Review: In this article the scientific biography of the outstanding Soviet scientist, engineer and organizer of science, one of the founders of cybernetics Michael L. Tsetlin is considered. The stages of his biography and scientific creativity and the influence on him of the family, relatives, friends and colleagues are identified. The author of the article provides an overview of the main discoveries of Michael L. Tsetlin in science (mathematics, theoretical physics, the theory of control systems, electronic instrumentation, cybernetics, biology and medicine, prosthetics, automation modeling of social, economic and biological systems). The scientific-organizational and pedagogical activity and his influence on the development of Soviet and world science and technology are analyzed. The main qualities of Michael L. Tsetlin as a scientist, a man and a citizen and his great influence on young scientists are described in detail. The basis of this research consists of the published and unpublished memoirs of colleagues of Michael L. Tsetlin, members of his family and friends, as well as memories of the author himself. For the first time in the academic literature the author brings together evaluations of different sides of life and activity of Michael L. Tseltin such as scientific, engineering, organizational, teaching, social activities, etc. Personal expressions of Michael L. Tsetlin are also used. The author of the article shows that Michael L. Tsetlin was one of the founders of cybernetics in the USSR. 

Keywords: modelling, automation devices, medicine, biology, control systems, scientific biography, Michael Lvovich Tsetlin, science organization, cybernetics, personality of scientist

References:
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Konechnomernye predstavleniya gruppy unimodulyarnykh matrits // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1950 – T. 71. ¹ 5. – S. 825–828.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Konechnomernye predstavleniya gruppy ortogonal'nykh matrits // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1950. – T. 71. ¹ 5. – S. 1017–1020.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. O velichinakh s anomal'noy chetnost'yu i vozmozhnom ob'yasnenii vyrozhdeniya po chetnosti K-mezonov // Zhurnal eksperimental'noy i teoreticheskoy fiziki. – 1956. – T. 31. Vyp. 6 (12). – S. 1107–1109.
Tsetlin M.L. Primenenie matrichnogo ischisleniya k sintezu. Doklady AN SSSR. – 1952. – T. 86. ¹ 3. – S. 525–528.
Tsetlin M.L. Issledovaniya po teorii avtomatov i modelirovaniyu biologicheskikh sistem. – M.: Nauka, 1969.
Tsetlin M.L. Matrichnyy metod analiza i sinteza elektronno-impul'snykh i releyno-kontaktnykh (neprimitivnykh) skhem // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1957. – T. 117. ¹ 6. – S. 979–982.
Tsetlin M.L. O kompozitsii i razbieniyakh neprimitivnykh skhem // Doklady AN SSSR. 1958 – T. 118. ¹
– S. 488–491. 8. Tsetlin M.L. O neprimitivnykh skhemakh // Problemy kibernetiki. – Vyp. 1. – M.: Fizmatgiz, 1958. – S. 23–45.
Kobrinskiy A.E., Breydo M.G., Gurfinkel' V.S., Sysin A.Ya., Tsetlin M.L., Yakobson Ya.S. Bioelektricheskaya sistema upravleniya // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1957. – T. 117. ¹ 1. – S. 78–80.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Printsip nelokal'nogo poiska v zadachakh avtomaticheskoy optimizatsii // Doklady AN SSSR. 1961. T. 137. ¹ 2. S. 295–298.
Gel'fand I.M., Gurfinkel' V.S., Tsetlin M.L. Nekotorye soobrazheniya o taktikakh postroeniya dvizheniya // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1961. – T. 139. ¹ 5. – S. 1250–1253.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. O nekotorykh sposobakh upravleniya slozhnymi sistemami // Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk. – 1962. – T. 17. ¹ 1. – S. 3–26.
Ivanov V.V. Iz istorii kibernetiki v SSSR. Ocherk zhizni i deyatel'nosti M.L. Tsetlina // Voprosy kibernetiki. Kibernetika i logicheskaya formalizatsiya. Aspekty teorii i metodologii. – M.: 1982. – S. 166–190.

References (transliteration):
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Konechnomernye predstavleniya gruppy unimodulyarnykh matrits // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1950 – T. 71. ¹ 5. – S. 825–828.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Konechnomernye predstavleniya gruppy ortogonal'nykh matrits // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1950. – T. 71. ¹ 5. – S. 1017–1020.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. O velichinakh s anomal'noy chetnost'yu i vozmozhnom ob'yasnenii vyrozhdeniya po chetnosti K-mezonov // Zhurnal eksperimental'noy i teoreticheskoy fiziki. – 1956. – T. 31. Vyp. 6 (12). – S. 1107–1109.
Tsetlin M.L. Primenenie matrichnogo ischisleniya k sintezu. Doklady AN SSSR. – 1952. – T. 86. ¹ 3. – S. 525–528.
Tsetlin M.L. Issledovaniya po teorii avtomatov i modelirovaniyu biologicheskikh sistem. – M.: Nauka, 1969.
Tsetlin M.L. Matrichnyy metod analiza i sinteza elektronno-impul'snykh i releyno-kontaktnykh (neprimitivnykh) skhem // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1957. – T. 117. ¹ 6. – S. 979–982.
Tsetlin M.L. O kompozitsii i razbieniyakh neprimitivnykh skhem // Doklady AN SSSR. 1958 – T. 118. ¹
– S. 488–491. 8. Tsetlin M.L. O neprimitivnykh skhemakh // Problemy kibernetiki. – Vyp. 1. – M.: Fizmatgiz, 1958. – S. 23–45.
Kobrinskiy A.E., Breydo M.G., Gurfinkel' V.S., Sysin A.Ya., Tsetlin M.L., Yakobson Ya.S. Bioelektricheskaya sistema upravleniya // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1957. – T. 117. ¹ 1. – S. 78–80.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. Printsip nelokal'nogo poiska v zadachakh avtomaticheskoy optimizatsii // Doklady AN SSSR. 1961. T. 137. ¹ 2. S. 295–298.
Gel'fand I.M., Gurfinkel' V.S., Tsetlin M.L. Nekotorye soobrazheniya o taktikakh postroeniya dvizheniya // Doklady AN SSSR. – 1961. – T. 139. ¹ 5. – S. 1250–1253.
Gel'fand I.M., Tsetlin M.L. O nekotorykh sposobakh upravleniya slozhnymi sistemami // Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk. – 1962. – T. 17. ¹ 1. – S. 3–26.
Ivanov V.V. Iz istorii kibernetiki v SSSR. Ocherk zhizni i deyatel'nosti M.L. Tsetlina // Voprosy kibernetiki. Kibernetika i logicheskaya formalizatsiya. Aspekty teorii i metodologii. – M.: 1982. – S. 166–190.

Review: The article is devoted to the scientific biography of an outstanding engineer and a major scientist Viktor Ilyich Varshavsky. Levin describes some peculiarities of Varshavsky’s scientific wok and the influence of his family relations, friends, close people and colleagues thereon. Levin also provides an overview of the main achievements of Varshavsky in science (automata theory, computing technology, threshold logic and artificial intelligence) and engineering (asynchronous circuit technology). Levin also analyzes Varshavsky’s scientific and pedagogical activity and its influence on the development of the Soviet and Russian technology science. He creates the image of Varshavsky as a man and citizen. Levin also traces back the connection between researches of his creative team and modern researches in the sphere of computing technology and artificial intelligence. The basis of the present research involves memories of Varshavsky’s family members, friends, close people and colleagues as well as Levin’s own remembrances. Levin also provides impressions of this great scientist shared by the aforesaid people. Levin has collected data and appraisals of Varshavsky regarding different sides of his life and work such as science, engineering, literature, teaching and etc. Based on Levin, researches of Varshavsky and his students in the sphere of computing technology (so called ‘asynchronics’) could have changed this sphere significantly if only they were put to practice. However, it was practically impossible to fulfill their ideas in life.

Keywords: Viktor Ilyich Varshavsky, scientific biography, threshold logic, automata theory, asynchronics, artificial intelligence, scientist’s personality, arrangement of science, computing technology, homogenous structures.

References:
Varshavskiy V.I. Nekotorye voprosy teorii logicheskikh setey, postroennykh iz porogovykh elementov // Voprosy teorii matematicheskikh mashin / Pod red. Yu.Ya. Bazilevskogo. – M.: Fizmatgiz, 1962.
Varshavskiy V.I. Kollekttivnoe povedenie avtomatov. – M.: Nauka, 1973.
Varshavskiy V.I., Marakhovskiy V.B., Peschanskiy V.A., Rozenblyum L.Ya. Odnorodnye struktury. Analiz. Sintez. Povedenie. – M.: Energiya, 1973.
Aperiodicheskie avtomaty / Pod red. V.I. Varshavskogo. – M.: Nauka, 1976.
Varshavskiy V.I., Pospelov D.A. Orkestr igraet bez dirizhera. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
Avtomatnoe upravlenie asinkhronnymi protsessami v EVM i diskretnykh sistemakh / Pod red. V.I. Varshavskogo. – M.: Nauka, 1986.
Varshavsky V.I. Hardware Support of Parallel Asynchronous Processor. Helsinki, Finland. Digital Systems Laboratory. University of Technology. Series A: Research Report 2. – Helsinki, 1987.
Self-Timed Control of Concurrent Processes: The Design of Aperiodic Logical Circuits in Computers and Discrete Systems. / V.I. Varshavsky, Ed. – Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
Kishinevsky M., Kondratyev A., Taubin A., Varshavsky V. Concurrent Hardware. The Theory and Practice of Self-Timed Design. – J. Wiley, 1994.

References (transliteration):
Varshavskiy V.I. Nekotorye voprosy teorii logicheskikh setey, postroennykh iz porogovykh elementov // Voprosy teorii matematicheskikh mashin / Pod red. Yu.Ya. Bazilevskogo. – M.: Fizmatgiz, 1962.
Varshavskiy V.I. Kollekttivnoe povedenie avtomatov. – M.: Nauka, 1973.
Varshavskiy V.I., Marakhovskiy V.B., Peschanskiy V.A., Rozenblyum L.Ya. Odnorodnye struktury. Analiz. Sintez. Povedenie. – M.: Energiya, 1973.
Aperiodicheskie avtomaty / Pod red. V.I. Varshavskogo. – M.: Nauka, 1976.
Varshavskiy V.I., Pospelov D.A. Orkestr igraet bez dirizhera. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
Avtomatnoe upravlenie asinkhronnymi protsessami v EVM i diskretnykh sistemakh / Pod red. V.I. Varshavskogo. – M.: Nauka, 1986.
Varshavsky V.I. Hardware Support of Parallel Asynchronous Processor. Helsinki, Finland. Digital Systems Laboratory. University of Technology. Series A: Research Report 2. – Helsinki, 1987.
Self-Timed Control of Concurrent Processes: The Design of Aperiodic Logical Circuits in Computers and Discrete Systems. / V.I. Varshavsky, Ed. – Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
Kishinevsky M., Kondratyev A., Taubin A., Varshavsky V. Concurrent Hardware. The Theory and Practice of Self-Timed Design. – J. Wiley, 1994.

Review: The article describes life and academic and teaching activity of a world-known Soviet scientist Leonard Rastrigin. The article offers his detailed scienti􀏔ic biography and fully describes Rastrigin’s academic activity and 􀏔indings. Much attention is paid to his work as a scienti􀏔ic supervisor of post-graduate students and students for a doctor’s degree as well as his teaching activity. The author of the article provides memories of him shared by his colleagues and students. Much attention is also paid to Leonard Rastrigin’s personality and fate. The article contains a full list of all his published books as well as a general description of his numerous minor works including articles, speeches, reviews, theses, popular scienti􀏔ic books and etc. The present research of Rastrigin is based on the analysis of Leonard Rastrigin’s scienti􀏔ic, methodological and popular scienti􀏔ic works. The author also uses memories of Rastrigin shared by his colleagues and students including the author himself. The present research article is the 􀏔irst one in scienti􀏔ic literature to describe the academic, teaching and popular scientific activity of a distinguished scientist and a brilliant person – professor Leonard Rastrigin (1929–1998) and his dramatic life full of con􀏔licts with Soviet bureaucrats. The main conclusions made by the author: 1. Leonard Rastrigin was a major scientist and a founder of the theory of random search, a new ef􀏔icient method of managing complex systems. 2. He was also a distinguished organizer of scienti􀏔ic researches even though he did not hold a major administrative position and an excellent teacher and a supervisor of post-graduate students and students for a doctor’s degree. He trained a great number of PhDs and Doctors of Science.

Keywords: Leonard Rastrigin, scientist, science writer, educator, random search, Monte Carlo method, cybernetics, scienti􀏔ic biography, scientist’s personality.

References:
Rastrigin L.A., Madzharov N.E. Vvedenie v identifikatsiyu ob'ektov. – M.: Energiya, 1977. – 216 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ermuyzha A.A. EVM – nash sobesednik. Riga: Zinatne, 1977. – 109 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Markov V.A. Kiberneticheskie modeli poznaniya. Riga: Zinatne, 1976 – 264 s.
Grave P., Rastrigin L. Kibernetika i psikhika. – Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1974. – 110 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Grave P., Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika i psikhika. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. 96 s.
Rastrigin L., Grave P. La cybernetique telle qu'elle est. – M.: Mir, 1973. 256 p. (na frantsuzskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Sytenko L.V. Mnogokanal'nye statisticheskie optimizatory. – M.: Energiya, 1973. – 144 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ripa K.K. Avtomatnaya teoriya sluchaynogo poiska. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. – 337 s.
Ermuiza A., Rastrigins L. Kibernētika un nejaušība. Rīga: Zinātne, 1965. 108 l.
Rastrigin L.A. S komp'yuterom naedine. – M.: Radio i svyaz', 1990. – 224 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Po vole sluchaya. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1986. – 208 s.
Rastrigin L. This chancy, chancy, chancy world. – M.: Mir, 1984 (na angliyskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Vychislitel'nye mashiny, sistemy, seti. – M.: Nauka, 1982. – 224 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Adaptatsiya slozhnykh sistem. – Riga: Zinatne, 1981. – 376 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Erenshteyn R.Kh. Metod kollektivnogo raspoznava-niya. – M.: Energoizdat, 1981. – 78 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sovremennye printsipy upravleniya slozhnymi ob'ektami. – M.: Sovetskoe radio, 1980. – 230 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk. – M.: Znanie, 1979. – 64 s. (Seriya «Matematika i kibernetika», vyp. 1).
Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika i poznanie. – Riga, Zinatne, 1978. – 144 s.
Rastriginas L. Tas atsitiktinis, atsitiktinis, atsitiktinis pasaulis. – Vilnius: Moks-las, 1978. – 249 p. (na litovskom yazyke).
Rastrigins L. Kibernētika un izziņa. – Rīga: Zinātne, 1978. – 128 l. (na latyshskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Grave P.S. Kibernetika kak ona est'. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1975. – 208 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika kak ona est'. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1975 (na yaponskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Tozi slucheen, slucheen, slucheen svet. Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1974. – 234 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L. Juhuslik, juhuslik, juhuslik maailm. – Tallin: Valgus, 1974. 190 p. (na estonskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Sistemy ekstremal'nogo upravleniya. – M.: Nauka, 1974. – 630 s.
Rastrigin L. Zahl oder Wappen? – M.: Mir, Leipzig: Urania, 1973. – 238 s. (na nemetskom yazyke).
Rasztrigin L. A veletlen vilaga. – Budapest: Muszaki konyvkiado, 1973. 200 o. (na vengerskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk v protsessakh adaptatsii. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. – 131 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk s lineynoy taktikoy. – Riga: Zinatne, 1971. – 190 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Etot sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy mir. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969 (na yaponskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Etot sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy mir. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969. – 222 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Statisticheskie metody poiska. – M.: Nauka, 1968. – 376 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk v zadachakh optimizatsii mnogoparametricheskikh sistem. – Riga: Zinatne, 1965. – 212 s.
Rastrigin L.A. V mire sluchaynykh sobytiy. – Riga: IEVT, 1963. – 79 s.
Rastrigin L.A. V svete na sluchaynite s'bytiya. – Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1965. – 75 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ripa K.K., Tarasenko G.S. Adaptatsiya sluchaynogo poiska. – Riga, Zinatne, 1978. – 239 s.
Rastrigin L., Madzharov N., Markov S. Otsenyavane na parametry i s'stoyaniya na dinamicheski obekty. Sofiya, Tekhnika, 1978. 282 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L., Grave P. Ake si, kybernetika? – Bratislava: Smena, 1981. 187 s. (na slovatskom yazyke).
Rastrigins L., Ermuiža A. Dialogs ar ESM. – Rīga, Zinātne, 1981 – 136 l. (na latyshskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Ponomarev Yu.P. Ekstremal'nye metody proektirovaniya i upravleniya. – M.: Mashinostroenie, 1986. – 116 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Erenshteyn M.Kh. Adaptivnoe obuchenie s model'yu obuchaemogo. – Riga: Zinatne, 1988. – 160 s.
Strukturnaya adaptatsiya mnogomashinnykh sistem obrabotki informatsii. Pod obshch. red. L.A. Rastrigina. – Riga: Zinatne, 1978.

References (transliteration):
Rastrigin L.A., Madzharov N.E. Vvedenie v identifikatsiyu ob'ektov. – M.: Energiya, 1977. – 216 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ermuyzha A.A. EVM – nash sobesednik. Riga: Zinatne, 1977. – 109 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Markov V.A. Kiberneticheskie modeli poznaniya. Riga: Zinatne, 1976 – 264 s.
Grave P., Rastrigin L. Kibernetika i psikhika. – Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1974. – 110 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Grave P., Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika i psikhika. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. 96 s.
Rastrigin L., Grave P. La cybernetique telle qu'elle est. – M.: Mir, 1973. 256 p. (na frantsuzskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Sytenko L.V. Mnogokanal'nye statisticheskie optimizatory. – M.: Energiya, 1973. – 144 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ripa K.K. Avtomatnaya teoriya sluchaynogo poiska. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. – 337 s.
Ermuiza A., Rastrigins L. Kibernētika un nejaušība. Rīga: Zinātne, 1965. 108 l.
Rastrigin L.A. S komp'yuterom naedine. – M.: Radio i svyaz', 1990. – 224 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Po vole sluchaya. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1986. – 208 s.
Rastrigin L. This chancy, chancy, chancy world. – M.: Mir, 1984 (na angliyskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Vychislitel'nye mashiny, sistemy, seti. – M.: Nauka, 1982. – 224 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Adaptatsiya slozhnykh sistem. – Riga: Zinatne, 1981. – 376 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Erenshteyn R.Kh. Metod kollektivnogo raspoznava-niya. – M.: Energoizdat, 1981. – 78 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sovremennye printsipy upravleniya slozhnymi ob'ektami. – M.: Sovetskoe radio, 1980. – 230 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk. – M.: Znanie, 1979. – 64 s. (Seriya «Matematika i kibernetika», vyp. 1).
Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika i poznanie. – Riga, Zinatne, 1978. – 144 s.
Rastriginas L. Tas atsitiktinis, atsitiktinis, atsitiktinis pasaulis. – Vilnius: Moks-las, 1978. – 249 p. (na litovskom yazyke).
Rastrigins L. Kibernētika un izziņa. – Rīga: Zinātne, 1978. – 128 l. (na latyshskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Grave P.S. Kibernetika kak ona est'. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1975. – 208 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Kibernetika kak ona est'. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1975 (na yaponskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Tozi slucheen, slucheen, slucheen svet. Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1974. – 234 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L. Juhuslik, juhuslik, juhuslik maailm. – Tallin: Valgus, 1974. 190 p. (na estonskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Sistemy ekstremal'nogo upravleniya. – M.: Nauka, 1974. – 630 s.
Rastrigin L. Zahl oder Wappen? – M.: Mir, Leipzig: Urania, 1973. – 238 s. (na nemetskom yazyke).
Rasztrigin L. A veletlen vilaga. – Budapest: Muszaki konyvkiado, 1973. 200 o. (na vengerskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk v protsessakh adaptatsii. – Riga: Zinatne, 1973. – 131 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk s lineynoy taktikoy. – Riga: Zinatne, 1971. – 190 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Etot sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy mir. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969 (na yaponskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A. Etot sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy, sluchaynyy mir. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969. – 222 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Statisticheskie metody poiska. – M.: Nauka, 1968. – 376 s.
Rastrigin L.A. Sluchaynyy poisk v zadachakh optimizatsii mnogoparametricheskikh sistem. – Riga: Zinatne, 1965. – 212 s.
Rastrigin L.A. V mire sluchaynykh sobytiy. – Riga: IEVT, 1963. – 79 s.
Rastrigin L.A. V svete na sluchaynite s'bytiya. – Sofiya: Tekhnika, 1965. – 75 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Ripa K.K., Tarasenko G.S. Adaptatsiya sluchaynogo poiska. – Riga, Zinatne, 1978. – 239 s.
Rastrigin L., Madzharov N., Markov S. Otsenyavane na parametry i s'stoyaniya na dinamicheski obekty. Sofiya, Tekhnika, 1978. 282 s. (na bolgarskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L., Grave P. Ake si, kybernetika? – Bratislava: Smena, 1981. 187 s. (na slovatskom yazyke).
Rastrigins L., Ermuiža A. Dialogs ar ESM. – Rīga, Zinātne, 1981 – 136 l. (na latyshskom yazyke).
Rastrigin L.A., Ponomarev Yu.P. Ekstremal'nye metody proektirovaniya i upravleniya. – M.: Mashinostroenie, 1986. – 116 s.
Rastrigin L.A., Erenshteyn M.Kh. Adaptivnoe obuchenie s model'yu obuchaemogo. – Riga: Zinatne, 1988. – 160 s.
Strukturnaya adaptatsiya mnogomashinnykh sistem obrabotki informatsii. Pod obshch. red. L.A. Rastrigina. – Riga: Zinatne, 1978.

Review: The article is devoted to the life and work of a leading Soviet and Latvian scientist and organizer of science Eduard Yakubaytis. The author of the article provides a rather detailed description of Yakubaytis’ scientific biography and describes each stage of his scientific work and achieved results. The author also describes his activity as a science administrator and a director of scientific research. Much attention is paid to the memories about personal qualities of Yakubaytis. The author analyzes his personal fate and meteoric career in the Soviet Union and the tragic ending of his career in a new independent Latvia. The author gives a full list of all published works by Eduard Yakubaytis and a brief list of literary sources about him and his sphere of activity. The article is based on the analysis of all published scienti􀁹ic works by Eduard Yakubaytis including his articles, speeches and books. The author also uses unpublished memories about Yakubaytis shared by his coworkers as well as the author himself and the bibliographic register of Yakubaytis’ works published by the Latvian Academy of Sciences in 1984 on the occasion of his 60th anniversary. It is the first time in scientific literature that a researcher fully describes the scientific activity of the member of the Academy Eduard Yakubaytis (1924-2006) and his scientific and administrative activity, 􀁹irst of all, establishing the Institution of Electronics and Computer Engineering of the Latvian Academy of Sciences in Riga and managing it for 30 years. The main conclusions are the following: 1. Eduard Yakubaytis was a leading scientist and one of the founders of the Soviet school of the automata theory; 2. He was also a leading science administrator and a director of many applied research projects carried out for the benefit of the country’s national economy.

Keywords: Eduard Alexandrovich Yakubaytis, cybernetics, automata theory, data-processing networks, 􀁹inite-state machine, automatic control, Institution of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Latvian Academy of Sciences, organization of science, scientist’s personality.

Contact information: Levin Vitaly Ilyich, 440039, Russia, Penza, pr. Baydukova 1-à

References:
Akademik AN Latviyskoy SSR E.A. Yakubaytis / Biobibliograficheskiy ukazatel'. – Riga: Zinatne, 1984.
Levin V.I. Dinamika logicheskikh ustroystv i sistem. – M.: Energiya, 1980.
Levin V.I. Vvedenie v dinamicheskuyu teoriyu konechnykh avtomatov. – Riga: Zinatne, 1975.
Levin V.I. Akira Nakashima i logicheskoe modelirovanie diskretnykh skhem // Logicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp. 14. – M.: Nauka, 2007.
Levin V.I. Uchenye shutyat. – Penza: Izd-vo Penzenskoy gos. tekhnologicheskoy akade-mii, 2005.
Yakubaytis E.A. Avtomat asinkhronnyy / Entsiklopediya kibernetiki. T. 1. – Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1975.
Pospelov D.A. Shkola MAGa // Novosti iskusstvennogo intellekta. – 1997. – ¹ 3.

References (transliteration):
Akademik AN Latviyskoy SSR E.A. Yakubaytis / Biobibliograficheskiy ukazatel'. – Riga: Zinatne, 1984.
Levin V.I. Dinamika logicheskikh ustroystv i sistem. – M.: Energiya, 1980.
Levin V.I. Vvedenie v dinamicheskuyu teoriyu konechnykh avtomatov. – Riga: Zinatne, 1975.
Levin V.I. Akira Nakashima i logicheskoe modelirovanie diskretnykh skhem // Logicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp. 14. – M.: Nauka, 2007.
Levin V.I. Uchenye shutyat. – Penza: Izd-vo Penzenskoy gos. tekhnologicheskoy akade-mii, 2005.
Yakubaytis E.A. Avtomat asinkhronnyy / Entsiklopediya kibernetiki. T. 1. – Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1975.
Pospelov D.A. Shkola MAGa // Novosti iskusstvennogo intellekta. – 1997. – ¹ 3.

Review: The article provides a biography of a famous scientist and a doctor, teacher and a great person Iosif Abramovich Kassirsky. The author of the article offers a detailed analysis of Kassirsky’s scientific, teaching and medical activities. Special attention is paid at his decisive role in creation of a Soviet medical school in hematology and tropical diseases. Much attention is also paid at a wonderful and bright personality of I. A. Kassirsky. The article represents many memories about Kassirsky shared by his colleagues, friends, students and family members. The author of the article also analyzes the main peculiarities of his scientific and teaching activities in the sphere of medicine. Special emphasis is made on Kassirsky’s personal qualities and high values. These were the qualities remembered by his contemporaries most of all. In conclusion, the author provides a general assessment of Kassirsky’s works in medicine and the scientific school founded by him. The article also contains a detailed list of Kassirsky’s works and publications.

Keywords: I. A. Kassirsky, scientist, doctor, human, medicine, diagnostics, scientific school, hematology, tropic diseases, scientist’s personality.

Contact information: Levin Vitaly Ilyich, 440039, Russia, Penza, pr. Baydukova, 1-à.

References:
1. Burova L.F., Kassirskiy I.A. Tropicheskie bolezni Sredney Azii. M.-Tashkent, 1931.
2. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki gigieny zharkogo klimata v usloviyakh Sredney Azii. Tashkent, 1935.
3. Kassirskiy I.A. Ronal'd Ross i malyariynaya problema. M.-L.: Biomedgiz, 1938.
4. Kassirskiy I.A. Zhan-Domenik Larrey i skoraya pomoshch' na voyne. M., 1939.
5. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki ratsional'noy terapii malyarii i nekotorykh drugikh bolezney. M.: Medgiz, 1939.
6. Kassirskiy I.A. Perelivanie krovi. M.-L.: Medgiz, 1940.
7. Kassirskiy I.A. I.P. Pavlov i ego znachenie v meditsine. M.: Medgiz, 1941.
8. Kassirskiy I.A. Klinika i terapiya malyarii. M.: Medgiz, 1946.
9. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Bolezni krovi i krovetvornoy sistemy. M.: Medgiz, 1948.
10. Kassirskiy I.A. Problemy i uchenye. M.: Medgiz, 1949.
11. Kassirskiy I.A. Infektsionnyy gepatit. M.: TsIU, 1949.
12. Kassirskiy I.A. Leykemoidnye reaktsii. M.: TsIU, 1951.
13. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki ratsional'noy khimioterapii. M.: Medgiz, 1951.
14. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Klinicheskaya gematologiya. M.: Medgiz, 1955.
15. Kassirskiy I.A. Lektsii o revmatizme. M.: Medgiz, 1956.
16. Kassirskiy I.A., Plotnikov N.N. Bolezni zharkikh stran. M.: Medgiz, 1959.
17. Kassirskiy I.A., Kassirskiy G.I. Auskul'tativnaya simptomatika priobretennykh porokov serdtsa. M.:
TsIU, 1961.
18. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Klinicheskaya gematologiya. Izd. 3-e. M.: Medgiz, 1962.
19. Kassirskiy I.A., Kassirskiy G.I. Ocherki i rasskazy. M.: Russkiy put', 2012.
20. Vorob'ev A.I. I.A. Kassirskiy i ego vklad v meditsinu. M.: Meditsina, 1988.
21. I.A. Kassirskiy i vremya. Vospominaniya uchenikov i druzey / Pod red. akad. A.I. Vorob'eva. M.:
N'yudiamed-AO, 1988.
22. Akademik I.A. Kassirskiy. K 110-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya / Pod red. G.I. Kassirskogo. M.: Sputnik+, 2007.
23. Govzman L. Svet dalekoy zvezdy. M., 2010.
24. Kassirskiy G.I. Akademik I.A. Kassirskiy. Zhizn', tvorchestvo, vrachevanie. M.: Russkiy put', 2011.

References (transliteration):
1. Burova L.F., Kassirskiy I.A. Tropicheskie bolezni Sredney Azii. M.-Tashkent, 1931.
2. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki gigieny zharkogo klimata v usloviyakh Sredney Azii. Tashkent, 1935.
3. Kassirskiy I.A. Ronal'd Ross i malyariynaya problema. M.-L.: Biomedgiz, 1938.
4. Kassirskiy I.A. Zhan-Domenik Larrey i skoraya pomoshch' na voyne. M., 1939.
5. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki ratsional'noy terapii malyarii i nekotorykh drugikh bolezney. M.: Medgiz, 1939.
6. Kassirskiy I.A. Perelivanie krovi. M.-L.: Medgiz, 1940.
7. Kassirskiy I.A. I.P. Pavlov i ego znachenie v meditsine. M.: Medgiz, 1941.
8. Kassirskiy I.A. Klinika i terapiya malyarii. M.: Medgiz, 1946.
9. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Bolezni krovi i krovetvornoy sistemy. M.: Medgiz, 1948.
10. Kassirskiy I.A. Problemy i uchenye. M.: Medgiz, 1949.
11. Kassirskiy I.A. Infektsionnyy gepatit. M.: TsIU, 1949.
12. Kassirskiy I.A. Leykemoidnye reaktsii. M.: TsIU, 1951.
13. Kassirskiy I.A. Ocherki ratsional'noy khimioterapii. M.: Medgiz, 1951.
14. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Klinicheskaya gematologiya. M.: Medgiz, 1955.
15. Kassirskiy I.A. Lektsii o revmatizme. M.: Medgiz, 1956.
16. Kassirskiy I.A., Plotnikov N.N. Bolezni zharkikh stran. M.: Medgiz, 1959.
17. Kassirskiy I.A., Kassirskiy G.I. Auskul'tativnaya simptomatika priobretennykh porokov serdtsa. M.:
TsIU, 1961.
18. Kassirskiy I.A., Alekseev G.A. Klinicheskaya gematologiya. Izd. 3-e. M.: Medgiz, 1962.
19. Kassirskiy I.A., Kassirskiy G.I. Ocherki i rasskazy. M.: Russkiy put', 2012.
20. Vorob'ev A.I. I.A. Kassirskiy i ego vklad v meditsinu. M.: Meditsina, 1988.
21. I.A. Kassirskiy i vremya. Vospominaniya uchenikov i druzey / Pod red. akad. A.I. Vorob'eva. M.:
N'yudiamed-AO, 1988.
22. Akademik I.A. Kassirskiy. K 110-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya / Pod red. G.I. Kassirskogo. M.: Sputnik+, 2007.
23. Govzman L. Svet dalekoy zvezdy. M., 2010.
24. Kassirskiy G.I. Akademik I.A. Kassirskiy. Zhizn', tvorchestvo, vrachevanie. M.: Russkiy put', 2011.

Review: This are the materials of the Round Table held on November 16, 2011 and dedicated to the opening of the D. S. Likhachev Humanitarian Library — Cultural Center.

Keywords: pedagogy, culture, Likhachev, humanitarian, library, cultural center.

Review: The article describes the scientific biography of a great person, teacher and a scientist Sofya Aleksandrovna Janovskaya. The author of the article gives a critical analysis of Janovskaya’s scientific and teaching work and describes memories of her colleagues, friends and students.

Keywords: pedagogy, teacher, scientist, person, Sofya Aleksandrovna Janovskaya, math, culture, logic, science, philosophy.

References:
1. Bashmakova I.G., Demidov S.S., Uspenskiy V.A. Zhazhda yasnosti // Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i
tekhniki. — 1996. — ¹ 4. — S. 108–119.
2. Gudsteyn R.L. Matematicheskaya logika. — M.: IL, 1961.
3. Zhenshchiny — revolyutsionery i uchenye / Red. Mints I.I., Nenarokov A.P. — M.: Nauka, 1982.
4. Klini S. Vvedenie v metamatematiku. — M.: IL, 1957.
5. Kushner B.A. Neskol'ko vospominaniy o S.A. Yanovskoy // Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki. —
1996. — ¹ 4. — S. 119–123.
6. Marks K. Matematicheskie rukopisi / Red. Yanovskaya S.A., Rybnikov K.A. — M.: Nauka, 1968.
7. Cherch A. Vvedenie v matematicheskuyu logiku. — M.: IL, 1960.
8. Yanovskaya S.A. Zakon edinstva protivopolozhnostey v matematike // Estestvoznanie i marksizm. —
1929. — ¹ 1. — S. 17–32.
9. Yanovskaya S.A. Idealizm v sovremennoy filosofii matematiki // Estestvoznanie i marksizm. — 1930. —
¹ 2–3. — S. 10–31.
10. Yanovskaya S.A. Iz istorii aksiomatiki // Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. — 1958. —
Vyp. XI. — S. 63–96.
11. Yanovskaya S.A. Iz istorii prepodavaniya matematiki v Moskovskom universitete // Istoriko-matema-
ticheskie issledovaniya. — 1955. — Vyp. 8. — S. 127‑180.
12. Yanovskaya S.A. Ischislenie // Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. II. — M.: 1960. — S. 387–390.
13. Yanovskaya S.A. Kategoriya kachestva u Gegelya i sushchnost' matematiki // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1928. —
¹ 13. — S. 30–71.
14. Yanovskaya S.A. Logika vyskazyvaniy // Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. III. — M.: 1960. — S. 205–209.
15. Yanovskaya S.A. Matematicheskaya logika i osnovaniya matematiki // Matematika v SSSR za sorok let. —
M.–L.: GITTL, 1959. — S. 13–120.
16. Yanovskaya S.A. Metodologicheskie problemy nauki. — M.: Nauka, 1972.
17. Yanovskaya S.A. O matematicheskikh rukopisyakh Marksa // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1933. — ¹ 2. —
S. 74–115.
18. Yanovskaya S.A. O nekotorykh chertakh matematicheskoy logiki i otnoshenii ee k tekhnicheskim prilozheniyam //
Primenenie logiki v nauke i tekhnike. — M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1960. — S. 3–21.
19. Yanovskaya S.A. O roli matematicheskoy strogosti v tvorcheskom razvitii matematiki i spetsial'no o
«Geometrii» Dekarta // Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. — 1966. — Vyp. 17. — S. 151–183.
20. Yanovskaya S.A. O tak nazyvaemykh opredeleniyakh cherez abstraktsiyu // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1935. —
¹ 4. — S. 154–170.
21. Yanovskaya S.A. O filosofskikh voprosakh matematicheskoy logiki // Problemy logiki. — M.: 1963. —
S. 3–17.
22. Yanovskaya S.A. Osnovaniya matematiki i matematicheskaya logika // Matematika v SSSR za tridtsat' let. —
M.–L.: GITTL, 1948. — S. 11–52.
23. Yanovskaya S.A. Preodoleny li v sovremennoy nauke trudnosti, izvestnye pod nazvaniem «aporiy Ze-
nona»? // Problemy logiki. — M.: 1963. — S. 116‑136.
24. Yanovskaya S.A., Glivenko V.I. Logika matematicheskaya // BSE. Izd. 1-e. T. 37. — 1938.

References (transliteration):
1. Bashmakova I.G., Demidov S.S., Uspenskiy V.A. Zhazhda yasnosti // Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i
tekhniki. — 1996. — ¹ 4. — S. 108–119.
2. Gudsteyn R.L. Matematicheskaya logika. — M.: IL, 1961.
3. Zhenshchiny — revolyutsionery i uchenye / Red. Mints I.I., Nenarokov A.P. — M.: Nauka, 1982.
4. Klini S. Vvedenie v metamatematiku. — M.: IL, 1957.
5. Kushner B.A. Neskol'ko vospominaniy o S.A. Yanovskoy // Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki. —
1996. — ¹ 4. — S. 119–123.
6. Marks K. Matematicheskie rukopisi / Red. Yanovskaya S.A., Rybnikov K.A. — M.: Nauka, 1968.
7. Cherch A. Vvedenie v matematicheskuyu logiku. — M.: IL, 1960.
8. Yanovskaya S.A. Zakon edinstva protivopolozhnostey v matematike // Estestvoznanie i marksizm. —
1929. — ¹ 1. — S. 17–32.
9. Yanovskaya S.A. Idealizm v sovremennoy filosofii matematiki // Estestvoznanie i marksizm. — 1930. —
¹ 2–3. — S. 10–31.
10. Yanovskaya S.A. Iz istorii aksiomatiki // Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. — 1958. —
Vyp. XI. — S. 63–96.
11. Yanovskaya S.A. Iz istorii prepodavaniya matematiki v Moskovskom universitete // Istoriko-matema-
ticheskie issledovaniya. — 1955. — Vyp. 8. — S. 127‑180.
12. Yanovskaya S.A. Ischislenie // Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. II. — M.: 1960. — S. 387–390.
13. Yanovskaya S.A. Kategoriya kachestva u Gegelya i sushchnost' matematiki // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1928. —
¹ 13. — S. 30–71.
14. Yanovskaya S.A. Logika vyskazyvaniy // Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. III. — M.: 1960. — S. 205–209.
15. Yanovskaya S.A. Matematicheskaya logika i osnovaniya matematiki // Matematika v SSSR za sorok let. —
M.–L.: GITTL, 1959. — S. 13–120.
16. Yanovskaya S.A. Metodologicheskie problemy nauki. — M.: Nauka, 1972.
17. Yanovskaya S.A. O matematicheskikh rukopisyakh Marksa // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1933. — ¹ 2. —
S. 74–115.
18. Yanovskaya S.A. O nekotorykh chertakh matematicheskoy logiki i otnoshenii ee k tekhnicheskim prilozheniyam //
Primenenie logiki v nauke i tekhnike. — M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1960. — S. 3–21.
19. Yanovskaya S.A. O roli matematicheskoy strogosti v tvorcheskom razvitii matematiki i spetsial'no o
«Geometrii» Dekarta // Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. — 1966. — Vyp. 17. — S. 151–183.
20. Yanovskaya S.A. O tak nazyvaemykh opredeleniyakh cherez abstraktsiyu // Pod znamenem marksizma. — 1935. —
¹ 4. — S. 154–170.
21. Yanovskaya S.A. O filosofskikh voprosakh matematicheskoy logiki // Problemy logiki. — M.: 1963. —
S. 3–17.
22. Yanovskaya S.A. Osnovaniya matematiki i matematicheskaya logika // Matematika v SSSR za tridtsat' let. —
M.–L.: GITTL, 1948. — S. 11–52.
23. Yanovskaya S.A. Preodoleny li v sovremennoy nauke trudnosti, izvestnye pod nazvaniem «aporiy Ze-
nona»? // Problemy logiki. — M.: 1963. — S. 116‑136.
24. Yanovskaya S.A., Glivenko V.I. Logika matematicheskaya // BSE. Izd. 1-e. T. 37. — 1938.