Reference:
Adzhba D..
Conventional Regulation of Relations related to multiple and dual Citizenship
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2022. – № 3.
– P. 15-24.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.3.38589.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.3.38589
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Abstract: The subject of the study is the conventional regulation of relations arising in connection with multiple and dual citizenship. The emphasis in the modern international regulation of issues of dual and/or multiple citizenship is generated by the progressive increase in actual states when a person has two or more nationalities, which affects the interests of several States. Such a phenomenon is accompanied by the emergence of a wide range of problems requiring interstate interaction, which, as a rule, is expressed in the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties on bi- and polypatrism. Such treaties concluded within the framework of modern international law reflect either the negative attitude of the signatory States towards dual and multiple citizenship, or the desire of States to find relevant ways to eliminate the consequences of these phenomena, which are often caused by disputes between States. The article examines the practice of conventional resolution of problems caused by the presence of bi- and poly-patrid status, the changed vectors of the settlement of issues of dual and multiple citizenship, as well as priority areas of modern international law in this area. The article concludes that bilateral cooperation in the field of bipatrism is more effective, which nevertheless will not solve the problem of dual and multiple citizenship at the global level. In addition, the conclusion of a universal international agreement on bi- and polypatrism also does not seem to be an effective means of resolving disputes arising due to significant economic, political, ethno-cultural, historical and legal differences between States, in particular in matters of regulating citizenship. The author considers it necessary to develop new approaches to ensure greater effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal regulation of bi- and polypatrism.
Keywords: multiple citizenship, international law, jus sanguini, jus soli, polypatrism, bipatrism, dual citizenship, citizenship, international treaties, diplomatic protection
References:
Chernichenko S.V. International legal issues of nationality // M.: International affairs, 1968.
Chernichenko S.V. Contours of International Law. General Questions.-Moscow: Scientific Book, 2014.
Spiro P. J. Dual Nationality and the Meaning of Citizenship // 46 Emory L.J. – 1997.
Spiro P. J. Citizenship: What Everyone Needs to Know // Oxford: Oxford University Press –2020.
Treaties and Convention between the United States and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776, Revised Edition, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1873. URL: https://archive.org/details/cu31924005227727/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater (accessed 19.05.2022)
Grigoryev A.A. Problems of regulation of military service in the framework of multiple nationality: comparative-legal analysis // Belarusian journal of international law and international relations. 2002-№ 3.
Convention between Denmark and France concerning the military service of persons with dual nationality. Signed at Paris, on 6 June 1963. URL: https://treaties.
Reference:
Abgaryan D.R..
The policy of the Russian Federation and Georgia in the Black Sea region: international legal aspects
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2022. – № 2.
– P. 10-19.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.2.35402.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.2.35402
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Abstract: The geopolitical feature of the Black Sea region is its "cross" position, since it is here that the interests of not just neighboring states meet, but also western and eastern religious, and broader cultural traditions. The territorial location of the Black Sea makes it an important strategic zone at the intersection of the borders of Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East. The region, which has significant potential for economic development, has traditionally been a sphere of intersection of interests of both maritime powers and countries seeking to gain influence in this zone by establishing control over them.This article is devoted to the problem of relations between Russia and Georgia in this region, analyzed by the author from an international legal perspective. The basis of the study of the potentially high conflictogenicity of the Black Sea zone is currently an appeal to the history of the issue, which allows us to reveal the cause-and-effect relationships of the confrontation between countries for the possession of those benefits to which domination in the region opens access. The article examines the relations between Russia and Georgia over the Black Sea in the context of the Georgian side's interactions with the West, in particular with the European Union and NATO. The author draws an important conclusion that the deterioration of relations between Georgia and Russia was a step-by-step process that began after the collapse of the Soviet Union and has been going on up to the present time, when it reached its highest point. Determining the prospects for the development of bilateral relations is of great importance due to the fact that conflicts with Russia, which is a key force in the region, can have a negative impact not only on trade and economic relations between the countries, but also on security policy.
Keywords: GUAM, geopolitics, international relations, international treaties, Black Sea region, European Union, NATO, Russia, Georgia, maritime law
References:
Yanukovich ne ponimaet, zachem nuzhen GUAM // Rosbalt. 04.02.2010 [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: https://www.rosbalt.ru/ukraina/2010/02/04/709769.html (data obrashcheniya: 11.03.2021).
Shinkaretskaya G.G., Ryzhov V.B. Vzaimnoe priznanie soyuznykh respublik v kachestve nezavisimykh gosudarstv: istoriko-pravovye aspekty // Obrazovanie i pravo. 2016. № 4. - S. 64-68.
Popytki Kieva dobit'sya isklyucheniya RF iz chisla uchastnikov Blackseafor provalilis' [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://tass.ru/politika/1327177 (data obrashcheniya: 11.03.2021).
Surzhin A.S. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoy rezhim Chernogo morya (vklyuchaya Azovo-Kerchenskuyu akvatoriyu i chernomorskie prolivy): Dis. ... kand. yur. nauk. – M.: RUDN, 2011. – 239 s.
Rossiya s 23 dekabrya oblegchaet vizovyy rezhim dlya grazhdan Gruzii // TASS. 22.12.2015 [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: https://tass.ru/politika/2549409 (data obrashcheniya: 11.03.2021).
Ryzhov V.B. Dialektika globalizatsii i regionalizatsii v pravovom prostranstve gosudarstv i mezhdunarodny
Reference:
Semenovich K.S., Gao Y..
On ensuring stable natural gas supplies in China and Japan
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2022. – № 1.
– P. 34-45.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.1.37470.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.1.37470
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Abstract: China and Japan are the two largest importers of natural gas in the world. Both countries have accelerated the reform of domestic natural gas markets and the establishment of domestic natural gas trading centers (natural gas hubs) in order to achieve carbon neutrality goals and ensure the security of domestic natural gas supplies. The conclusion of short- and medium-term contracts for the supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) affected the execution of long-term contracts, the prices of which were tied to JCC. As a result, Chinese and Japanese natural gas buyers began to demand that international natural gas sellers, including Russia, use hub market prices.
The article analyzes measures to ensure the security of natural gas supplies and reforms of domestic natural gas markets in China and Japan. The interrelations, advantages and disadvantages of long-term, short-term and spot contracts are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the court decision in the case of GNA v. Atlantic LNG, the conclusions of international arbitration practice on price revision clauses are summarized.
The following conclusions are drawn:
1. Arbitration proceedings on the revision of prices contributes to the transition from a formula for calculating prices linked to the oil price index to a pricing mechanism based on various indices of natural gas hubs.2. When concluding a new long-term contract, it is proposed to comprehensively use the price index of the emerging shopping center, the spot price and the price formula calculated by JCC.3. A long-term contract still plays an integral role in ensuring safe natural gas supplies in extreme events (for example: a similar COVID-19 epidemic).
Keywords: national energy security, internal market reform, natural gas hub, LNG, portfolio players, long-term contract, spot agreement, international arbitration, price revision, carbon-neutral
References:
Гао Ю., Болотов М.В. Правовые аспекты обеспечения национальной безопасности в сфере недропользования природного газа в России и КНР // Юридические исследования. 2022. № 2. С. 1 - 17.
Zou C. N., He D.B., Jia C.Y. Connotation and pathway of world energy transition and its significance for carbon neutral // Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2021. № 2. (42) Pp. 233-247.
Городов О.А. К понятию энергетического права // Вестник Санкт-петербургского университета. 2010. № 1. 26-38.
Zhou S.H., Sun H. Carbon Neutrality Oriented 14th Five-Year Opportunities and Challenges of Natural Gas Development // Petroleum And New Energy. 2021. № 2. (33) Pp. 27-36.
IEA Gas Market Report, Q1 2022 // Internatinal Energy Agency. 2022. № 6. P. 11.
IEA Gas Market Report, Q1 2022 // Internatinal Energy Agency. 2022. № 6. P.3.
Wang X. Q., Liu W., Luo H. H. Opportunities and challenges of the natural gas industry under the “dual carbon” goal // International Petroleum Economics. 2021. № 6. (29) Pp. 35-42.
Закон КНР от 01
Reference:
Shatunov E.A..
Foreign trade entrepreneurial activity in modern Russian case law
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2021. – № 3.
– P. 1-12.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.3.35929.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.3.35929
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Abstract: In the era of globalization, international trade relations are an integral part of the economy of majority of the countries, including the Russian Federation. Increase of the role of entrepreneurship in the sphere of foreign trade entails escalated disputes. This article reviews the theoretical aspects of law enforcement practice on the disputes associated with foreign trade entrepreneurial activity. Analysis is conducted on legal regulation of foreign trade entrepreneurial activity, as well as Russian case law in the corresponding sphere, namely disputes considered in arbitration court, and theoretical research on the matter. Methodological framework is comprised of the general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (dialectical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative-legal, and historical-legal). The author concludes on the lack of uniformity in the approaches used by arbitration courts towards determining the law applicable to transboundary agreements. The creation of uniform case law on the controversial issues requires taking into account the existing law enforcement practice, as well as unifying them based on accumulated experience. For example, in the Russian Federation this process could be facilitated through corresponding clarifications on the level of resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation with explanations on the key contentious issues pertaining to the disputes in foreign trade entrepreneurial activity. The presented materials can be used in further consideration of disputes in the sphere of foreign trade entrepreneurship, as well as in providing explanations of law enforcement practice.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, arbitration, judicial practice, customs authorities, economic sanctions, tariff and non-tariff regulation measures, economic measures, foreign trade activities, foreign economic contracts, application of law
References:
Reshenie MKAS pri TPP RF ot 24.05.2013 po delu № 166/2012 // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po ekonomicheskim sporam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 24.05.2019 № 301-ES18-24455 po delu № A31-7930/2018 // URL: https://sudrf.ru ru (data obrashcheniya: 04.02.2021).
Postanovlenie Devyatogo arbitrazhnogo apellyatsionnogo suda ot 27.11.2018 № 09AP-55680/2018 // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Opredelenie Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 05.11.2013 № 48-KG13-5 // Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. 2014. № 6.
Lazareva T.P., Shestakova M.P. Nekotorye problemy vybora primenimogo prava v praktike razresheniya vneshneekonomicheskikh sporov // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. 2019. № 6. S. 73.
Mozzhorina M.V. Evolyutsiya pravoponimaniya i pravoprimeneniya: sdvigi v mezhdunarodnom chastnom prave // Lex Russica. 2017. № 10. S. 99.
Zhil'tsov A.N. Obzor praktiki Mezhdunarodnogo kommercheskogo arbitrazhnogo suda pri Torgovo-promyshlennoy palate Rossiyskoy Federatsii za 2014-2015 gg. // Praktika MKAS pri TPP RF: 2004-20
Reference:
Popova O.A..
National appropriation of natural resources in international space law
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2021. – № 1.
– P. 46-59.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.1.35099.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.1.35099
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Abstract: The author considers the problem of international legal regulation of activities on the use of natural resources of space. The results of the analysis of international treaties in the field of space law, resolutions of the UN General Assembly, reports of the Legal Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space are presented. The methodological basis of the research was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (dialectical method, method of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative legal and historical legal methods). Currently, there is no universal international legal regulation of the legal status and regime of the use of natural resources of outer space. In order to carry out activities for the extraction of natural resources, it is necessary to develop appropriate international legal norms. In this regard, two alternative positions are being discussed - the concept of the "common heritage of mankind", developed in international maritime law, and the Artemis Agreements proposed by the United States. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made. The prohibition of national appropriation of outer space and celestial bodies applies to States and individuals. International space law does not explicitly prohibit the use of space for the extraction and commercial exploitation of natural resources. However, natural resources are part of outer space and celestial bodies, respectively, in the absence of special rules governing their legal status and mode of use, the legal regime established in relation to outer space and celestial bodies should be extended to them. There is a tendency to develop a legal regime for the use of natural resources of outer space at the national level with the transition to the international one. The results of the study can be used in the interpretation of the provisions of international space law and the development of international norms concerning the legal status and regime of the use of natural resources of space.
Keywords: international space law, international law, legal regime, celestial bodies, Artemis Agreements, national appropriation, outer space, space resources, exploration of space resources, private property
References:
The Exploration and Use of Space Resources Act of 20 July 2017. URL: http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo (data obrashcheniya: 30.12.2020)
The Artemis Accords of 13 October 2020. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 30.12.2020)
Cheng B. The Legal Regime of Airspace and Outer Space; The Boundary Problem, Functionalism versus Spatialism: the Major Premises, 5 Annals of Air & Space. 1980. P.81.
Mann A. Space Claims: The Weirdest Legal Claims in Outer Space, Wired, Jan. 12, 2006. URL: https://www.wired.com/2012/06/space-cases (data obrashcheniya: 30.12.2020).
Internet – portal «Rossiyskoy gazety». URL: https://rg.ru/2020/11/16/spacex-sovershila-vtoroj-pilotiruemyj-zapusk-crew-dragon-k-mks.html (data obrashcheniya: 20.02.2021)
Sohn L., Noyes J., Franckx E., Juras K. Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea 2nd ed. Edition. 2014. P. 592.
Byulleten' novostey i analiticheskikh materialov «Pilotiruemye kosmicheskie polet
Reference:
Isai S.S..
Mandatory and hybrid arbitration clauses in the practice of international financial institutions
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2020. – № 2.
– P. 88-105.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2020.2.32622.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2020.2.32622
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Abstract: This article analyzes the process of application of the hybrid and mandatory arbitration clauses in the practice of international financial institutions. Same as the international commercial arbitration, the domestic arbitration is the most acceptable form of resolution of financial disputes. Contracts with consumers of financial services more often utilize the mandatory arbitration clauses, being the reason why arbitration became de-facto a mandatory means of resolution of disputes with consumers in the sphere of financial services. At the same time, arbitration procedure of dispute resolution is not without its flaws, currently demonstrating trends of increased costs of arbitration, as well is increased term of review of arbitration cases. This gave rise to a new form of arbitration clauses – hybrid dispute resolution clauses, which gives the parties to a dispute an opportunity to seek resolution in state courts, as well as arbitration as an alternative. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that in the conditions of growing “complication” of the arbitration process, there is a high likelihood of application of the hybrid dispute resolution clauses among the international financial institutions. There is also the fact that that arbitration, conducted in accordance with the US financial regulator FINRA, is also mandatory, and in majority of cases yields no results in resolution of disputes of consumers, but its “mandate” is underlines by other causes, than the initiative of large international corporations providing the service.
Keywords: securities market, class action, financial disputes, alternative dispute resolution, mandatory arbitration, International Swaps Association, hybrid dispute resolution clauses, financial institutions, commercial arbitration, Mandatory Arbitration Clauses
References:
Ermakova E.P. Novye parametry razresheniya mezhdunarodnykh finansovykh sporov: itogi 2018 g.//Sravnitel'no-pravovye aspekty pravootnosheniy grazhdanskogo oborota v sovremennom mire: sbornik statey Mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo yuridicheskogo foruma pamyati professora V. K. Puchinskogo. Moskva 18 oktyabrya 2019 g. / pod red. E. E. Frolovoy, E. P. Rusakovoy – Moskva: RUDN, 2019. S.82-90.
Trukhanov K.I. Al'ternativnye arbitrazhnye ogovorki: istoriya odnogo dela // Zakon. 2012. N 12. S. 126.
Martinez S. (2013) Spanish Court affirms the validity of hybrid arbitration/jurisdiction clauses. // Hogan Lovells. URL.: https://www.hlarbitrationlaw.com/2013/12/spanish-court-affirms-the-validity-of-hybrid-arbitrationjurisdiction-clauses/ (Data obrashcheniya: 08.04.2020).
Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D. Pa. 2007) // Casetext Inc. URL.: https://casetext.com/case/bragg-v-linden-research (Data obrashcheniya: 08.04.2020). Ticknor v. Choice Hotels Intern., Inc., 265 F.3d 931 (9th Cir. 2001) // Casetext Inc. URL.: https://ca
Reference:
Shinkaretskaya G.G..
Legal issues of environmental protection of the Caspian Sea
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2019. – № 1.
– P. 10-19.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2019.1.28881.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2019.1.28881
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Abstract: The author examines the aspects of environmental component of legal regulation of the Caspian Sea, the largest landlocked body of water on Earth. The cooperation of littoral states with regards to its environmental protection is complicated by the fact that after the dissemination of USSR, instead of two countries – Iran and Soviet Union, there have formed five countries interested in hydrocarbon extraction from the bottom of Caspian Sea, which caused acute contradictions between them. In light of this reason, the validity of Tehran Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea in encumbered. The signed in 2018 Convention on the Status of Caspian Sea, overall, follows the regulations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. The author notes that the planned adoption of the obligatory document on environmental protection and sustainable use of maritime biodiversity (as an addendum to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) can become a positive addition to the legal system existing in the Caspian Sea. The need is claimed for the expansion of further productive cooperation of the states, which interests in one or another way are affected by this problem.
Keywords: environmental law, UN, Caspian state, international treaty, environment, biodiversity, Caspian sea, ecological safety, maritime law, international law
References:
Mezhpravitel'stvennaya konferentsiya po mezhdunarodnomu yuridicheski obyazatel'nomu dokumentu na baze Konventsii Organizatsii Ob'edinennykh Natsiy po morskomu pravu o sokhranenii i ustoychivom ispol'zovanii morskogo biologicheskogo raznoobraziya v rayonakh za predelami deystviya natsional'noy yurisdiktsii. Pervaya sessiya. N'yu-York, 4–17 sentyabrya 2018 g. Zayavlenie Predsedatelya Konferentsii po sluchayu zakrytiya pervoy sessii. Dok. OON A/CONF. 232/2018/7 // http://www.un.org (data obrashcheniya: 17.12.2018).
General Assembly. International legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 24 December 2017. Dok. OON A/RES/72/249 // http://www.un.org (data obrashcheniya: 17.12.2018).
Anyanova E.S. Problemy Kaspiyskogo morya v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom prave. / Avtoref. diss. … kand. yurid. nauk. M.. 2010. - 26 s.
Report of the Preparatory Committee Est
Reference:
Savryga K.P..
Extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors in international law
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2016. – № 3.
– P. 282-295.
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Abstract: Right of states to use force in international law is one of the most controversial and important question in public international law. Despite the general prohibition on use of force expressed in the Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter, there are many disputes about the actual scope of the prohibition and possible justification. It is obvious that the legal rules must adapt to the contemporary challenges faced by international community to provide convenient and legitimate solution which would not contradict the current international legal order. In this article the author considers the question of extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors. Analyzing legal norms and doctrinal position that has fully developed by the end of the XX century and their development after the events of September 11 and threat of global terror faced by international community, author comes to the conclusion that the current legal norms and legal doctrine recognize the right of states to use force extraterritorially against non-state actors.
Keywords: war on terror, terrorism, extraterritorial use of force, self-defence in international law, non-state actors, use of force, right to self-defence, international security law, international law, international terrorism
References:
Tumanov G.K. Pravomernost' obrashcheniya k pravu na samooboronu v otnoshenii negosudarstvennykh aktorov v ramkakh mezhdunarodnogo prava Pravo i bezopasnost'.2012. №2. C.83-85
Stepanchenko A.A. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye aspekty primeneniya sily v poryadke samooborony protiv terroristicheskikh organizatsiy, nakhodyashchikhsya na territorii inostrannykh gosudarstv Altayskiy yuridicheskiy vekstnik.2014.№2. C.38-41
Egorov S.A. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. M.2013. C.1087
Klein P. Le droit international a l ’ epreuve du terrorisme // Recueil des Cours (2006),vol. 203,P.203-484
Skakunov E.I. Samooborona v mezhdunarodnom prave. M. 1973. C.176
Skotnikov L.A. Pravo na samooboronu i novye imperativy bez-opasnosti // Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn'. № 9. 2004. C. 3-15
Deklaratsiya o printsipakh mezhdunarodnogo prava, kasayushchikhsya druzhestvennykh otnosheniy i sotrudnichestva mezhdu gosudarstvami v sootvetstvii s ustavom ONN. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 2625, Annex, 25 UN GAOR, Supp. (n.28), UN Doc.
Reference:
Ponamorenko V.E..
Virtual currencies in understanding of the international organizations and national jurisdictions
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2016. – № 3.
– P. 296-302.
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Abstract: The subject of this research is the notion “virtual currencies” which is being viewed from the positions of international organizations, as well as from the side of the regional integration unions and national jurisdictions. The term virtual currencies is new to the scientific and legislations and requires the theoretical understanding and comparison with the adjacent notions of the theory of money. The article analyzes the positive aspects of the virtual money (their role in the financial system as a financial innovation), as well as their threat to the economic security of the state and region (on the example of the Eurasian Economic Union). The methodology of the research is based on the principles of complexity and methodological pluralism, and also includes the method of legal comparative study, systemic approach, and formal legal method. The scientific novelty of this work consists in comparison of the international legal and national approaches towards the definition of virtual currencies, their interaction with the similar notions of the electronic and digital money, as well as description of the role of virtual currencies in performing the illegal financial transactions as a negative factor of their proliferation and functionality. The main conclusion lies in the need for legalization of the notion of virtual currencies on the national level (Russian Federation) and the level of the regional integration union (Eurasian Economic Union). At the same time, the author believes that in determination of the legal regime for such currencies, it is better to avoid the most liberal positions along with the extremely restrictive positions.
Keywords: cryptocurrency, bitcoin, OECD, IMF, FATF, EAEU, AML/CFT, e-money, virtual currencies, digital currencies
References:
Ponamorenko V.E. O riskakh vovlecheniya bankov v nezakonnye finansovye operatsii v usloviyakh regional'noy integratsii // Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo. 2016. № 3. S. 143-151.
Doklad FATF «Finansovye potoki, svyazannye s nezakonnym oborotom afganskikh opiatov» (iyun', 2014) Rezhim dostupa: http://www.eurasiangroup.org/files/FATF_docs/Afganskie_opiaty_2014_-_dlya_sajta.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 25.06.2016).
Doklad FATF «Novye riski finansirovaniya terrorizma». Rezhim dostupa: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Emerging-Terrorist-Financing-Risks.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 25.06.2016).
FATF (2015), Guidance to a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Currencies, Rezhim dostupa: www.fatfgafi. org/publications/fatfgeneral/documents/guidance-rba-virtualcurrencies. Html (data obrashcheniya: 25.06.2016).
Blundell-Wignall, A. (2014), “The Bitcoin Question: Currency versus Trust-less Transfer Technology”, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 37, OECD Publishing. Rezhi
Reference:
Kasenova M.B..
The possibilities and opportunities of internationalization
of the transboundary management of the Internet:
legal context
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2014. – № 4.
– P. 502-514.
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Abstract: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is historically the fi rst organization providing
the functionality of the key elements of the technological infrastructure of the Internet, including the issues of
coordination of the Internet’s unique identifi ers. These functions have signifi cant value for the technological
infrastructure of the Internet and since for over 16 years these functions have been administered by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), they are labeled as the “IANA functions”. This article analyzes the announcement
of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the US Department of
Commerce (from 03.14.2014) about US Government’s decision to transfer the control over the IANA functions to
the “global multistakeholder community”; the resulting documents of “Global meeting of the multistakeholders
on the issues of future control over the Internet” (April 2014, San-Paulo, Brazil), as well as the “Group of specialists
on the global Internet cooperation and the mechanisms of the Internet administration” (May 2014). In
author’s opinion, the implementation of ideas and measures provided by the above documents, can drastically
change the management of the technological infrastructure of the Internet and carry a signifi cant impact upon
the internationalization of the transboundary management of the Internet.
Keywords: Internet, IANA, Internet administration, multistakeholders, technological infrastructure, control of the internet, transboundary control.
References:
Barry L. McVay. The Essential Guide to Federal Contracts.-URL:http://www.loot.co.za/product/barry-l-mcvay-the-essential-guide-to-federal-contracts/mchz-371-g410; Government Contract Law, by the Section of Public Contract Law of the American Bar Association (2007). – URL: http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/public_contract_law_journal/pc_writing_competition/2014_writing_competition_rules.authcheckdam.pdf
Edward J. Vernon. Recommended Books for Government Contracting Professionals. – URL: http://www.wifcon.com/anal/RecommendedReading.pdf; – http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/06/government-contracts-a-beginners-guide/
Mayer-Schönberger V., Ziewitz M. Jefferson Rebuffed: The United States and the Future of Internet Governance // Columbia Science and Technology Law Review. 188. (2007). –URL: http://www.stlr.org/html/volume8/schoenbergerintro.php; http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_mgmt_iana.htm
Menthe D. Jurisdiction In Cyberspace: A Theory of International Spaces // Michigan Telec
Reference:
Savryga, K.P..
Private military and security companies in accordance
with the international law
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2013. – № 4.
– P. 456-464.
Read the article
Abstract: In the last 20 years since the Cold War has ended the organization of armed forces around the
world changed considerably. One of such changes includes privatization of part of the functions, which
were earlier recognized as purely military ones. Currently the status of private military and security
companies is the “black hole” in the international law. The article concerns the issue of the status of the
PMSC staff in the armed conflict and their correlation with those of mercenary. When evaluating this issue
we can draw a conclusion that these two types are not identical. The author comes to a conclusion that
while the PMSC staff may gain the combatant status, in most cases they fail to meet the requirements of
the Geneva Conventions for this status. Therefore, the primary status of the PMSC staff during an armed
conflict is that of civilian persons.
Keywords: private military companies, international law, international humanitarian law, law of the armed conflicts, combatants, non-combatants, mercenary, prisoners of war, PMSC, the Geneva Conventions.
References:
Boldt N., “Outsourcing War – Private Military Companies and International Humanitarian Law”, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 47, 2004.pp.502-544
Avant D., “Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security”(Cambridge University Press, 2001)pp.328
Burmester H. “The Recruitment and Use of Mercenaries in Armed Conflicts", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp.37-56
Cameron L. and Chetail V., “Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law”, (Cambridge University Press, 2013)pp.754
Canny N. “ A Mercenary World: A Legal Analysis of International Problem of Mercenarism”(2003)University College Dublin Law Review”. 3.pp.33-56
Chesterman S. and Lenhardt C.(ed) “From Mercenaries to Market: Rise and Regulation of Private Military Company“(Oxford University Press, 2007)pp.275
Del Mar K.,”The Requirement of ‘Belonging’ under International Humanitarian Law”, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 21 no.1
Reference:
Ganyushkina, E.B..
International legal aspects of the dispute between the UK and Argentina on the Falkland Islands
(the Malvinas).
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2013. – № 1.
– P. 6-22.
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Abstract: The article is devoted to the new turn of the tension between Argentina and the UK in their fight for sovereignty
over the Falkland Islands (the Malvinas). The author views the legal grounds for the territories
in question for both parties, international legal aspects of the mutual accusations, as well as the possible
models for the conflict resolution. The author provides the analysis, which shows the absence of new armed
conflict in the nearest future. She also reflects upon the guarantees of non-use of nuclear weapons in fight
over the territories in question. The author also shows the connection between the dispute over sovereignty
over the Falkland Islands (the Malvinas) and the territorial claims towards other Southern Atlantic areas
and part of the Antarctic Region.
Keywords: international law, territorial disputes, self-determination of peoples, territorial integrity, militarization of the territory, the zone free from nuclear arms, right for a flag, the uti possidetes de jure principle, models for the conflict resolution, claims for sovereignty over the Antarctic Region.
References:
Baburin S.N. Mir imperiy: territoriya gosudarstva i mirovoy poryadok. M., 2013.
Lazarev M.I. Uregulirovat' spor ob ostrovakh. M., 1992.
Mal'viny: kolonial'naya voyna KhKh veka. M., 1984.
Mityaeva E.V. Anglo-argentinskiy konflikt iz-za Folklendskikh (Mal'vinskikh) ostrovov. M., 1985.
Problemy Latinskoy Ameriki i mezhdunarodnoe pravo. Kniga vtoraya. M., 1995.
V.A. Orlov. Yadernoe nerasprostranenie (v dvukh tomakh. Pod obshchey redaktsiey kandidata politi-cheskikh nauk V.A. Orlova. T. 1 (redaktory V.A. Orlov i N.N. Sokov). M., 2002
Reference:
Shugurov, M.V..
Bretton-Wood institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund): reforms within the framework of post-Washington consensus.
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2011. – № 4.
– P. 6-40.
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Abstract: The article includes a systemic analysis of the process of reformation of the IMF and the World Bank in 2008 – 2011. The author views the international legal bases for the broadening scope of mandate of the Bretton-Wood institutions. Much attention is paid to the issue of the ability of the Fund and the Bank to be key international legal subjects of fair and responsible globalization.
Based on a vast variety of analytical data the author gives preliminary results of the reforms for the IMF and analyzes the future steps on their greater legitimacy and efficiency, stable global development.
Keywords: international law, globalization, crisis, finances, development, reforms, supranational, poverty, legitimacy, innovations
References:
Aleksandrovskii E. Pravovoi mekhanizm realizatsii proektov Vsemirnogo banka v Rossii //
Khozyaistvo i pravo. 1998. №2. S. 32 – 36.
Glaz'ev S. Mirovoi ekonomicheskii krizis kak protsess smeny tekhnologicheckikh ukladov // Voprosy
ekonomiki. 2009. №3. S. 26 – 38.
Evstigneev V. Rossiya i kreditnaya politika MVF i MBRR // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye
otnosheniya. 1996. №6. C. 5 – 16.
Emelin A.V. Valyutno-finansovye pravootnosheniya // Bankovskoe pravo. 2004. №3. S. 42 – 46.
Erpyleva N.Yu. Mezhdunarodnyi fond kak institutsional'nyi mekhanizm regulirovaniya mezhdu-
narodnoi valyutnoi sistemy // Pravo i politika. 2007. №1. S. 85 – 95.
Kuz'menko I.V. Neokolonializm v mezhdunarodnykh institutakh podderzhki slaborazvitykh gosu-
darstv (na primere Vsemirnogo banka) // Filosofiya prava. 2009. №2. S. 86 – 88.
Moiseev A.A. Mezhdunarodnye finansovye organizatsii (Pravovye osnovy deyatel'nosti). 2-e
izd., pererabot. M.: Omega-L, 2006. – 312 s.
Papava V. «Rozovye» osh
Reference:
Saidov, A.H..
Inter-parliamentary organizations
and international law (parliamentary dimension of
international relations).
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2011. – № 1.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to the parliamentary dimension of
the modern international relations. It includes the study
of role and relations of national parliaments with the
international inter-parliamentary organizations. The
author establishes the grounds for the formation of the
international parliamentary law, as a comparatively
independent branch of modern international public law.
Much attention is paid to the cooperation between the
UN and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Keywords: international law, inter-parliamentary organizations, inter-parliamentary cooperation, international organizations, international parliamentary law, law of international organizations, inter-parliamentary union, the UN, parliament.
References:
Reference:
Ganyushkina, E.B..
International Sea-Bed
Authority, Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf, International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea and some other international
organizations, related to the UN Convention on
Law of the Sea of 1982.
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2010. – № 4.
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Abstract: Several international organizations were formed
based on the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea of 1982. The International Sea-Bed Authority,
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf,
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea are the
most closely related of them. The author analyzes the
status of the above-mentioned international formations,
legal force of their decisions, provides example
of convention-based legal capacity, scope of privileges
and immunities, their relation to the UN.
Keywords: international law, international organizations, international bodies, international legal capacity, convention-based legal capacity, privileges and immunities, state of presence, international staff, legal force of decisions, region
References:
Reference:
N. Abedinpour.
Regards on Tuvalu — Thoughts
on State responsibility and climate changes.
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2010. – № 3.
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Abstract: In the Kyoto Protocol (1995) to the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (1992) State-parties
agreed on targets for the emission of greenhouse
gasses (GHGs). This article involves analysis of hypothetical
possibilities of lawsuit in ICJ for Tuvalu,
which is a tiny island state in the Pacifi c Ocean that
has ratifi ed the Kyoto Protocol, and that is a UN
Member State. Tuvalu, which is expected to sink by
2050 is an obvious example of the real dangers of
the GHGs.
Keywords: jurisprudence, international law, ecology, Kyoto Protocol, climate change, greenhouse gas, compensation ICJ
References:
Reference:
Butba, S.R..
International law and the legal system of the Republic of Abkhazia
// International Law and International Organizations. – 2010. – № 1.
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Abstract: The author considers the Republic of Abkhazia to be one of the states of post -- Soviet territory of the USA. Currently the Republic is not recognized by the international community and by international organizations. That is why the issues of correlation between international law and Abkhazian law are quite topical and complicated. The solution to abovementioned problems is quite important in order to ensure the due entrance of Abkhazia into the world community of states.
Keywords: jurisprudence, international law. Republic, Abkhazia, USSR, legal system, sovereignty
References: