Review: The subject of this research is the threat of use of force in the practice of interpretation of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Special attention is paid to the analysis of formulations of court rulings regarding violations of the principle of non-use of force and threat of use of force. The practice of the ICJ on interpretation of the threat of use of force is directly tied to the practice of the Court on interpretation of the concept of use of force. The research explores rulings on interpretation of the threat of use of force in international law, dissenting opinions of judges, as well as position and arguments of sides. The work reflects the context of circumstances that served as the basis for Court’s decisions. In author’s opinion, major role is played by the circumstances contributing to the Court’s identification and interpretation of international law pertaining to the threat of use. This is first research within Russian doctrine dedicated to practice of interpretation of the threat of use of force in international law by the International Court of Justice. The conclusions reflected in this article allow fully formulate the Court’s stance on the threat of use of force.

Keywords: Nicaragua, UN Charter, Corfu channel, international Court of Justice, threat of use of force, cold war, Intervention, nuclear weapon, United Kingdom, Retail

Review: Legal science is facing the relevant task of studying the existing legal forms and models of international scientific and technical cooperation on creation and utilization of global research infrastructure in the nuclear sphere, as well as determining their flaws and merits, capacity of implementation and adjustment to the “mega-science” projects in the Russian Federation. The key factors in determining legal aspects of creation and utilization of the global research infrastructure are the following: organizational-legal framework (establishment of an independent subject or usage of  the already existing “umbrella” legal structures), and which legal tools are applied and to which law this activity is subordinated. The organizational-legal model of the international scientific and technical cooperation with existing intergovernmental organization of the framework type or legal entities, as well as by means of instituting of special subjects, can be schematically described as the four-level system. The advantage of using the umbrella-type models in nuclear sphere consists in availability of most of its tools and mechanisms, which require just the adjustment to the specific projects, and the possibility of implementation of a substantial number of projects. If there is a need for ensuring partnership on a shared basis, financial responsibilities, and the dependent on them management structure, the appropriate form is the creation of a special subject of project type. Based on the “legal environment”, the use of international intergovernmental organization implies certain immunities and privileges, removal from the jurisdiction of the accepting country, etc. It is important that in the modern conditions it is more difficult to subordinate the international intergovernmental organizations to the politically motivated unilateral restrictive measures (“sanctions”). Although, the use of the construct of legal entity can ensure better efficiency, flexibility, and managerial inexpensiveness of the process, especially as the also can qualify for the exceptions to national law. Most successful seems the development of a special organizational legal form mentioned in the draft Federal Law “On scientific, Scientific-and Technical, and Innovation Activity in the Russian Federation”, which would be an international research organization.

Keywords: research infrastructure consortia, Megascience class facilities, global research infrastructure, institutional model, international cooperation, scientific and technical cooperation, international research organization, nuclear research, JINR, CERN

Review:  
The subject of this article is the state and prospects of integration of the EAEU member-states in the scientific and educational sphere, as well as the level of its curriculum-strategic, organizational and legal support. The authors gradually explore the problematic of professional competences in the conditions of transition to Industry 4.0, including the competencies of scientific and technical staff, the formation of which is currently shifting onto the center of scientific and technological cooperation. Special attention is given to the analysis of the dimension of compliance of national legislations of the EAEU member-states in the area of legal regulation of their international cooperation with regards to of education and science. Special examination was conducted on the state of institutional support of the scientific and educational integration. The novelty of this work consists in the conceptual substantiation of scientific and educational integration as fundamental aspect of scientific and technological integration, which is aimed at ensuring technological modernization of the economy. The authors address the key issues of the objective agenda of scientific and educational integration, as well as substantiate the need for establishment of the shared space for EAEU member-states in the area of science, education, technology and innovations. The main conclusion lies in the statement that successful cooperation between the EAEU member-states in the indicated sphere suggests not only the development of the institutional framework, but also the need for development of EAEU legislation in the area of scientific and educational cooperation, which is possible only in case of inclusion of scientific and educational questions into the integration agenda. This may find reflection in elaboration of the specific framework for strategic regulation, as well as in inclusion of the corresponding provisions Into the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union, which can be extended to the special Protocol or a separate international agreement. All of the listed above is directly or reversely related to alignment of national policies of the member-states and harmonization of national legislations.
 

Keywords: global megatrends, education, digital agenda, scientific-technological integration, digital transformations, Fourth industrial revolution, integrative processes, harmonization, Eurasian economic commission, innovation

Review: This article reviews the current role and mechanisms of international organizations with regards to assessing the quality of global governance. The subject of this research is the measurement and indicators of state participation in elaboration and implementation of transnational governance. The goal consists in examination of the concept of governance through the prism of Fukuyama-Manning Theory. Globalization is viewed in economic and political dimension for the purpose of determining the need to create transnational administrative frameworks. The results of global governance in the form of measurement and quality indicators of state administration are analyzed in correlative links between the production and demand of political indicators, their nature and practical advantages. The assessment of subjects engaged in the development process exemplifies of the crucial indicators of governance. In order to achieve the set research goal, the author explores the existing hypothesis on the role of international organizations within the global governance system for the purpose of determination the prospects of transnational governance. The detailed theoretical and practical approach towards measurement and metrics of state administration is was conducted by means of qualitative analysis that allowed determining the prospects of the standardized system. In conclusion, the author underlines the equal importance of governance, globalization and state policy in achievement of functional structure of global governance. This article represents a conceptual framework for supporting examination and elaboration of the systems for assessing the efficiency of activity of the governments essential for ensuring successful intergovernmental cooperation in globalization era.

Keywords: Government Performance, Public Policy, Transnational Administration, Metrics of Government, Global Governance, International Organizations, Globalization, Political Dimension, Multidimensional Actors, Global processes

Review: This article is dedicated to examination of the challenging role of current international organizations in the production of knowledge, applicable to the context of globalization and global governance, as well as the required framework and mechanisms. The subject of this research is the mechanisms of international organizations, namely Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in the production of knowledge implemented within the global governance system. The goal consist in overview of the worldwide demand for knowledge in the context of the Dolowitz-Marsh Approach for the purpose of assessment of the prospects of the offered knowledge. Capabilities of OECD as a central standardized think tank, coupled with the role of NGOs within the global governance system, allow activating bilateral relations and transnational governance. Analysis is conducted on the existing hypothesis on the capacity of international organizations to produce knowledge in globalization era. The author carries out a detailed qualitative analysis of the mechanisms of OECD and other NGOs, and proposes new perspectives and a range of actions regarding their capability to provide a wide range of government institutions with the tools oriented towards increasing the efficiency. In this way, the nationalization of the results of policy testifies to the extensive internal review, based on the international standards, that reduce the role of political interference in the results of activity. The role of international organizations in the production of knowledge contributes to expansion of cooperation between all interested parties, which would be based on the results of activity, in terms of simultaneous ensuring standardized interaction and practice on a bilateral basis. This article gives a perspective on capabilities of the centralized, results-oriented production of knowledge and prospects for more extensive international cooperation and accountability of the governments.

Keywords: Transnational Administration, Global Governance, NGO, OECD, Production of Knowledge, International Organizations, Government Performance, Globalization, Performance-oriented, Government Accountability