles. On length and shortness of life // Aristotle. On the soul. Parva naturalia. On breath / With an English translation by W.S. Hett. Cambridge; London: Harvard university press, 2000. P. 394‒409.
Solopova M.A. Vita brevis: K tolkovaniyu pervogo aforizma Gippokrata // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2012. ¹ 1(8). S. 5‒25.

Abstract: The article deals with a correlation between the concepts «activity» and «meaning» in existentialism. The category of «activity» is infrequent in the works of existentialists. Reviewing the basic postulates of pre-existential philosophy, prominent representatives of this philosophical school could not but criticize the enthusiasm of transformative activity, characteristic of traditional philosophizing. Interpreting the main vector of human being as aspiration to internal fittedness, spiritual comprehension of human depths, existential philosophers criticized the civilizational passion to transform the world. But in this context, they encountered a contradiction: ardent castigation of activity as creation could lead to social apathy, indifference, to defeatism and escapism. The existentialists turned to the theme of human activity, to the problem of a responsible action.The research method is related first of all to historical-philosophical analysis. Nowadays existentialism has been ousted by other forms of philosophical comprehension of reality. Therefore, a researcher of this problem has to preserve the thread of a comparativist development of philosophical reflection.The novelty of the approach is that the theme of «activity» as a phenomenon with regard to existentialism is examined for the first time in Russian literature. It can be found in such concepts as «activity», «act», «action», «creativity». The article shows that affirmation of meaning, project, goal is an inseparable quality of any activity in existentialism. Therefore, heterogeneous concepts display internal coherence, entireness.

Keywords: existence, meaning, creativity, act, action, freedom, activity, existentialism, anxiety, asociality

References:
Vizgin V.P. Ekzistentsializm i bogoslovskaya mysl' Georgiya Florovskogo // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2014. ¹ 2(13). S. 24-37.
Sartre J.-P. L Etre et Neant. P., 1968.
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. M., 1989.
Tillikh Paul'. Izbrannoe. Teologiya kul'tury. M., 1995.
Berdyaev N.A. Samopoznanie. M., 1990.
Marsel' Gabriel'. O smelosti v metafizike. SPb., 2012.
Adler A. Praktika i teoriya individual'noy psikhologii. M., 1995.
Frankl V. Chelovek v poiskakh smysla. M., 1990.
Frankl V. The doctor and the soul. N.Y., 1955.
Frankl V. Phychotherapy and existentialism. N.Y., 1967.
Buber Martin. Dva obraza very. M., 1969.
Velikovskiy Samariy. V poiskakh utrachennogo smysla. SPb., 2012.
Zotov A.F. Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya. M., 2011.
Reznik Yu.M. Personalizm protiv sotsiotsentrizma (lichnostno-orientirovannaya teoriya grazhdanskogo obshchestva: vozmozhnosti obosnovaniya) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2009. ¹ 8(20). S. 19-28.
Tolsteneva U.L. Sub'ektivnyy smysl lichnostnoy ekzistentsii // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. 2013. ¹ 2(10). S. 135-141

References (transliteration):
Vizgin V.P. Ekzistentsializm i bogoslovskaya mysl' Georgiya Florovskogo // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2014. ¹ 2(13). S. 24-37.
Sartre J.-P. L Etre et Neant. P., 1968.
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. M., 1989.
Tillikh Paul'. Izbrannoe. Teologiya kul'tury. M., 1995.
Berdyaev N.A. Samopoznanie. M., 1990.
Marsel' Gabriel'. O smelosti v metafizike. SPb., 2012.
Adler A. Praktika i teoriya individual'noy psikhologii. M., 1995.
Frankl V. Chelovek v poiskakh smysla. M., 1990.
Frankl V. The doctor and the soul. N.Y., 1955.
Frankl V. Phychotherapy and existentialism. N.Y., 1967.
Buber Martin. Dva obraza very. M., 1969.
Velikovskiy Samariy. V poiskakh utrachennogo smysla. SPb., 2012.
Zotov A.F. Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya. M., 2011.
Reznik Yu.M. Personalizm protiv sotsiotsentrizma (lichnostno-orientirovannaya teoriya grazhdanskogo obshchestva: vozmozhnosti obosnovaniya) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2009. ¹ 8(20). S. 19-28.
Tolsteneva U.L. Sub'ektivnyy smysl lichnostnoy ekzistentsii // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. 2013. ¹ 2(10). S. 135-141

Abstract: In his article Nilogov examines the concept of ‘wordless communication’ that first appeared in the book ‘Transformation’ written by an English mathematician, engineer and psychologist John Bennett (1897 – 1974). As a synonym for ‘wordless communication, ’ Bennett used the term ‘anti-language’ that, in the conceptual meaning, was close to the philosophy of anti-language the philosophical discipline developed by the author of the article. The author offers his definition of anti-language as a combination of classes of anti-words that represent associated regions of partly or fully unenumerated existence. Analyzing Bennett’s definition of anti-language that was very close to the definition of telepathy, nonverbal communication and clairvoyance, Nilogov demonstrates similarities and differences between his own interpretation and Bennett’s concept and provides particular examples of classes of anti-words as an illustration. In his research Nilogov has used the methods of analysis, synthesis, hermeneutical methods, association method and interdisciplinary links between linguistics, psychology and philosophy. According to the author, Bennett’s concept of ‘nonverbal communication’ reveals only one aspect of anti-language philosophy and therefore cannot be identified as antilanguage. Thus, Nilogov offers new approaches to studying the inner world of human revealed through the phenomena of telepathy, nonverbal communication and anti-language.

Keywords: Bennett, nonverbal communication, anti-language, philosophy of anti-language, wordless communication, telepathy, clairvoyance, Gurdjieff, anti-word, unconscious.

References:
http://lenta.ru/news/2014/10/30/innervoice/.
Halliday M. A. K. Anti-Languages // American Anthropologist 78 (3). – 1975. – S. 570–584.
http://belsu.narod.ru/telepat/index.html.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E5%EB%E5%EF%E0%F2%E8%FF.
Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya: Slovar'. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. Sost. i otvet. red.: V. S. Malakhov, V. P. Filatov. – M., 2000. – 544 s.
http://fourthway.narod.ru/lib/Bennett/transform.htm.
Nemov R. S. Psikhologiya: Ucheb. dlya stud. vyssh. ped. ucheb. zavedeniy: V 3 kn. Kn. 1.: Obshchie osnovy psikhologii. – 4-e izd. – M., 2003. – 688 s.
Bennet Dzh. G. Besedy o «Rasskazakh Vel'zevula». – M., 2001. – 118 s.
http://lacan.narod.ru/ind_lak/my_2.htm.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CD%E5%E2%E5%F0%E1%E0%EB%FC%ED%EE%E5_%EE%E1%F9%E5%ED%E8%E5.
http://www.hr-portal.ru/article/harakteristika-neverbalnyh-sredstv-obshcheniya? page=4.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya / Per. s nem. V. V. Bibikhina. – Khar'kov, 2003. – 512 s.
A. S. Nilogov. Ekskurs v lingvisticheskuyu futurokhroniyu // Filosofiya i budushchee tsivilizatsii: Tezisy dokladov i vystupleniy IV Rossiyskogo filosofskogo kongressa (Moskva, 24–28 maya 2005 goda): V 5 t. T. 4. – M., 2005. – 776 s.
Nilogov A. S. Filosofiya antiyazyka. – SPb., 2013. – 216 s. – S. 144–145.
http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?id=3207&s=philology.
http://fanread.ru/book/7603346/?page=21.
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?lr=11342&text=%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&csg=160%2C2662%2C14%2C13%2C0%2C0%2C0.
http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?lang=Ru&blang=ru&page=Book&id=53791.
Giyom G. Printsipy teoreticheskoy lingvistiki. – M., 1992. – 224 s.
Arkad'ev M. A. Lingvisticheskaya katastrofa. – SPb., 2013. – 504 s.
Kto segodnya delaet filosofiyu v Rossii. Tom III / Avtor-sostavitel' A. S. Nilogov. – M., 2015. – 736 s.
V. N. Katasonov. Transgumanizm: novaya tsivilizatsionnaya ugroza chelovechestvu (http://www.gosrf.ru/news/16513/).
Filosofiya yazyka / Red.-sost. Dzh. R. Serl: Per. s angl. – M., 2004. – 208 s.
Khabermas Yu. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie / Per. s nem. S. V. Shachin; pod red. D. V. Sklyadneva. – 2-e izd., stereotipnoe. – SPb., 2006. – 380 s. – S. 199–200.
Klyuchnikov S. Yu. V poiskakh bezmolviya. – M., 2008. – 456 s.
Rudnev V. P. Gurdzhiev i sovremennaya psikhologiya. – M., 2010. – 160 s.
http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2004/03/19/156631.
http://www.utro.ru/articles/2008/03/14/723632.shtml.
http://www.google.com/glass/start/.
http://www.2045.ru/
Nilogov A.S. Antiyazykovaya nominatsiya bol'shikh chisel (V nachale bylo Chislo, i Chislo bylo u Boga, i Chislo bylo Bog) // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 266 - 274. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.3.9645.
Kutyrev V.A. O lingvisticheskoy kontrrevolyutsii, ee prichine i postchelovecheskikh perspektivakh (razmyshleniya nad knigoy A. Nilogova «Filosofiya antiyazyka» SPb., «Aleteyya». 2013) // NB: Filologicheskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 1 - 27. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1596.2013.3.10077. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_10077.html
Kutyrev V.A., Nilogov A.S. Ob ekspansii vysokikh (postchelovecheskikh) tekhnologiy, ee perspektive, ikh tvortsakh i zhertvakh // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 164 - 202. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2014.1.10676. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_10676.html
Kutyrev V.A., Nilogov A.S. Pro et contra innovatsionizma: za sokhranenie antropomorfnoy realizatsii vozmozhnykh mirov // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2014. - 2. - C. 180 - 189. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.2.10515.
Khrenov N.A. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi. Prodolzhenie // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2014. - 2. - C. 123 - 137. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2014.2.11989.
Kiyashchenko N.I. Muki dukhovnoy kommunikatsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 3. - C. 282 - 294. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11447.

References (transliteration):
http://lenta.ru/news/2014/10/30/innervoice/.
Halliday M. A. K. Anti-Languages // American Anthropologist 78 (3). – 1975. – S. 570–584.
http://belsu.narod.ru/telepat/index.html.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E5%EB%E5%EF%E0%F2%E8%FF.
Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya: Slovar'. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. Sost. i otvet. red.: V. S. Malakhov, V. P. Filatov. – M., 2000. – 544 s.
http://fourthway.narod.ru/lib/Bennett/transform.htm.
Nemov R. S. Psikhologiya: Ucheb. dlya stud. vyssh. ped. ucheb. zavedeniy: V 3 kn. Kn. 1.: Obshchie osnovy psikhologii. – 4-e izd. – M., 2003. – 688 s.
Bennet Dzh. G. Besedy o «Rasskazakh Vel'zevula». – M., 2001. – 118 s.
http://lacan.narod.ru/ind_lak/my_2.htm.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CD%E5%E2%E5%F0%E1%E0%EB%FC%ED%EE%E5_%EE%E1%F9%E5%ED%E8%E5.
http://www.hr-portal.ru/article/harakteristika-neverbalnyh-sredstv-obshcheniya? page=4.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya / Per. s nem. V. V. Bibikhina. – Khar'kov, 2003. – 512 s.
A. S. Nilogov. Ekskurs v lingvisticheskuyu futurokhroniyu // Filosofiya i budushchee tsivilizatsii: Tezisy dokladov i vystupleniy IV Rossiyskogo filosofskogo kongressa (Moskva, 24–28 maya 2005 goda): V 5 t. T. 4. – M., 2005. – 776 s.
Nilogov A. S. Filosofiya antiyazyka. – SPb., 2013. – 216 s. – S. 144–145.
http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?id=3207&s=philology.
http://fanread.ru/book/7603346/?page=21.
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?lr=11342&text=%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&csg=160%2C2662%2C14%2C13%2C0%2C0%2C0.
http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?lang=Ru&blang=ru&page=Book&id=53791.
Giyom G. Printsipy teoreticheskoy lingvistiki. – M., 1992. – 224 s.
Arkad'ev M. A. Lingvisticheskaya katastrofa. – SPb., 2013. – 504 s.
Kto segodnya delaet filosofiyu v Rossii. Tom III / Avtor-sostavitel' A. S. Nilogov. – M., 2015. – 736 s.
V. N. Katasonov. Transgumanizm: novaya tsivilizatsionnaya ugroza chelovechestvu (http://www.gosrf.ru/news/16513/).
Filosofiya yazyka / Red.-sost. Dzh. R. Serl: Per. s angl. – M., 2004. – 208 s.
Khabermas Yu. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie / Per. s nem. S. V. Shachin; pod red. D. V. Sklyadneva. – 2-e izd., stereotipnoe. – SPb., 2006. – 380 s. – S. 199–200.
Klyuchnikov S. Yu. V poiskakh bezmolviya. – M., 2008. – 456 s.
Rudnev V. P. Gurdzhiev i sovremennaya psikhologiya. – M., 2010. – 160 s.
http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2004/03/19/156631.
http://www.utro.ru/articles/2008/03/14/723632.shtml.
http://www.google.com/glass/start/.
http://www.2045.ru/
Nilogov A.S. Antiyazykovaya nominatsiya bol'shikh chisel (V nachale bylo Chislo, i Chislo bylo u Boga, i Chislo bylo Bog) // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 266 - 274. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.3.9645.
Kutyrev V.A. O lingvisticheskoy kontrrevolyutsii, ee prichine i postchelovecheskikh perspektivakh (razmyshleniya nad knigoy A. Nilogova «Filosofiya antiyazyka» SPb., «Aleteyya». 2013) // NB: Filologicheskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 3. - C. 1 - 27. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1596.2013.3.10077. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_10077.html
Kutyrev V.A., Nilogov A.S. Ob ekspansii vysokikh (postchelovecheskikh) tekhnologiy, ee perspektive, ikh tvortsakh i zhertvakh // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 164 - 202. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2014.1.10676. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_10676.html
Kutyrev V.A., Nilogov A.S. Pro et contra innovatsionizma: za sokhranenie antropomorfnoy realizatsii vozmozhnykh mirov // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2014. - 2. - C. 180 - 189. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.2.10515.
Khrenov N.A. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi. Prodolzhenie // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2014. - 2. - C. 123 - 137. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2014.2.11989.
Kiyashchenko N.I. Muki dukhovnoy kommunikatsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 3. - C. 282 - 294. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11447.

Abstract: The subject of the present article is the religious and mystic insights of Chizhevsky and Ciolkowski in terms of the idea of cosmic consciousness based on Bokk and the concept of cosmic game. The author of the present research article describes the ‘heretical’ ideas of Kaluga cosmists and provides particular arguments to prove the hypothesis that the two great friends had cosmic consciousness. In order to prove that Ciolkowski and Chizhevsky had cosmic consciousness, the author analyzes the phenomenology of this phenomenon and personal qualities and creative work Konstantin Ciolkowski and Alexander Chizhevsky. If we admit that the founders of the cosmic natural science had the highest form of consciousness, we may see their religious and mystic views in a different light as well as view them in terms of the concept of cosmic game and make a hypothesis that Ciolkowski and Chizhevsky were prophets of those times. In her research the author used the following methods: analysis of literature, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization. The novelty and scientific importance of the article is that the author tries to define the non-verbal source of religious and mystic aspects in Ciolkowski’s and Chizhevsky’s writings. The main conclusions made by the author are the following. In the course of her research, the author concludes that the hypothesis about Ciolkowski and Chizhevsky having the cosmic consciousness have a high probability to be true. Many religious and mystic ideas introduced by Kaluga cosmists were based on a certain state of mind and can be interpreted in terms of the concept of cosmic game. The author also believes that Ciolkowski and Chizhevsky could have been the messengers of cosmic evolution.

Keywords: religion, mysticism, esoterics, cosmic consciousness, cosmic game, cosmic evolution, cosmism, Ciolkowski, Chizhevsky, Bokk.

Contact information: Zvonova Ekaterina Evgenievna, 119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27-4, kab. G-259.

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Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Proiskhozhdenie muzyki i ee sushchnost' // Arkh. AN SSSR. F. 555. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 472.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya. M. : Sfera, 2004. 496 s.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Mirazhi budushchego obshchestvennogo ustroystva. M. : Samoobrazovanie, 2006. 352 s.
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Vorob'ev B. N. Tsiolkovskiy. M. : Molodaya gvardiya, 1940. 262 s.
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Chizhevskiy A.L. Ya molniyu u neba vzyal. / Sost. Manakin A. V. Kaluga, 1994. 73 s.
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Yagodinskiy V. N. Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskiy. 1897–1964. M.: Nauka, 1987. 304 s.

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Chizhevskiy A. L. Vsya zhizn'. M. : Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1974. 208 s.
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Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Razvitie tela i dushi // Arkh. AN SSSR. F. 555. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 375.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Put' k zvezdam. Sbornik nauchno-fantasticheskikh proizvedeniy. M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1960. 358 s.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Priklyucheniya Atoma: povest'. M. : OOO «Luch», 2009. 112 s.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Proiskhozhdenie muzyki i ee sushchnost' // Arkh. AN SSSR. F. 555. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 472.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya. M. : Sfera, 2004. 496 s.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Mirazhi budushchego obshchestvennogo ustroystva. M. : Samoobrazovanie, 2006. 352 s.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Issledovanie mirovykh prostranstv reaktivnymi priborami (1911-1912) // Izbrannye trudy. M. : Akademiya nauk SSSR, 1962. S. 167-219.
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Evangelie ot Kupaly. M. : Samoobrazovanie, 2003. 256 s.
Tsveyg S. Triumf i tragediya Erazma Rotterdamskogo. URL: http://lib.rus.ec/b/194019/read. (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2014)
Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Grezy o Zemle i nebe. Nauchno-fantasticheskie proizvedeniya. Tula : Priokskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1986. 264 s.
Filosofiya: Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / pod red. A. A. Ivina. M.: Gardariki, 2004. Rezhim dostupa. URL: http://www.fidel-kastro.ru/filosofy/ihtik_ivin_slovar.htm. (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2014)
Uroki Chizhevskogo : metod. posobie / sost. O. V. Panferova, E. L. Prasolova. Kaluga : Grif, 2002. 205 [2] s., [4] l. il. : il., portr.
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Terekhov S. V. Evolyutsionnye idei v estestvennonauchnom napravlenii russkogo kosmizma (K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, A. L. Chizhevskiy, V. I. Vernadskiy) Orel : GOU VPO «OGU», 2011. 152 s.
Strugatskie A. i B. Za milliard let do kontsa sveta. URL: http://lib.ru/STRUGACKIE/milliard.txt. (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2014)
Russkiy kosmizm: Antologiya filosofskoy mysli / sost. S. G. Semenova, A. G. Gacheva. Vstup. st.: S. G. Gacheva; predisl.: S. G. Semenova; primech.: A. G. Gacheva. M.: Pedagogika: Press, 1993. 232 s.
Prasolova E. L. Zhit' geniyu v tsepyakh ne nadlezhit... : Dokum. lit.-dram. kompozitsiya o schast'e i tragedii sud'by "Leonardo da Vinchi XX v.", osnovopolozhnika geliobiologii, pochet. professora i akademika mnogikh nauch. uchrezhdeniy zarubezh. stran, khudozhnika-peyzazhista i poeta A. L. Chizhevskogo (1897–1964 gg.) / Prasolova E. L. Kaluga : B. i., 1993. 63[1] s. : il.
Nazarov G. A. Chizhevskiy A. L. // Moskva: Entsiklopediya. M. : Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1980. S.658.
Osnovy filosofii: uchebnoe posobie / sost. P. S. Gurevich. M. : Kronus, 2011. 480 s.
Mel'nikov L. N. Kaluzhskiy mechtatel' (K 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya K. E. Tsiolkovskogo (1857–1935)) // Del'fis. 2008. ¹ 53(1). S. 37-43.
Kazyutinskiy V. V. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya K. E. Tsiolkovskogo: za i protiv // Zemlya i Vselennaya. 2003. ¹ 4. S. 43-54.
Ionova T. A. Filosofsko-antropologicheskie idei russkogo kosmizma KhKh veka: istoriko-filosofskiy analiz : dis. ... kand-ta filosof. nauk. M., 1999. 162 c.
Zakharov M. L. Filosofskie idei A. L. Chizhevskogo: dis. ... kand-ta filosof. nauk. Murmansk, 2006. 145 c.
Zakharov M. L. Antropologicheskie i antropokosmicheskie vozzreniya A. L. Chizhevskogo. URL: http://vestnik.mstu.edu.ru/v11_4_n33/articles/23_zakhar.pdf/ (data obrashcheniya: 06.02.2014)
Zhelnina T. N. Vospominaniya A. L. Chizhevskogo kak istochnik dlya izucheniya biografii K. E. Tsiolkovskogo. Trudy XXIV-XXV chteniy, posvyashchennykh razrabotke nauchnogo naslediya i razvitiyu idey K. E. Tsiolkovskogo (Kaluga, 1989, 1990 gg.). M. : IIET AN SSSR, 1991. S. 30.
Ermolaeva V. E., Ermolaev I. A. Filosofiya velikoy lichnosti. Sever, 2007. 184 s.
Demin V. N. Tsiolkovskiy. M. : Molodaya gvardiya, 2005. 336 s.
Gurevich P. S. Filosofiya cheloveka. Ch. 2. M., 2001. 209 s.
Gurevich P. S. Filosofiya cheloveka. Ch. 1. M., 1999. 221s.
Grof S. Kosmicheskaya igra : Issledovanie rubezhey chelovecheskogo soznaniya. Teksty Transpersonal'noy Psikhologii : per s angl. O. Tsvetkovoy. 2-e izd., M. : Institut transpersonal'noy psikhologii / SATTVA, 2000. 256 s.
Golovanov L. V. Chizhevskiy A. L. // BSE. 3-e izd., M.: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1978. T. 29. S. 550-551.
Golovanov L. S. Srodstvo serdets i dum. URL: http://www.xpomo.com/rusograd/tch2/golovanov1.html. (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2014)
Girenok F. I. Russkie kosmisty. Iz tsikla "Stranitsy istorii otech. filos. mysli". M. : Znanie, 1990. 62 s.
Gagaev A. A., Skipetrov V. P. Filosofiya A. L. Chizhevskogo. Saransk, 1999. 285 s.
Gete Epigrammy// Venetsiya 1790, epigramma 54. URL: http://coollib.net/b/197217/read. (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2014)
Vorob'ev B. N. Tsiolkovskiy. M. : Molodaya gvardiya, 1940. 262 s.
Buralkov A. A. A. L. Chizhevskiy. Poslannik Solntsa na Zemle. M. : KONEK-M, 2009. 296 s.
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Alekseeva V. I. Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy: razmyshleniya o zhizni // Del'fis. 2001. ¹ 26(2). S. 24-28.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemnoe ekho solnechnykh bur'. M. : Mysl', 1976. 367 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Kosmicheskiy pul's zhizni: Zemlya v ob'yatiyakh Solntsa. Geliotaraksiya / Sostavl., vstupit. stat'ya, kommentarii, podbor il. L. V. Golovanova. M. : Mysl', 1995. 767 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Na beregu Vselennoy. Vospominaniya o K. E. Tsiolkovskom. M.: Ayris-press, 2007. 448 s.
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Chizhevskiy A. L. Fizicheskie faktory istoricheskogo protsessa. Kaluga, 1924; reprint 1991. 72 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, A. L. Chizhevskiy. Kaluzhskie stranitsy russkikh kosmistov. Kaluga : Grif, 2007. 264 s.
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Chizhevskiy A.L. Ya molniyu u neba vzyal. / Sost. Manakin A. V. Kaluga, 1994. 73 s.
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Yagodinskiy V. N. Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskiy. 1897–1964. M.: Nauka, 1987. 304 s.

Abstract: At the present time much attention is being paid at quantitative indicators that would reflect the performance efficiency of scientific work. This is caused by the need to wisely use the budget in order to fund scientific activities. To what extent the Citation Index can allow to assess the significance of scientific work and contribute to the knowledge progress? The article represents the evidence that the Citation Index cannot be properly used as the performance and efficiency indicator of scientific activities.

Keywords: philosophy, science, information, knowledge, citation index, key performance indicators, balanced system of indicators, scientometrics, Hirsch index, impact factor.

Contact information: Baksansky Îleg Evgenievich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 405.

References:
1. Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Obraz mira: kognitivnyy podkhod. M., 2000.
2. Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Reprezentirovanie real'nosti: kognitivnyy podkhod. M., 2001.
3. Bukovich U., Uill'yams R. Upravlenie znaniyami. Rukovodstvo k deystviyu. M., 2002.
4. Druker P. Klassicheskie raboty po menedzhmentu = Classic Drucker. M.: Al'pina Biznes Buks, 2008.
5. Igra v tsifir', ili kak teper' otsenivayut trud uchenogo: sbornik statey o bibliometrike. M., 2011.
6. Norton D., Kaplan R. Sbalansirovannaya sistema pokazateley. Ot strategii k deystviyu. M.: Olimp-Biznes, 2010.
7. Raven Dzh. Kompetentnost' v sovremennom obshchestve / Per. s angl. M., 2002.

References (transliteration):
1. Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Obraz mira: kognitivnyy podkhod. M., 2000.
2. Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Reprezentirovanie real'nosti: kognitivnyy podkhod. M., 2001.
3. Bukovich U., Uill'yams R. Upravlenie znaniyami. Rukovodstvo k deystviyu. M., 2002.
4. Druker P. Klassicheskie raboty po menedzhmentu = Classic Drucker. M.: Al'pina Biznes Buks, 2008.
5. Igra v tsifir', ili kak teper' otsenivayut trud uchenogo: sbornik statey o bibliometrike. M., 2011.
6. Norton D., Kaplan R. Sbalansirovannaya sistema pokazateley. Ot strategii k deystviyu. M.: Olimp-Biznes, 2010.
7. Raven Dzh. Kompetentnost' v sovremennom obshchestve / Per. s angl. M., 2002.

Abstract: Philosophical essay mostly based on long-term field researches conducted by the author. The essay is devoted to the analysis of human thoughts and actions in the situation of choosing between death and life based on materials about a traditional African society that still exists nowadays.

Keywords: psychology, Africa, life, death, euthanasia, tribe, custom, ancestors, descendants, morals, situation of choice.

Contact information: Andreev, I. L., 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, bld. 5, room 206.

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16. Semenova S.G. Tayny Tsarstviya Nebesnogo. M.: Shkola-Press, 1994.
17. Sinitsyna I.E. V mire obychaya. M., 1997.
18. Sinitsyna I.E. Chelovek i sem'ya v Afrike (Po materialam obychnogo prava). M.: Nauka, 1989.
19. Sledzevskiy I.V. Chelovek v afrikanskom obshchestve: sotsial'nyy atom, kul'turnyy gibrid ili interpretator? //
Chelovek v afrikanskom obshchestve. M., 1994. C. 45-46.
20. Frankl V. Psikholog v kontsentratsionnom lagere. «Chelovek v poiskakh smysla». M.: Progress, 1990.
21. Kh'ell L., Zigler D. Teorii lichnosti. SPb, M.-Khar'kov-Minsk, 1997.
22. Yudin B.G. Vozmozhno li ratsional'noe samoubiystvo? // Bioetika: printsipy, pravila, problemy. M., 1998.
C. 284-296.
23. Yudin B.G. Pravo na dobrovol'nuyu smert': protiv i za // O chelovecheskom v cheloveke. M., 1991. C. 247-261.
24. Yudin B.G. Smert' i umiranie. Evtanaziya // Vvedenie v bioetiku. M., 1998.
25. Yakovenko I.G. Kul'turnye aspekty mekhanizmov i sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie istochniki massovogo terrora //
Mir psikhologii. 1998. ¹ 3. S. 215-247.
26. Ananou David. Le fils du fetiche. Paris, 1955.
27. Dogbe Y. Negritud, culture et civilisation. Paris, 1980.
28. Senghor L.S. Liberte I. Negritud et humanisme. Paris, 1964.

References (transliteration):
1. Alekseev V.P. Stanovlenie chelovechestva. M., 1984.
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15. Petrovskaya E.V. Figury vremeni // Voprosy filosofii. 2000. ¹ 10. C. 66.
16. Semenova S.G. Tayny Tsarstviya Nebesnogo. M.: Shkola-Press, 1994.
17. Sinitsyna I.E. V mire obychaya. M., 1997.
18. Sinitsyna I.E. Chelovek i sem'ya v Afrike (Po materialam obychnogo prava). M.: Nauka, 1989.
19. Sledzevskiy I.V. Chelovek v afrikanskom obshchestve: sotsial'nyy atom, kul'turnyy gibrid ili interpretator? //
Chelovek v afrikanskom obshchestve. M., 1994. C. 45-46.
20. Frankl V. Psikholog v kontsentratsionnom lagere. «Chelovek v poiskakh smysla». M.: Progress, 1990.
21. Kh'ell L., Zigler D. Teorii lichnosti. SPb, M.-Khar'kov-Minsk, 1997.
22. Yudin B.G. Vozmozhno li ratsional'noe samoubiystvo? // Bioetika: printsipy, pravila, problemy. M., 1998.
C. 284-296.
23. Yudin B.G. Pravo na dobrovol'nuyu smert': protiv i za // O chelovecheskom v cheloveke. M., 1991. C. 247-261.
24. Yudin B.G. Smert' i umiranie. Evtanaziya // Vvedenie v bioetiku. M., 1998.
25. Yakovenko I.G. Kul'turnye aspekty mekhanizmov i sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie istochniki massovogo terrora //
Mir psikhologii. 1998. ¹ 3. S. 215-247.
26. Ananou David. Le fils du fetiche. Paris, 1955.
27. Dogbe Y. Negritud, culture et civilisation. Paris, 1980.
28. Senghor L.S. Liberte I. Negritud et humanisme. Paris, 1964.

Abstract: The problem of consciousness, psyche and material is one of the most difficult issues in scientific cognition of human. This article is aimed at: 1) brief analysis of the basic hypotheses about the nature of consciousness in different spheres of knowledge: science, philosophy, religion and yoga; 2) description of the modern approach to the relationship between consciousness, psyche and material. When drawing out the main conclusions the author notes that consciousness is a universal phenomenon existing in each atom of the material. The main characteristic of the consciousness is an impulse to exist, a will to self-preservation and a desire to survive and live forever. Representatives of different spheres of knowledge divide the universal (i.e. integral) consciousness into various levels. This is the reason why there are so many theories of consciousness today. Modern experimental researches show that brains are not related to the production of consciousness at all. Our brain catches and transmits information and energy which allows us to express all kinds of potentials and capabilities. Our brain models the souring world by the means of neurons. Many neurons working together make it possible to build a model of the world. Consciousness can exist both outside one’s body and one’s spirit and consciousness is both material and ideal because it has a dual nature. There is no such a science which could fully explain the phenomenon of consciousness. However, we have all grounds to believe that science, philosophy, religion and Eastern teachings are gaining more common points about the nature of consciousness as the basis and prime cause of all being including earthly lie, psyche and human consciousness.

Keywords: psychology, theory of consciousness, universal consciousness, levels of consciousness, material, brain, psyche, soul, Eastern psychology, Christian anthropology.

References:
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2. Allakhverdov V.M. Soznanie kak paradoks. SPb: Izdvo DNK, 2000. 528 s.
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skiy Institut, 1997. 137 s.
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Mysl', 1994. 364 s.
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S. 47-59.
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T. 2. ¹ 4. S. 1-14.
8. Volchenko V.N. Miroponimanie i ekoetika v XXΙ veke. Nauka — Filosofiya — Religiya. M.: Izd-vo MGTU
im. N.E. Baumana, 2001. 432 s.
9. Grof S. Revolyutsiya soznaniya: Transatlanticheskiy dialog / S. Grof, E. Laslo, P. Rassel. M.: Izd-vo AST i
dr. 2004. 248 s.
10. Dvoyrin G.B. Edinaya golograficheskaya informatsionnaya teoriya Vselennoy. Nauchnaya religiya: novoe mirovoe
uchenie. SPb: INTAN, 1997. 340 s.
11. Devis P. Supersila. M.: Mir, 1989. 272 s.
12. Del'gado Kh. Mozg i soznanie. M.: Mir, 1971. 263 s.
13. Integral'naya yoga Shri Aurobindo. M.: Nikos. 1992. 396 s.
14. Kapra F. Dao fiziki. Kiev, M.: Sofiya, 2002. 352 s.
15. Korneenkov S.S. Integral'naya psikhologiya i pedagogika samopoznaniya: monografiya. Vladivostok: Izd-vo
TGEU, 2010. 412 s.
16. Krishnamurti Dzh. Za predelami izvestnogo. M.: KMK, 1966. 352 s.
17. Maslou A.G. Motivatsiya i lichnost'. SPb: Evraziya, 1999. 478 s.
18. Mishra Ramamurim (Shri Brakhmananda Sarasvati). Psikhologiya yogi (uchebnik). S tochnym perevodom i
raz'yasneniem «Yoga-sutr» Patandzhali dlya vsestoronnego ispol'zovaniya v sovremennykh psikhologicheskikh
distsiplinakh. M.: Sofiya, 2003. 480 s.
19. Nachala khristianskoy psikhologii: Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. B.S. Bratus', V.L. Voeykov, S.L. Vorob'ev i dr.
M.: Nauka, 1995. 236 s.
20. Ozhegov S.I. Slovar' russkogo yazyka: 70000 slov / Pod red. N.Yu. Shvedovoy. 22-e izd. M.: Rus. yaz., 1990. 921 s.
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SPb: Mezhdunarodnyy Fond istorii nauk, 1994. T. 2. 413 s.
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27. Psikhofiziologiya. Uchebnik dlya vuzov / Pod red. Yu.I. Aleksandrova. SPb: Izd-vo Bratstvo, 1994. 329 s.
28. Purani A.B. Vechernie besedy so Shri Aurobindo: V 2-kh tt. T. 1. SPb: Komplekt, 1994. 329 s.
29. Rubinshteyn S. L Bytie i soznanie. Chelovek i mir / S. L. Rubinshteyn. SPb: Piter, 2003. 512 s.
30. Slobodchikov V.I., Isaev E.I. Osnovy psikhologicheskoy antropologii. Psikhologiya cheloveka: Vvedenie v
psikhologiyu sub'ektivnosti. Uch. posobie dlya vuzov. M.: Shkola-Press, 1995. 384 s.
31. Talbot M. Golograficheskaya Vselennaya / Per s angl. M.: Sofiya, 2004. 368 s.
32. Khomskaya E.D. Neyropsikhologiya: Uchebnik dlya vuzov. 3-e izd. SPb: Piter, 2003. 496 s.
33. Chelpanov G.I. Mozg i dusha: Kritika materializma i ocherk sovremennykh ucheniy o dushe. M.: Psikhol. in-t
RAO, 1994. 348 s.
34. Shri Aurobindo, Mat'. V poiskakh dushi netlennoy. Fragmenty iz rabot. SPb: Aditi, 1997. 180 s.
35. Shri Aurobindo. Pis'ma o yoge / Per. s angl. S. Evtushenko. M.: Amrita-Rus', 2004. Kn. 1. Ch. 3. 224 s.
36. Shri Aurobindo. Sobr. soch. T. 4. Isha Upanishada. SPb: Aditi, 2004. 416 s.
37. Yung K.G. Sinkhronistichnost'. M.: Refl-buk, Vakler, 1997. 320 s.
38. Yurlov V.F. Myshlenie v kontekste soznaniya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2005. 496 s.
39. Yakushev A.V. Filosofiya (konspekt lektsiy). M.: Prior-izdat, 2004. 224 s.

References (transliteration):
1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Tel' L.Z. i dr. Fiziologiya cheloveka. M.: RUDN, 2001. 408 s.
2. Allakhverdov V.M. Soznanie kak paradoks. SPb: Izdvo DNK, 2000. 528 s.
3. Arkhiepiskop Luka (Voyno-Yasenetskiy). Dukh, dusha i telo. M.: Pravoslavnyy Svyato-Tikhonovskiy Bogoslov-
skiy Institut, 1997. 137 s.
4. Bekhterev V.M. Gipnoz, vnushenie, telepatiya / sost., avt. vstup. stat'i i primechaniya G.Kh. Shangarov. M.:
Mysl', 1994. 364 s.
5. Bobrov V.V. Polevaya kontseptsiya mekhanizma soznaniya // Soznanie i fizicheskaya real'nost'. 1999. T. 4. ¹ 3.
S. 47-59.
6. Vasil'ev V.V. Trudnaya problema soznaniya. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2009. 272 s.
7. Volchenko V.N. Dukhovnaya ekoetika v mire soznaniya i v Internete // Soznanie i fizicheskaya real'nost'.
T. 2. ¹ 4. S. 1-14.
8. Volchenko V.N. Miroponimanie i ekoetika v XXΙ veke. Nauka — Filosofiya — Religiya. M.: Izd-vo MGTU
im. N.E. Baumana, 2001. 432 s.
9. Grof S. Revolyutsiya soznaniya: Transatlanticheskiy dialog / S. Grof, E. Laslo, P. Rassel. M.: Izd-vo AST i
dr. 2004. 248 s.
10. Dvoyrin G.B. Edinaya golograficheskaya informatsionnaya teoriya Vselennoy. Nauchnaya religiya: novoe mirovoe
uchenie. SPb: INTAN, 1997. 340 s.
11. Devis P. Supersila. M.: Mir, 1989. 272 s.
12. Del'gado Kh. Mozg i soznanie. M.: Mir, 1971. 263 s.
13. Integral'naya yoga Shri Aurobindo. M.: Nikos. 1992. 396 s.
14. Kapra F. Dao fiziki. Kiev, M.: Sofiya, 2002. 352 s.
15. Korneenkov S.S. Integral'naya psikhologiya i pedagogika samopoznaniya: monografiya. Vladivostok: Izd-vo
TGEU, 2010. 412 s.
16. Krishnamurti Dzh. Za predelami izvestnogo. M.: KMK, 1966. 352 s.
17. Maslou A.G. Motivatsiya i lichnost'. SPb: Evraziya, 1999. 478 s.
18. Mishra Ramamurim (Shri Brakhmananda Sarasvati). Psikhologiya yogi (uchebnik). S tochnym perevodom i
raz'yasneniem «Yoga-sutr» Patandzhali dlya vsestoronnego ispol'zovaniya v sovremennykh psikhologicheskikh
distsiplinakh. M.: Sofiya, 2003. 480 s.
19. Nachala khristianskoy psikhologii: Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. B.S. Bratus', V.L. Voeykov, S.L. Vorob'ev i dr.
M.: Nauka, 1995. 236 s.
20. Ozhegov S.I. Slovar' russkogo yazyka: 70000 slov / Pod red. N.Yu. Shvedovoy. 22-e izd. M.: Rus. yaz., 1990. 921 s.
21. Osnovy fiziologii cheloveka. Uchebnik dlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy: V 2-kh tt. / Pod red. B.I. Tkachenko.
SPb: Mezhdunarodnyy Fond istorii nauk, 1994. T. 2. 413 s.
22. Paramakhansa Yogananda. Vechnyy poisk / Paramakhansa Yogananda. M.: Izd-vo Sattva, 2004. 608 s.
23. Plykin V.D. Vnachale bylo slovo ili sled na vode. Izhevsk, Izd-vo Udmurtskogo un-ta, 1995. 41 s.
24. Prist S. Teorii soznaniya / S. Prist ; Per. s angl. A. F. Gryaznova. M.: Ideya-Press: Dom intellektual. kn.,
2000. 287 s.
25. Problema soznaniya v filosofii i nauke / Pod red. D.I. Dubrovskogo. M.: Kanon+, 2009. 472 s.
26. Psikhologicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. V. V. Davydova, A. A. Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova i dr. M.: Pedagogika, 1983. 448 s.
27. Psikhofiziologiya. Uchebnik dlya vuzov / Pod red. Yu.I. Aleksandrova. SPb: Izd-vo Bratstvo, 1994. 329 s.
28. Purani A.B. Vechernie besedy so Shri Aurobindo: V 2-kh tt. T. 1. SPb: Komplekt, 1994. 329 s.
29. Rubinshteyn S. L Bytie i soznanie. Chelovek i mir / S. L. Rubinshteyn. SPb: Piter, 2003. 512 s.
30. Slobodchikov V.I., Isaev E.I. Osnovy psikhologicheskoy antropologii. Psikhologiya cheloveka: Vvedenie v
psikhologiyu sub'ektivnosti. Uch. posobie dlya vuzov. M.: Shkola-Press, 1995. 384 s.
31. Talbot M. Golograficheskaya Vselennaya / Per s angl. M.: Sofiya, 2004. 368 s.
32. Khomskaya E.D. Neyropsikhologiya: Uchebnik dlya vuzov. 3-e izd. SPb: Piter, 2003. 496 s.
33. Chelpanov G.I. Mozg i dusha: Kritika materializma i ocherk sovremennykh ucheniy o dushe. M.: Psikhol. in-t
RAO, 1994. 348 s.
34. Shri Aurobindo, Mat'. V poiskakh dushi netlennoy. Fragmenty iz rabot. SPb: Aditi, 1997. 180 s.
35. Shri Aurobindo. Pis'ma o yoge / Per. s angl. S. Evtushenko. M.: Amrita-Rus', 2004. Kn. 1. Ch. 3. 224 s.
36. Shri Aurobindo. Sobr. soch. T. 4. Isha Upanishada. SPb: Aditi, 2004. 416 s.
37. Yung K.G. Sinkhronistichnost'. M.: Refl-buk, Vakler, 1997. 320 s.
38. Yurlov V.F. Myshlenie v kontekste soznaniya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2005. 496 s.
39. Yakushev A.V. Filosofiya (konspekt lektsiy). M.: Prior-izdat, 2004. 224 s.

Abstract: The author describes the two lines of researching a myth, - the interpreting poetic study and the socio-psychological one. As a part of the first line, the author describes the three approaches which were formed during the Ancient Times and have been lived through all this time up to the present. It is shown that all these three approaches have the same drawback: they are basically interpretative which is completely inadmissible when studying a myth. The certain advantage of the second line of research (which covers a number of approaches, too) is an attempt to interpret a myth based on the pattern of the mythological perception of the world (even if it seems absurd from the point of view of a modern European) and try to understand which role such perceptions played in the primitive society and which psychological and social functions a myth performed.

Keywords: psychology, cultural studies, myth, mythopoetics, peculiarities, perception of the world, study, interpretation, logic, symbol, archetype.

References:
1. Buslaev F.I. Narodnaya poeziya. Istoricheskie ocherki. SPb., 1887.
2. Buslaev F.I. O vliyanii khristianstva na slavyanskiy yazyk. Opyt istorii yazyka po Ostromirovu Evangeliyu.
M., 1848.
3. Vundt V. Mif i religiya. SPb., 1912.
4. Gete I.-V. Izbr. filos. sochineniya. M., 1964.
5. Devidson B. Afrikantsy. Vvedenie v istoriyu kul'tury. M.: Nauka, 1975.
6. Karleyl' T. Startor Resartus // Istoriya estetiki. Pamyatniki mirovoy esteticheskoy mysli. T. 3. M., 1967. S. 851.
7. Levi-Bryul' L. Pervobytnoe myshlenie. M.: Ateist, 1930.
8. Losev A.F. Dialektika mifa // Losev A.F. Mif. Chislo. Sushchnost'. M., 1994. S. 5-217.
9. Losev A.F. Mif — razvernutoe magicheskoe imya // Losev A.F. Mif. Chislo. Sushchnost'. M., 1994. S. 217-233.
10. Malinovskiy B. Mif v primitivnoy psikhologii // Malinovskiy B. Magiya. Nauka. Religiya. M.: Refl-buk, 1998.
11. Steblin-Kamenskiy M.I. Mif. L.: Nauka, 1976.
12. Toporkov A.L. Teoriya mifa v russkoy filologicheskoy nauke XIX veka. M., 1997.
13. Teylor E.B. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M.: Izd-vo politicheskoy literatury, 1989.
14. Filosofiya kul'tury. Stanovlenie i razvitie. SPb: Lan', 1998.
15. Shchepkin D.M. Ob istochnikakh i formakh russkogo basnosloviya. T. 1. M., 1859-1861.
16. Eliade M. Aspekty mifa. M.: Invest-Press, 1995.
17. Yung K.G. Dusha i mif: shest' arkhetipov. Kiev, 1996.

References (transliteration):
1. Buslaev F.I. Narodnaya poeziya. Istoricheskie ocherki. SPb., 1887.
2. Buslaev F.I. O vliyanii khristianstva na slavyanskiy yazyk. Opyt istorii yazyka po Ostromirovu Evangeliyu.
M., 1848.
3. Vundt V. Mif i religiya. SPb., 1912.
4. Gete I.-V. Izbr. filos. sochineniya. M., 1964.
5. Devidson B. Afrikantsy. Vvedenie v istoriyu kul'tury. M.: Nauka, 1975.
6. Karleyl' T. Startor Resartus // Istoriya estetiki. Pamyatniki mirovoy esteticheskoy mysli. T. 3. M., 1967. S. 851.
7. Levi-Bryul' L. Pervobytnoe myshlenie. M.: Ateist, 1930.
8. Losev A.F. Dialektika mifa // Losev A.F. Mif. Chislo. Sushchnost'. M., 1994. S. 5-217.
9. Losev A.F. Mif — razvernutoe magicheskoe imya // Losev A.F. Mif. Chislo. Sushchnost'. M., 1994. S. 217-233.
10. Malinovskiy B. Mif v primitivnoy psikhologii // Malinovskiy B. Magiya. Nauka. Religiya. M.: Refl-buk, 1998.
11. Steblin-Kamenskiy M.I. Mif. L.: Nauka, 1976.
12. Toporkov A.L. Teoriya mifa v russkoy filologicheskoy nauke XIX veka. M., 1997.
13. Teylor E.B. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M.: Izd-vo politicheskoy literatury, 1989.
14. Filosofiya kul'tury. Stanovlenie i razvitie. SPb: Lan', 1998.
15. Shchepkin D.M. Ob istochnikakh i formakh russkogo basnosloviya. T. 1. M., 1859-1861.
16. Eliade M. Aspekty mifa. M.: Invest-Press, 1995.
17. Yung K.G. Dusha i mif: shest' arkhetipov. Kiev, 1996.

Abstract: The author of the article refutes the point of view of professors A.F. Losev and I.S. Kon that ancient Greeks had no notion about the idea of personality. It is shown that belief of ancient Greeks in fate in no way relieved the person of responsibility and that the necessity for the citizen of the police independently to take decisions in multiple changing situations presupposed a person with intelligent self-consciousness and strong Self.

Keywords: personality, body, fate, soul, tragedy, belief, gods, freedom, self-consciousness, humanism

Contact information: Starovoytov Vladimir Vasilievich, starovoitov51@mail.ru

References:
Averintsev S.S. Troitsa // Mify narodov mira. T. 2. M., 1982.
Gegel'. Filosofiya religii. T. 1. M., 1976.
Dobrokhotov A.A. Uchenie dosokratikov o bytii. M.: MGU, 1980.
Kon I.S. Otkrytie Ya. M., 1978.
Kon I.S. Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. 3. M., 1964.
Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki (Ranniy ellinizm). M., 1979.
Stolovich N.N. Chelovek est' mera vsekh veshchey // Antichnaya kul'tura i sovremennaya nauka. M., 1985.
Topuridze E.I. Chelovek v antichnoy tragedii. Tbilisi, 1984.
Frolov E.D. Fakel Prometeya. L., 1981.
Yarkho V.N. Eskhil. M., 1959.
Vernant J-P. Problems de la persone. Paris, 1973.

References (transliteration):
Averintsev S.S. Troitsa // Mify narodov mira. T. 2. M., 1982.
Gegel'. Filosofiya religii. T. 1. M., 1976.
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Abstract: Many times humor has been the matter at issue in history of philosophy and psychology. There are numerous ideas and conceptions describing the phenomenon of humor. However, many psychological aspects of this topic are still left unstudied. The author views the humor in the context of psychological problems.

Keywords: psychology, humor, the comic, funny, wit, emotion, intellect, the unconscious, comic

Contact information: Taldykina Anastasia Nikolaevna, trofa@mail.ru

References:
Bern E. Transaktnyy analiz v gruppe. M.: Labirint, 1994. S. 85.
Gegel' G. Estetika: v 4-kh tt. T. 4. M., 1973. S. 489-490.
Kant I. Soch. v 6-ti tt. T. 5. M., 1966. S. 353.
Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki. M.: Iskusstvo, 1969. S. 78.
Luk A.N. O chuvstve yumora i ostroumii. M.: Iskusstvo, 1968. 192 s.
Martin R. Psikhologiya yumora / per. s angl., pod red. L.V. Kulikova. SPb: Piter, 2009. S. 478.
Freyd Z. Khudozhnik i fantazirovanie / per. s nem. M.: Respublika, 1995. S. 282.
Freyd Z. Ostroumie i ego otnoshenie k bessoznatel'nomu. M., 1924.

References (transliteration):
Bern E. Transaktnyy analiz v gruppe. M.: Labirint, 1994. S. 85.
Gegel' G. Estetika: v 4-kh tt. T. 4. M., 1973. S. 489-490.
Kant I. Soch. v 6-ti tt. T. 5. M., 1966. S. 353.
Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki. M.: Iskusstvo, 1969. S. 78.
Luk A.N. O chuvstve yumora i ostroumii. M.: Iskusstvo, 1968. 192 s.
Martin R. Psikhologiya yumora / per. s angl., pod red. L.V. Kulikova. SPb: Piter, 2009. S. 478.
Freyd Z. Khudozhnik i fantazirovanie / per. s nem. M.: Respublika, 1995. S. 282.
Freyd Z. Ostroumie i ego otnoshenie k bessoznatel'nomu. M., 1924.

Abstract: The “frontier” is an event, an image and a feeling. It is also a motive and an archetype. This phenomenon is practically drainless in its content because it characterizes a variety of aspects and situations which are, however, come to one only “core” construct. In a word, the frontier is a place in time and space (a border, neutral territory) where the opposites meet and face the conflict which is eventually solved by their synthesis. There, at the frontier, transformation takes place and something new appears. That is the place of creation.