Abstract: In this article the authors discuss whether it is possible to apply the concepts of context processing and context effect for the purposes of studying specific features of the generalization process in the norm and in case of mental pathology. The article introduces the authors' earlier studies that demonstrated the dependence of the actualization of the significant feature in the process of object generalization on the conditions of the cognitive task, i.e. the context of generalization. The article deals with the study of mechanisms of impairmen context processing impairments in case of internally generated mental disorders (especially schizophrenia and schizotypal and affective disorders) and borderline disorders (personality disorders and neurotic disorders). Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of impairment of temporary, conceptual and episodic memory, relation the ability for social cognition and cognitive functioning in both foreign and domestic researches. Using the method of theoretical and methodological analysis, the authors propose the general theoretical hypothesis of differentiated mechanisms of generalization process impairments for endogenous and borderline mental disorders and prove experimental methods of its verification. The authors suggest that the actualization of latent features including subjective features in the process of generalization of stimulus uncertainty (semantic distance of generalized objects) demonstrated by patients with schizophrenia is determined by the deficit of the social context processing, and in case of patients with borderline mental disorders, on the contrary, it is determined by excessive social labeling. The authors dscribe the methodology of experimental tasks of the pilot research offered in the adopted 'Find the odd one out' inventory. The methodology includes three series of tasks offering the variety of the semantic distance of objects, their emotional richness and adequacy of the social context of the use of objects. The article also presents expected results of the research by the original method that will open up new prospects in the differential diagnosis of patopsychology and psychiatry.  

Keywords: schizophrenia, stimulus under uncertainty, social labeling, latency feature, subjective feature, impairment of the process of generalization, thinking, context effect, context processing, borderline mental disorders

References:
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Soloff P.H., White R., Omari A., et al. Affective context interferes with brain responses during cognitive processing in borderline personality disorder: fMRI evidence // Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2015. ¹ 233(1). P. 25-35.
Schaffer Y., Barak O., Rassovsky Y. Social perception in borderline personality disorder: The role of context // Journal of personality disorders. 2015. T. 29. ¹. 2. R. 275-288.
Baez S., Herrera E., Villarin L., et al. Contextual social cognition impairments in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder // PLoS One. 2013. ¹ 8(3). P. e57664. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057664.
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Harrow M. et al. Thought disorder in schizophrenia and mania: Impaired context // Schizophrenia bulletin. 2000. T. 26. ¹. 4. R. 879.
Addington J., Saeedi H., Addington D. Influence of social perception and social knowledge on cognitive and social functioning in early psychosis // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006. T. 189. ¹. 4. R. 373-378.
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Sergi M. J., Green M. F. Social perception and early visual processing in schizophrenia // Schizophrenia research. 2003. T. 59. ¹. 2. R. 233-241.
Green M. J., Uhlhaas P. J., Coltheart M. Context processing and social cognition in schizophrenia // Current psychiatry reviews. 2005. T. 1. ¹. 1. R. 11-22.
Addington J., Addington D. Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder // Schizophrenia research. 1998. T. 32. ¹. 3. R. 171-181.
Green M. J. Waldron J. H., Coltheart M. Emotional context processing is impaired in schizophrenia //Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2007. T. 12. ¹. 3. R. 259-280.
Frith C. D. Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979. T. 134. ¹. 3. P. 225-235.
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Hemsley D.R., Richardson P.H. Shadowing by context in schizophrenia // The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 1980. ¹ 168 (3). P. 141-145.
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Horton H. K., Silverstein S. M. Visual context processing deficits in schizophrenia: effects of deafness and disorganization // Schizophrenia bulletin. 2011. T. 37. ¹. 4. P. 716-726.
McClure M. M. et al. Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum // Journal of abnormal psychology. 2008. T. 117. ¹. 2. P. 342-354.
Braff D.L., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A. Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999. ¹ 156. P. 596–602.
Barrera A., McKenna P.J., Berrios G.E. Two new scales of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia // Psychiatry Research. 2008. 157(1-3). P. 225-234.
Doughty O.J., Done D.J. Is semantic memory impaired in schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 91 studies // Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2009. 14(6). P. 473-509. (DOI:10.1080/13546800903073291).
Goldman-Rakic P.S. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia // The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 1994. ¹ 6(4). P. 348-357. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.6.4.348).
Park S., Holzman P.S. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992. ¹ 49. P. 975-982.
Docherty A.R., Berenbaum H., Kerns J.G. Alogia and formal thought disorder: differential patterns of verbal fluency task performance // Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011. ¹ 45(10). P. 1352-1357. (DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.004).
Hemsley D. R. The development of a cognitive model of schizophrenia: placing it in context // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2005. T. 29. ¹. 6. R. 977-988.
Barch DM, Carter CS, MacDonald AW, III, Braver TS, Cohen JD. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003. ¹ 112. R. 132–143.
Løberg E. M., Hugdahl K., Green M. F. Hemispheric asymmetry in schizophrenia: a “dual deficits” model // Biological psychiatry. 1999. T. 45. ¹. 1. R. 76-81.
Brambilla P. et al. Context processing performance in bipolar disorder patients // Bipolar disorders. 2007. T. 9. ¹. 3. P. 230-237.
Cohen J. D., Barch D. M., Carter C., & Servan-Schreiber D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999. ¹ 108. R. 120-133.
Cohen J. D., & Servan-Schreiber D. Context, cortex and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia // Psychological Review. 1992. ¹ 99.(1). P. 45-77.
Smulevich A.B. Maloprogredientnaya shizofreniya i pogranichnye sostoyaniya. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009. 256 s.
Chebakova Yu.V., Kharisova R.R. Klassifikatsiya latentnykh priznakov v patopsikhologicheskom obsledovanii pri shizofrenii // Materialy Yubileynoy nauch.-prakt. konf. «Eksperimental'nye metodiki patopsikhologii i opyt ikh primeneniya» / Pod red. N.V. Zverevoy i dr. M., 2011. S. 177-180.
Kharisova R.R. Sub'ektivnye obobshcheniya kak normativnyy sposob osushchestvleniya myslitel'nykh deystviy // Psikhologiya i pedagogika: sovremennye metodiki i innovatsii, opyt prakticheskogo primeneniya. Sbornik materialov IX-y mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Lipetsk: OOO «Radushi», 2015. S. 17-22.
Parshukov A.Yu., Chebakova Yu.V., Kharisova R.R., Kuznetsova N.V. Narushenie oposredovaniya funktsional'nykh i kategorial'nykh tipov obobshcheniya pri shizofrenii // Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya. 2016. T. 9. ¹ 46. S. 4. URL: http://psystudy.ru (data obrashcheniya: 31.10.2016).
Davydov V.V. Vidy obobshcheniy v obuchenii (logiko-psikhologicheskie problemy postroeniya uchebnykh predmetov). M.: Pedagogika, 1972. 424 s.
Korovkin S.Yu. Funktsional'nye obobshcheniya i osobennosti resheniya problem preobrazovaniya // Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P.G. Demidova. Ser. Gumanitarnye nauki. Yaroslavl': Izd-vo YarGU, 2010. ¹ 1. S. 44-49.
Vygotskiy L.S. Myshlenie i rech'. 5-e izd. M.: Labirint, 1999. 352 c.
Cohen J.D., Barch D.M., Carter C., et al. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks //Journal of abnormal psychology. 1999. ¹ 108(1). P. 120-133. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.120).
Medin D.L., Smith E.E. Concepts and concept formation // Annual review of psychology. 1984. 35(1). P. 113-138.
Abramczyk R.R., Jordan D.E., Hegel M. «Reverse» Stroop effect in the performance of schizophrenics // Perceptual and motor skills. 1983. ¹ 56(1). P. 99-106. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1983.56.1.99).
Kruglanski A.W., Higgins E.T. Social Psychology, Second Edition: Handbook of Basic Principles. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2007. 347 pp.
McClelland J.L., Mirman D., Holt L.L. Are there interactive processes in speech perception? // Trends in cognitive sciences. 2006. 10(8). P. 363-369.
Moore B.C.J. Temporal integration and context effects in hearing // Journal of Phonetics. 2003. 31(3-4). P. 563-574. (DOI: 10.1016/S0095-4470(03)00011-1).
Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. 225 pp.
Cavanagh P. What’s up with Top Down Processing? // In: Representation of vision. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991. P. 295-305.
Vinogradova M.G., Tkhostov A.Sh. Smyslovaya regulyatsiya poznavatel'noy deyatel'nosti pri istericheskom rasstroystve lichnosti [Elektronnyy resurs] // Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii: elektron. nauch. zhurn. 2010. ¹ 2. URL: http:// medpsy.ru (data obrashcheniya: 30.06.2010).
Kudryavtsev I.A. Sudebnaya psikhologo-psikhiatricheskaya ekspertiza. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1988. 224 s.
Bleykher V.M., Krug I.V., Bokov S.N. Patopsikhologicheskaya diagnostika. Kiev: Zdorov'ya, 1986. 280 s.
Sokolova E.T. Samosoznanie pri anomaliyakh lichnosti. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1989. 215 s.
Sokolova E.T. Affektivno-kognitivnaya differentsirovannost' /integrirovannost' kak dispozitsionnyy faktor lichnostnykh i povedencheskikh rasstroystv // Teoriya razvitiya: differentsionno-integratsionnaya paradigma / sost. N.I. Chuprikova. M.: Yazyki slavyanskikh kul'tur, 2009. S. 151-166.
Sokolova E.T., Burlakova N.S., Leontiu F. K izucheniyu «diffuznoy» gendernoy identichnosti pri pogranichnoy lichnostnoy organizatsii: teoreticheskiy analiz problemy // Voprosy psikhologii. 2001. ¹ 6. S. 3-16.

References (transliteration):
Smetannikov P.G. Osobennosti myshleniya pri istericheskoy psikhopatii // Pogranichnye nervno-psikhicheskie rasstroystva. M.: Meditsina, 1983. S. 179-183.
Soloff P.H., White R., Omari A., et al. Affective context interferes with brain responses during cognitive processing in borderline personality disorder: fMRI evidence // Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2015. ¹ 233(1). P. 25-35.
Schaffer Y., Barak O., Rassovsky Y. Social perception in borderline personality disorder: The role of context // Journal of personality disorders. 2015. T. 29. ¹. 2. R. 275-288.
Baez S., Herrera E., Villarin L., et al. Contextual social cognition impairments in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder // PLoS One. 2013. ¹ 8(3). P. e57664. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057664.
Zeygarnik B.V. Patopsikhologiya: Ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb. zavedeniy. M.: Izdatel'skiy tsentr «Akademiya», 2003. 208 s.
Polyakov Yu. F. Patologiya poznavatel'noy deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii. M.: Meditsina, 1974. 168 s.
Kritskaya V.P., Meleshko T.K., Polyakov Yu.F. Patologiya psikhicheskoy deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii: motivatsiya, obshchenie, poznanie. M., Izd-vo MGU, 1991. 256 s.
Elvevåg B., Duncan J., McKenna P. J. The use of cognitive context in schizophrenia: An investigation //Psychological medicine. 2000. T. 30. ¹. 04. R. 885-897.
Harrow M. et al. Thought disorder in schizophrenia and mania: Impaired context // Schizophrenia bulletin. 2000. T. 26. ¹. 4. R. 879.
Addington J., Saeedi H., Addington D. Influence of social perception and social knowledge on cognitive and social functioning in early psychosis // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006. T. 189. ¹. 4. R. 373-378.
Sergi M. J. et al. Social perception as a mediator of the influence of early visual processing on functional status in schizophrenia // American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006. T. 163. ¹. 3. R. 448-454.
Sergi M. J., Green M. F. Social perception and early visual processing in schizophrenia // Schizophrenia research. 2003. T. 59. ¹. 2. R. 233-241.
Green M. J., Uhlhaas P. J., Coltheart M. Context processing and social cognition in schizophrenia // Current psychiatry reviews. 2005. T. 1. ¹. 1. R. 11-22.
Addington J., Addington D. Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder // Schizophrenia research. 1998. T. 32. ¹. 3. R. 171-181.
Green M. J. Waldron J. H., Coltheart M. Emotional context processing is impaired in schizophrenia //Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2007. T. 12. ¹. 3. R. 259-280.
Frith C. D. Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979. T. 134. ¹. 3. P. 225-235.
Ranganath C., Minzenberg M. J., Ragland J. D. The cognitive neuroscience of memory function and dysfunction in schizophrenia // Biological psychiatry. 2008. T. 64. ¹. 1. R. 18-25.
Kharisova R.R. Spetsifika aktualizatsii kategorial'nykh i sub'ektivnykh obobshcheniy v norme i u bol'nykh shizofreniey // Novoe slovo v nauke i praktike: Gipotezy i aprobatsiya rezul'tatov issledovaniy. 2015. ¹ 18. S. 73-79.
Bullen J.G., Hemsley D.R. Schizophrenia: a failure to control the contents of consciousness? // Br J Clin Psychol. 1987. ¹ 26. P. 25-33.
Hemsley D.R., Richardson P.H. Shadowing by context in schizophrenia // The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 1980. ¹ 168 (3). P. 141-145.
Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P., Miller G.A. A theory of verbal behavior in schizophrenia // Progress in experimental personality research. 1964. ¹ 72. P. 49.
Horton H. K., Silverstein S. M. Visual context processing deficits in schizophrenia: effects of deafness and disorganization // Schizophrenia bulletin. 2011. T. 37. ¹. 4. P. 716-726.
McClure M. M. et al. Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum // Journal of abnormal psychology. 2008. T. 117. ¹. 2. P. 342-354.
Braff D.L., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A. Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999. ¹ 156. P. 596–602.
Barrera A., McKenna P.J., Berrios G.E. Two new scales of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia // Psychiatry Research. 2008. 157(1-3). P. 225-234.
Doughty O.J., Done D.J. Is semantic memory impaired in schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 91 studies // Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2009. 14(6). P. 473-509. (DOI:10.1080/13546800903073291).
Goldman-Rakic P.S. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia // The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 1994. ¹ 6(4). P. 348-357. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.6.4.348).
Park S., Holzman P.S. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992. ¹ 49. P. 975-982.
Docherty A.R., Berenbaum H., Kerns J.G. Alogia and formal thought disorder: differential patterns of verbal fluency task performance // Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011. ¹ 45(10). P. 1352-1357. (DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.004).
Hemsley D. R. The development of a cognitive model of schizophrenia: placing it in context // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2005. T. 29. ¹. 6. R. 977-988.
Barch DM, Carter CS, MacDonald AW, III, Braver TS, Cohen JD. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003. ¹ 112. R. 132–143.
Løberg E. M., Hugdahl K., Green M. F. Hemispheric asymmetry in schizophrenia: a “dual deficits” model // Biological psychiatry. 1999. T. 45. ¹. 1. R. 76-81.
Brambilla P. et al. Context processing performance in bipolar disorder patients // Bipolar disorders. 2007. T. 9. ¹. 3. P. 230-237.
Cohen J. D., Barch D. M., Carter C., & Servan-Schreiber D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999. ¹ 108. R. 120-133.
Cohen J. D., & Servan-Schreiber D. Context, cortex and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia // Psychological Review. 1992. ¹ 99.(1). P. 45-77.
Smulevich A.B. Maloprogredientnaya shizofreniya i pogranichnye sostoyaniya. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009. 256 s.
Chebakova Yu.V., Kharisova R.R. Klassifikatsiya latentnykh priznakov v patopsikhologicheskom obsledovanii pri shizofrenii // Materialy Yubileynoy nauch.-prakt. konf. «Eksperimental'nye metodiki patopsikhologii i opyt ikh primeneniya» / Pod red. N.V. Zverevoy i dr. M., 2011. S. 177-180.
Kharisova R.R. Sub'ektivnye obobshcheniya kak normativnyy sposob osushchestvleniya myslitel'nykh deystviy // Psikhologiya i pedagogika: sovremennye metodiki i innovatsii, opyt prakticheskogo primeneniya. Sbornik materialov IX-y mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Lipetsk: OOO «Radushi», 2015. S. 17-22.
Parshukov A.Yu., Chebakova Yu.V., Kharisova R.R., Kuznetsova N.V. Narushenie oposredovaniya funktsional'nykh i kategorial'nykh tipov obobshcheniya pri shizofrenii // Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya. 2016. T. 9. ¹ 46. S. 4. URL: http://psystudy.ru (data obrashcheniya: 31.10.2016).
Davydov V.V. Vidy obobshcheniy v obuchenii (logiko-psikhologicheskie problemy postroeniya uchebnykh predmetov). M.: Pedagogika, 1972. 424 s.
Korovkin S.Yu. Funktsional'nye obobshcheniya i osobennosti resheniya problem preobrazovaniya // Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P.G. Demidova. Ser. Gumanitarnye nauki. Yaroslavl': Izd-vo YarGU, 2010. ¹ 1. S. 44-49.
Vygotskiy L.S. Myshlenie i rech'. 5-e izd. M.: Labirint, 1999. 352 c.
Cohen J.D., Barch D.M., Carter C., et al. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks //Journal of abnormal psychology. 1999. ¹ 108(1). P. 120-133. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.120).
Medin D.L., Smith E.E. Concepts and concept formation // Annual review of psychology. 1984. 35(1). P. 113-138.
Abramczyk R.R., Jordan D.E., Hegel M. «Reverse» Stroop effect in the performance of schizophrenics // Perceptual and motor skills. 1983. ¹ 56(1). P. 99-106. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1983.56.1.99).
Kruglanski A.W., Higgins E.T. Social Psychology, Second Edition: Handbook of Basic Principles. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2007. 347 pp.
McClelland J.L., Mirman D., Holt L.L. Are there interactive processes in speech perception? // Trends in cognitive sciences. 2006. 10(8). P. 363-369.
Moore B.C.J. Temporal integration and context effects in hearing // Journal of Phonetics. 2003. 31(3-4). P. 563-574. (DOI: 10.1016/S0095-4470(03)00011-1).
Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. 225 pp.
Cavanagh P. What’s up with Top Down Processing? // In: Representation of vision. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991. P. 295-305.
Vinogradova M.G., Tkhostov A.Sh. Smyslovaya regulyatsiya poznavatel'noy deyatel'nosti pri istericheskom rasstroystve lichnosti [Elektronnyy resurs] // Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii: elektron. nauch. zhurn. 2010. ¹ 2. URL: http:// medpsy.ru (data obrashcheniya: 30.06.2010).
Kudryavtsev I.A. Sudebnaya psikhologo-psikhiatricheskaya ekspertiza. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1988. 224 s.
Bleykher V.M., Krug I.V., Bokov S.N. Patopsikhologicheskaya diagnostika. Kiev: Zdorov'ya, 1986. 280 s.
Sokolova E.T. Samosoznanie pri anomaliyakh lichnosti. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1989. 215 s.
Sokolova E.T. Affektivno-kognitivnaya differentsirovannost' /integrirovannost' kak dispozitsionnyy faktor lichnostnykh i povedencheskikh rasstroystv // Teoriya razvitiya: differentsionno-integratsionnaya paradigma / sost. N.I. Chuprikova. M.: Yazyki slavyanskikh kul'tur, 2009. S. 151-166.
Sokolova E.T., Burlakova N.S., Leontiu F. K izucheniyu «diffuznoy» gendernoy identichnosti pri pogranichnoy lichnostnoy organizatsii: teoreticheskiy analiz problemy // Voprosy psikhologii. 2001. ¹ 6. S. 3-16.

Abstract: The problem of differentiation between communicative partners as «friends» and «aliens» is touched by the author in this article. Alperovich discusses the role of metaphors in perception of the others as «friends» and «aliens» as well as criteria for their categorization in communication and interaction. Interconnections of metaphors of «friends» and of «aliens» with interpretative repertoires (dispositive, conative, normative, mythologic etc.) of perception of the others as «enemies» and «friends» constitute the subject of the present research. The author elaborates a classification of metaphors of «friends» and of «aliens» based on the cognitive conception of metaphor in psychology including antropomorphical metaphors, artifact metaphors, abstract metaphors, zoomorphic metaphors, naturomorphic metaphors and magic metaphors. The author has discovered that metaphors of different types form different interpretative repertoires of images of «friends» and of «aliens». Antropomorphical metaphors are means of dispositive repertoire. Artifact metaphors are means of normative repertoire. Zoomorphic metaphors and naturomorphic metaphors are means of mythologic repertoire. «Magic» metaphors are means of fatalistic repertoire.

Keywords: dispositive repertoire, interpretative repertoire, Friend, Enemy, aliens, friends, metaphor, conative repertoire, normative repertoire, mythologic repertoire

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Kozyrev G.I. Istoki i prichiny negativnoy identifikatsii lyudey na «svoikh» i «chuzhikh», na «druzey» i «vragov» // Soyuz. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 69-71.
Kolodina N.I. Stereotipizatsiya myshleniya kak formirovanie kognitivnogo mekhanizma raspoznavaniya ob'ekta «svoy» i «chuzhoy» (psikholingvisticheskiy aspekt) // Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2014. ¹ 5. S. 245-254.
Kosova O.A. Stereotipy rechevogo povedeniya kak odin iz faktorov kategorizatsii mira (na osnove binarnoy oppozitsii svoy / chuzhoy) // Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. 2010. ¹ 4. S. 97-105.
Kusainova G.S. Svoi i chuzhie: stereotipy i reprezentatsii // Nauka segodnya: zadachi i puti ikh resheniya: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Vologda: Marker, 2016. S. 150-152.
Kutkovoy N.A. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie osobennosti emotsii udivleniya: Avtoref. dis… kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2016. 24 s.
Matveeva A.A. O chelovecheskom oblike «svoego» i zverinom oblich'e «chuzhogo» (na materiale sovremennogo angliyskogo yazyka) // Kazanskaya nauka. 2013. ¹ 3. S. 134-136.
Nekhorosheva A.M. Osnovnye kognitivnye mekhanizmy formirovaniya oppozitsii «svoy-chuzhoy» // Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka. 2011. ¹ 8. S. 131-134.
Pen'kova V.N. Otnoshenie k «svoim» i «chuzhim» v podrostkovom i rannem yunosheskom vozrastakh. Dis. …kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2006. 188 s.
Poluyanova A.I. Metaforicheskie sredstva eksplikatsii bazovoy oppozitsii «svoi»-«chuzhie» v politicheskom diskurse SShA // Molodoy uchenyy. 2014. ¹ 12 (71). S. 427-430.
Polyushkevich O.A. «Svoi» i «chuzhie»: sotsiokul'turnye markery // Diskussiya. 2011. ¹ 5. S. 84-89.
Smirnova D.V. «Svoi» ili «chuzhie»: politika «gastarbayterizatsii» // Aktual'nye voprosy obshchestvennykh nauk: sotsiologiya, politologiya, filosofiya, istoriya. 2013. ¹ 31. S. 39-45.
Khlyshcheva E.V. Mifologema «svoy-chuzhoy» v geterotopnom prostranstve obshchestva potrebleniya // Chelovek. Soobshchestvo. Upravlenie. 2015. T. 15. ¹ 3. S. 34-49.
Shirkov Yu.E. Strategii samokategorizatsii v sisteme predstavleniy o «svoikh» i «chuzhikh»: Avtoref. diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2009. 29 s.
Shityy V.P., Trushnikova V.I. Mezhetnicheskiy konflikt kak stolknovenie obrazov «svoy» i «chuzhoy»: sotsial'no-pedagogicheskiy aspekt // Regional'noe obrazovanie XXI veka: problemy i perspektivy. 2012. ¹ 3. S. 205-207.
Cavicchiolo E., Alivernini F., Manganelli S. Immigrants are like… The representation of immigrants in Italy: The metaphors used by students and their family backgrounds [Gli immigrati sono come … La rappresentazione degli immigrati in Italia: Le metafore degli studenti e il background familiare di provenienza] // Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 2016, no 13, pp. 163-190.
Jamrozik A., McQuire M., Cardillo E.R., Chatterjee A. Metaphor: Bridging embodiment to abstraction // Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2016, pp. 1-10 (article in press).
Pinelli E. The role of metaphor and metonymy in framing terrorism: The case of the Beslan school siege in the Russian media // Metaphor and the Social World, 2016, no 6 (1), pp. 134-155.

References (transliteration):
Budanov A.V. Varvarizatsiya v prostranstve vzaimodeystviya «svoi»-«chuzhie» // Tsivilizatsiya i varvarstvo. 2014. ¹ 3. S. 353-373.
Vislova A.D. Differentsiatsiya lyudey po printsipu «svoy-chuzhoy» v protsesse razvitiya lichnosti // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Ser. Psikhologicheskie nauki. 2008. T. 2. ¹ 1. S. 34-43.
Grishaeva L.I. «Svoy» i «Chuzhoy»: osmyslyaya zanovo uzhe poluchennyy rezul'tat // Yazyk, kommunikatsiya i sotsial'naya sreda. Vyp. 13. Voronezh, 2015. S. 51-77.
Kagan V.E. Homo Xenophobicus: psikhologiya «svoego» i «chuzhogo» // Natsional'nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 2(6). S. 40-45.
Kamyshnikova T.F., Gross A.A. Mezhetnicheskaya tolerantnost' kak faktor politicheskoy stabil'nosti: nekotorye aspekty opredeleniya «svoikh» i «chuzhikh» i nesovpadenie mental'nykh i geograficheskikh granits // Voprosy natsional'nykh i federativnykh otnosheniy. 2012. ¹ 4. S. 32-38.
Kachmazova A.U., Tamer'yan T.Yu. Kognitivnye mekhanizmy etnostereotipizatsii «svoikh» i «chuzhikh» // Politicheskaya lingvistika. 2014. ¹ 4 (50). S. 298-305.
Kozyrev G.I. Istoki i prichiny negativnoy identifikatsii lyudey na «svoikh» i «chuzhikh», na «druzey» i «vragov» // Soyuz. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 69-71.
Kolodina N.I. Stereotipizatsiya myshleniya kak formirovanie kognitivnogo mekhanizma raspoznavaniya ob'ekta «svoy» i «chuzhoy» (psikholingvisticheskiy aspekt) // Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2014. ¹ 5. S. 245-254.
Kosova O.A. Stereotipy rechevogo povedeniya kak odin iz faktorov kategorizatsii mira (na osnove binarnoy oppozitsii svoy / chuzhoy) // Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. 2010. ¹ 4. S. 97-105.
Kusainova G.S. Svoi i chuzhie: stereotipy i reprezentatsii // Nauka segodnya: zadachi i puti ikh resheniya: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Vologda: Marker, 2016. S. 150-152.
Kutkovoy N.A. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie osobennosti emotsii udivleniya: Avtoref. dis… kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2016. 24 s.
Matveeva A.A. O chelovecheskom oblike «svoego» i zverinom oblich'e «chuzhogo» (na materiale sovremennogo angliyskogo yazyka) // Kazanskaya nauka. 2013. ¹ 3. S. 134-136.
Nekhorosheva A.M. Osnovnye kognitivnye mekhanizmy formirovaniya oppozitsii «svoy-chuzhoy» // Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka. 2011. ¹ 8. S. 131-134.
Pen'kova V.N. Otnoshenie k «svoim» i «chuzhim» v podrostkovom i rannem yunosheskom vozrastakh. Dis. …kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2006. 188 s.
Poluyanova A.I. Metaforicheskie sredstva eksplikatsii bazovoy oppozitsii «svoi»-«chuzhie» v politicheskom diskurse SShA // Molodoy uchenyy. 2014. ¹ 12 (71). S. 427-430.
Polyushkevich O.A. «Svoi» i «chuzhie»: sotsiokul'turnye markery // Diskussiya. 2011. ¹ 5. S. 84-89.
Smirnova D.V. «Svoi» ili «chuzhie»: politika «gastarbayterizatsii» // Aktual'nye voprosy obshchestvennykh nauk: sotsiologiya, politologiya, filosofiya, istoriya. 2013. ¹ 31. S. 39-45.
Khlyshcheva E.V. Mifologema «svoy-chuzhoy» v geterotopnom prostranstve obshchestva potrebleniya // Chelovek. Soobshchestvo. Upravlenie. 2015. T. 15. ¹ 3. S. 34-49.
Shirkov Yu.E. Strategii samokategorizatsii v sisteme predstavleniy o «svoikh» i «chuzhikh»: Avtoref. diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2009. 29 s.
Shityy V.P., Trushnikova V.I. Mezhetnicheskiy konflikt kak stolknovenie obrazov «svoy» i «chuzhoy»: sotsial'no-pedagogicheskiy aspekt // Regional'noe obrazovanie XXI veka: problemy i perspektivy. 2012. ¹ 3. S. 205-207.
Cavicchiolo E., Alivernini F., Manganelli S. Immigrants are like… The representation of immigrants in Italy: The metaphors used by students and their family backgrounds [Gli immigrati sono come … La rappresentazione degli immigrati in Italia: Le metafore degli studenti e il background familiare di provenienza] // Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 2016, no 13, pp. 163-190.
Jamrozik A., McQuire M., Cardillo E.R., Chatterjee A. Metaphor: Bridging embodiment to abstraction // Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2016, pp. 1-10 (article in press).
Pinelli E. The role of metaphor and metonymy in framing terrorism: The case of the Beslan school siege in the Russian media // Metaphor and the Social World, 2016, no 6 (1), pp. 134-155.

Abstract: The object of the present research article is the situation of interdisciplinary interaction of sciences and branches of knowledge, the subject of the research is the interaction between contemporary psychology and sociology. The focus is made on the development of the unified strategy of such integration. Within the framework of this development strategy, special place is given to the science consumptive status of a particular sphere of knowledge, obervation of the principles of scientific rigour and implementation of sociocultural resources. The fact that both psychology and sociology follow this strategy considerably increases their potential for interdisciplinary interaction not only with each other but also with the other branches of knowledge. As a rule, interdisciplinary interaction of sciences and branches of knowledge involves the system analysis of the problem. This is the system approach that defines the nature of the integration of sciences, all the more so that both psychology and sociology belong to sociohumanitarian knowledge. The following provisions have been recognized as the main conclusions of the research: 1) sociology and psychology are close spheres of knowledge both in terms of their scientific status and science-consumptive specifics; 2) particular method or research methodology is what brings sociology and psychology close to each other; 3) both psychology and sociology use an integrated analysis of the phenomena and processes of social reality. 

Keywords: social knowledge, cognition, integration of sciences, system analysis, sociology, psychology, society, methodology, science, sociohumanitarian knowledge

References:
Gusel'tseva M.S. Tipy ratsional'nosti kak osnovanie dlya periodizatsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya // Voprosy psikhologii. 2013. ¹ 4.
Fedorov A.A. Ob irrelevantnosti istorii psikhologii i filosofii nauki (kommentariy k stat'e M.S. Gusel'tsevoy «Tipy ratsional'nosti kak osnovanie dlya periodizatsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya») // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 1.
Dobren'kov V.I. Tsennostno orientirovannaya sotsiologiya. Postanovka problemy // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 18. Sotsiologiya i politologiya. 2012. ¹ 4.
Znakov V.V. Teoreticheskie osnovaniya psikhologicheskogo ponimaniya mnogomernogo mira cheloveka // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 4.
Mel'nikova O.T., Khoroshilov D.A. Validnost' kachestvennykh issledovaniy v rakurse poliparadigmal'nosti sovremennoy psikhologii // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 1.
Kirdina S.G. Mezhdistsiplinarnye issledovaniya v ekonomike i sotsiologii: problemy metodologii // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2014. ¹ 5.
Patyaeva E.Yu. Sistema sotsiokul'turnogo motivirovaniya: kontseptual'naya model' // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya. 2013. ¹ 1.
Yurevich A.V. Sovremennoe rossiyskoe obshchestvo s pozitsiy psikhologicheskikh teoriy spravedlivosti // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 6.
Veber M. O nekotorykh kategoriyakh ponimayushchey sotsiologii // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1990.
Gurevich P.S. Zigzagi ponimayushchey psikhologii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. 2015. ¹ 1.
Porus V.N. Metodologicheskie vyzovy psikhologii (razmyshleniya o knige) // Voprosy filosofii. 2014. ¹ 11.
Kravchenko I.I. Politicheskie i drugie sotsial'nye tsennosti // Voprosy filosofii. 2005. ¹ 2.
Mazilov V.A. Metodologicheskie problemy psikhologii v nachale KhKhI veka // Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006. ¹ 1.
Yurevich A.V. Ob'yasnenie v psikhologii // Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006. ¹ 1.
Bratus' B.S. Problema vozvrashcheniya kategorii «dushi» v nauchnuyu psikhologiyu // Natsional'nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2014. ¹ 3 (15).
Golubitskiy Yu.A. Gnoseologicheskoe rodstvo
i vzaimoproniknovenie sposobov nauchnogo
i khudozhestvennogo otrazheniya deystvitel'nosti
v protsesse konvergentsii etikh fenomenov // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2011. - 5. - C. 24 - 33.
E. A. Dolgova «Sintez vsekh vysshikh i konechnykh
rezul'tatov gumanitarnykh nauk…»:
ob integratsionnykh tendentsiyakh
v rossiyskom obshchestvovedenii pervoy
chetverti XX veka (opyt obrazovatel'nykh
i nauchnykh tsentrov) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2011. - 3. - C. 16 - 22.

References (transliteration):
Gusel'tseva M.S. Tipy ratsional'nosti kak osnovanie dlya periodizatsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya // Voprosy psikhologii. 2013. ¹ 4.
Fedorov A.A. Ob irrelevantnosti istorii psikhologii i filosofii nauki (kommentariy k stat'e M.S. Gusel'tsevoy «Tipy ratsional'nosti kak osnovanie dlya periodizatsii psikhologicheskogo znaniya») // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 1.
Dobren'kov V.I. Tsennostno orientirovannaya sotsiologiya. Postanovka problemy // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 18. Sotsiologiya i politologiya. 2012. ¹ 4.
Znakov V.V. Teoreticheskie osnovaniya psikhologicheskogo ponimaniya mnogomernogo mira cheloveka // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 4.
Mel'nikova O.T., Khoroshilov D.A. Validnost' kachestvennykh issledovaniy v rakurse poliparadigmal'nosti sovremennoy psikhologii // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 1.
Kirdina S.G. Mezhdistsiplinarnye issledovaniya v ekonomike i sotsiologii: problemy metodologii // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2014. ¹ 5.
Patyaeva E.Yu. Sistema sotsiokul'turnogo motivirovaniya: kontseptual'naya model' // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya. 2013. ¹ 1.
Yurevich A.V. Sovremennoe rossiyskoe obshchestvo s pozitsiy psikhologicheskikh teoriy spravedlivosti // Voprosy psikhologii. 2014. ¹ 6.
Veber M. O nekotorykh kategoriyakh ponimayushchey sotsiologii // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1990.
Gurevich P.S. Zigzagi ponimayushchey psikhologii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. 2015. ¹ 1.
Porus V.N. Metodologicheskie vyzovy psikhologii (razmyshleniya o knige) // Voprosy filosofii. 2014. ¹ 11.
Kravchenko I.I. Politicheskie i drugie sotsial'nye tsennosti // Voprosy filosofii. 2005. ¹ 2.
Mazilov V.A. Metodologicheskie problemy psikhologii v nachale KhKhI veka // Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006. ¹ 1.
Yurevich A.V. Ob'yasnenie v psikhologii // Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2006. ¹ 1.
Bratus' B.S. Problema vozvrashcheniya kategorii «dushi» v nauchnuyu psikhologiyu // Natsional'nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal. 2014. ¹ 3 (15).
Golubitskiy Yu.A. Gnoseologicheskoe rodstvo
i vzaimoproniknovenie sposobov nauchnogo
i khudozhestvennogo otrazheniya deystvitel'nosti
v protsesse konvergentsii etikh fenomenov // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2011. - 5. - C. 24 - 33.
E. A. Dolgova «Sintez vsekh vysshikh i konechnykh
rezul'tatov gumanitarnykh nauk…»:
ob integratsionnykh tendentsiyakh
v rossiyskom obshchestvovedenii pervoy
chetverti XX veka (opyt obrazovatel'nykh
i nauchnykh tsentrov) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2011. - 3. - C. 16 - 22.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the intersection and mutual influence of interpretation and cognitive abilities. The research of cognitive issues involves studying the process of cognition and knowledge and information organization that ensure the adequate and efficient orientation and activity of human. The latter is in many ways caused by caused by the knowledge possessed by the person and opportunity to operate this knowledge, i.e. to understand it and act based on his experience. These aspects are of key importance in the process of interpretation. The author of the present article discusses the role of interpretation in the fulfillment of the basic cognitive abilities. Cognition is a complex research subject that has different aspects. This creates the need for applying the interdisciplinary approach and using sources on psychology, cognitive disciplines and philosophy. Examining the basic cognitive abilities, the author demonstrates that explicitly or implicitly these abilities have the element of interpretation that allows the information obtained to become part of the personal experience. This is performed through applying and reconstructing data in the process of formation of images or the mental process of thought by the means of language. The author concludes that interpretation and implementation of cognitive abilities are interdependent processes and their successful fulfillment contributes to the formation of a stable and consistent personal picture of the world. Thus, the research of cognitive abilities and their mechanisms reveal new aspects of the problem of interpretation and understanding.

Keywords: understanding, interpretation, cognitive abilities, image, meaning, information, experience, context, representation, cognitive schemes.

References:
Kasavin I.T. Kommunikatsiya i tvorchestvo / Filosofiya nauki. Vypusk 17. Epistemologicheskiy analiz kommunikatsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012. – S. 7-23.
Bunyuel' L. Moy posledniy vzdokh. M.: Kniga po Trebovaniyu, 2012. – 128 s.
Gusev S.S. Metafizika teksta. Kommunikativnaya logika / SPb.: ITs «Gumanitarnaya akademiya», 2008. – 352 s.
Betti E. Germenevtika kak obshchaya metodologiya nauk o dukhe. M.: Kanon+, 2011. – 144 s.
Lektorskiy V. A. Epistemologiya klassicheskaya i neklassicheskaya. M.: Editorial, 2001. – 256 s.
Merkulov I. P. Kognitivnye sposobnosti. M.: IF RAN, 2005. — 182 s.
Mikhaylov I.A. «Germenevticheskaya logika» Gansa Lippsa // Tochki. Ezhekvartal'nyy katolicheskiy zhurnal, posvyashchennyy problemam religii, kul'tury i obshchestva. 3-4/2/2001. – S. 125-145.
Pilyugina M.A. Voobrazhenie kak sposob poznavatel'noy deyatel'nosti / Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii/ IF RAN, 2013. – S. 195-205.
Psikhologicheskaya entsiklopediya. 2-e izd. / Pod red. R. Korsini, A. Auerbakha. — SPb.: Piter, 2006. — 1096 s.
Solso R. Kognitivnaya psikhologiya. 6-e izd. SPb.: Piter. 2006. — 589 s.
Lyudvig Feyerbakh. Sushchnost' khristianstva-Moskva: Mysl', 1965. – 416 s.
Shul'ga E.N. Problematika predponimaniya v germenevtike, fenomenologii i sotsiologii. M.: IF RAN, 2004. – 173 s.
Baksanskiy O.E. Kognitivnye reprezentatsii kartiny mira: ot zdravogo smysla k nauchnomu poznaniyu/ // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 3. - C. 266 - 274. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11474.

References (transliteration):
Kasavin I.T. Kommunikatsiya i tvorchestvo / Filosofiya nauki. Vypusk 17. Epistemologicheskiy analiz kommunikatsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012. – S. 7-23.
Bunyuel' L. Moy posledniy vzdokh. M.: Kniga po Trebovaniyu, 2012. – 128 s.
Gusev S.S. Metafizika teksta. Kommunikativnaya logika / SPb.: ITs «Gumanitarnaya akademiya», 2008. – 352 s.
Betti E. Germenevtika kak obshchaya metodologiya nauk o dukhe. M.: Kanon+, 2011. – 144 s.
Lektorskiy V. A. Epistemologiya klassicheskaya i neklassicheskaya. M.: Editorial, 2001. – 256 s.
Merkulov I. P. Kognitivnye sposobnosti. M.: IF RAN, 2005. — 182 s.
Mikhaylov I.A. «Germenevticheskaya logika» Gansa Lippsa // Tochki. Ezhekvartal'nyy katolicheskiy zhurnal, posvyashchennyy problemam religii, kul'tury i obshchestva. 3-4/2/2001. – S. 125-145.
Pilyugina M.A. Voobrazhenie kak sposob poznavatel'noy deyatel'nosti / Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii/ IF RAN, 2013. – S. 195-205.
Psikhologicheskaya entsiklopediya. 2-e izd. / Pod red. R. Korsini, A. Auerbakha. — SPb.: Piter, 2006. — 1096 s.
Solso R. Kognitivnaya psikhologiya. 6-e izd. SPb.: Piter. 2006. — 589 s.
Lyudvig Feyerbakh. Sushchnost' khristianstva-Moskva: Mysl', 1965. – 416 s.
Shul'ga E.N. Problematika predponimaniya v germenevtike, fenomenologii i sotsiologii. M.: IF RAN, 2004. – 173 s.
Baksanskiy O.E. Kognitivnye reprezentatsii kartiny mira: ot zdravogo smysla k nauchnomu poznaniyu/ // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 3. - C. 266 - 274. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11474.

Abstract: The author of the article studies cognitive functions of a subject as the part of the evolutionary Universe. Lasitskaya offers new evolutionary epistemology definitions of knowledge, subject and subjective activity from the constructivist point of view. She describes critics of the weak points of evolutionary epistemology which can be overcome by applying the constructivist principles. Lasitskaya also emphasizes that in evolutionary epistemology the cognitive process involves the elements of constructing, transformation, trivialization and complication and conditioned by biological and trans-biological determinants. Evolution of a subject is related to the growth of his constructivist activity. The subject does not just blend into mesocosm but actively constructs his life world. In her research Lasitskaya has applied evolutionary epistemological, constructivist and activity approaches. The subject is viewed from the point of view of his activity in the environment and active creative position in the cognitive process. Lasitskaya has also reconstructed the basic principles of the evolutionary theory of knowledge based on constructivism by applying the ideas of interactive constructivism, neurophysiologic constructivism, second order cybernetics, Autopoiesis theory, radical constructivism and Ron Amundson’s concept of constraint. Evolutionary epistemology describes constructive activity in cognition as the practice of self-fulfillment of subjectivity in one’s relations with the other world.

Keywords: adaptation, perception, knowledge, constructing, cognition, practice, self-fulfillment, subject, subject, subjective activity, evolution.

References:
Beskova I. A. Samost' i samoosoznavanie v kognitivnom razvitii cheloveka // Evolyutsiya. Myshlenie. Soznanie. M.: Kanon+, 2004;
Beskova I.A. Problema yazyka i kul'turnoy translyatsii v svete kontseptsii D. Smaylli // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Beskova I.A. Intellekt – voobrazhenie – tvorchestvo: podkhody i resheniya // Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii. M.: IF RAN, 2013;
Varela F., Maturana U. Drevo poznaniya. Biologicheskie korni chelovecheskogo poznaniya. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2001. 224s.;
Vuketich F. M. Evolyutsiya i poznanie. Paradigmy, perspektivy, problemy. // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Gorelov A.A., Il'ina Ya.V. Voobrazhenie i istina // Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii. M.: IF RAN, 2013;
Kempbell D. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Knyazeva E.N. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya na perspektivakh razvitiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya: sovremennye diskussii i tendentsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012;
Lorents K. Kantovskaya kontseptsiya a priori v svete sovremennoy biologii // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Lorents K. Po tu storonu zerkala // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Merkulov I.P. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya T.1-2. M.: RKhGA, 2006. 888 s.;
Naysser U. Poznanie i real'nost'. M.: Progress, 1981. 232 s.;
Petrenko V.F. Diskussiya // Konstruktivizm v teorii poznaniya. M.: IF RAN, 2008;
Popper K.R. Ob'ektivnoe znanie. Evolyutsionnyy podkhod. M.: Editorial URSS, 2002. 384 s.;
Popper K. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Ridl' R. Evolyutsiya i evolyutsionnoe poznanie //Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. M. Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Rot G. Mozg i ego deystvitel'nost'. // Tsokolov S.D. Diskurs radikal'nogo konstruktivizma. Myunkhen: Phren 2000;
Smirnova N. M. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya v kontekste sovremennykh diskussiy // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya: sovremennye diskussii i tendentsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012.
Foll'mer G. Evolyutsionnaya teoriya poznaniya. M.: Russkiy Dvor, 1998;
Ferster. Kh. O konstruirovanii real'nosti. // Tsokolov S.D. Diskurs radikal'nogo konstruktivizma. Myunkhen: Phren, 2000;
Amundson R. Two concepts of constraint: adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology// Philosophy of Science, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Dec., 1994).

References (transliteration):
Beskova I. A. Samost' i samoosoznavanie v kognitivnom razvitii cheloveka // Evolyutsiya. Myshlenie. Soznanie. M.: Kanon+, 2004;
Beskova I.A. Problema yazyka i kul'turnoy translyatsii v svete kontseptsii D. Smaylli // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Beskova I.A. Intellekt – voobrazhenie – tvorchestvo: podkhody i resheniya // Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii. M.: IF RAN, 2013;
Varela F., Maturana U. Drevo poznaniya. Biologicheskie korni chelovecheskogo poznaniya. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2001. 224s.;
Vuketich F. M. Evolyutsiya i poznanie. Paradigmy, perspektivy, problemy. // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Gorelov A.A., Il'ina Ya.V. Voobrazhenie i istina // Problema voobrazheniya v evolyutsionnoy epistemologii. M.: IF RAN, 2013;
Kempbell D. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Knyazeva E.N. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya na perspektivakh razvitiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya: sovremennye diskussii i tendentsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012;
Lorents K. Kantovskaya kontseptsiya a priori v svete sovremennoy biologii // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Lorents K. Po tu storonu zerkala // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Merkulov I.P. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya T.1-2. M.: RKhGA, 2006. 888 s.;
Naysser U. Poznanie i real'nost'. M.: Progress, 1981. 232 s.;
Petrenko V.F. Diskussiya // Konstruktivizm v teorii poznaniya. M.: IF RAN, 2008;
Popper K.R. Ob'ektivnoe znanie. Evolyutsionnyy podkhod. M.: Editorial URSS, 2002. 384 s.;
Popper K. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. Antologiya. M.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Ridl' R. Evolyutsiya i evolyutsionnoe poznanie //Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya. M. Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2012;
Rot G. Mozg i ego deystvitel'nost'. // Tsokolov S.D. Diskurs radikal'nogo konstruktivizma. Myunkhen: Phren 2000;
Smirnova N. M. Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya v kontekste sovremennykh diskussiy // Evolyutsionnaya epistemologiya: sovremennye diskussii i tendentsii. M.: IF RAN, 2012.
Foll'mer G. Evolyutsionnaya teoriya poznaniya. M.: Russkiy Dvor, 1998;
Ferster. Kh. O konstruirovanii real'nosti. // Tsokolov S.D. Diskurs radikal'nogo konstruktivizma. Myunkhen: Phren, 2000;
Amundson R. Two concepts of constraint: adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology// Philosophy of Science, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Dec., 1994).

Abstract: The essay is focused on the growth of the scientific interest of the modern Western culture in play as a phenomenon and metaphor. The phenomenon of play is viewed as a theory (there is a great number of play theories). However, these theories are often used in practice because the metaphor of play has proved to be heuristically useful. They offer a modern system of views that can be used in research. The author of the essay tries to trace back the process of changes in the scientific interest in the concept of play and the process of developing the concept of play as a phenomenon and a metaphor of contemporary (post) modern Western culture. Contemporary Western culture is defined by Lourens Minnema as the (post) modern culture. From this point of view the author of the essay compares this culture with a game, a combination of games without an overall aim, play without a transcendent destination but with particular rules observed by players. According to the author of the essay, Western scientific interest in play as a phenomenon and a metaphor is characteristic of the way in which contemporary (post)modern culture sees itself. Today it is impossible to imagine the Western discourse in any sphere of research without the phenomenon of play, even in such spheres as the theories of culture, economics, politics and etc. (Post) modern culture can be described in terms of play, therefore, (post) modern culture can also express itself through play.

Keywords: game, play, culture, modernism, post-modernism, play theory, theory of culture, metaphor, human nature, individualization, transcendentia.

References:
Ariès, Ph. (1973) L 'enfant et la vie familiale sous l'Ancien Règime. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Augé, M. (1992) Non-Lieux. Introduction à une anthropologie de la surmodernité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Bateson, G. (1955) 'A Theory of Play and Phantasy', in G. Bateson (1972) Steps to an Ecology of Mind, pp. 177-93. New York: Ballantine.
Bateson, G. (1977) 'Play and Paradigm', in M.A. Salter (ed.) Play. Anthropological Perspectives (TAASP Newsletter), pp. 7-16. West Point, NY, and in Play and Culture (1988) (1): 20-7.
Baudrillard, J. (1981) Simulacres et Simulation. Paris: Galilée.
Buytendijk, F.J.J. (1932) Het spel van mensch en dier als openbaring van levens-driften Amsterdam: Kosmos.
Caillois, R. (1967 [1958]) Lesjeux et les hommes. Le masque et le vertige, revised and enlarged edn. Paris: Gallimard.
Dekker, R. (1995) Uit de schaduw in 't grote licht. Kinderen in egodocumenten van de Gouden Eeuw tot de Romantiek. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek.
Denzin, N. (1989) 'Reading/Writing Culture: Interpreting the Postmodern Project', Cultural Dynamics 2(1): 9-27.
Dode, R.-E. (1985) Ästhetik als Vernunftkritik. Eine Untersuchung zum Begriffdes Spiels und der ästhetischen Bildung bei Kant-Schiller-Schopenhauer und Hebbel. Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York: Peter Lang.
Dode, R.-E. (1985) Ästhetik als Vernunftkritik. Eine Untersuchung zum Begriffdes Spiels und der ästhetischen Bildung bei Kant—Schiller—Schopenhauer und Hebbel. Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York: Peter Lang.
Dresden, S. (1987) Wat is creativiteit? Een essay. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
Droogers, A. (1994) 'Turner, spel, en de verklaring van religie', Antropologische Verkenningen 13(4): 31-45. Droogers, A. (1996) 'Methodological Ludism: Beyond Religionism and Reductionism', in A. van Harskamp (ed.) Conflicts in Social Science, pp. 44-67. London: Routledge.
Duncan, M.C. (1988) 'Play Discourse and the Rhetorical Turn: A Semiological Analysis of Homo Ludens', Play and Culture 1: 28-42
Durand, G. (1992) 'Roger Caillois et les approches de l'imaginaire. Éclipses et résurgences d'une gnose inactuelle', in Cahiers de l'Imaginaire. Autour de Roger Caillois, pp. 9-19. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Eichler, G. (1979) Spiel und Arbeit. Zur Theorie der Freizeit. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.
Elias, N. (1969) Ü ber den Prozess der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psycho-genetische Untersuchungen, Bd. II: Wandlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf zu einer Theorie der Zivilisation, 2nd edn. Bern/Miinchen: Franck Verlag (English edn: The Civilizing Process, vol. II: State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
Erdmann, J.E. (1870) Ernste Spiele: Vorträge, theils neu theils längst vergessen. Berlin: Hertz.
Fink, E. (1957) Oase des Glücks. Gedanken zu einer Ontologie des Spiels. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber.
Fink, E. (1960) Spiel als Weltsymbol. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Freud, S. (1905) Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten. Leipzig: Deuticke.
Freud, S. (1908/1907) 'Der Dichter und das Phautasiereu', Neue Revue 1(10): 716-24.
Freud, S. (1920) Jenseits des Lustprinzips. Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
Gombrich, E.H. (1984 [1973]) 'The High Seriousness of Play. Reflections on Homo ludens by J.Huizinga (1872-1945)', in Tributes. Interpreters of Our Cultural Tradition, pp. 139-63 and 257-8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Groos, K. (1896) Die Spiele der Tiere. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
Guillaume, M. (1987) 'Post-Moderne Effekte der Modernisierung', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-)Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp. 75-88. Tiibingen: Narr.
Habermas, J. (1981a) 'Modernity versus Postmodernity', New German Critique 22: 3-14.
Habermas, J. (1981b) Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Huizinga, J. (1985[1938]) Homo ludens. Proeve ener bepaling van het spelelement der cultuur, 8th edn. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. (Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play-element in Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950; Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).
Kolb, M. (1990) Spiel als Phänomen—Das Phänomen Spiel. Studien zu phänomenologisch-anthropologischen Spieltheorien. Sankt-Augustin: Academia Verlag. Richarz.
Krul, W.E. (1990) Historicus tegen de tijd. Opstellen over leven en werk van J.Huizinga. Groningen: Historische Uitgeverij Groningen.
Latraverse, F. (1987) 'Von der Moderne zur Postmoderne. Die Sprachspiele als ormen der neuen Rationalität bei Wittgenstein', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-)Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp.149-66. Tübingen: Narr.
Lazarus, M. (1883) Die Reize des Spiels. Berlin.
Luhmann, N. (1980) Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik. Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft. Bd. 1. Frankfurt a/M: Suhrkamp.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1979) La Condition Postmoderne. Rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Maccoby, M., N. Modiano and P. Lander (1964) 'Games and Social Character in a Mexican Village', Psychiatry 27:150-62.
Maffesoli, M. (1988) Le Temps des Tribus. Le déclin de l'individualisme dans les sociétés de masse. Paris: Méridiens/Klincksieck.
Millar, S. (1970) Psychologie van het spelen. Utrecht/Antwerpen: Het Spectrum. (English edn: The Psychology of Play. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).
Morris, B. (1987) Anthropological Studies of Religion. An Introductory Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Neumann, J. von and O. Morgenstern (1947) Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Oerlemans, J.W. (1988) Rousseau en de privatisering van het bewustzijn. Carrièrisme en cultuur in de achttiende eeuw. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
Palmer, J. (1994) Taking Humour Seriously. London/New York: Routledge. Peterson, Richard A. (1979) 'Revitalizing the Culture Concept', Annual Review of Sociology 5:137-66.
Picht, G. (1987[1986]) Kunst und Mythos, 2nd edn. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Raulet, G. (1987) 'Singuläre Geschichten und pluralistische Ratio', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-) Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp. 275-92. Tübingen: Narr.
Rieusset-Lemarié, I. (1992) 'La jouissance ludique de l'arbitraire', in Cahiers de l'Imaginaire. Autour de Roger Caillois, pp. 59-71. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Rousseau, J.-J. (1762) Émile ou de l'Éducation Amsterdam: Jean Neaulme.
Schaller, J. (1861) Das Spiel und die Spiele. Weimar: Boehlau.
Schechner, R. (1981) 'News, Sex and Performance Theory', in R. Schechner (1989) pp. 295-324. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Schechner, R. (1988) 'Playing', Play and Culture 1: 3-19.
Schechner, R. (1989[1985]) Between Theater and Anthropology, 3rd edn. Foreword by Victor Turner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Schiller, F. (1960 [1793/1794]) Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen, ed. A. Reble. Bad Heilbrunn.
Sigmund, Karl (1993) Games of Life. Explorations in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pbk edn, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1995).
Strauss, G. (1978 [1976]) 'The State of Pedagogical Theory c.1530: What Protestant Reformers Knew About Education', in L. Stone (ed.) School and Society. Studies in the History of Education, 2nd edn, pp. 69-94. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1978) Die Dialektik des Spiels. Eine Theorie des Spielens, der Spiele und des Sports. Schorndorf: Karl Hofmann.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1980) 'A Sportive Theory of Play', in H.B. Schwartzman (ed.) Play and Culture (1978 Proceedings TAASP) West Point, pp. 10-19.
Trebels, A.H. (1967) Einbildungskraft und Spiel. Untersuchungen zur Kantischen Asthetik. Bonn: H. Bouvier.
Turner, V.W. (1992 [1982]) From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play, 2nd edn. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications.
Winnicott, D.W. (1953) 'Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena', International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 34(2) and in D.W. Winnicott (1958) Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. London: Tavistock Publications.
Winnicott, D.W. (1971) Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock Publications.
Wittgenstein, L. (1960) Philosophische Untersuchungen (Schriften Bd.I). Frankfurt a/M: Suhrkamp.
Wundt, M. (1939) Die deutsche Schulmetaphysik des 17. Jahrhunderts. Tübingen: Mohr

References (transliteration):
Ariès, Ph. (1973) L 'enfant et la vie familiale sous l'Ancien Règime. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Augé, M. (1992) Non-Lieux. Introduction à une anthropologie de la surmodernité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Bateson, G. (1955) 'A Theory of Play and Phantasy', in G. Bateson (1972) Steps to an Ecology of Mind, pp. 177-93. New York: Ballantine.
Bateson, G. (1977) 'Play and Paradigm', in M.A. Salter (ed.) Play. Anthropological Perspectives (TAASP Newsletter), pp. 7-16. West Point, NY, and in Play and Culture (1988) (1): 20-7.
Baudrillard, J. (1981) Simulacres et Simulation. Paris: Galilée.
Buytendijk, F.J.J. (1932) Het spel van mensch en dier als openbaring van levens-driften Amsterdam: Kosmos.
Caillois, R. (1967 [1958]) Lesjeux et les hommes. Le masque et le vertige, revised and enlarged edn. Paris: Gallimard.
Dekker, R. (1995) Uit de schaduw in 't grote licht. Kinderen in egodocumenten van de Gouden Eeuw tot de Romantiek. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek.
Denzin, N. (1989) 'Reading/Writing Culture: Interpreting the Postmodern Project', Cultural Dynamics 2(1): 9-27.
Dode, R.-E. (1985) Ästhetik als Vernunftkritik. Eine Untersuchung zum Begriffdes Spiels und der ästhetischen Bildung bei Kant-Schiller-Schopenhauer und Hebbel. Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York: Peter Lang.
Dode, R.-E. (1985) Ästhetik als Vernunftkritik. Eine Untersuchung zum Begriffdes Spiels und der ästhetischen Bildung bei Kant—Schiller—Schopenhauer und Hebbel. Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York: Peter Lang.
Dresden, S. (1987) Wat is creativiteit? Een essay. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
Droogers, A. (1994) 'Turner, spel, en de verklaring van religie', Antropologische Verkenningen 13(4): 31-45. Droogers, A. (1996) 'Methodological Ludism: Beyond Religionism and Reductionism', in A. van Harskamp (ed.) Conflicts in Social Science, pp. 44-67. London: Routledge.
Duncan, M.C. (1988) 'Play Discourse and the Rhetorical Turn: A Semiological Analysis of Homo Ludens', Play and Culture 1: 28-42
Durand, G. (1992) 'Roger Caillois et les approches de l'imaginaire. Éclipses et résurgences d'une gnose inactuelle', in Cahiers de l'Imaginaire. Autour de Roger Caillois, pp. 9-19. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Eichler, G. (1979) Spiel und Arbeit. Zur Theorie der Freizeit. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.
Elias, N. (1969) Ü ber den Prozess der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psycho-genetische Untersuchungen, Bd. II: Wandlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf zu einer Theorie der Zivilisation, 2nd edn. Bern/Miinchen: Franck Verlag (English edn: The Civilizing Process, vol. II: State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
Erdmann, J.E. (1870) Ernste Spiele: Vorträge, theils neu theils längst vergessen. Berlin: Hertz.
Fink, E. (1957) Oase des Glücks. Gedanken zu einer Ontologie des Spiels. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber.
Fink, E. (1960) Spiel als Weltsymbol. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Freud, S. (1905) Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten. Leipzig: Deuticke.
Freud, S. (1908/1907) 'Der Dichter und das Phautasiereu', Neue Revue 1(10): 716-24.
Freud, S. (1920) Jenseits des Lustprinzips. Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
Gombrich, E.H. (1984 [1973]) 'The High Seriousness of Play. Reflections on Homo ludens by J.Huizinga (1872-1945)', in Tributes. Interpreters of Our Cultural Tradition, pp. 139-63 and 257-8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Groos, K. (1896) Die Spiele der Tiere. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
Guillaume, M. (1987) 'Post-Moderne Effekte der Modernisierung', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-)Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp. 75-88. Tiibingen: Narr.
Habermas, J. (1981a) 'Modernity versus Postmodernity', New German Critique 22: 3-14.
Habermas, J. (1981b) Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Huizinga, J. (1985[1938]) Homo ludens. Proeve ener bepaling van het spelelement der cultuur, 8th edn. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. (Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play-element in Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950; Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).
Kolb, M. (1990) Spiel als Phänomen—Das Phänomen Spiel. Studien zu phänomenologisch-anthropologischen Spieltheorien. Sankt-Augustin: Academia Verlag. Richarz.
Krul, W.E. (1990) Historicus tegen de tijd. Opstellen over leven en werk van J.Huizinga. Groningen: Historische Uitgeverij Groningen.
Latraverse, F. (1987) 'Von der Moderne zur Postmoderne. Die Sprachspiele als ormen der neuen Rationalität bei Wittgenstein', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-)Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp.149-66. Tübingen: Narr.
Lazarus, M. (1883) Die Reize des Spiels. Berlin.
Luhmann, N. (1980) Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik. Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft. Bd. 1. Frankfurt a/M: Suhrkamp.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1979) La Condition Postmoderne. Rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Maccoby, M., N. Modiano and P. Lander (1964) 'Games and Social Character in a Mexican Village', Psychiatry 27:150-62.
Maffesoli, M. (1988) Le Temps des Tribus. Le déclin de l'individualisme dans les sociétés de masse. Paris: Méridiens/Klincksieck.
Millar, S. (1970) Psychologie van het spelen. Utrecht/Antwerpen: Het Spectrum. (English edn: The Psychology of Play. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).
Morris, B. (1987) Anthropological Studies of Religion. An Introductory Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Neumann, J. von and O. Morgenstern (1947) Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Oerlemans, J.W. (1988) Rousseau en de privatisering van het bewustzijn. Carrièrisme en cultuur in de achttiende eeuw. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
Palmer, J. (1994) Taking Humour Seriously. London/New York: Routledge. Peterson, Richard A. (1979) 'Revitalizing the Culture Concept', Annual Review of Sociology 5:137-66.
Picht, G. (1987[1986]) Kunst und Mythos, 2nd edn. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Raulet, G. (1987) 'Singuläre Geschichten und pluralistische Ratio', in J. le Rider and G. Raulet (eds) Verabschiedung der (Post-) Moderne? Eine interdisziplinäre Debatte, pp. 275-92. Tübingen: Narr.
Rieusset-Lemarié, I. (1992) 'La jouissance ludique de l'arbitraire', in Cahiers de l'Imaginaire. Autour de Roger Caillois, pp. 59-71. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Rousseau, J.-J. (1762) Émile ou de l'Éducation Amsterdam: Jean Neaulme.
Schaller, J. (1861) Das Spiel und die Spiele. Weimar: Boehlau.
Schechner, R. (1981) 'News, Sex and Performance Theory', in R. Schechner (1989) pp. 295-324. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Schechner, R. (1988) 'Playing', Play and Culture 1: 3-19.
Schechner, R. (1989[1985]) Between Theater and Anthropology, 3rd edn. Foreword by Victor Turner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Schiller, F. (1960 [1793/1794]) Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen, ed. A. Reble. Bad Heilbrunn.
Sigmund, Karl (1993) Games of Life. Explorations in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pbk edn, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1995).
Strauss, G. (1978 [1976]) 'The State of Pedagogical Theory c.1530: What Protestant Reformers Knew About Education', in L. Stone (ed.) School and Society. Studies in the History of Education, 2nd edn, pp. 69-94. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1978) Die Dialektik des Spiels. Eine Theorie des Spielens, der Spiele und des Sports. Schorndorf: Karl Hofmann.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1980) 'A Sportive Theory of Play', in H.B. Schwartzman (ed.) Play and Culture (1978 Proceedings TAASP) West Point, pp. 10-19.
Trebels, A.H. (1967) Einbildungskraft und Spiel. Untersuchungen zur Kantischen Asthetik. Bonn: H. Bouvier.
Turner, V.W. (1992 [1982]) From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play, 2nd edn. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications.
Winnicott, D.W. (1953) 'Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena', International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 34(2) and in D.W. Winnicott (1958) Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. London: Tavistock Publications.
Winnicott, D.W. (1971) Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock Publications.
Wittgenstein, L. (1960) Philosophische Untersuchungen (Schriften Bd.I). Frankfurt a/M: Suhrkamp.
Wundt, M. (1939) Die deutsche Schulmetaphysik des 17. Jahrhunderts. Tübingen: Mohr

Abstract: The authors of the article touch upon one of the least studied aspects of the influence of computers on the brain, psyche and consciousness. Internet is a global phenomenon and intellectual benefit of the humankind and contribution of the Internet to the development of the world history and human mind is very significant. Dialectic connection between virtual reality and real virtuality (in the form of the Mobius band) explains the fact that real and virtual worlds are often mixed up or even pathologically shifted (up to being replaced) in the mind of someone who is suffering from of the Internet addiction. All over the world psychiatrists are aware of this global invisible threat of ‘soft’ mental and social degradation of hundred millions of people. The destructive influence of the Internet addiction on brains can be compared to the drug addiction. Therefore psychiatrists aim their efforts at developing effective methods of saving poor prisoners of the World Wide Web from the loss of their human Self. The authors of the present article base themselves upon the original concept of evolutionary classification of mirror neurons of the brain cortex that has no analogies in neither Russian nor foreign literature. This allows to consider the structure of a whole range of pathological influences caused by extreme use of the Internet on the brain and mental health of a user as the subject under review. In terms of mirror neurons of the brain context special attention is paid to the research of a so-called ‘clip consciousness’ that leads not only to deviant behavior which is widely studied in scientific literature but also to the brain injury and dysfunction of the central nervous system, especially in case of children and teenagers. Noteworthy that Internetrelated tendencies towards simplification of everyday vocabulary and refusal from the epistolary genre are rarely discussed only at the phenomenological level and are still out of sight of neuroscientists, first of all, psychologists and psychiatrists. In a word, even when researches touch upon the topic, they do it ‘outside the brain’ even though it is quite possible to study it ‘from the inside’ due to the computer technologies allowing to neuro visualize processes ongoing in the brain tissue.

Keywords: Internet, brain, consciousness, mental health, computer, information, society, clip, image, addiction.

Contact information: Andreev Igor Leonidovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, st. Volkhonka, h. 14/1, bld. 5, room No. 206.

References:
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Mironov V.V. Transformatsiya kul'tury i gumanizm. // Mesto i rol' kul'tury v budushchey tsivilizatsii. M.: RAN, URSS, 2013.
Lektorskiy V.A. Filosofiya, poznanie, kul'tura. M., 2012.
Koval'zon V.M. Osnovy somnologii. Fiziologiya i neyrokhimiya tsikla “son – bodrstvovanie”. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2012.
Kekelidze Z.I., Shemchuk N.V. Osobennosti formirovaniya vlecheniya k azartnym igram // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2008. ¹ 3. S. 24-25.
Kara-Murza S.G. Anomiya v Rossii: prichiny i proyavleniya. M.: Nauchnyy ekspert, 2013. 264 s.
Ivanitskiy A.M. Nauka o mozge na puti resheniya problemy soznaniya // Vestnik RAN. 2010. ¹ 5-6. S. 448-449.
Zaytseva Yu.S. Zerkal'nye kletki i sotsial'naya kognitsiya v norme i pri shchizofrenii // Sotsial'naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. 2013. ¹ 2. S. 96-195.
Debor G. Obshchestvo spektaklya. M., 1999.
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Danilov-Danil'yan V.I. Ustoychivoe razvitie (teoretiko-ekonomicheskiy analiz // Ekonomiko-matematicheskie metody. 2003. ¹ 2.
Danilov-Danil'yan V.I. Prirodno-resursnyy sektor v strukture mirovogo khozyaystva i prichiny global'nogo ekonomicheskogo krizisa // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2013. ¹ 4. S. 296.
Vostroknutov N.V., Perezhogin L.O. Nekhimicheskie zavisimosti v detskoy psikhiatricheskoy praktike // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2009. ¹ 4. S. 86-91.
Bodriyyar Zh. Simvolicheskiy obmen i smert'. M.: Dobrosvet, 2006.
Bisaliev R.V., Kuts O.A., Mukhtarova V.R. Prediktory suitsidal'nogo povedeniya u bol'nykh s zavisimost'yu ot azartnykh igr // Narkologiya. 2011. ¹ 7. S. 74-83.
Ashkerov A. Ekspertokratiya: upravlenie znaniyami. M., 2009.
Berezantsev A.Yu., Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Novye tekhnologii – novye patologii: Internet i zdorov'e cheloveka // Chelovek i ego budushchee. Novye tekhnologii i vozmozhnosti cheloveka. M.: IF RAN, 2012. S. 432-440.
C. 320. 4. Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Detskaya psikhika: izderzhki adaptatsii i illyuzornye iskusheniya // Psikhicheskoe zdorov'e. 2013. ¹ 8. S. 68-75.
Andreev I.L. Rossiya: vzglyad iz Budushchego // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2003. ¹
Andreev I.L. Zrenie i slukh kak markery genezisa soznaniya // Voprosy filosofii. 2012. ¹ 7. S. 146-156.
Avtonomov D.A. Issledovanie sutsiidal'noy aktivnosti i faktov soversheniya protivopravnykh deystviy u patsientov, stradayushchikh ot patologicheskoy sklonnosti k uchastiyu v azartnykh igrakh // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2010. ¹ 5. S. 4-9.
Khelemskiy A.M. Epifiz. M.: Meditsina, 1969.
Tsyganskov B.D., Malygin V.R., Egorov A.Yu., Khvostikov G.S. Nekhimicheskie addiktsii: patologicheskaya igrovaya zavisimost' ot komp'yuternykh igr // Voprosy narkologii. 2007. ¹ 4. Ch. 1. S. 18-31.
Acharya S, Shukla S. Mirror neurons: Enigma of the metaphysical modular brain. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 3(2): 118–24.
Markram H. The blue brain project. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7(2): 153–60.
Sartori L, Betti S, Castiello U. When mirroring is not enough: that is, when only a complementary action will do (the trick). Neuroreport 2013; 24(11): 601–4.
Tisserland I.N. New risks of addiction for new populations: the example of hackers // Ann. Med. International, 2000, Vol. 151, pp. 49-52.
Young K.S. Psychology of computer use: addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype // Psychological reports, 1996, Vol. 79, pp. 899-902.

References (transliteration):
Kheyzinga Y. Homo ludens.. Stat'i po istorii kul'tury. M., 1997.
Soldatkin V.A., Bukhanovskiy A.O., Kalmykov E.A. Neyrovizualizatsionnaya kharakteristika golovnogo mozga bol'nykh, stradayushchikh igrovoy zavisimost'yu // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 1. S. 15-21.
Sas T. Mif o psikhicheskom zabolevanii, Osnovy teorii lichnogo povedeniya. M.: «Kanon» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2012. 319 s.
Ramachadran V. Mozg rasskazyvaet. Chto delaet nas lyud'mi. M.: Kar'era press, 2012.
Markov B. Chelovek v epokhu mass-media. Informatsionnoe obshchestvo. M., 2004.
Mironov V.V. Transformatsiya kul'tury i gumanizm. // Mesto i rol' kul'tury v budushchey tsivilizatsii. M.: RAN, URSS, 2013.
Lektorskiy V.A. Filosofiya, poznanie, kul'tura. M., 2012.
Koval'zon V.M. Osnovy somnologii. Fiziologiya i neyrokhimiya tsikla “son – bodrstvovanie”. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2012.
Kekelidze Z.I., Shemchuk N.V. Osobennosti formirovaniya vlecheniya k azartnym igram // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2008. ¹ 3. S. 24-25.
Kara-Murza S.G. Anomiya v Rossii: prichiny i proyavleniya. M.: Nauchnyy ekspert, 2013. 264 s.
Ivanitskiy A.M. Nauka o mozge na puti resheniya problemy soznaniya // Vestnik RAN. 2010. ¹ 5-6. S. 448-449.
Zaytseva Yu.S. Zerkal'nye kletki i sotsial'naya kognitsiya v norme i pri shchizofrenii // Sotsial'naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. 2013. ¹ 2. S. 96-195.
Debor G. Obshchestvo spektaklya. M., 1999.
Esakov V.A. Megapolis i ego kul'tura. Na primere Moskvy. M.: Al'fa-M, 2009.
Dushin O.E. Tri igry: Nikolay Kuzanskiy, Fedor Dostoevskiy, German Gesse // Chelovek. 2013. ¹ 4. S. 162-169.
Danilov-Danil'yan V.I. Ustoychivoe razvitie (teoretiko-ekonomicheskiy analiz // Ekonomiko-matematicheskie metody. 2003. ¹ 2.
Danilov-Danil'yan V.I. Prirodno-resursnyy sektor v strukture mirovogo khozyaystva i prichiny global'nogo ekonomicheskogo krizisa // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2013. ¹ 4. S. 296.
Vostroknutov N.V., Perezhogin L.O. Nekhimicheskie zavisimosti v detskoy psikhiatricheskoy praktike // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2009. ¹ 4. S. 86-91.
Bodriyyar Zh. Simvolicheskiy obmen i smert'. M.: Dobrosvet, 2006.
Bisaliev R.V., Kuts O.A., Mukhtarova V.R. Prediktory suitsidal'nogo povedeniya u bol'nykh s zavisimost'yu ot azartnykh igr // Narkologiya. 2011. ¹ 7. S. 74-83.
Ashkerov A. Ekspertokratiya: upravlenie znaniyami. M., 2009.
Berezantsev A.Yu., Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Novye tekhnologii – novye patologii: Internet i zdorov'e cheloveka // Chelovek i ego budushchee. Novye tekhnologii i vozmozhnosti cheloveka. M.: IF RAN, 2012. S. 432-440.
C. 320. 4. Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Detskaya psikhika: izderzhki adaptatsii i illyuzornye iskusheniya // Psikhicheskoe zdorov'e. 2013. ¹ 8. S. 68-75.
Andreev I.L. Rossiya: vzglyad iz Budushchego // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2003. ¹
Andreev I.L. Zrenie i slukh kak markery genezisa soznaniya // Voprosy filosofii. 2012. ¹ 7. S. 146-156.
Avtonomov D.A. Issledovanie sutsiidal'noy aktivnosti i faktov soversheniya protivopravnykh deystviy u patsientov, stradayushchikh ot patologicheskoy sklonnosti k uchastiyu v azartnykh igrakh // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2010. ¹ 5. S. 4-9.
Khelemskiy A.M. Epifiz. M.: Meditsina, 1969.
Tsyganskov B.D., Malygin V.R., Egorov A.Yu., Khvostikov G.S. Nekhimicheskie addiktsii: patologicheskaya igrovaya zavisimost' ot komp'yuternykh igr // Voprosy narkologii. 2007. ¹ 4. Ch. 1. S. 18-31.
Acharya S, Shukla S. Mirror neurons: Enigma of the metaphysical modular brain. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 3(2): 118–24.
Markram H. The blue brain project. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7(2): 153–60.
Sartori L, Betti S, Castiello U. When mirroring is not enough: that is, when only a complementary action will do (the trick). Neuroreport 2013; 24(11): 601–4.
Tisserland I.N. New risks of addiction for new populations: the example of hackers // Ann. Med. International, 2000, Vol. 151, pp. 49-52.
Young K.S. Psychology of computer use: addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype // Psychological reports, 1996, Vol. 79, pp. 899-902.

Abstract: Cognitive picture of the world can be disproved by new observations and researches showing that the world is much richer than what is perceived by a subject. However, it does not mean at all that a subject has limited cognitive abilities or unreliable perception system. In other words, man does not create the world. He creates only representations of the world based on his experience and perception system. Cognitive representations allow to forecast future events and cognitive (mental) maps guide us in our surroundings. This is what makes them significant and valued. Methodological schemes and models provide the easiest access to gaining knowledge about the reality. They serve as the intellectual tool that allows to combine isolated elements. These schemes represent a particular vision of the world typical for this or that stage of history. The author also carries out the analysis of the genesis and development of the scientific picture of the world based on the common sense. According to the author, man does not create the world. He creates only representations of the world based on his experience and perception system. Cognitive representations allow to forecast future events and cognitive (mental) maps guide us in our surroundings. This is what makes them significant and valued.

Keywords: cognitive representation, picture of the world, common sense, perception, genetic epistemology, hermeneutics, social epistemology, scientific picture of the world, philosophy of education, methodology of knowledge.

Contact information: Baksansky Oleg Evgenievich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 405.

References:
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Kognitivno-sinergeticheskaya paradigma NLP: ot poznaniya k deystviyu. M., 2005.
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Kognitivnyy obraz mira: prolegomeny k filosofii obrazovaniya. M., 2010.
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Moya kartina mira. Kak chelovek sozdaet povsednevnuyu real'nost', M., 2014.
Baksanskiy O.E. Kognitivnye reprezentatsii: obydennye, sotsial'nye, nauchnye. M., 2009.
Baksanskiy O.E. Fiziki i matematiki: analiz osnovaniya vzaimootnosheniya. M., 2009.
Baksanskiy O.E., Gnatik E.N., Kucher E.N. Estestvoznanie: sovremennye kognitivnye kontseptsii. M., 2008.
Baksanskiy O.E., Gnatik E.N., Kucher E.N. Nanotekhnologii. Biomeditsina. Filosofiya obrazovaniya. V zerkale mezhdistsiplinarnogo konteksta. M., 2010.
Bruner Dzh. Kul'tura obrazovaniya. M., 2006.
O.E. Baksanskiy Metodologicheskie osnovaniya
modernizatsii sovremennogo obrazovaniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 9. - C. 105 - 111.
O.E. Baksanskiy Koevolyutsionnoe myshlenie
v kontekste konvergentnykh tekhnologiy:
ot biologii k kul'ture // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 9. - C. 1307 - 1313. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.9.7208.
O.E. Baksanskiy Filosofiya, obrazovanie
i filosofiya obrazovaniya // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. - 2012. - 2. - C. 6 - 19.
O.E. Baksanskiy Kognitivnaya nauka: modelirovanie
chelovecheskogo intellekta. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 10. - C. 12 - 20.
E.M. Spirova Zarozhdenie antropologicheskogo
smysla v simvole. // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 9. - C. 126 - 134.

References (transliteration):
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Kognitivno-sinergeticheskaya paradigma NLP: ot poznaniya k deystviyu. M., 2005.
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Kognitivnyy obraz mira: prolegomeny k filosofii obrazovaniya. M., 2010.
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Moya kartina mira. Kak chelovek sozdaet povsednevnuyu real'nost', M., 2014.
Baksanskiy O.E. Kognitivnye reprezentatsii: obydennye, sotsial'nye, nauchnye. M., 2009.
Baksanskiy O.E. Fiziki i matematiki: analiz osnovaniya vzaimootnosheniya. M., 2009.
Baksanskiy O.E., Gnatik E.N., Kucher E.N. Estestvoznanie: sovremennye kognitivnye kontseptsii. M., 2008.
Baksanskiy O.E., Gnatik E.N., Kucher E.N. Nanotekhnologii. Biomeditsina. Filosofiya obrazovaniya. V zerkale mezhdistsiplinarnogo konteksta. M., 2010.
Bruner Dzh. Kul'tura obrazovaniya. M., 2006.
O.E. Baksanskiy Metodologicheskie osnovaniya
modernizatsii sovremennogo obrazovaniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 9. - C. 105 - 111.
O.E. Baksanskiy Koevolyutsionnoe myshlenie
v kontekste konvergentnykh tekhnologiy:
ot biologii k kul'ture // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 9. - C. 1307 - 1313. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.9.7208.
O.E. Baksanskiy Filosofiya, obrazovanie
i filosofiya obrazovaniya // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. - 2012. - 2. - C. 6 - 19.
O.E. Baksanskiy Kognitivnaya nauka: modelirovanie
chelovecheskogo intellekta. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 10. - C. 12 - 20.
E.M. Spirova Zarozhdenie antropologicheskogo
smysla v simvole. // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 9. - C. 126 - 134.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present research article is the analysis of Alexander Chizhevsky’s style of thinking and consciousness. The author of the article provides particular arguments proving that the great philosopher actually had the cosmic mind, the higher state of consciousness that was in detail studied, described and illustrated by the Canadian psychiatrist of the second half of XIXth century Richard Maurice Bokk. The author of the article prove her arguments through a detailed analysis of phenomenology and nature of this phenomenon (special attention is paid to Stanislav Grof’s concept of the cosmic game) as well as personal qualities and creative work of Alexander Chizhevsky. In her research the author used the following research methods: analysis of literature, comparison, synthesis, induction, deduction and generalization. The novelty of the research article is the systematic study of the style of thinking of a so-called ‘Leonardo da Vinci of XXth century’ with respect to its ‘cosmic nature’ as defined by Bokk. The author also tries to draw a parallel between Chizhevsky’s theory of space ages (most likely to be meant for Tsiolkovsky) and the concept of the cosmic game offered by Stanislav Grof. The main conclusion made by the author of the research is that the hypothesis about Alexander Chizhevsky having the ‘cosmic’ type of mind proves to be true.

Keywords: cosmic sense, cosmism, cosmic game, evolution, overcoming the borders, trans-personal approach, mysticism, Chizhevsky, Bokk, Grof.

Contact information: Zvonova Ekaterina Evgenievna, 119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27–4, kab. G-259.

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Chizhevskiy A. L. Vsya zhizn'. M.: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1974. 208 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemnoe ekho solnechnykh bur'. M.: Mysl', 1976. 367 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Na beregu Vselennoy. Vospominaniya o K. E. Tsiolkovskom. M.: Ayris-press, 2007. 448 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Osnovnoe nachalo mirozdaniya. Sistema kosmosa. Problemy / Sost. Engel'gardt L.T. // Dukhovnoe sozertsanie. 1997. ¹¹ 1-2. S. 105-149; ¹¹3-4. S. 85-113.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Poeziya zhivopisi / sost. L. T. Engel'gardt, A. V. Manakin. Kaluga: Zolotaya alleya, 2000. 160 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Stikhotvoreniya// Vstupitel'naya stat'ya, sostavl. i podg. tekstov Bez'yazychnogo V. I. M.: Sovremennik, 1987. 238 s.
Chizhevskiy A. Jl. Fizicheskie faktory istoricheskogo protsessa. Kaluga, 1924; reprint 1991. 72 s.
Chizhevskiy A.L. Ya molniyu u neba vzyal. / Sost. Manakin A.V. Kaluga, 1994. 73 s.
Yagodinskiy V. N. Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskiy. 1897-1964. M.: Nauka, 1987. 304 s
Berezina T.N. Rezervnye sposobnosti cheloveka na dreve evolyutsii. // NB: Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 2. - C. 229 - 257. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psp/article_260.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Universal'nyy (global'nyy) evolyutsionizm i global'nye issledovaniya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 46 - 101. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.116. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_116.html
V.B. Vlasova Istoricheskie osobennosti rossiyskogo samosoznaniya v epokhu krizisa // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 4. - C. 77 - 84.
A.S. Drikker voobrazhenie i mif: metafizicheskaya transformatsiya // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 1. - C. 32 - 37.
E.V. Gryaznova, E.N. Paskhin Retsenziya na monografiyu
I.V. Il'ina, A.D. Ursula, T.A. Ursul
«Global'nyy evolyutsionizm:
idei, problemy, gipotezy» // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 6. - C. 860 - 867. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.6.7964.
Yakovlev V.A. Informatsionnoe edinstvo bytiya: soznanie, zhizn', materiya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 10. - C. 1 - 57. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8920.html

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Bekk R. M. Kosmicheskoe soznanie. Issledovanie evolyutsii chelovecheskogo razuma: per. s fr. M: Sofiya, 2008. 448 s.
Balandin R. K. Vernadskiy: zhizn', mysl', bessmertie. M.: Znanie, 1979. 176 s.: il.: Seriya «Tvortsy nauki i tekhniki».
Chizhevskiy A. L. Vsya zhizn'. M.: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1974. 208 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemnoe ekho solnechnykh bur'. M.: Mysl', 1976. 367 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Na beregu Vselennoy. Vospominaniya o K. E. Tsiolkovskom. M.: Ayris-press, 2007. 448 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Osnovnoe nachalo mirozdaniya. Sistema kosmosa. Problemy / Sost. Engel'gardt L.T. // Dukhovnoe sozertsanie. 1997. ¹¹ 1-2. S. 105-149; ¹¹3-4. S. 85-113.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Poeziya zhivopisi / sost. L. T. Engel'gardt, A. V. Manakin. Kaluga: Zolotaya alleya, 2000. 160 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Stikhotvoreniya// Vstupitel'naya stat'ya, sostavl. i podg. tekstov Bez'yazychnogo V. I. M.: Sovremennik, 1987. 238 s.
Chizhevskiy A. Jl. Fizicheskie faktory istoricheskogo protsessa. Kaluga, 1924; reprint 1991. 72 s.
Chizhevskiy A.L. Ya molniyu u neba vzyal. / Sost. Manakin A.V. Kaluga, 1994. 73 s.
Yagodinskiy V. N. Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskiy. 1897-1964. M.: Nauka, 1987. 304 s
Berezina T.N. Rezervnye sposobnosti cheloveka na dreve evolyutsii. // NB: Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 2. - C. 229 - 257. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psp/article_260.html
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A. Universal'nyy (global'nyy) evolyutsionizm i global'nye issledovaniya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 46 - 101. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.116. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_116.html
V.B. Vlasova Istoricheskie osobennosti rossiyskogo samosoznaniya v epokhu krizisa // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 4. - C. 77 - 84.
A.S. Drikker voobrazhenie i mif: metafizicheskaya transformatsiya // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 1. - C. 32 - 37.
E.V. Gryaznova, E.N. Paskhin Retsenziya na monografiyu
I.V. Il'ina, A.D. Ursula, T.A. Ursul
«Global'nyy evolyutsionizm:
idei, problemy, gipotezy» // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 6. - C. 860 - 867. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.6.7964.
Yakovlev V.A. Informatsionnoe edinstvo bytiya: soznanie, zhizn', materiya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 10. - C. 1 - 57. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8920.html

Abstract: Starting out from writings by Erik Santner, Slavoy Zizek and Alenka Zupanchich, the researcher establishes the theory of the subjective singularity from the point of view of Lacanian school. The researcher declares that unlike the ‘subject’ (who exists as a result of symbolic prohibition) and ‘personality’ (that is related to narcissistic self-conceit of the imaginary), the singular ‘self’ emerges as a response to the trigger, i.e. directive coming from the reality. Disregarding social and interpersonal relations of a person, this directive forms a ‘character’. Consequently, the singularity reflects personal features, qualities and temperament but at the same time the singularity prevents from both symbolic and imaginary closing. It is open for all levels of disobedience which shows that human life has certain elements which go beyond the borders of standard sociality. Indeed, since the singularity clearly speaks of something related to ‘undead’ enjoyment (‘jouissance’), it connects the person with the paradoxical immortality. It does not mean that he will never die. It is more likely that it brings the ‘transcendental’ experience such as a strong desire to be creative which may take us beyond the borders of earthly life at least for a moment. Such experience allows the individual to feel ‘real’ and prevents symbolic abduction and psychic death.

Keywords: repeated trauma, desire, attraction, enjoyment, signifying, singularity, infinity, transcendental, immortality, character.

Contact information: Krotovskaya Natalia Georgievna, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Vokhonka 14/1, bld. 5, room 432.

References:
Badiou A. Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso, 2001.
Copjec J. Imagine There’s No Woman: Ethics and Sublimation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
Fink B. A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Kirshner L.A. Having a Life: Self-Pathology after Lacan. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2004.
Lacan, J. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1992.
Lacan, J. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1981.
Lacan J. Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English. New York: Norton, 2006.
Lear J. Open Minded: Working Out the Logic of the Soul. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Lear J. Happiness, Death and the Remainder of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Levinas E. Entre-Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Ruti M. Reinventing the Soul: Posthumanist Theory and Psychic Life. New York: Other Press, 2006.
Ruti M. A World of Fragile Things: Psychoanalysis and the Art of Living. Albany: SUNY Press, 2009.
Ruti M. Fate beyond fantasy: The remolding of destiny in post-Lacanian theory// 51:1-14, 2010.
Santner E.L. On the Psychotheology of Everyday Life: Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Santner E.L. Miracles happen: Banjamin, Rosenzweig, Freud, and the matter of the neighbor// S. Žižek, E.L. Santner, & K. Reinhard. The Neighbor: Three Inquiries in Political Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. P. 76-133.
Silverman, K. World Spectators. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Žižek S. The Invisible Remainder: An Essay on Shelling and Related Matters. London: Verso, 1996.
Žižek S. The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
Zupančič A. Ethics of the Real: Kant, Lacan. London: Verso, 2000.
Zupančič A. The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.

References (transliteration):
Badiou A. Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso, 2001.
Copjec J. Imagine There’s No Woman: Ethics and Sublimation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
Fink B. A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Kirshner L.A. Having a Life: Self-Pathology after Lacan. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2004.
Lacan, J. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1992.
Lacan, J. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1981.
Lacan J. Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English. New York: Norton, 2006.
Lear J. Open Minded: Working Out the Logic of the Soul. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Lear J. Happiness, Death and the Remainder of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Levinas E. Entre-Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Ruti M. Reinventing the Soul: Posthumanist Theory and Psychic Life. New York: Other Press, 2006.
Ruti M. A World of Fragile Things: Psychoanalysis and the Art of Living. Albany: SUNY Press, 2009.
Ruti M. Fate beyond fantasy: The remolding of destiny in post-Lacanian theory// 51:1-14, 2010.
Santner E.L. On the Psychotheology of Everyday Life: Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Santner E.L. Miracles happen: Banjamin, Rosenzweig, Freud, and the matter of the neighbor// S. Žižek, E.L. Santner, & K. Reinhard. The Neighbor: Three Inquiries in Political Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. P. 76-133.
Silverman, K. World Spectators. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Žižek S. The Invisible Remainder: An Essay on Shelling and Related Matters. London: Verso, 1996.
Žižek S. The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
Zupančič A. Ethics of the Real: Kant, Lacan. London: Verso, 2000.
Zupančič A. The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.

Abstract: The problem of rather questionable influence of the Internet on the user’s mental health and surroundings is growing really important. The process of informatization has drastically changed all types, forms and instruments of activity, phenomena and priorities of life style typical for both traditional and industrial societies. The ongoing situation is in violent contrast with the good will as one’s ability to make a virtual choice out of actually existing alternatives, put them into life and hold a social and moral responsibility before the government and society, others and himself.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, informatization, computer, human in a choice situation, Internet addiction, autism, game addiction, choice situation, Internet.

Contact information: Andreev Igor Leonidovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, bld. 5, room 206.

References:
1. Avtonomov D.A. Issledovanie sutsiidal'noy aktivnosti i faktov soversheniya protivopravnykh deystviy
u patsientov, stradayushchikh ot patologicheskoy sklonnosti k uchastiyu v azartnykh igrakh // Rossiyskiy psikhia-
tricheskiy zhurnal. 2010. ¹ 5. S. 4-9.
2. Andreev I.L. Intellektual'naya renta epokhi informatizatsii // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2004. ¹ 5.
3. Andreev I.L. Komp'yuter ili naruchniki? // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2009. ¹ 7. S. 669-672.
4. Andreev I.L. Ne stat' by Mukhoy vo Vsemirnoy Pautine // FSB: za i protiv. 2008. ¹ 1.
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6. Andreev I.L. Chelovek i dokument // Rossiyskaya Federatsiya segodnya. 2002. ¹ 7.
7. Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Psikhiatriya kak filosofsko-kul'turnyy fenomen // Filosofiya i kul'tura.
2012. ¹ 1.
8. Andreev I.L., Yaskevich Ya.S., Nekhaev S.A., Krivoshein N.V. Slovar' prikladnoy internetiki // Kompakt-disk.
M.: Institut internetiki, 2004.
9. Vostroknutov N.V., Perezhogin L.O. Nekhimicheskie zavisimosti v detskoy psikhiatricheskoy praktike // Ros-
siyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2009. ¹ 4. S. 86-91.
10. Inozemtsev V.L. Predely dogonyayushchego razvitiya. M.: Ekonomika, 2000. 295 s.
11. Kara-Murza S.G. Krizisnoe obshchestvovedenie. Kurs lektsiy. Chast' pervaya. M.: Nauchnyy ekspert, 2011.
12. Kekelidze Z.I., Shemchuk N.V. Osobennosti formirovaniya vlecheniya k azartnym igram // Rossiyskiy psikhi-
atricheskiy zhurnal. 2008. ¹ 3. S. 24-25.
13. Soldatkin V.A., Bukhanovskiy A.O., Kalmykov E.A. Neyrovizualizatsionnaya kharakteristika golovnogo mozga
bol'nykh, stradayushchikh igrovoy zavisimost'yu // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 1. S. 15-21.
14. Fedotova V.G. Khoroshee obshchestvo. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2005.
15. Tisserland I.N. New risks of addiction for new populations: the example of hackers // Ann. Med. International. 2000.
Vol. 151, pp. 49-52.
16. Young K.S. Psychology of computer use: addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype // Psychological
reports. 1996. Vol. 79, pp. 899-902.

References (transliteration):
1. Avtonomov D.A. Issledovanie sutsiidal'noy aktivnosti i faktov soversheniya protivopravnykh deystviy
u patsientov, stradayushchikh ot patologicheskoy sklonnosti k uchastiyu v azartnykh igrakh // Rossiyskiy psikhia-
tricheskiy zhurnal. 2010. ¹ 5. S. 4-9.
2. Andreev I.L. Intellektual'naya renta epokhi informatizatsii // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2004. ¹ 5.
3. Andreev I.L. Komp'yuter ili naruchniki? // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2009. ¹ 7. S. 669-672.
4. Andreev I.L. Ne stat' by Mukhoy vo Vsemirnoy Pautine // FSB: za i protiv. 2008. ¹ 1.
5. Andreev I.L. Tam, gde bessilen Interpol // FSB: za i protiv. 2008. ¹ 2.
6. Andreev I.L. Chelovek i dokument // Rossiyskaya Federatsiya segodnya. 2002. ¹ 7.
7. Andreev I.L., Nazarova L.N. Psikhiatriya kak filosofsko-kul'turnyy fenomen // Filosofiya i kul'tura.
2012. ¹ 1.
8. Andreev I.L., Yaskevich Ya.S., Nekhaev S.A., Krivoshein N.V. Slovar' prikladnoy internetiki // Kompakt-disk.
M.: Institut internetiki, 2004.
9. Vostroknutov N.V., Perezhogin L.O. Nekhimicheskie zavisimosti v detskoy psikhiatricheskoy praktike // Ros-
siyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2009. ¹ 4. S. 86-91.
10. Inozemtsev V.L. Predely dogonyayushchego razvitiya. M.: Ekonomika, 2000. 295 s.
11. Kara-Murza S.G. Krizisnoe obshchestvovedenie. Kurs lektsiy. Chast' pervaya. M.: Nauchnyy ekspert, 2011.
12. Kekelidze Z.I., Shemchuk N.V. Osobennosti formirovaniya vlecheniya k azartnym igram // Rossiyskiy psikhi-
atricheskiy zhurnal. 2008. ¹ 3. S. 24-25.
13. Soldatkin V.A., Bukhanovskiy A.O., Kalmykov E.A. Neyrovizualizatsionnaya kharakteristika golovnogo mozga
bol'nykh, stradayushchikh igrovoy zavisimost'yu // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. 2011. ¹ 1. S. 15-21.
14. Fedotova V.G. Khoroshee obshchestvo. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2005.
15. Tisserland I.N. New risks of addiction for new populations: the example of hackers // Ann. Med. International. 2000.
Vol. 151, pp. 49-52.
16. Young K.S. Psychology of computer use: addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype // Psychological
reports. 1996. Vol. 79, pp. 899-902.