Review: The subject of this research is the perception by the Catholic Church of the problems of development and establishment of the states in the late XIX – early XX centuries, as well as significant changes in reactionary approach of the Church, inherent to it during the first years after the French Revolution. The object of this research is the Catholic social teaching during the period of pontificate of Leo XIII. The author gives particular attention to the key encyclical “Rerum Novarum”, and underlines that it should not be viewed as the starting point of the Catholic social doctrine, but rather as a crucial state in its development. The main conclusion consists in the fact that the popular in the Western and Russian science approach, which suggests consideration of the pontificate of Leo XIII as the reference point of the Catholic social doctrine, is inherently erroneous. Moreover, the assurance that “Rerum Novarum” and other encyclicals of Leo XIII are the embodiment of the liberal turn of the Catholic Church, is quite far from the truth. Nevertheless, it in no way diminishes the importance of the change of paradigm of perception of democracy and liberalism realized by Leo XIII.

Keywords: Christianity, Leo XIII, Catholic Church, encyclical, democracy, politics, religion, Catholic social doctrine, Rerum Novarum, Human rights

References:
Goryan K.V. Rol' protestantizma v formirovanii sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. 2016. № 6. C. 23-30. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2016.6.18394. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_18394.html
Goryan K.V. Vklad Katolicheskoy Tserkvi v razvitie mezhdunarodnogo prava prav cheloveka // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2016. № 2. C. 47 - 57. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2016.2.18375. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_18375.html
Papa Leo XIII. "Graves de communi re": lettera enciclica di Sua Sanità Leone XIII sulla democrazia Cristiana. ABES, 1945. p. 1.
Mary Anne Perkins. Christendom and European Identity: The Legacy of a Grand Narrative Since 1789. Walter de Gruyter, 2004. p. 66.
Thomas D. Williams. Who is My Neighbor?: Personalism and the Foundations of Human Rights. CUA Press, 2005.
Pope Leo XIII. Libertas Praestantissimum: On Human Liberty. Great papal encyclicals. Angelus Press, 1998.
Bibliya. Knigi svyashchennogo pisaniya vetkhogo i novogo zaveta. M.: Rossiyskoe bibleyskoe obshchestvo, 2006. S. 207-208.
Gabriel R. Ricci. Politics in Theology. Transaction Publishers, 2012. p. 100.
Leo XIII. Rerum Novarum. The Condition of the Working Classes. Aurora Press, 1891.
Anthony G. Percy. Entrepreneurship in the Catholic Tradition. Lexington Books, 2010. p. 93.
Leslie Page Moch. Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650. Indiana University Press, 2003. p. 108.
Pasquale Porro. Thomas Aquinas. CUA Press, 2016. p. 238.
Firer Hinze, C. Catholic social thought and work justice // Theological Studies, 77 (1), 2016. pp. 197-214.
John Courtney Murray, S.J. Leo XIII on Church and State: The General Structure of the Controversy // Theological Studies, 14, 1953. pp. 1–30.
Papa Leo XIII. La "Immortale Dei": la costituzione cristiana degli Stati. SEI, 1929.
Rafferty, O.P. The thomistic revival and the relationship between the Jesuits and the Papacy, 1878-1914 // Theological Studies, 75 (4), 2014. pp. 746-773.
Emiel Lamberts. Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15-18 November 1995. Leuven University Press, 1997. p. 511.
Danilenko D.V. Rol' liberal'nykh tsennostey v sekulyarizatsii // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2016. № 2. C. 1-17. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2016.2.19011. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psen/article_19011.html
Aristov E.V. Bednost' i konstitutsionnye prava cheloveka // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2016. № 1. C. 97-104. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2016.1.16610.

References (transliteration):
Goryan K.V. Rol' protestantizma v formirovanii sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. 2016. № 6. C. 23-30. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2016.6.18394. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_18394.html
Goryan K.V. Vklad Katolicheskoy Tserkvi v razvitie mezhdunarodnogo prava prav cheloveka // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2016. № 2. C. 47 - 57. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2016.2.18375. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_18375.html
Papa Leo XIII. "Graves de communi re": lettera enciclica di Sua Sanità Leone XIII sulla democrazia Cristiana. ABES, 1945. p. 1.
Mary Anne Perkins. Christendom and European Identity: The Legacy of a Grand Narrative Since 1789. Walter de Gruyter, 2004. p. 66.
Thomas D. Williams. Who is My Neighbor?: Personalism and the Foundations of Human Rights. CUA Press, 2005.
Pope Leo XIII. Libertas Praestantissimum: On Human Liberty. Great papal encyclicals. Angelus Press, 1998.
Bibliya. Knigi svyashchennogo pisaniya vetkhogo i novogo zaveta. M.: Rossiyskoe bibleyskoe obshchestvo, 2006. S. 207-208.
Gabriel R. Ricci. Politics in Theology. Transaction Publishers, 2012. p. 100.
Leo XIII. Rerum Novarum. The Condition of the Working Classes. Aurora Press, 1891.
Anthony G. Percy. Entrepreneurship in the Catholic Tradition. Lexington Books, 2010. p. 93.
Leslie Page Moch. Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650. Indiana University Press, 2003. p. 108.
Pasquale Porro. Thomas Aquinas. CUA Press, 2016. p. 238.
Firer Hinze, C. Catholic social thought and work justice // Theological Studies, 77 (1), 2016. pp. 197-214.
John Courtney Murray, S.J. Leo XIII on Church and State: The General Structure of the Controversy // Theological Studies, 14, 1953. pp. 1–30.
Papa Leo XIII. La "Immortale Dei": la costituzione cristiana degli Stati. SEI, 1929.
Rafferty, O.P. The thomistic revival and the relationship between the Jesuits and the Papacy, 1878-1914 // Theological Studies, 75 (4), 2014. pp. 746-773.
Emiel Lamberts. Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15-18 November 1995. Leuven University Press, 1997. p. 511.
Danilenko D.V. Rol' liberal'nykh tsennostey v sekulyarizatsii // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2016. № 2. C. 1-17. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2016.2.19011. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psen/article_19011.html
Aristov E.V. Bednost' i konstitutsionnye prava cheloveka // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2016. № 1. C. 97-104. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2016.1.16610.

Review: Leo Tolstoy is famous not only as a writer, but also as a public figure who has made a significant contribution to the development of original political and legal ideas about the law, the system of public administration, international relations, education and other important spheres of life. The subject of the study includes the analysis of the main state-legal ideas of Tolstoy, as well as his life path associated with direct participation in the political and legal processes. In the context of the protection of human rights, Tolstoy actively represented the interests of Russian Doukhobors who were forced to emigrate in the late XIX and early XX centuries from Russia to Canada. Many of the episodes in Tolstoy's literary works written according to the materials of the real judicial cases, which demonstrated the shortcomings of the justice system and the state legal system as a whole. The most important ideological concept of Tolstoy is pacifism, the rejection of military action in favor of diplomatic and peaceful conflict resolution. Tolstoy paid great attention to the analysis of social structure of the Russian village, customary law of the peasants and their relationship with the public authorities. Political and legal views of Tolstoy have become a unique source of knowledge and approaches to improve the modern model of the Russian legal system, to overcome such issues as the legal nihilism, corruption, and bureaucracy. His literary legacy contains profound philosophical, methodological, and fundamental ideas about the nature of life, purpose of man, the role of religion, civil and state institutions, which could be regarded as “eternal themes”, constantly attracting the interest of many generations in search of true values and constants of life. Analysis of the most important aspects of the topic were based on historical, formal-legal, comparative legal methods of scientific research.

Keywords: state and legal views, Doukhobors, pacifism, human rights protection, human rights, Tolstoy studies, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, antistatesman, people, judicial reform

References:
Zweig S. The Living Thought of Tolstoy. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, 1963. P. 124.
Tolstoy L.N. On Life and Essays on Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934. P. 270.
Tolstoy L.N. War and Peace. Reissue. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 2014. P. 1024.
Toland K. Path of Life: Lev Tolstoy’s Prescriptive Spiritual Diaries // Tolstoy Studies Journal. Vol. XXIV. P. 15-26.
Paperno I. “Who, What Am I?”: Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self. Ithaka, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. P. 288.
Pinel C. Leo Tolstoy: Author and Anarchist // Social Standard. 1987. № 993, May.
Schonle A. Tolstoy’s Critique of Modernity in War and Peace // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 42-52.
Kokobodo A. Estranged and Degraded Worlds: the Grotesque Aesthetics of Tolstoy’s Resurrection. Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2012. V. XXIV. P. 1-15.
Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Collection / Ed. with Introduction and Notes by B. Srinivasa Murthy. Foreword by Virginia Hartt Ringer. Long Beach, CA: Long Beach Publications, 1987. P. 81.
Irwin W. Death by Inauthenticity: Heidegger’s Debt to Ivan Il’ich’s Fall // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 15-22.
Gustafson R.F. Introduction. L.N. Tolstoy. Resurrection. Reissue. Translated by Louise Maude with an Introduction and Notes by Richard F. Gustafson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. Viii-x.
Hooper C. Vladimir Solov’ev and Lev Tolstoy on Eros and Ego // Russian Review. 2001. № 60.3yu P. 360-380.
Fraiman-Morris S. Stefan Zweig’s “Untergang eines Herzens” a Version of Tolstoy’s “The Death of Ivan Iliych”. Conditio Judaica. 62. Studien und Quellen zur Deutsch-Judischen Literatur und Kulturgeschichte. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2007. P. 107-115.
Draganov A. Socratic and Kantian Ideas in Virtue in Anna Karenina // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 52-56.
Donskov A. Leo Tolstoy and the Canadian Doukhobors: A Historic Relationship. Ottawa: Centre for Research on Canadian-Russian Relations, Carleton University, 2005. P. 473.
Tolstoy L. N. Put' zhizni. M.: Respublika, 1993. 431 s.
Alston C. Tostoy’s Guiding Light // History Today. № 60. 2010.
Davis R.H. A Report on the Third Seminar on Tolstoy and America // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 1989. Vol. 2. P. 109-113.
Tarasov Andrey Borisovich. Pravedniki i pravednichestvo v pozdnem tvorchestve L.N. Tolstogo : dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. M., 1998 203 s.
Ocherki istorii Sankt-Peterburgskoy eparkhii. SPb.: Andreev i synov'ya, 1994. 318 s.
Sukhotina-Tolstaya T. L. Vospominaniya. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1980. 528 s.
Sushkova Yu.N. Pod nebom Kanady. Saransk: Izd-vo Mordov. Un-ta, 2013. S. 242.
Orekhanov, Yu. L. L. N. Tolstoy i V. G. Chertkov. K istorii zaveshchaniya pisatelya. M.: Izd-vo NOU VPO «PSTGU», 2009. 192 s.
Orekhanov Yu.L. Istoriko-kul'turnyy kontekst dikhotomii «Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov'. L. N. Tolstoy»: avtoreferat dis. ... doktora istoricheskikh nauk / FGBOU VPO «Yaroslavskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy universitet im. K.D. Ushinskogo». Yaroslavl', 2012. 47 s.
Orekhanov Yu.L. Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' i L.N. Tolstoy: konflikt glazami sovremennykh mysliteley. M.: Izd-vo NOU VPO “PSTGU”, 2010. 696 s.
O religii L'va Tolstogo. Sobranie sochineniy. M.: Put'. 248 s.
Luchenetskaya-Burdina I.Yu. Proza L. N. Tolstogo v literaturnom kontekste 1870-1890-kh gg.: diss. ... doktora filologicheskikh nauk. M., 2002. 365 s.
Lev Tolstoy: Polnoe sobranie sochineniy. Ser. 1. “Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniya”. T. 38. 1909-1910. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1936. 619 s. // http://tolstoy.ru/creativity/90-volume-collection-of-the-works/
Tolstoy L.N. Sobranie sochineniy v 22 tomakh. T. 18. Pis'ma. 146. A.A. Tolstoy. 1861. Avgust. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1984. 899 s.
Lomunov K.N. Lev Tolstoy o romane “Voskresenie”. M., 1991. S. 8-12.
L.N. Tolstoy: pro et contra: Lichnost' i tvorchestvo L'va Tolstogo v otsenke russkikh mysliteley i issledovateley. Antologiya. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo Russkogo Pravoslavnogo Khristianskogo Instituta, 2000. 984 s.
L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 1. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. 621 s.
L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 2. M., Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. 671 s.
Kuprits N.Ya. Kritika tsarizma i ego gosudarstvennogo apparata v proizvedeniyakh L'va Tolstogo // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1978. № 6. S. 97-105.
Koni A.F. Vospominaniya o pisatelyakh. M.: Pravda, 1989. 656 s.
Koni A.F. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy // L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 2. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. S. 173-196.
Emel'yanova I.A. Lev Tolstoy na yuridicheskom fakul'tete Kazanskogo universiteta // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1979. № 11. S. 20-22.
Zhurina O. V. Roman “Voskresenie” v kontekste tvorchestva pozdnego L. N. Tolstogo: model' mira i ee voploshchenie: avtoreferata dis. … kand. filol. nauk / Karel'skiy Gosudarstvennyy Pedagogicheskiy Universitet. Petrozavodsk, 2002. 94 s.
Gusev N.N. L.N. Tolstoy v 1863-1869. Ch. 12. 1855-1869, 1957. T. 14. M., 1935.
Gulin A. V. Lev Tolstoy i dorogi russkoy istorii. M.: IMLIRAN, 2004. 254 s.
Gulin A. V. L.N. Tolstoy: dukhovnyy ideal i khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo :1850-1870-e gody: avtoreferat dis. … doktora filologicheskikh nauk v forme nauch. doklada / Institut literatury im. m. Gor'kogo RAN. M., 2004. 64 s.
Grafskiy V. G., Zolotukhina N. M., Mamut L. S., Nersesyants V. S., Syukiyaynen R.L. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. M.: Norma-Infra-M, 2001. S. 736.
Glushchenko S.S. Sotsial'no-pedagogicheskie vozzreniya L.N. Tolstogo : avtoref. dis. ... kand. pedagogich. nauk / In-t sots.-ped. problem sel'skoy shkoly RAO M., 2004 20 c.
Galagan G.Ya. L.N. Tolstoy. Khudozhestvenno-eticheskie iskaniya. Dissertatsiya na soisk. uch. st. d. fil. nauk. L., 1984. 373 s.
Bagautdinov F.N. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Muzy i pravo. Kazan': Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2010. S. 13-26.

References (transliteration):
Zweig S. The Living Thought of Tolstoy. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, 1963. P. 124.
Tolstoy L.N. On Life and Essays on Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934. P. 270.
Tolstoy L.N. War and Peace. Reissue. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 2014. P. 1024.
Toland K. Path of Life: Lev Tolstoy’s Prescriptive Spiritual Diaries // Tolstoy Studies Journal. Vol. XXIV. P. 15-26.
Paperno I. “Who, What Am I?”: Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self. Ithaka, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. P. 288.
Pinel C. Leo Tolstoy: Author and Anarchist // Social Standard. 1987. № 993, May.
Schonle A. Tolstoy’s Critique of Modernity in War and Peace // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 42-52.
Kokobodo A. Estranged and Degraded Worlds: the Grotesque Aesthetics of Tolstoy’s Resurrection. Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2012. V. XXIV. P. 1-15.
Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Collection / Ed. with Introduction and Notes by B. Srinivasa Murthy. Foreword by Virginia Hartt Ringer. Long Beach, CA: Long Beach Publications, 1987. P. 81.
Irwin W. Death by Inauthenticity: Heidegger’s Debt to Ivan Il’ich’s Fall // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 15-22.
Gustafson R.F. Introduction. L.N. Tolstoy. Resurrection. Reissue. Translated by Louise Maude with an Introduction and Notes by Richard F. Gustafson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. P. Viii-x.
Hooper C. Vladimir Solov’ev and Lev Tolstoy on Eros and Ego // Russian Review. 2001. № 60.3yu P. 360-380.
Fraiman-Morris S. Stefan Zweig’s “Untergang eines Herzens” a Version of Tolstoy’s “The Death of Ivan Iliych”. Conditio Judaica. 62. Studien und Quellen zur Deutsch-Judischen Literatur und Kulturgeschichte. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2007. P. 107-115.
Draganov A. Socratic and Kantian Ideas in Virtue in Anna Karenina // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 2013. Vol. XXV. P. 52-56.
Donskov A. Leo Tolstoy and the Canadian Doukhobors: A Historic Relationship. Ottawa: Centre for Research on Canadian-Russian Relations, Carleton University, 2005. P. 473.
Tolstoy L. N. Put' zhizni. M.: Respublika, 1993. 431 s.
Alston C. Tostoy’s Guiding Light // History Today. № 60. 2010.
Davis R.H. A Report on the Third Seminar on Tolstoy and America // Tolstoy Studies Journal. 1989. Vol. 2. P. 109-113.
Tarasov Andrey Borisovich. Pravedniki i pravednichestvo v pozdnem tvorchestve L.N. Tolstogo : dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. M., 1998 203 s.
Ocherki istorii Sankt-Peterburgskoy eparkhii. SPb.: Andreev i synov'ya, 1994. 318 s.
Sukhotina-Tolstaya T. L. Vospominaniya. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1980. 528 s.
Sushkova Yu.N. Pod nebom Kanady. Saransk: Izd-vo Mordov. Un-ta, 2013. S. 242.
Orekhanov, Yu. L. L. N. Tolstoy i V. G. Chertkov. K istorii zaveshchaniya pisatelya. M.: Izd-vo NOU VPO «PSTGU», 2009. 192 s.
Orekhanov Yu.L. Istoriko-kul'turnyy kontekst dikhotomii «Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov'. L. N. Tolstoy»: avtoreferat dis. ... doktora istoricheskikh nauk / FGBOU VPO «Yaroslavskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy universitet im. K.D. Ushinskogo». Yaroslavl', 2012. 47 s.
Orekhanov Yu.L. Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' i L.N. Tolstoy: konflikt glazami sovremennykh mysliteley. M.: Izd-vo NOU VPO “PSTGU”, 2010. 696 s.
O religii L'va Tolstogo. Sobranie sochineniy. M.: Put'. 248 s.
Luchenetskaya-Burdina I.Yu. Proza L. N. Tolstogo v literaturnom kontekste 1870-1890-kh gg.: diss. ... doktora filologicheskikh nauk. M., 2002. 365 s.
Lev Tolstoy: Polnoe sobranie sochineniy. Ser. 1. “Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniya”. T. 38. 1909-1910. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1936. 619 s. // http://tolstoy.ru/creativity/90-volume-collection-of-the-works/
Tolstoy L.N. Sobranie sochineniy v 22 tomakh. T. 18. Pis'ma. 146. A.A. Tolstoy. 1861. Avgust. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1984. 899 s.
Lomunov K.N. Lev Tolstoy o romane “Voskresenie”. M., 1991. S. 8-12.
L.N. Tolstoy: pro et contra: Lichnost' i tvorchestvo L'va Tolstogo v otsenke russkikh mysliteley i issledovateley. Antologiya. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo Russkogo Pravoslavnogo Khristianskogo Instituta, 2000. 984 s.
L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 1. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. 621 s.
L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 2. M., Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. 671 s.
Kuprits N.Ya. Kritika tsarizma i ego gosudarstvennogo apparata v proizvedeniyakh L'va Tolstogo // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1978. № 6. S. 97-105.
Koni A.F. Vospominaniya o pisatelyakh. M.: Pravda, 1989. 656 s.
Koni A.F. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy // L.N. Tolstoy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov. V 2-kh t. T. 2. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1978. S. 173-196.
Emel'yanova I.A. Lev Tolstoy na yuridicheskom fakul'tete Kazanskogo universiteta // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1979. № 11. S. 20-22.
Zhurina O. V. Roman “Voskresenie” v kontekste tvorchestva pozdnego L. N. Tolstogo: model' mira i ee voploshchenie: avtoreferata dis. … kand. filol. nauk / Karel'skiy Gosudarstvennyy Pedagogicheskiy Universitet. Petrozavodsk, 2002. 94 s.
Gusev N.N. L.N. Tolstoy v 1863-1869. Ch. 12. 1855-1869, 1957. T. 14. M., 1935.
Gulin A. V. Lev Tolstoy i dorogi russkoy istorii. M.: IMLIRAN, 2004. 254 s.
Gulin A. V. L.N. Tolstoy: dukhovnyy ideal i khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo :1850-1870-e gody: avtoreferat dis. … doktora filologicheskikh nauk v forme nauch. doklada / Institut literatury im. m. Gor'kogo RAN. M., 2004. 64 s.
Grafskiy V. G., Zolotukhina N. M., Mamut L. S., Nersesyants V. S., Syukiyaynen R.L. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. M.: Norma-Infra-M, 2001. S. 736.
Glushchenko S.S. Sotsial'no-pedagogicheskie vozzreniya L.N. Tolstogo : avtoref. dis. ... kand. pedagogich. nauk / In-t sots.-ped. problem sel'skoy shkoly RAO M., 2004 20 c.
Galagan G.Ya. L.N. Tolstoy. Khudozhestvenno-eticheskie iskaniya. Dissertatsiya na soisk. uch. st. d. fil. nauk. L., 1984. 373 s.
Bagautdinov F.N. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Muzy i pravo. Kazan': Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2010. S. 13-26.

Review: The subject of this research is the views of the ideologists of the Third Reich such as Hitler, Rosenberg, Himmler, Goebbels, and Ganzer regarding unification of Europe. A claim is made that at the basis of the views of Nazi ideologists lied the socio-Darwinistic understanding of human development as a constant struggle for existence of individuals, as well as nations and states, where the winner, and thus the one who has the right to live, is the fittest. The author substantiates that Nazi ideologists rejected the equality of men, nations, and states, and even the very possibility of their harmonious coexistence. The conducted researched allowed making the following conclusions: 1) the political law views of the ideologists of the third Reich regarding unification of Europe are characterized by the rather aggressive form of national self-establishment, based on the idea of national exceptionality and supremacy; 2) these views rejected humanism and value of human individuality; 3) they rejected equality of people and various nations, and thus the equality of states; 4) they led to the “annihilation war” and put existence of humanity at risk.

Keywords: Unification of Europe, Ganzer, Himmler, Goebbels, Rosenberg, fascism, Hitler, Germany, Kant, World War II

References:
Kembayev Z. Evolution of the Idea of a United Europe: Some Legal Conclusions // Journal of Philosophy of International Law. 2013. No. 2. P. 14-27.
Gruchmann L. Nationalsozialistische Großraumordnung: Die Konstruktion einer “deutschen Monroe-Doktrin”. Stuttgart, 1962.
Goebbels J. Das kommende Europa. Rede an die tschechischen Kulturschaffenden und Journalisten // Goebbels J. Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1939/40/41. München, 1941.
Giordano R. Wenn Hitler den Krieg gewonnen hätte: Die Pläne der Nazis nach dem Endsieg. Hamburg: Rasch und Röhring, 1989.
Ganzer K.R. Das Reich als europäische Ordnungsmacht // Die Idee Europa 1300-1946 / Hrsg. R.H. Foerster. München, 1963. S. 247-248.
Die Idee Europa 1300-1946 / Hrsg. R.H. Foerster. München: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, 1963.
Beevor A. Stalingrad. München: Goldmann Verlag, 2001.
Deissler H., Krieger H. Grundzüge der Geschichte: von 1890 bis zur Gegenwart. Frankfurt/Main: Verlag Moritz Diesterweg, 1977.
Adolf Hitler Rede vor dem Großdeutschen Reichstag vom 11. Dezember 1941 // URL: http:// www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Hitler%20Speeches/Hitler%20Rede%201941.12.11.htm.
Shtol' V.V. Ideologicheskie korni i praktika fashizma // Nauchno-analiticheskiy zhurnal Obozrevatel'-Observer. 2010. № 9. S. 44-65.
Shmitt K. Nomos Zemli v prave narodov jus publicum europaeum. SPb., 2008.
Tomsinov V.A. Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna (1941–1945): Chto eto bylo? // Vestn. Mosk. un-ta. Ser. 11. Pravo. 2010. № 3. C. 16-34.
Sbornik dokumentov po mezhdunarodnoy politike i mezhdunarodnomu pravu. Vyp. 6. M., 1934.
Prigovor Mezhdunarodnogo voennogo tribunala // Nyurnbergskiy protsess: Sb. mat-lov: V 8 t. T. 8. M., 1999.
Mamut L.S. Politiko-pravovaya ideologiya germanskogo natsional-sotsializma // Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy XX v. / Red. V.S. Nersesyants. M., 1995. S. 176.
Kembaev Zh.M. Politiko-pravovaya istoriya idei edinoy Evropy. Almaty-Astana, 2012.
Kembaev Zh.M. Pravovye aspekty evolyutsii idei edinoy Evropy // Pravo i politika. 2011. № 10. S. 1713-1732.
Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «Soedinennykh Shtatov Evropy» v politiko-pravovykh vzglyadakh V.I. Lenina i L.D. Trotskogo // Pravo i politika. 2011. № 9. S. 1551-1557.
Kembaev Zh.M. Plan postroeniya Evropeyskoy konfederatsii Ioganna Kaspara Blyunchli // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2011. № 2. S. 78-93.
Kembaev Zh.M. Proekt ob'edineniya gosudarstv Evropy i mira L.A. Kamarovskogo // Zhurnal Rossiyskogo prava. 2011. № 1. S. 102-109.
Kembaev Zh.M. Politiko-pravovaya kontseptsiya «Pan-Evropy» R. Kudenkhove-Kalergi kak odna iz vazhneyshikh stadiy v stanovlenii idei Evropeyskogo edinstva // Sovremennoe pravo. 2010. № 12. C. 145-150.
Kembaev Zh.M. Federalistskie idei M.A. Bakunina otnositel'no ob'edineniya narodov Evropy i vsego mira // Pravo i politika. 2010. № 11. S. 2016-2025.
Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «federalizma svobodnykh gosudarstv» Immanuila Kanta kak vazhneyshaya vekha v razvitii pravovoy teorii mezhgosudarstvennoy integratsii // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2009. № 6. S. 103-112.
Bezymenskiy L.A. Gitler i Stalin pered skhvatkoy. M., 2000 // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/research/ bezymensky3/29.html.
Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Soch. v 6 t. T. 6. M., 1966.
Kluke P. Nationalsozialistische Europa-Ideologie // Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 1955. Nr. 3. S. 260.
Rosenberg A. Krisis und Neubau Europas. Berlin, 1934.
Rosenberg A. Neugeburt Europas als werdende Geschichte. Halle/Saale, 1939.
Scholz D. Europa. Herkunft und Gegenwart. Berlin, 2008.
Sinitsyn F.L. Plany germanskikh natsistov v otnoshenii narodov SSSR (1925–1941) // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 4. - C. 566 - 575. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.4.11808.

References (transliteration):
Kembayev Z. Evolution of the Idea of a United Europe: Some Legal Conclusions // Journal of Philosophy of International Law. 2013. No. 2. P. 14-27.
Gruchmann L. Nationalsozialistische Großraumordnung: Die Konstruktion einer “deutschen Monroe-Doktrin”. Stuttgart, 1962.
Goebbels J. Das kommende Europa. Rede an die tschechischen Kulturschaffenden und Journalisten // Goebbels J. Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1939/40/41. München, 1941.
Giordano R. Wenn Hitler den Krieg gewonnen hätte: Die Pläne der Nazis nach dem Endsieg. Hamburg: Rasch und Röhring, 1989.
Ganzer K.R. Das Reich als europäische Ordnungsmacht // Die Idee Europa 1300-1946 / Hrsg. R.H. Foerster. München, 1963. S. 247-248.
Die Idee Europa 1300-1946 / Hrsg. R.H. Foerster. München: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, 1963.
Beevor A. Stalingrad. München: Goldmann Verlag, 2001.
Deissler H., Krieger H. Grundzüge der Geschichte: von 1890 bis zur Gegenwart. Frankfurt/Main: Verlag Moritz Diesterweg, 1977.
Adolf Hitler Rede vor dem Großdeutschen Reichstag vom 11. Dezember 1941 // URL: http:// www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Hitler%20Speeches/Hitler%20Rede%201941.12.11.htm.
Shtol' V.V. Ideologicheskie korni i praktika fashizma // Nauchno-analiticheskiy zhurnal Obozrevatel'-Observer. 2010. № 9. S. 44-65.
Shmitt K. Nomos Zemli v prave narodov jus publicum europaeum. SPb., 2008.
Tomsinov V.A. Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna (1941–1945): Chto eto bylo? // Vestn. Mosk. un-ta. Ser. 11. Pravo. 2010. № 3. C. 16-34.
Sbornik dokumentov po mezhdunarodnoy politike i mezhdunarodnomu pravu. Vyp. 6. M., 1934.
Prigovor Mezhdunarodnogo voennogo tribunala // Nyurnbergskiy protsess: Sb. mat-lov: V 8 t. T. 8. M., 1999.
Mamut L.S. Politiko-pravovaya ideologiya germanskogo natsional-sotsializma // Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy XX v. / Red. V.S. Nersesyants. M., 1995. S. 176.
Kembaev Zh.M. Politiko-pravovaya istoriya idei edinoy Evropy. Almaty-Astana, 2012.
Kembaev Zh.M. Pravovye aspekty evolyutsii idei edinoy Evropy // Pravo i politika. 2011. № 10. S. 1713-1732.
Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «Soedinennykh Shtatov Evropy» v politiko-pravovykh vzglyadakh V.I. Lenina i L.D. Trotskogo // Pravo i politika. 2011. № 9. S. 1551-1557.
Kembaev Zh.M. Plan postroeniya Evropeyskoy konfederatsii Ioganna Kaspara Blyunchli // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2011. № 2. S. 78-93.
Kembaev Zh.M. Proekt ob'edineniya gosudarstv Evropy i mira L.A. Kamarovskogo // Zhurnal Rossiyskogo prava. 2011. № 1. S. 102-109.
Kembaev Zh.M. Politiko-pravovaya kontseptsiya «Pan-Evropy» R. Kudenkhove-Kalergi kak odna iz vazhneyshikh stadiy v stanovlenii idei Evropeyskogo edinstva // Sovremennoe pravo. 2010. № 12. C. 145-150.
Kembaev Zh.M. Federalistskie idei M.A. Bakunina otnositel'no ob'edineniya narodov Evropy i vsego mira // Pravo i politika. 2010. № 11. S. 2016-2025.
Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «federalizma svobodnykh gosudarstv» Immanuila Kanta kak vazhneyshaya vekha v razvitii pravovoy teorii mezhgosudarstvennoy integratsii // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2009. № 6. S. 103-112.
Bezymenskiy L.A. Gitler i Stalin pered skhvatkoy. M., 2000 // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/research/ bezymensky3/29.html.
Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Soch. v 6 t. T. 6. M., 1966.
Kluke P. Nationalsozialistische Europa-Ideologie // Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 1955. Nr. 3. S. 260.
Rosenberg A. Krisis und Neubau Europas. Berlin, 1934.
Rosenberg A. Neugeburt Europas als werdende Geschichte. Halle/Saale, 1939.
Scholz D. Europa. Herkunft und Gegenwart. Berlin, 2008.
Sinitsyn F.L. Plany germanskikh natsistov v otnoshenii narodov SSSR (1925–1941) // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 4. - C. 566 - 575. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.4.11808.

Review: This article is dedicated to the juridical meaning of the category of “legal reality”, introduced into the scientific use within the framework of post-classical juridical science. The goal of this work is to study the “legal reality” as a category of juridical science, determine and analyze the ontological and gnoseological meaning of this concept, which defines the bases for functionality of the legal phenomena in a specific society. The legal reality is being examined from the positions of various methodological approaches, which allows seeing it not only on different ontological levels and aspects, but to also determine its gnoseological potential for development of juridical science. The author gives an original definition to the category of “legal reality” and original definition is given to the category of “legal reality”. The author studies the key element and aspects of this category, and makes a conclusion that the legal reality as a fundamental category of juridical science is a complexly organized multi-level system, which encompasses both, the realistically existing legal phenomena, as well as the legal ideal, and defines the sphere of being of the law for the individual and society.

Keywords: Anthropological legal research, Juridical science, Methodological pluralism, Post-classical scientific reality, Post-modernistic legal concepts, Legal phenomenon, Legal science , Being of law, Category of juridical science, Legal reality

References:
Campos A.S. Aquinas's lex iniusta non est lex: a Test of Legal Validity // Source: Archiv fuer Rechts-und Sozialphilosphie. – 2014. – Vol. 100. – # 3. – P. 366-378(13). – URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fsv/arsp/2014/00000100/00000003/art00006.
Sherwin R.K. The Narrative Construction of Legal Reality // Journal of the Association of Legal Writing Directors. – 2009. – Vol. 6. – P. 93-94.
Tyler J. A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity. Dissertation.-Texas A7M University (2012) URL: http://philpapers.org/rec/TYLAPS.
Van Hoeske M. Law as Communication.-Oxford-Portland Oregon, 2002.
Barsukov A.Yu. Pravovoy progress kak yuridicheskaya kategoriya: Avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk.-Saratov: Saratov, gosud. akad. prava, 2004.
Bol'shakov E.V. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie osnovy issledovaniya problemy pravovoy real'nosti // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki.-Tambov: Gramota, 2013.-№ 6 (32).-Ch. 2.-C.40-43.
Demidov A.I. Pravovedenie: ot metodologicheskogo anarkhizma k metodologicheskomu plyuralizmu // Gosudarstvo i pravo na rubezhe vekov: Problemy teorii i istorii (materialy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii). – M.: Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 2001. – S. 125-130.
Krasnov A.V. Soderzhanie sanktsiy norm prava v kontekste printsipa uvazheniya prav cheloveka // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. – 2014. – № 3. – S. 164-169.
Krasnov A.V. Soderzhanie sanktsiy norm prava v svete informatsionno-psikhologicheskogo podkhoda k issledovaniyu pravovykh yavleniy // Aktual'nye problemy ekonomiki i prava. – 2013. – № 4. – S. 226-233
Kret O.V. Pravovaya real'nost': ontologo-gnosseologicheskiy analiz. Avtoref. diss. … kand. filos. nauk. Tambov: Tambov. gosud. un-t, 2007..
Maksimov S.I. Pravovaya real'nost': opyt filosofskogo osmysleniya. – Khar'kov: Pravo, 2002.
Polyakov A.V. Kommunikativnaya kontseptsiya prava (genezis i teoretiko-pravovoe obosnovanie). Diss… dokt. yurid. nauk. – SPb.: SPbGU, 2002.
Skorobogatov A.V. Integral'nyy kharakter sovremennogo rossiyskogo pravoponimaniya // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-№ 3.-S.1-11. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.3.11127. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_11127.html
Skorobogatov A.V. Kontsept «pravo» v rossiyskom yuridicheskom diskurse // Aktual'nye problemy ekonomiki i prava. – 2013.-№ 4(28). – S. 233 – 240.
Skorobogatov A.V. Faktory formirovaniya pravovoy real'nosti Rossii // Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava. – 2014.-№ 8.-S. 1572 – 1576.
Slobodnyuk S.L. Pravovaya real'nost' i krizis pravosoznaniya. – Saarbrücken, Deutschland: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.
Syrykh V.M. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki: uchebnik.-M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2012. – S. 38.
Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. – Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Gumanitarnogo un-ta, 2001.
Timofeev A.V. Yuridicheskiy opyt problemy teorii i praktiki: Avtoref. diss. … kand. yurid. nauk. – Yaroslavl': Yaroslav. gosud. un-t, 2008.
Gulyaikhin V.N. K voprosu o metodologii dissertatsionnykh rabot v yuridicheskoy nauke // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2012. - 1. - C. 92 - 106. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_10.html
A. V. Stovba A. RAYNAKh I N.N. ALEKSEEV:U ISTOKOV FENOMENOLOGII PRAVA // Pravo i politika. - 2012. - 2. - C. 371 - 376.

References (transliteration):
Campos A.S. Aquinas's lex iniusta non est lex: a Test of Legal Validity // Source: Archiv fuer Rechts-und Sozialphilosphie. – 2014. – Vol. 100. – # 3. – P. 366-378(13). – URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fsv/arsp/2014/00000100/00000003/art00006.
Sherwin R.K. The Narrative Construction of Legal Reality // Journal of the Association of Legal Writing Directors. – 2009. – Vol. 6. – P. 93-94.
Tyler J. A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity. Dissertation.-Texas A7M University (2012) URL: http://philpapers.org/rec/TYLAPS.
Van Hoeske M. Law as Communication.-Oxford-Portland Oregon, 2002.
Barsukov A.Yu. Pravovoy progress kak yuridicheskaya kategoriya: Avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk.-Saratov: Saratov, gosud. akad. prava, 2004.
Bol'shakov E.V. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie osnovy issledovaniya problemy pravovoy real'nosti // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki.-Tambov: Gramota, 2013.-№ 6 (32).-Ch. 2.-C.40-43.
Demidov A.I. Pravovedenie: ot metodologicheskogo anarkhizma k metodologicheskomu plyuralizmu // Gosudarstvo i pravo na rubezhe vekov: Problemy teorii i istorii (materialy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii). – M.: Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 2001. – S. 125-130.
Krasnov A.V. Soderzhanie sanktsiy norm prava v kontekste printsipa uvazheniya prav cheloveka // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. – 2014. – № 3. – S. 164-169.
Krasnov A.V. Soderzhanie sanktsiy norm prava v svete informatsionno-psikhologicheskogo podkhoda k issledovaniyu pravovykh yavleniy // Aktual'nye problemy ekonomiki i prava. – 2013. – № 4. – S. 226-233
Kret O.V. Pravovaya real'nost': ontologo-gnosseologicheskiy analiz. Avtoref. diss. … kand. filos. nauk. Tambov: Tambov. gosud. un-t, 2007..
Maksimov S.I. Pravovaya real'nost': opyt filosofskogo osmysleniya. – Khar'kov: Pravo, 2002.
Polyakov A.V. Kommunikativnaya kontseptsiya prava (genezis i teoretiko-pravovoe obosnovanie). Diss… dokt. yurid. nauk. – SPb.: SPbGU, 2002.
Skorobogatov A.V. Integral'nyy kharakter sovremennogo rossiyskogo pravoponimaniya // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-№ 3.-S.1-11. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.3.11127. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_11127.html
Skorobogatov A.V. Kontsept «pravo» v rossiyskom yuridicheskom diskurse // Aktual'nye problemy ekonomiki i prava. – 2013.-№ 4(28). – S. 233 – 240.
Skorobogatov A.V. Faktory formirovaniya pravovoy real'nosti Rossii // Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava. – 2014.-№ 8.-S. 1572 – 1576.
Slobodnyuk S.L. Pravovaya real'nost' i krizis pravosoznaniya. – Saarbrücken, Deutschland: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.
Syrykh V.M. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki: uchebnik.-M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2012. – S. 38.
Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. – Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Gumanitarnogo un-ta, 2001.
Timofeev A.V. Yuridicheskiy opyt problemy teorii i praktiki: Avtoref. diss. … kand. yurid. nauk. – Yaroslavl': Yaroslav. gosud. un-t, 2008.
Gulyaikhin V.N. K voprosu o metodologii dissertatsionnykh rabot v yuridicheskoy nauke // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2012. - 1. - C. 92 - 106. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_10.html
A. V. Stovba A. RAYNAKh I N.N. ALEKSEEV:U ISTOKOV FENOMENOLOGII PRAVA // Pravo i politika. - 2012. - 2. - C. 371 - 376.

Review: The object of this research is the basic category of legal science that is the “source of law”. The subject of this research is the main approaches devised by the historical and juridical sciences towards the concept of “source of law”. The author demonstrates that unlike in historical sciences, where the concept of “source of law” was examined only as a private case of the concept of “primary source”, in the legal science as a whole and law history in particular this is one of the fundamental categories. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research are the theses that the content of the definition of the “source of law” is influenced by the specific historical context, starting with the dominating legal tradition and ending with the value system that have been entrenched in the public consciousness of a specific era. The desire to move away from ambiguity of the concept of “source of law” led to emergence of new terms: “form of law”, “normative factor”, “monument of law”, and others.

Keywords: normative act, form of law, source of Russian law, legislation, law, historic Landmark, customary law, source of law, legal practices, legal system

References:
Shershenevich G.F. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Vyp. 2. – M.: Izdanie brat'ev Bashmakovykh, 1910.
Trofimov Ya.V., Krasnov S.Yu. Ponyatie «obychnoe pravo»: sovremennye tendentsii, perspektivy razvitiya v tsivilisticheskoy i drugikh yuridicheskikh naukakh // Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 5: Yurisprudentsiya. – 2011. – № 2. – S. 136-144.
Taranovskiy F.V. Uchebnik entsiklopedii prava. – SPb.: Tipografiya K. Mattisena, 1917.
Taranovskiy F.V. Predmet i zadacha tak nazyvaemoy vneshney istorii prava // Zapiski russkogo nauchnogo instituta v Belgrade. Vypusk 1. Belgrad, 1930.
Pushkarev L.N. Klassifikatsiya russkikh pis'mennykh istochnikov po otechestvennoy istorii. — M.: Nauka, 1975.
Sergeevich V.I. Lektsii i issledovaniya po drevney istorii russkogo prava. – SPb.: Tipografiya M.M. Stasyulevicha, 1910.
Petrazhitskiy L.I. Teoriya prava i gosudarstva v svyazi s teoriey nravstvennosti. T. II. – SPb.: Tipografiya M. Merkusheva, 1910.
Nevolin K.A. Entsiklopediya zakonovedeniya. T.2. – Kiev: Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1840.
Moroshkin F. Uchenye trudy po chasti istorii russkogo zakonodatel'stva. – M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1835.
Leontovich F.I. Istoriya russkogo prava. – Odessa: Gorodskaya tipografiya sodruzhestva Aleksomati, 1869.
Mikhaylenko N. M. Pravovoy obychay v sisteme istochnikov prava: Opyt kompleksnogo issledovaniya na primere pravovoy traditsii narodov Severnogo Kavkaza: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. – Krasnodar., 2010.
Korkunov N.M. Obshchee uchenie o prave. – SPb.: Tipografiya M.M. Stasyulevicha, 1908.
Zagoskin N.P. Istoriya prava russkogo naroda. T. 1. – Kazan': Tipo-litografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta, 1899.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Istochnikovedenie. Istochniki russkoy istorii // Soch.: V 9-ti t. – M., 1989. – T. VII.
Vladimirskiy-Budanov M.F. Obzor istorii russkogo prava. – SPb.-Kiev: Izdanie knigotorgovtsa N.Ya. Oglobina, 1905.
Belik V.N., Romanov I.B. Istoriko-teoreticheskie osobennosti vospriyatiya pravovogo obychaya v kachestve istochnika prava v Rossii // Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. – 2014. – № 5. – S. 91-105.
Yasinskiy M.N. Lektsii po vneshney istorii russkogo prava. – Kiev: Tipografiya imperatorskogo universiteta, 1898.
Golikov A. G. Ob'ektivnoe i sub'ektivnoe v istoricheskom poznanii s pozitsiy istochnikovedeniya // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2012.-3.-C. 24-28.

References (transliteration):
Shershenevich G.F. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Vyp. 2. – M.: Izdanie brat'ev Bashmakovykh, 1910.
Trofimov Ya.V., Krasnov S.Yu. Ponyatie «obychnoe pravo»: sovremennye tendentsii, perspektivy razvitiya v tsivilisticheskoy i drugikh yuridicheskikh naukakh // Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 5: Yurisprudentsiya. – 2011. – № 2. – S. 136-144.
Taranovskiy F.V. Uchebnik entsiklopedii prava. – SPb.: Tipografiya K. Mattisena, 1917.
Taranovskiy F.V. Predmet i zadacha tak nazyvaemoy vneshney istorii prava // Zapiski russkogo nauchnogo instituta v Belgrade. Vypusk 1. Belgrad, 1930.
Pushkarev L.N. Klassifikatsiya russkikh pis'mennykh istochnikov po otechestvennoy istorii. — M.: Nauka, 1975.
Sergeevich V.I. Lektsii i issledovaniya po drevney istorii russkogo prava. – SPb.: Tipografiya M.M. Stasyulevicha, 1910.
Petrazhitskiy L.I. Teoriya prava i gosudarstva v svyazi s teoriey nravstvennosti. T. II. – SPb.: Tipografiya M. Merkusheva, 1910.
Nevolin K.A. Entsiklopediya zakonovedeniya. T.2. – Kiev: Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1840.
Moroshkin F. Uchenye trudy po chasti istorii russkogo zakonodatel'stva. – M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1835.
Leontovich F.I. Istoriya russkogo prava. – Odessa: Gorodskaya tipografiya sodruzhestva Aleksomati, 1869.
Mikhaylenko N. M. Pravovoy obychay v sisteme istochnikov prava: Opyt kompleksnogo issledovaniya na primere pravovoy traditsii narodov Severnogo Kavkaza: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. – Krasnodar., 2010.
Korkunov N.M. Obshchee uchenie o prave. – SPb.: Tipografiya M.M. Stasyulevicha, 1908.
Zagoskin N.P. Istoriya prava russkogo naroda. T. 1. – Kazan': Tipo-litografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta, 1899.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Istochnikovedenie. Istochniki russkoy istorii // Soch.: V 9-ti t. – M., 1989. – T. VII.
Vladimirskiy-Budanov M.F. Obzor istorii russkogo prava. – SPb.-Kiev: Izdanie knigotorgovtsa N.Ya. Oglobina, 1905.
Belik V.N., Romanov I.B. Istoriko-teoreticheskie osobennosti vospriyatiya pravovogo obychaya v kachestve istochnika prava v Rossii // Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. – 2014. – № 5. – S. 91-105.
Yasinskiy M.N. Lektsii po vneshney istorii russkogo prava. – Kiev: Tipografiya imperatorskogo universiteta, 1898.
Golikov A. G. Ob'ektivnoe i sub'ektivnoe v istoricheskom poznanii s pozitsiy istochnikovedeniya // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2012.-3.-C. 24-28.

Review:  The subject of the study is the position of the Catholic Church on the most important aspects of political and economic development of society during the French Revolution, as well as the reaction of the Church to the introduction of a secular constitution in France along with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, as an attempt to subordinate the Church to the secular authorities. The author analyzes the main sources containing the position of the Catholic Church on the secular trend in European countries - the papal encyclicals during the pontificate of Benedict XIV (1740-1758), Clement XIII (1758-1769), Clement XIV (1769-1774) Pius XVI (1775-1799), as well as the sources including the Church’s position on natural law doctrine and the secular source of state power - papal encyclicals during the period of Pius VI pontificate. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the fact that the Catholic Church recognized the majority of human rights and freedoms assigned to individuals as a result of the French Revolution, the strive of the French Assembly to recognize the natural state of a human as a source of these rights and freedoms and attempts to subordinate clergy to secular power, predetermined the reconciliation with the Holy See impossible, even to the extent of concordat with Napoleon.

Keywords: Catholic Church, encyclical, French Revolution, politics, religion, Catholic social doctrine, Pius VI, Christianity, Civil Constitution of Clergy, human rights

References:
Pibaev I.A. Izbranie predstaviteley religioznykh organizatsiy v zakonodatel'nye organy vlasti sub'ektov: teoreticheskiy i istoricheskiy aspekty // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. 2014. № 7. C. 36 - 47. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2014.7.12706. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_12706.html
Engibaryan R.V. Islamskiy vyzov // Pravo i upravlenie. KhKhI vek. 2013. № 2. S. 3-4.
Engibaryan R.V., Krasnov Yu.K. Etnos v sovremennom mire // Pravo i upravlenie. KhKhI vek. 2008. № 2. S. 3-8.
Kasatkin P.I. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' na postsovetskom prostranstve // Regional'nye issledovaniya. 2010. № 2. S. 57-68.
Kasatkin P.I. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' kak aktor sovremennoy mirovoy politiki // Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta. 2010. № 6(15). S. 141-151.
Kasatkin P.I. Rol' russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi v sovremennykh mirovykh politicheskikh protsessakh. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata politicheskikh nauk // Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy institut Mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy. M., 2010. 190 c.
George Wolfgang Forell. The Protestant Faith. Fortress Press, 1975. p. 25.
Brian Sudlow. Catholic Literature and Secularisation in France and England, 1880-1914. Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 125.
Hilaire Belloc. The French Revolution. Williams and Norgate, 1915. p. 220.
Robert A. Kann. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. University of California Press, 1980. p. 240.
John Stephen Bowden. Christianity: The Complete Guide. Continuum. 2005, p. 1043.
Gerald A. McCool. Nineteenth-century Scholasticism: The Search for a Unitary Method. Fordham University Press. 1989, p. 22.
Frank W. Thackeray, John E. Findling. Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror [5 volumes]: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. ABC-CLIO, 2012. p. 97.
Michael Schuck. Early modern roman catholic social thought, 1740-1890. Washington: George Town University Press, 2005. p. 100.
Rita Krueger. Czech, German, and Noble: Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia. Oxford University Press, 2008.

References (transliteration):
Pibaev I.A. Izbranie predstaviteley religioznykh organizatsiy v zakonodatel'nye organy vlasti sub'ektov: teoreticheskiy i istoricheskiy aspekty // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. 2014. № 7. C. 36 - 47. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2014.7.12706. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_12706.html
Engibaryan R.V. Islamskiy vyzov // Pravo i upravlenie. KhKhI vek. 2013. № 2. S. 3-4.
Engibaryan R.V., Krasnov Yu.K. Etnos v sovremennom mire // Pravo i upravlenie. KhKhI vek. 2008. № 2. S. 3-8.
Kasatkin P.I. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' na postsovetskom prostranstve // Regional'nye issledovaniya. 2010. № 2. S. 57-68.
Kasatkin P.I. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' kak aktor sovremennoy mirovoy politiki // Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta. 2010. № 6(15). S. 141-151.
Kasatkin P.I. Rol' russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi v sovremennykh mirovykh politicheskikh protsessakh. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata politicheskikh nauk // Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy institut Mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy. M., 2010. 190 c.
George Wolfgang Forell. The Protestant Faith. Fortress Press, 1975. p. 25.
Brian Sudlow. Catholic Literature and Secularisation in France and England, 1880-1914. Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 125.
Hilaire Belloc. The French Revolution. Williams and Norgate, 1915. p. 220.
Robert A. Kann. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. University of California Press, 1980. p. 240.
John Stephen Bowden. Christianity: The Complete Guide. Continuum. 2005, p. 1043.
Gerald A. McCool. Nineteenth-century Scholasticism: The Search for a Unitary Method. Fordham University Press. 1989, p. 22.
Frank W. Thackeray, John E. Findling. Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror [5 volumes]: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. ABC-CLIO, 2012. p. 97.
Michael Schuck. Early modern roman catholic social thought, 1740-1890. Washington: George Town University Press, 2005. p. 100.
Rita Krueger. Czech, German, and Noble: Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia. Oxford University Press, 2008.

Review: This article analyzes the early publications of Pyotr Tkachev, a prominent representative of the people’s movement, written by him during the 1860’s in the period of “Great Reforms” dedicated to the issues of law. The subject of this research is the regularities of the genesis and evolution of the thinker’s assessment of the potential of the mass peasantry legal awareness. The author substantiates the fact of the gradual evolution of his outlooks upon this issue and highlights the final point of this process, which testifies that he completely reevaluated his earlier positions; an attempt is also made to explain the root causes for such substantial metamorphoses. The main conclusion of this research is the thesis that the revolutionary’s publications dedicated to the participation of the public element in the jury trial greatly differ between those published before and after 1865. In author’s opinion, namely Tkachev’s complete resolution of this issue has served as the foundation for the political doctrine created by him during emigration in the 1870’s, which rejected the active role of the masses in both, the political and social revolution in favor of a small group of ideological revolutionaries.  

Keywords: authority, Pyotr Tkachev, narodniks, judicial reform, legal awareness, magistrates court, jury trial, feudal culture, society, history

References:
Stat'ya Tkacheva "O sovremennykh voprosakh ugolovnogo prava". // GARF f. 95, op. 2, ed. khr. 88. L. 4.
Tkachev P. N. Novye knigi (I. Rennenkampf. Ocherki yuridicheskoy entsiklopedii, A. Gradovskiy. Istoriya mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossii. Glazer. O vliyanii suda na prigovor prisyazhnykh.) // Delo. № 9. 1868. S. 45.
Tkachev P. N. Narod i revolyutsiya. // Soch. v 2 t. – M., 1975. T. 2. S. 168-169.
Tkachev P. N. Dlya nashikh budushchikh prisyazhnykh (Yuridicheskie zametki). // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. № 5. 1865. S. 98-100.
Tkachev P. N. Bibliograficheskiy listok. (Gue-Glunek. O sude prisyazhnykh.— A. Berner. O smertnoy kazni.— K. Mittermayer. Smertnaya kazn' po rezul'tatam nauchnykh issledovaniy, uspekhov zakonodatel'stva i opytov). // Russkoe slovo. № 11. 1865. S. 51-52.
Tkachev P. N. O voznagrazhdenii prisyazhnykh. // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. № 8. 1864. S. 30.
Tkachev P. N. Mirovoy sud po smyslu «Glavnykh osnovaniy dlya proektov grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva i sudoustroystva». // Vremya. № 11. 1862. S. 78.
Tkachev P. N. Nashi budushchie prisyazhnye. Sovremennoe obozrenie. // Vremya. № 4. 1863. S. 105-110.
Tkachev P. N. O mirovykh sud'yakh (Po povodu «Pisem iz derevni» Sumarokova. «Otech. zap.», 1862, № 6). // Vremya. № 7. 1862. S. 90
Opredelenie Senata «O nepriznanii prava za zemskimi sobraniyami naznachat' posobiya prisyazhnym zasedatelyam». 5 sentyabrya 1873 g. // Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy, izdavaemykh pri Pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate. SPb., 1873.– № 92.– St. 1159.
Kachorovskiy K. Narodnoe pravo. – M., 1906 g. S. 16-17.
Il'in I. A. O sushchnosti pravosoznaniya. – M., 1993. S. 40.
Efimenko A. Ya. Issledovaniya narodnoy zhizni, Vyp 1. Obychnoe pravo. – M., 1884. 382 s.
Demichev A. A. Istoriya suda prisyazhnykh v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii (1864-1917 gg.) – M., 2007. S. 128-129.
Bezobrazov V. P. Mysli po povodu mirovoy sudebnoy vlasti. – M., 1866. S. 5.
Gue-Glunek. O sude prisyazhnykh. – SPb., 1865 g. – 360 c.
Foynitskiy I. Ya. Opravdatel'nye resheniya prisyazhnykh zasedateley i mery k ikh sokrashcheniyu. // Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava. № 6. 1879. S. 46.

References (transliteration):
Stat'ya Tkacheva "O sovremennykh voprosakh ugolovnogo prava". // GARF f. 95, op. 2, ed. khr. 88. L. 4.
Tkachev P. N. Novye knigi (I. Rennenkampf. Ocherki yuridicheskoy entsiklopedii, A. Gradovskiy. Istoriya mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossii. Glazer. O vliyanii suda na prigovor prisyazhnykh.) // Delo. № 9. 1868. S. 45.
Tkachev P. N. Narod i revolyutsiya. // Soch. v 2 t. – M., 1975. T. 2. S. 168-169.
Tkachev P. N. Dlya nashikh budushchikh prisyazhnykh (Yuridicheskie zametki). // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. № 5. 1865. S. 98-100.
Tkachev P. N. Bibliograficheskiy listok. (Gue-Glunek. O sude prisyazhnykh.— A. Berner. O smertnoy kazni.— K. Mittermayer. Smertnaya kazn' po rezul'tatam nauchnykh issledovaniy, uspekhov zakonodatel'stva i opytov). // Russkoe slovo. № 11. 1865. S. 51-52.
Tkachev P. N. O voznagrazhdenii prisyazhnykh. // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. № 8. 1864. S. 30.
Tkachev P. N. Mirovoy sud po smyslu «Glavnykh osnovaniy dlya proektov grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva i sudoustroystva». // Vremya. № 11. 1862. S. 78.
Tkachev P. N. Nashi budushchie prisyazhnye. Sovremennoe obozrenie. // Vremya. № 4. 1863. S. 105-110.
Tkachev P. N. O mirovykh sud'yakh (Po povodu «Pisem iz derevni» Sumarokova. «Otech. zap.», 1862, № 6). // Vremya. № 7. 1862. S. 90
Opredelenie Senata «O nepriznanii prava za zemskimi sobraniyami naznachat' posobiya prisyazhnym zasedatelyam». 5 sentyabrya 1873 g. // Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy, izdavaemykh pri Pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate. SPb., 1873.– № 92.– St. 1159.
Kachorovskiy K. Narodnoe pravo. – M., 1906 g. S. 16-17.
Il'in I. A. O sushchnosti pravosoznaniya. – M., 1993. S. 40.
Efimenko A. Ya. Issledovaniya narodnoy zhizni, Vyp 1. Obychnoe pravo. – M., 1884. 382 s.
Demichev A. A. Istoriya suda prisyazhnykh v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii (1864-1917 gg.) – M., 2007. S. 128-129.
Bezobrazov V. P. Mysli po povodu mirovoy sudebnoy vlasti. – M., 1866. S. 5.
Gue-Glunek. O sude prisyazhnykh. – SPb., 1865 g. – 360 c.
Foynitskiy I. Ya. Opravdatel'nye resheniya prisyazhnykh zasedateley i mery k ikh sokrashcheniyu. // Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava. № 6. 1879. S. 46.

Review: This article presents an attempt to re-actualize the concept of “state of nature” used in the work of the modern era thinkers. The article is divided into a brief introduction and two parts. The first part addresses the political-legal concept of the “state of nature”, its origin and semantic content. A special accent is made on the connection between the notion of “state of nature” and “the war of all against all”. The author assesses the possibility of using said concepts to describe the present and the future situation in the world. The second part is dedicated to the description of the crisis state of the social, political, and legal orders of the early XXI century. The notion of “global crisis” of the modern society is being introduced, giving characteristics and description to the key causes of this state. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the society of the modern global crisis, noting the trend towards decomposition and failure of the previous, customary political-legal forms and institutions. For the first time in the Russian theoretical-legal science the modern state of the international and national orders is compared to seemingly outdated concept of the “state of nature”. In the context of the research issues at hand, the views of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau of the state of nature of the society is being examined from a different perspective.

Keywords: sovereignty, law, instability, crisis, state, war, anarchy, Rousseau, Hobbes, state of exception

References:
Grover R. A. The New State of Nature and the New Terrorism // Public Affairs Quarterly. – 2002. – Vol. 16, No.2. – P. 125-141.
Shtraus L. Estestvennoe pravo i istoriya. – M.: Vodoley Publishers, 2007.
Zuckert M. P. Natural Rights and the New Republicanism. – Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Ruvinskiy R. Z. Dilemmy gosudarstvennosti i novaya voyna vsekh protiv vsekh // Politiya. – 2013. – № 2 (69). – S. 107-118.
Gobbs T. O grazhdanine // Gobbs T. Sochineniya v 2 t. ¬¬– T. 1. – M.: Mysl', 1989.
Gobbs T. Leviafan, ili Materiya, forma i vlast' gosudarstva tserkovnogo i grazhdanskogo // Gobbs T. Sochineniya v 2 t. – T. 2. – M.: Mysl', 1991.
Russo Zh.-Zh. Rassuzhdenie o proiskhozhdenii i osnovaniyakh neravenstva mezhdu lyud'mi // Russo Zh.-Zh. Ob Obshchestvennom dogovore: Traktaty. – M.: TERRA–Knizhnyy klub; KANON-press-Ts, 2000.
Slovar' inostrannykh slov. – M.: Russkiy yazyk, 1988.
Marks K. Nishcheta filosofii. – M.: Mir knigi, 2007.
Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON ot 24 oktyabrya 2005 goda № A/RES/60/1 // URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/ods.asp?m=A/RES/60/1
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Chrezvychaynoe polozhenie. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011.
Shmitt K. Diktatura. Ot istokov sovremennoy idei suvereniteta do proletarskoy klassovoy bor'by. – SPb.: Nauka, 2005
Semchenkov A.S. Sistemnaya destabilizatsiya sovremennykh gosudarstv // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2015. - 2. - C. 175 - 183. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2015.2.11570.
Demidov A.V. Ot «myagkoy sily» k «upravlyaemomu khaosu» // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 2. - C. 230 - 236. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.2.10355.
Borodinov E.N. Blizhnesrochnyy prognoz po razvitiyu politicheskoy situatsii v Ukraine // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 3. - C. 415 - 424. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.3.11693.

References (transliteration):
Grover R. A. The New State of Nature and the New Terrorism // Public Affairs Quarterly. – 2002. – Vol. 16, No.2. – P. 125-141.
Shtraus L. Estestvennoe pravo i istoriya. – M.: Vodoley Publishers, 2007.
Zuckert M. P. Natural Rights and the New Republicanism. – Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Ruvinskiy R. Z. Dilemmy gosudarstvennosti i novaya voyna vsekh protiv vsekh // Politiya. – 2013. – № 2 (69). – S. 107-118.
Gobbs T. O grazhdanine // Gobbs T. Sochineniya v 2 t. ¬¬– T. 1. – M.: Mysl', 1989.
Gobbs T. Leviafan, ili Materiya, forma i vlast' gosudarstva tserkovnogo i grazhdanskogo // Gobbs T. Sochineniya v 2 t. – T. 2. – M.: Mysl', 1991.
Russo Zh.-Zh. Rassuzhdenie o proiskhozhdenii i osnovaniyakh neravenstva mezhdu lyud'mi // Russo Zh.-Zh. Ob Obshchestvennom dogovore: Traktaty. – M.: TERRA–Knizhnyy klub; KANON-press-Ts, 2000.
Slovar' inostrannykh slov. – M.: Russkiy yazyk, 1988.
Marks K. Nishcheta filosofii. – M.: Mir knigi, 2007.
Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON ot 24 oktyabrya 2005 goda № A/RES/60/1 // URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/ods.asp?m=A/RES/60/1
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Chrezvychaynoe polozhenie. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011.
Shmitt K. Diktatura. Ot istokov sovremennoy idei suvereniteta do proletarskoy klassovoy bor'by. – SPb.: Nauka, 2005
Semchenkov A.S. Sistemnaya destabilizatsiya sovremennykh gosudarstv // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2015. - 2. - C. 175 - 183. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2015.2.11570.
Demidov A.V. Ot «myagkoy sily» k «upravlyaemomu khaosu» // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 2. - C. 230 - 236. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.2.10355.
Borodinov E.N. Blizhnesrochnyy prognoz po razvitiyu politicheskoy situatsii v Ukraine // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 3. - C. 415 - 424. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.3.11693.

Review: The paper presents analysis of legal-theoretical reflection of the issues of international law in Soviet legal science of 1930-1980. The conference on the issues of the science of Soviet state and law of 1938 under the guidance of A.Y. Vyshinsky opened a new period of the development of Soviet jurisprudence. Legal science became more practically oriented, abandoned legal-economical conceptions of Y. B. Pashukanis and several more authors and combined Marxism with classical legal etatism. General theoretical innovations affected the problems of the theory of international law. Methodological basis of paper consists of general and special scientific methods, especially descriptional and comparative methods, methods of analysis and synthesis. Positivistic approach of Soviet jurisprudence appeared in the critic of the project of Declaration of Human Rights, influenced by the natural law philosophy. Soviet reception of the G. Jellinek’s conception of state sovereignty was connected with international political situation of 1930’s, when USSR had to shift from the idea of world revolution to the conception of peaceful coexistence. The role of international law in later Soviet legal-theoretical investigations was less important, except L. S. Yavich’s conception of the essence of law.

Keywords: sovereignty, L. S. Yavich, A. Y. Vyshinsky, legal positivism, Soviet theory of law, general theory of law, international law, system of law, S. S. Alekseev, human rights

References:
Korkunov N. M. Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo. T. 1. Vvedenie i obshchaya chast'. Izd. 6-e. / pod red. i s dop. M. B. Gorenberga. SPb.: Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulevicha, 1909. 623 s.
Korovin E. A. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo perekhodnogo vremeni. M., 1924. 139 s.
Kraevskiy A. A. Chistoe uchenie o prave Gansa Kel'zena i sovremennyy yuridicheskiy pozitivizm. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. SPb., 2014. 231 s.
Kozlikhin I.Yu., Polyakov A.V., Timoshina E.V. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. Uchebnik. SPb.: Izdatel'skiy dom Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2007. 854 s.
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Kel'zen G. Chistoe uchenie o prave i analiticheskaya yurisprudentsiya // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik teorii prava. № 2. 2009. S. 432-453.
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Austin J. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. London, 1832. 391 p.
Bentham J. Anarchical Fallacies // ‘Nonsense upon Stilts’: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Men / Ed. by J. Waldron. London, 1987. P. 46-76
Bentham J. Principles of Legislation. Boston, 1830. 310 p.
Bernstorff J., von. The Public international Law Theory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in Universal Law. Cambridge, 2010. 324 p.
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Kelsen H. General Theory of Law and State. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2005. 516 p.
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Yavich L. S. Sushchnost' prava. Sotsial'no-filosofskoe ponimanie genezisa, razvitiya i funktsionirovaniya yuridicheskoy formy obshchestvennykh otnosheniy. L., 1985. 207 s.

References (transliteration):
Korkunov N. M. Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo. T. 1. Vvedenie i obshchaya chast'. Izd. 6-e. / pod red. i s dop. M. B. Gorenberga. SPb.: Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulevicha, 1909. 623 s.
Korovin E. A. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo perekhodnogo vremeni. M., 1924. 139 s.
Kraevskiy A. A. Chistoe uchenie o prave Gansa Kel'zena i sovremennyy yuridicheskiy pozitivizm. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. SPb., 2014. 231 s.
Kozlikhin I.Yu., Polyakov A.V., Timoshina E.V. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. Uchebnik. SPb.: Izdatel'skiy dom Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2007. 854 s.
Kokoshkin F. F. Izbrannoe /sost. A. N. Medushevskiy. M., 2010. 592 m.
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Kel'zen G. Chistoe uchenie o prave i analiticheskaya yurisprudentsiya // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik teorii prava. № 2. 2009. S. 432-453.
Golunskiy S. A., Strogovich M. S. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. M., 1940. 304 s.
Ellinek G. Obshchee uchenie gosudarstve. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo «Yuridicheskiy tsentr Press», 2004. 752 s.
Ioffe O. S., Shargorodskiy M. D. Voprosy teorii prava. M., 1961. 381 s.
Austin J. Lectures on Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Positive Law. Jersey City: Frederic D. Linn & Company, 1875. 364 p.+lvi.
Austin J. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. London, 1832. 391 p.
Bentham J. Anarchical Fallacies // ‘Nonsense upon Stilts’: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Men / Ed. by J. Waldron. London, 1987. P. 46-76
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Bernstorff J., von. The Public international Law Theory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in Universal Law. Cambridge, 2010. 324 p.
Kelsen H. The Communist Theory of Law. New York, 1955. 203 p.
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Review: This article is the first within the Russian legal science to research the question on the similarities of the sociological and psychological theory of the French lawyer Emmanuel Lévy and the social and legal ideas proclaimed within the framework of the Critical Legal Studies movement. The authors thoroughly examine the general peculiarities of legal understanding by Emmanuel Lévy and the supporters of the critical legal studiess of the “first wave” (Dunkan Kennedy, Roberto Unger, and others); also the ideological and theoretical foundations (philosophical, political, and legal) of their scientific views are being determined.  The authors come to the conclusion that since the beginning of the XX century, prior to the emergence within the British-American law of the school of Critical Legal Studies, the similar in its essence ideas were expressed by the lawyer and sociologist Emmanuel Lévy. These ideas include: criticism of the liberal legal tradition from the left political positions; idea on the continuity of law and politics in form of the corresponding practices; examination of the legal argument itself as a certain form of manifestation of political activity; criticism of the neutral legal principles and strict anti-formalism; as well as the perception of law as the combination of beliefs (ideologies), etc.

Keywords: legal formation, law and politics, critical legal studies, Emmanuel Lévy, legal socialism, sociological school of law, faith and law, policy of law, law and ideology, legal realism

References:
Tashnet M. O nekotorykh sovremennykh raznoglasiyakh v kriticheskikh pravovykh issledovaniyakh. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Adres dlya dostupa: http://kritikaprava.org/library/83/o_nekotoryih_sovremennyih_raznoglasiyah_v_kriticheskih_pravovyih_issledovaniyah (data obrashcheniya: 10.11.2015g.).
Smetannikov D.S. Kriticheskie pravovye issledovaniya v SShA // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 1999. №3 (226). S. 215-221.
Gabel P. Critical Legal Studies et la pratique juridique: la conception de la culture juridique et de la pratique du droit comme interventions culturelles // Droit et Société. 1997. №36-37. P. 379-400.
Solomko Z.V. Kriticheskie podkhody k ponimaniyu prava: teoreticheskie i ideologicheskie kontury (referativnyy obzor ocherka A.Tomsona) // Uchenye zapiski Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsial'nogo universiteta. 2013. T.1. №6 (121). S. 70-75.
Puzhaev V.V. Pravovaya kontseptsiya Ronal'da Dvorkina // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. №1. S. 20-23.
Rolz Dzh. Teoriya spravedlivosti. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo NGU, 1995. 510 s.
Kozlikhin I.Yu. Izbrannye trudy. SPb.: Yuridicheskiy tsentr Press, 2012. 585 s.
Trevin'o A.Kh. Aktual'nost' klassikov dlya sovremennoy sotsiologii prava: amerikanskiy kontekst // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2013. №5 (310). S. 26-47.
Puzhaev V.V. Voprosy pravoobrazovaniya v sotsiologo-pravovoy kontseptsii Leona Dyugi // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. №10. S. 13-18.
Puzhaev V.V. Osobennosti rekonstruktsii teorii istochnikov prava v ramkakh «svobodnogo nauchnogo poiska» Fransua Zheni // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. №6. S. 149-151.
Herrera C.-M. Socialisme juridique et droit naturel: à propos d’Emmanuel Lévy // Droit et gauche: pour une identification. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2003. 199 p.
Puzhaev V.V. Yuridicheskiy idealizm Emmanuelya Levi: problema sotsiologo-psikhologicheskogo ponimaniya prava i ego osnovaniy // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. №10.
Lévy E. La vision socialiste du droit. Paris: Marcel Giard Libraire-Éditeur, 1926. 180 p.
Lévy E. Preuve par titre du droit de propriété immobilière: Thèse pour le doctorat. Paris: Éd. A.Pedon, 1896. 171 p.
Cotterrell R. Emmanuel Lévy and legal studies: A view from abroad // Droit et société. 2004/1. №56-57. P. 131-141.
Audren F., Karsenti B. Présentation – Emmanuel Lévy (1871-1944): juriste, socialiste et sociologue // Droit et société. 2004/1. №56-57. P. 75-77.

References (transliteration):
Tashnet M. O nekotorykh sovremennykh raznoglasiyakh v kriticheskikh pravovykh issledovaniyakh. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Adres dlya dostupa: http://kritikaprava.org/library/83/o_nekotoryih_sovremennyih_raznoglasiyah_v_kriticheskih_pravovyih_issledovaniyah (data obrashcheniya: 10.11.2015g.).
Smetannikov D.S. Kriticheskie pravovye issledovaniya v SShA // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 1999. №3 (226). S. 215-221.
Gabel P. Critical Legal Studies et la pratique juridique: la conception de la culture juridique et de la pratique du droit comme interventions culturelles // Droit et Société. 1997. №36-37. P. 379-400.
Solomko Z.V. Kriticheskie podkhody k ponimaniyu prava: teoreticheskie i ideologicheskie kontury (referativnyy obzor ocherka A.Tomsona) // Uchenye zapiski Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsial'nogo universiteta. 2013. T.1. №6 (121). S. 70-75.
Puzhaev V.V. Pravovaya kontseptsiya Ronal'da Dvorkina // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. №1. S. 20-23.
Rolz Dzh. Teoriya spravedlivosti. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo NGU, 1995. 510 s.
Kozlikhin I.Yu. Izbrannye trudy. SPb.: Yuridicheskiy tsentr Press, 2012. 585 s.
Trevin'o A.Kh. Aktual'nost' klassikov dlya sovremennoy sotsiologii prava: amerikanskiy kontekst // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2013. №5 (310). S. 26-47.
Puzhaev V.V. Voprosy pravoobrazovaniya v sotsiologo-pravovoy kontseptsii Leona Dyugi // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. №10. S. 13-18.
Puzhaev V.V. Osobennosti rekonstruktsii teorii istochnikov prava v ramkakh «svobodnogo nauchnogo poiska» Fransua Zheni // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. №6. S. 149-151.
Herrera C.-M. Socialisme juridique et droit naturel: à propos d’Emmanuel Lévy // Droit et gauche: pour une identification. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2003. 199 p.
Puzhaev V.V. Yuridicheskiy idealizm Emmanuelya Levi: problema sotsiologo-psikhologicheskogo ponimaniya prava i ego osnovaniy // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. №10.
Lévy E. La vision socialiste du droit. Paris: Marcel Giard Libraire-Éditeur, 1926. 180 p.
Lévy E. Preuve par titre du droit de propriété immobilière: Thèse pour le doctorat. Paris: Éd. A.Pedon, 1896. 171 p.
Cotterrell R. Emmanuel Lévy and legal studies: A view from abroad // Droit et société. 2004/1. №56-57. P. 131-141.
Audren F., Karsenti B. Présentation – Emmanuel Lévy (1871-1944): juriste, socialiste et sociologue // Droit et société. 2004/1. №56-57. P. 75-77.

Review: This article presents the analysis of the ideas of Christian socialism in Russia, spanning over 125 years, beginning with the positions in this phenomenon in the works of Dostoevsky, up until the modern doctrinal formulations by the Russian Christian philosophers. The subject of this research is the philosophical concepts of Christian Socialist orientation in Russia. The object is the evolutionary process of the idea of Christian socialism throughout the last 125 years. The author comprehensively examines such aspects of the work as interconfessional correlations within the framework of Christianity in Russia on the questions of understanding of Christian socialism. A special attention is given to the evolution of the Christian socialist ideology in the XXI century. The author uses systemic scientific retrospective analysis with consideration of the fundamental principles formulated in Holy Scripture, as well as socialist concepts. The author’s special contribution into this work is the examination of interconfessional cooperation within the development of a unified opinion towards understanding the concept of Christian socialism in Russia. The scientific novelty consists in the establishment of a new image of the Christian socialism in Russian through the prism of its evolution throughout the period of 125 years.

Keywords: Pope Leo XIII, Protestantism, Catholicism, Berdyaev, Dostoevsky, Socialism, Christianity, Pope Francis, Florensky, Solovyov

References:
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References (transliteration):
Boltaevskiy A.A., Pryadko I.P. «Zakat zvezdy ego krovavyy...»: problema vlast' — narod v otsenke P. A. Florenskogo // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. 2014. № 9. S. 15-25.
Psaltyr' s Prilozheniem i Ukazatelem. M.: OOO «Sintagma», 2010. S.28.
Ps. 33:8 // Maslov Yu.I. Pervaya uchebnaya kniga tserkovno-slavyanskogo yazyka. Rostov-na-Donu: «Pamyatniki otechestva», 1991. S.23. Sr. Tolkovanie na Ps. 33:8 Rezhim dostupa: http://bible.optina.ru/old:ps:033:08
Ps. 16: 2//Tolkovanie na Ps. 16:2 Rezhim dostupa: http://bible.optina.ru/old:ps:016:02
Cicero M.T. I. De Lacedaemoniorum fortitudine (I.42) // Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 do n. e.). Tusculanae disputations. Venezia : Nicolaus Jenson, 1472. P.-403.
Solov'e Vl.S. Opravdanie dobra // Solov'ev V.S. Sochineniya v 2-kh t. / Sost., obshch. red. i vstup. st. A.F. Loseva i A.V. Gulygi. Primech. S.L. Kravtsa. T. 1. M., 1988. S. 482.
Sidorov V.P. Khristianskiy sotsializm v Rossii v kontse XIX – nachale XX veka. Cherepovets, 1995. S. 138.
Studentov V.A., Pryadko I.P. Politologiya. Uchebnoe posobie. / Avtonomnaya nekommercheskaya obrazovatel'naya organizatsiya vysshego professional'nogo obrazovaniya «Mezhdunarodnyy slavyanskiy institut». M.: Izdatel'stvo «ROIU», 2012. S. 355.
Pryadko I.P. Uchenie S.L. Franka o kul'ture v kontekste vseedinstva // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2008. № 5. S. 30-43.
Biryukov B.V., Pryadko I.P. Problema logicheskogo protivorechiya i russkaya religioznaya filosofiya // Logicheskie issledovaniya. 2010. № 16. S. 23-84.
Pryadko I.P. Istoriosofskie vozzreniya N.A. Vasil'eva v kontekste Serebryanogo veka i v svete traditsii vostochno-khristianskoy filosofii // dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata kul'turologii / Rossiyskiy institut kul'turologii. M.: RIK, 2004.
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Review: This article examines the definitions of the term “space policy”. The author analyzes the interpretation of the existing terms of this direction within space policy. This research reviews the works of such scholars as I. M. Moiseyev, K. A. Karp, Y. A. Matveyev, E. I. Zhuk and others. The author proposes a scientifically broader definition of “space policy”; reveals the essence of the space policy, as well as the main tasks that it is set to accomplish. It is pointed out that space policy is the policy that concentrates on space and all related vectors of political activity, and this sphere actively represents the interests of not only separate states, but the society as a whole. The number of these tasks grows as the time progresses, and in the future this trend will most likely not only continue, but increase. The author accents his attention on the fact that the space policy actively represents the interests of states, as well as public space organizations.

Keywords: Political science, Space policy, Domestic policy, Cosmos, Politics, Political theory, Scientific discipline, Space, Tasks, Essence

References:
Baturin Yu. Kosmicheskaya politika dolzhna stat’ nauchno obosnovannoi // http://viperson. ru/prnt.php?prnt=1&ID=508486
Zhuk E.I. Pilotiruemaya kosmonavtika: mezhdunarodnaya i natsional’naya bezopasnost’. – Zvezdnyi gorodok, 2008.
Karp K.A. Vvedenie v kosmicheskuyu politiku. – M., 2003.
Moiseev I. M. Doklad na zasedanii Moskovskogo Kosmicheskogo Kluba 24.10.2002 // URL: altrs.narod.ru/F/File2_13.htm

References (transliteration):
Baturin Yu. Kosmicheskaya politika dolzhna stat’ nauchno obosnovannoi // http://viperson. ru/prnt.php?prnt=1&ID=508486
Zhuk E.I. Pilotiruemaya kosmonavtika: mezhdunarodnaya i natsional’naya bezopasnost’. – Zvezdnyi gorodok, 2008.
Karp K.A. Vvedenie v kosmicheskuyu politiku. – M., 2003.
Moiseev I. M. Doklad na zasedanii Moskovskogo Kosmicheskogo Kluba 24.10.2002 // URL: altrs.narod.ru/F/File2_13.htm

Review: This article presents the general characteristic of Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) as an individual, political actor, and renowned political thinker. His work contained ideas that were critical and positive, utopian, and often ahead of their time. The thinker is portrayed as the representative of ideas and processes of global integration of human civilization, bright expresser of critical ideas and revolutions as periodically repeating phases of development within historical evolution of humanity. The article touches on the issues of evolution and the specificity of the thinker’s ideas about political integration of humanity, the future and role of the consciousness of social development, controversial consequences of criticism towards statehood and augmentation of personal liberties, as well as revealing the “hidden side” of the potential of statehood and the limits of its realistic effect upon the evolution of political institutions. The significance of this article lie in its generalizing character, attempt to understand the place of the thinker and his ideas within history from the modern perspective of acknowledging revolution as a controversial, often tragic ans costly technique of clearing the path for the future, although during specific historic moments becoming unavoidable in certain countries even in the XXI century.

Keywords: Jurisprudence, Integration of humanity, Freedom, Revolution, Critical thought, Evolution of statehood, Globalization, Anarchism theory, Understanding state potential, Constitutional doctrines

References:
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Pryamukhinskie chteniya [Materialy ezhegodnykh konferentsiy]. M., 2001–2012.
Ryabov P.V. Filosofiya klassicheskogo anrkhizma (problemy lichnosti). M.: «Vuzovskaya kniga», 2007. – 340 s.
Bakunin Almanach/ Band 1. Herausgegeben von Bernd Kramer und Wolfgang Eckhardt. Berlin: Karin Kramer Verlag, 2007. – 277 s.
Kaminski Antoni A. Michaił Bakunin. Życie I myśl. Podpalacz Europy (1848 – 1864). Tom 2. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 2013. – 542 s.
Kaminski Antoni A. Michaił Bakunin. Życie I myśl. Od religii miłości do filozofii czynu (1814 – 1848). Tom 1. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 2012. – 736 s.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Lichnost' i tvorchestvo (k 190-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) / Otv. red. N.K. Figurovskaya. Vyp. III. M.: In-t ekonomiki RAN, 2005. – 372 s.
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Demin V.N. Bakunin. M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2006. – 350 s. (Ser. «Zhizn' zamechatel'nykh lyudey»).
Grafskiy V.G. Bakunin. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1985. – 144 s.
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Pirumova N.M. Sotsial'naya doktrina M. A. Bakunina. M.: Nauka, 1990. – 319 s.
Moiseev P.I. Kritika filosofii M. Bakunina i sovremennost'. Irkutsk: Vostochno-Sibirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1981. – 176 s.
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Steklov Yu.M. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Ego zhizn' i deyatel'nost'. T. 1–4. M.–L., 1926–1927.
Pirumova N.M. Bakunin. M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 1970. – 399 s. (Ser.: «Zhizn' zamechatel'nykh lyudey»).
Kornilov A.A. Molodye gody Mikhaila Bakunina. Iz istorii russkogo romantizma. M.: Izdanie M.i S. Sabashnikovykh', 1915. – 718 s.
Marks K. Konspekt knigi Bakunina "Gosudarstvennost' i anarkhiya". 1874 – nachalo 1975 g. // Marks K. i Engel's F. Soch. 2-e izd. T. 18. – S. 579 – 624.
Bakunin M.A. Anarkhiya i Poryadok: Sochineniya / Sost., predisl. – M.A. Timofeev. M.: Izd-vo EKSMO-Press, 2000. – 704 s. (Ser. «Antologiya mysli»).
Bakunin M.A. Izbrannye trudy / Sost. P.I. Talerov, A.A. Shirinyants, avt. vstup. st. A.A. Shirinyants, Yu.A. Matveeva, P.I. Talerov; komment., ukaz. imen P.I. Talerov. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSPEN), 2010. – 816 s. (Biblioteka otechestvennoy obshchestvennoy mysli s drevneyshikh vremen do nachala KhKh veka).
Bakunin M.A. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politika. Vstup. st., sost., podgotovka teksta i primech. V.F. Pustarnakova. M.: Izdat. «Pravda» 1989. – 622 s.
Bakunin M.A. Izbr. filosofskie soch. i pis'ma. Pod red. V.F. Pustarnakova. M., 1987. – 573 s.
Bakunin M.A. Gamlet / Publ. rukopisi – S.F. Udartsev // Pamyatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiya. Pis'mennost'. Iskusstvo. Arkheologiya: Ezhegodnik (1984) / Pred. redkol. ezhegodnika – D.S. Likhachev. L.: Nauka, 1986. S. 55 – 63.
Archives Bakounine. International Instituut voor Soziale Geschiedenis. Amsterdam. Textes etablis et annotes par A. Lehning. I – VII. Leiden, 1961 – 1981.
Bakunin M.A. Mezhdunarodnoe taynoe obshchestvo osvobozhdeniya chelovechestva / Publ. rukopisi – E.L. Rudnitskaya i V.A. D'yakov // «Revolyutsionnaya situatsiya v Rossii v 1859-1861 gg.». M.: «Nauka», 1974. S. 313 – 355.
Bakunin M.A. Sobranie sochineniy i pisem. Pod red. i s primech. Yu.M. Steklova. T. I – IV. M., 1934–1935.
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References (transliteration):
Ermakov V.D. Anarkhizm v istorii Rossii: ot istokov k sovremennosti: bibliograficheskiy slovar'-spravochnik / V.D. Ermakov, P.I. Talerov. SPb.: «Solart», 2007. – 724 s.
Koel'o P. Alkhimik. Per. s portug. A. Bogdanovskogo. M.: AST: Astrel', 2011. – 224 c.
Richard Bakh. Chayka po imeni Dzhonatan Livingston // URL: http://bookz.ru/authors/bah-ri4ard/seagullmsh/1-seagullmsh.html-25.05.2014 g.
Pryamukhinskie chteniya [Materialy ezhegodnykh konferentsiy]. M., 2001–2012.
Ryabov P.V. Filosofiya klassicheskogo anrkhizma (problemy lichnosti). M.: «Vuzovskaya kniga», 2007. – 340 s.
Bakunin Almanach/ Band 1. Herausgegeben von Bernd Kramer und Wolfgang Eckhardt. Berlin: Karin Kramer Verlag, 2007. – 277 s.
Kaminski Antoni A. Michaił Bakunin. Życie I myśl. Podpalacz Europy (1848 – 1864). Tom 2. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 2013. – 542 s.
Kaminski Antoni A. Michaił Bakunin. Życie I myśl. Od religii miłości do filozofii czynu (1814 – 1848). Tom 1. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 2012. – 736 s.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Lichnost' i tvorchestvo (k 190-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) / Otv. red. N.K. Figurovskaya. Vyp. III. M.: In-t ekonomiki RAN, 2005. – 372 s.
Kaminski Antoni A. Apostol prawdy i milości. Filozoficzna mlodość Michaila Bakunina. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznei im. Oskara Langego we Wrocławiu, 2004. – 502 s.
Sysoev V. Bakuniny. Tver': «Sozvezdie», 2002. – 464 s.
Pamyati M.A. Bakunina / Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut Ekonomiki. Komissiya po tvorcheskomu naslediyu P.A. Kropotkina / Otv. red. Pirumova N.M., Figurovskaya N.K. M.: Institut Ekonomiki AN SSSR, 1990. – 122 c.
Demin V.N. Bakunin. M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2006. – 350 s. (Ser. «Zhizn' zamechatel'nykh lyudey»).
Grafskiy V.G. Bakunin. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1985. – 144 s.
Udartsev S.F. Politicheskaya i pravovaya teoriya anarkhizma v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Almaty: «Kazakhstan»; Vysshaya shkola prava «Әdіlet», 1994. – 382 s.
Pirumova N.M. Sotsial'naya doktrina M. A. Bakunina. M.: Nauka, 1990. – 319 s.
Moiseev P.I. Kritika filosofii M. Bakunina i sovremennost'. Irkutsk: Vostochno-Sibirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1981. – 176 s.
Zhitomirskaya S.V. i Pirumova N.M. Ogarev, Bakunin i N.A. Gertsen-doch' v «nechaevskoy» istorii (1870 g.) // «Literaturnoe nasledstvo». T. 96. «Gertsen i Zapad». M.: «Nauka», 1985. – S. 413 – 548.
Pirumova N.M., Udartsev S.F. Dva pis'ma M.A. Bakunina N.V. Stankevichu / St. i publikatsiya pisem // V kn.: Zapiski otdela rukopisey Gosudarstvennoy biblioteki SSSR im. V.I. Lenina: Ezhegodnik. Vyp. 44. M.: Kniga, 1983. S. 135 – 147.
Steklov Yu.M. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Ego zhizn' i deyatel'nost'. T. 1–4. M.–L., 1926–1927.
Pirumova N.M. Bakunin. M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 1970. – 399 s. (Ser.: «Zhizn' zamechatel'nykh lyudey»).
Kornilov A.A. Molodye gody Mikhaila Bakunina. Iz istorii russkogo romantizma. M.: Izdanie M.i S. Sabashnikovykh', 1915. – 718 s.
Marks K. Konspekt knigi Bakunina "Gosudarstvennost' i anarkhiya". 1874 – nachalo 1975 g. // Marks K. i Engel's F. Soch. 2-e izd. T. 18. – S. 579 – 624.
Bakunin M.A. Anarkhiya i Poryadok: Sochineniya / Sost., predisl. – M.A. Timofeev. M.: Izd-vo EKSMO-Press, 2000. – 704 s. (Ser. «Antologiya mysli»).
Bakunin M.A. Izbrannye trudy / Sost. P.I. Talerov, A.A. Shirinyants, avt. vstup. st. A.A. Shirinyants, Yu.A. Matveeva, P.I. Talerov; komment., ukaz. imen P.I. Talerov. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSPEN), 2010. – 816 s. (Biblioteka otechestvennoy obshchestvennoy mysli s drevneyshikh vremen do nachala KhKh veka).
Bakunin M.A. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politika. Vstup. st., sost., podgotovka teksta i primech. V.F. Pustarnakova. M.: Izdat. «Pravda» 1989. – 622 s.
Bakunin M.A. Izbr. filosofskie soch. i pis'ma. Pod red. V.F. Pustarnakova. M., 1987. – 573 s.
Bakunin M.A. Gamlet / Publ. rukopisi – S.F. Udartsev // Pamyatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiya. Pis'mennost'. Iskusstvo. Arkheologiya: Ezhegodnik (1984) / Pred. redkol. ezhegodnika – D.S. Likhachev. L.: Nauka, 1986. S. 55 – 63.
Archives Bakounine. International Instituut voor Soziale Geschiedenis. Amsterdam. Textes etablis et annotes par A. Lehning. I – VII. Leiden, 1961 – 1981.
Bakunin M.A. Mezhdunarodnoe taynoe obshchestvo osvobozhdeniya chelovechestva / Publ. rukopisi – E.L. Rudnitskaya i V.A. D'yakov // «Revolyutsionnaya situatsiya v Rossii v 1859-1861 gg.». M.: «Nauka», 1974. S. 313 – 355.
Bakunin M.A. Sobranie sochineniy i pisem. Pod red. i s primech. Yu.M. Steklova. T. I – IV. M., 1934–1935.
Bakunin M.A. Izbr. soch. v pyati tomakh. T. 1 – 5. P. – M.: «Golos Truda», 1919 – 1921.
Materialy dlya biografii M. Bakunina. T. 1 – 3. Red. i primech. Vyach. Polonskogo. M. – P. (L.), 1923 – 1933.
Michel Bakounine. Oeuvres. Avec un avant-propos, des avertissements et des notes, par J.Guillaume (vol. I ed. par M. Nettlau). Vol. 1 – 6. Paris, 1895 – 1913.
Knyazeva E.N. Budushchee, sozidaemoe chelovekom // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2009. № 8.
Kembaev Zh.M. Federalistskie idei M.A. Bakunina otnositel'no ob'edineniya narodov Evropy i vsego mira // Pravo i politika (M.). 2010. № 11. – S. 2016–2025.
Lyubimova T.M. Ul'tralevyy anarkhizm vo Frantsii v usloviyakh setetsentrizma // Natsional'naya bezopasnost'. 2011. № 6. – S. 55 – 64.
Markuze G. Razum i revolyutsiya. Gegel' i pod'em sotsial'noy teorii. Per. E.N. Fedinoy // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2009. № 6.
Udartsev S.F. Evolyutsiya idei evropeyskogo edinstva i opyt ee realizatsii v modelyakh gosudarstvennogo ustroystva // Pravo i politika (M.). 2012. № 11. – S. 1925 – 1932.
Manoylo A.V. Rol' strategiy upravlyaemogo khaosa v formirovanii novogo miroporyadka // Pravo i politika. 2014. № 5. – S. 638 – 651. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.5.11816.
A. Yu. Vatlin. Revolyutsionnaya povsednevnost': budni Sovetskoy Bavarii v aprele 1919 goda // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2013. – № 3. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1972.2013.3.9013
T. M. Lyubimova. Ul'tralevyy anarkhizm vo Frantsii v usloviyakh setetsentrizma // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. – 2011. – № 6. – S. 104-107.
R.Yu.Bel'kovich. Bendzhamin Takker o sushchnosti gosudarstva // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2010. – № 1.
E. B. Rashkovskiy. Repressivnoe v istorii, istoricheskoe v repressii: zametki na polyakh knigi I. G. Yakovenko // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2011. – № 6. – S. 104-107.
V.N. Porus. O pretenziyakh «anarkhicheskoy filosofii» (po povodu davney stat'i A.M.Pyatigorskogo) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2010. – № 9. – S. 104-107
Ursul A.D. Global'nye fenomeny i sposoby sotsioprirodnogo vzaimodeystviya // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2013. - 12. - C. 1465 - 1478. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.8801.

Review: The subject of this research is the ideas of national unity expressed in the work of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin. The goal of this work is to analyze the creative and scientific-historical works and personal sources (correspondence) in order to determine the positions of the writer with regards to the issues of national unity and counteraction of the centrifugal trends within the history of Russia, and the Russian Empire contemporary to Pushkin. A special attention is given to sources such as the poems “To the Slanderers of Russia”, “The Anniversary of Borodino”, “Poltava”, historical essays “Notes on Eighteen-century Russian History”, “Essays on the History of Ukraine”, as well as his correspondence with Pyotr Vyazemsky. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the presentation of the problem and the use of materials that virtually have not previously been implemented in the research on the history of education on law and state. This work allowed making a conclusion that Alexander Pushkin in his works of various genre has systematically established a precise position on the issue of the need to ensure national unity in Russia.

Keywords: centrifugal tendencies, Ukraine, Poland, sovereignty, Russian statehood, territorial integrity, state unity, Pushkin, separatism, state crime

References:
Babkin V. D. M. E. Saltykov – Shchedrin – kritik voenno-byurokraticheskoy mashiny ekspluatatorskogo gosudarstva (k 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1977. – №1. – S. 107 – 114.
Bol'shoy yuridicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. A. Ya. Sukhareva, V. E. Krutskikh. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: INFRA-M, 2000. – 704 s.
Kodan S. V. «Zapiski iz mertvogo doma» F. M. Dostoevskogo kak dokumental'no-khudozhestvennyy istochnik izucheniya istorii gosudarstva i prava // Genesis: istoricheskie issledovaniya. – 2014. – №4. – S. 120 – 140.
Kodan S. V. Istochniki lichnogo proiskhozhdeniya kak nositeli istoriko-yuridicheskoy informatsii // Politika i obshchestvo. – 2014. – №3. – S. 322 – 335.
Konstitutsionnoe pravo: entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / otv. red. S. A. Avak'yan. – M.: NORMA, 2001. – 688 s.
Kuprits N. Ya. Kritika tsarizma i ego gosudarstvennogo apparata v proizvedeniyakh L'va Tolstogo (Po stranitsam «Voyny i mira», «Anny Kareninoy», «Voskreseniya») // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1978. – №9. – S. 97 – 105.
Levakin I. V. Gosudarstvennoe edinstvo Rossii: teoretiko-pravovoe issledovanie: dis….d.yu.n. – M., 2003. – 304 s.
Landau B. Zashchita rodiny i voprosy prava v «Slove o polku Igoreve» // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo. – 1938. – №4. – S. 130 – 133.
Pushkin A. S. Borodinskaya godovshchina // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 4: Stikhotvoreniya 1830 – 1836; Kollektivnoe. Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym .– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 68 – 70.
Pushkin A. S. Vtoroy tom «Istorii russkogo naroda» Polevogo // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 9: Otryvki i nabroski; Plany nenapisannykh proizvedeniy; Stat'i i zametki; Iz rannikh redaktsiy. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 146 – 149.
Pushkin A. S. Zametki po russkoy istorii // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 10: Avtobiograficheskaya proza; Istoricheskaya proza; Stat'i i zametki; Nabroski, zapisi, konspekty, plany; Zametki na polyakh; Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 111 – 112.
Pushkin A. S. Klevetnikam Rossii // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 4: Stikhotvoreniya 1830 – 1836; Kollektivnoe. Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym .– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 66 – 67.
Pushkin A. S. Ocherk istorii Ukrainy // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 10: Avtobiograficheskaya proza; Istoricheskaya proza; Stat'i i zametki; Nabroski, zapisi, konspekty, plany; Zametki na polyakh; Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 105 – 110.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. A. Vyazemskomu ot 1 iyunya 1831 goda // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 244 – 245.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. A. Vyazemskomu ot 14 avgusta 1831 goda // Pushkin A.S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 291 – 292.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. V. Nashchokinu ot 29 iyulya 1831 goda // Pushkin A.S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 279.
Pushkin A. S. Poltava // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 5: Poemy; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 188 – 234.
Sosenkov F. S. Voprosy obespecheniya territorial'noy tselostnosti Rossii v politiko-pravovykh vozzreniyakh dekabristov // Vestnik Volzhskoy gosudarstvennoy akademii vodnogo transporta. – 2014. Vypusk 38. – S. 15 – 28.
Khayrullin V. I. Spravedlivoe obshchestvo ili «utopizm» Dostoevskogo // Gosudarstvo i pravo. – 2004. – №8. – S. 100 – 105.

References (transliteration):
Babkin V. D. M. E. Saltykov – Shchedrin – kritik voenno-byurokraticheskoy mashiny ekspluatatorskogo gosudarstva (k 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1977. – №1. – S. 107 – 114.
Bol'shoy yuridicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. A. Ya. Sukhareva, V. E. Krutskikh. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: INFRA-M, 2000. – 704 s.
Kodan S. V. «Zapiski iz mertvogo doma» F. M. Dostoevskogo kak dokumental'no-khudozhestvennyy istochnik izucheniya istorii gosudarstva i prava // Genesis: istoricheskie issledovaniya. – 2014. – №4. – S. 120 – 140.
Kodan S. V. Istochniki lichnogo proiskhozhdeniya kak nositeli istoriko-yuridicheskoy informatsii // Politika i obshchestvo. – 2014. – №3. – S. 322 – 335.
Konstitutsionnoe pravo: entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / otv. red. S. A. Avak'yan. – M.: NORMA, 2001. – 688 s.
Kuprits N. Ya. Kritika tsarizma i ego gosudarstvennogo apparata v proizvedeniyakh L'va Tolstogo (Po stranitsam «Voyny i mira», «Anny Kareninoy», «Voskreseniya») // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1978. – №9. – S. 97 – 105.
Levakin I. V. Gosudarstvennoe edinstvo Rossii: teoretiko-pravovoe issledovanie: dis….d.yu.n. – M., 2003. – 304 s.
Landau B. Zashchita rodiny i voprosy prava v «Slove o polku Igoreve» // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo. – 1938. – №4. – S. 130 – 133.
Pushkin A. S. Borodinskaya godovshchina // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 4: Stikhotvoreniya 1830 – 1836; Kollektivnoe. Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym .– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 68 – 70.
Pushkin A. S. Vtoroy tom «Istorii russkogo naroda» Polevogo // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 9: Otryvki i nabroski; Plany nenapisannykh proizvedeniy; Stat'i i zametki; Iz rannikh redaktsiy. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 146 – 149.
Pushkin A. S. Zametki po russkoy istorii // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 10: Avtobiograficheskaya proza; Istoricheskaya proza; Stat'i i zametki; Nabroski, zapisi, konspekty, plany; Zametki na polyakh; Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 111 – 112.
Pushkin A. S. Klevetnikam Rossii // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 4: Stikhotvoreniya 1830 – 1836; Kollektivnoe. Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym .– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 66 – 67.
Pushkin A. S. Ocherk istorii Ukrainy // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 10: Avtobiograficheskaya proza; Istoricheskaya proza; Stat'i i zametki; Nabroski, zapisi, konspekty, plany; Zametki na polyakh; Pripisyvaemoe Pushkinu; Iz rannikh redaktsiy.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 105 – 110.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. A. Vyazemskomu ot 1 iyunya 1831 goda // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 244 – 245.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. A. Vyazemskomu ot 14 avgusta 1831 goda // Pushkin A.S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 291 – 292.
Pushkin A. S. Pis'mo P. V. Nashchokinu ot 29 iyulya 1831 goda // Pushkin A.S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 14: Pis'ma. 1828 – 1832. – M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 279.
Pushkin A. S. Poltava // Pushkin A. S. Sobranie sochineniy: V 15 t. T. 5: Poemy; Iz rannikh redaktsiy; Pesni i skazki, sobrannye i zapisannye Pushkinym.– M.: TERRA, 1998. – S. 188 – 234.
Sosenkov F. S. Voprosy obespecheniya territorial'noy tselostnosti Rossii v politiko-pravovykh vozzreniyakh dekabristov // Vestnik Volzhskoy gosudarstvennoy akademii vodnogo transporta. – 2014. Vypusk 38. – S. 15 – 28.
Khayrullin V. I. Spravedlivoe obshchestvo ili «utopizm» Dostoevskogo // Gosudarstvo i pravo. – 2004. – №8. – S. 100 – 105.

Review: The subject of this research is the review of the issues pertaining to development and establishment of the classical elite theory, as well as the approaches associated with it: reputational, pluralistic, value, and elite, by analyzing works of such renowned thinkers as Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Max Weber, Nikolai Berdyaev, and others. A special attention is given to the study of so-called “elite circle”, or individuals who are part of the elite. The author identifies the general characteristic features inherent in the teachings about the elites in the writings of various scholars. The main conclusion of this research is the determination of the general signs intrinsic to the elites; the author also gives an original definition to the term of “elite”. The results of this work can be used to further examine the elite theory.

Keywords: general features of the elite, members of the elite, signs of elite, definition of elite, recruitment of elites, elite, problems of elites, classical elite concept, elite theory, elite features

References:
Demokratiya v dvizhenii: evolyutsiya sotsial'nogo kapitala v sovremennom obshchestve "(pod redaktsiey Roberta D. Patnema), Oxford University Press, (2002)
Dal' R. Vvedenie v ekonomicheskuyu demokratiyu. M., 1992. Makarin A.V. Byurokratiya v sisteme politicheskoy vlasti. S.Pb., 2000
Politologiya: uchebnik, pod red. V.N. Lavrinenko-4-e izd., pererab i dop.-M.: Yurayt , 2012
Obshchaya i prikladnaya politologiya: Uchebnoe posobie. / Pod obshchey redaktsiey V.I. Zhukova, B.I. Krasnova. – M.: MGSU; Izd-vo “Soyuz”, 2007.
Politologiya: Uchebnoe posobie / Pod red. A.S. Turgaeva, A.E. Khrenova.-SPb.: Piter, 2005.
Vasilenko I.A. Politologiya: uchebnik-3-e izd., pererab. I dop.-M.:Yurayt,2011.
G. Moska «Osnovy politicheskoy nauki». Perevod s ispanskogo / Sanisteban L.S.; Per.: Zabolotnyy V.L.-M.: MP Vladan, 1992.
Vil'fredo Pareto: Istoriya – kladbishche elit. // Politicheskaya mysl'. P.Rakhshmir. – Permskiy gosuniversitet., 2000.
R.D. Pantem, Sravnitel'noe issledovanie politicheskikh elit 1976g.

References (transliteration):
Demokratiya v dvizhenii: evolyutsiya sotsial'nogo kapitala v sovremennom obshchestve "(pod redaktsiey Roberta D. Patnema), Oxford University Press, (2002)
Dal' R. Vvedenie v ekonomicheskuyu demokratiyu. M., 1992. Makarin A.V. Byurokratiya v sisteme politicheskoy vlasti. S.Pb., 2000
Politologiya: uchebnik, pod red. V.N. Lavrinenko-4-e izd., pererab i dop.-M.: Yurayt , 2012
Obshchaya i prikladnaya politologiya: Uchebnoe posobie. / Pod obshchey redaktsiey V.I. Zhukova, B.I. Krasnova. – M.: MGSU; Izd-vo “Soyuz”, 2007.
Politologiya: Uchebnoe posobie / Pod red. A.S. Turgaeva, A.E. Khrenova.-SPb.: Piter, 2005.
Vasilenko I.A. Politologiya: uchebnik-3-e izd., pererab. I dop.-M.:Yurayt,2011.
G. Moska «Osnovy politicheskoy nauki». Perevod s ispanskogo / Sanisteban L.S.; Per.: Zabolotnyy V.L.-M.: MP Vladan, 1992.
Vil'fredo Pareto: Istoriya – kladbishche elit. // Politicheskaya mysl'. P.Rakhshmir. – Permskiy gosuniversitet., 2000.
R.D. Pantem, Sravnitel'noe issledovanie politicheskikh elit 1976g.

Review: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the foundations and tendencies of modernization of the professional legal education that is defined by the vectors of development of law under the conditions of globalization. The author refers to the fundamental issues of the modern legal education through the prism of legal globalistics. These positions are the basis for rethinking the purpose and the point of legal profession in the modern society, which defines the limits of politics in the area of reform of the content and institutional aspects of legal education. A substantial part of this research includes the illumination of the integrational processes within the European education system as a whole, and the European field of legal education. The conducted analysis is directly linked to the research of the possible paths of development of the legal education system in Russia. The methodological foundation of the analysis consists in the understanding of the philosophy of modern legal education as more general approaches and principles that establish the purpose for the legal profession on both, national and international levels. The author bases the conclusion on the notion that increasing the role of law under the conditions of globalization suggests the forming of a new format of professional legal education that would solidify the value of law.

Keywords: Legal profession, values of law, legal globalistics, Bologna process, juridical science, utilitarianism, fundamental education, educational sphere, European values, competitiveness of education

References:
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Byrd, B. S., Hruschka, J. From the State of Nature to the Juridical State of States // Law and Philosophy, 2008. Vol. 27(6). R. 599 – 641.
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References (transliteration):
Dyzenhaus, D. Hobbes and the Legitimacy of Law // Law and Philosophy, 2001. Vol. 2(5). R. 461 – 498.
Edmundson, W.A. (ed.) The Duty to Obey the Law Selected Philosophical Readings. Oxford: Rowman&Littlefield, 1999. (352 pp.).
Conkin, W.E. Hegel's Laws: The Legitimacy of a Modern Legal Order. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008. (381 pp.).
Byrd, B. S., Hruschka, J. From the State of Nature to the Juridical State of States // Law and Philosophy, 2008. Vol. 27(6). R. 599 – 641.
Cohen, J.L. Globalization and Sovereignty. Rethinking Legality, Legitimacy, and Constitutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. (442 pp.).
Buchanan, A., Keohane, R. O. The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions // Ethics and International Affairs, 2006. Vol. 20(4). R. 405 – 437.
Buchanan, A. Political Legitimacy and Democracy // Ethics, 2002. Vol. 112(4). R. 689 – 719.
Brook T. The Legitimacy of Law in Literature: the Case of Albion W. Tourgée // Elon Law Review, 2012. Vol. 5(1). R. 170 – 198.
Bottoms, A., Tankebe, J. Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice // The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 2012. Vol. 102(1). R. 119 – 170.
Besson, S., Tasioulas, J. (eds.) The Philosophy of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. (626 pp.).
Shugurov M.V. Pravovaya sub'ektnost' i inversii sovremennoy kul'tury // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2005. № 1. S. 79 – 94.
Shatilo V.A. Voprosy legalizatsii i legitimatsii gosudarstvennoy vlasti // Mir cheloveka: normativnoe izmerenie – 3. Ratsional'nost' i legitimnost'. Sbornik trudov mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii (Saratov, 13 – 15 iyunya 2013 g.). pod red. prof. I.D. Nevvazhaya. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo «Kubik», S. 348 – 349.
Podoroga V. Apologiya politicheskogo. M.: Izd. Dom GU – VShE, 2010. (288 s.)
Permyakov Yu.E. Metamorfozy legitimnosti // Mir cheloveka6 normativnoe izmerenie – 3. Ratsional'nost' i legitimnost'. Sbornik trudov mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii (Saratov, 13 – 15 iyunya 2013 g.). pod red. prof. I.D. Nevvazhaya. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo «Kubik», S. 307 –314.
Nersesyan V.S. Pravo i pravovoy zakon: stanovlenie i razvitie. Pod. red. V.V. Lapaevoy. M.: Norma, 2009. (384 s.).
Malakhov V.S. Gosudarstvo v usloviyakh globalizatsii. M.: Izdatel'stvo «KDU», 2007. (256 s.).
Kruch K. Post-demokratiya. M.: Izd. Dom GU – VShE, 2010. (192 s.). L'yuks S. Vlast': Radikal'nyy vzglyad. M.: Izd. Dom GU – VShE, 2010. (240 s.).
Kimlika U. Sovremennaya politicheskaya filosofiya: vvedenie. M.: Izd. Dom GU – VShE, 2010. (592 s.).
Gadzhiev G.A. Ontologiya prava: (kriticheskoe issledovanie yuridicheskogo kontsepta deystvitel'nosti). M.: Norma, 2014. (320 s.).
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Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Mihil, A., Quinton, P., Tyler, T. Why Do People Comply with the Law? Legitimacy and the Influence of Legal Institutions // British Journal of Criminology, 2012. Vol. 52(6). R. 1051 – 1071.
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Review: This article is dedicated to the political views of Niccolo Machiavelli upon ensuring the territorial integrity of a nation and counteraction of regional separatism. It analyzes the treatises “The Prince” and “The Art of War”, and generalizes the experience of diplomatic work of the classic of political thought. The article demonstrates the dependency of the intensity of the centrifugal forces on the model of state governance: ruling a nation through nobility or governors. The issue of government unity is mostly prevalent in the nations that belong to the first type. Discussing the acceptable forms of ruling, the thinker comes to the conclusion that in order to unify a nation under the conditions of feudal fragmentation and clashing of the clans, the monarchy is more suitable than a republic. Taking into account the conquering nature of the politics of the medieval nations, an analysis is conducted on the legal and other means of maintaining the conquered countries within the borders: preservation of the legal and financial systems, and transfer of the capital into the newly conquered territory. Part of the methods is defined as forceful, and extralegal: destruction of the cities, and killing of the entire bloodline of the previous ruler. Certain recommendations are evaluated as rational for the modern countries that are fighting against separatism.

Keywords: Nicollo Machiavelli, Territorial integrity, Government borders, Statism, Government unity, Centrefugal forces, Separatism, Army, Civil peace, Law enforcement .

References:
Timchenko V.V. Poyavlenie postoyannykh armiy v gorodakh Italii v XIV-XV vv. // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. №4 (10). 2011. Chast' 1.
Simovonyan V.A., Kordmyuk E.V. Uchenie N.Makiavelli o gosudarstve i politike // Yuridicheskiy vestnik RGEU. 2007. №4.
Naumov A.V. Sobytiya nachal'nogo etapa ital'yanskikh voyn v otrazhenii Nikkolo Makiavelli // Vestnik sotsial'no-gumanitarnogo obrazovaniya i nauki. 2011. №1.
Makiavelli N. O voennom iskusstve. M.: Amfora, 1999.
Makiavelli N. Knyaz'. M.: OOO «Iglmoss Edtshnz», 2012.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya istorii. SPb., 1993.
Glebov E.V. Tema voyny v zapadnoy filosofskoy traditsii ot Antichnosti do Gegelya // Vestnik NGU. Seriya: Filosofiya. 2010. Tom 8, vypusk 2.
Bekon F. Sochineniya v 2 t. M., 1977. T.1.
Vershilov S.A. Kul'tura voennoy bezopasnosti: ekskurs v proshloe (sotsial'no-filosofskie aspekty) // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. 2010. T.10. Ser. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Pedagogika. Vyp.2.
Baranov V.A. Voenno-politicheskie vzglyady Nikkolo Makiavelli i sovremennost'. Diss…k.polit.nauk. M., 2003.
Tolstenko A.M. «Politicheskiy razum» Nikolo Makiavelli // Vestnik SPbGU. Ser. 6, 2009. Vyp. 4.

References (transliteration):
Timchenko V.V. Poyavlenie postoyannykh armiy v gorodakh Italii v XIV-XV vv. // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. №4 (10). 2011. Chast' 1.
Simovonyan V.A., Kordmyuk E.V. Uchenie N.Makiavelli o gosudarstve i politike // Yuridicheskiy vestnik RGEU. 2007. №4.
Naumov A.V. Sobytiya nachal'nogo etapa ital'yanskikh voyn v otrazhenii Nikkolo Makiavelli // Vestnik sotsial'no-gumanitarnogo obrazovaniya i nauki. 2011. №1.
Makiavelli N. O voennom iskusstve. M.: Amfora, 1999.
Makiavelli N. Knyaz'. M.: OOO «Iglmoss Edtshnz», 2012.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya istorii. SPb., 1993.
Glebov E.V. Tema voyny v zapadnoy filosofskoy traditsii ot Antichnosti do Gegelya // Vestnik NGU. Seriya: Filosofiya. 2010. Tom 8, vypusk 2.
Bekon F. Sochineniya v 2 t. M., 1977. T.1.
Vershilov S.A. Kul'tura voennoy bezopasnosti: ekskurs v proshloe (sotsial'no-filosofskie aspekty) // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. 2010. T.10. Ser. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Pedagogika. Vyp.2.
Baranov V.A. Voenno-politicheskie vzglyady Nikkolo Makiavelli i sovremennost'. Diss…k.polit.nauk. M., 2003.
Tolstenko A.M. «Politicheskiy razum» Nikolo Makiavelli // Vestnik SPbGU. Ser. 6, 2009. Vyp. 4.

Review: This article analyzes the influence of the theories of information and post-industrial society upon the development of space politics. It examines the works of such researches in this field like Daniel Bell, Rimantas Pleikis, and Alvin Toffler. The author emphasizes that the space politics in particular can be viewed as the axis of political theories, which passes through the concept of industrialism, as well as being a reflection of post-industrialism theories and information society as a whole. The space politics affects not only the direct access to information, but can also be an element of censorship in a very near future; but the problem of access to information is one of the most politically sensitive. It is namely the access to information as the cornerstone example of freedom that carries a direct impact on the forming of space politics, which is very relevant in the era of globalization.

Keywords: Political sciences, space politics, cosmic consciousness, post-industrial society, information society, space technologies, information, frequency jamming, censorship, globalization.

References:
1. Bell D. Gryadushchee postindustrial'noe obshchestvo. − M., 2004, str. 6.
2. Bell D. Sotsial'nye ramki informatsionnogo obshchestva. // Rossiyskiy Gumanitarnyy Internet-Universitet www.i-u.
ru // URL: http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/bell _newtehnvar/? search=%e1%e5%eb%eb#st (data obrashcheniya 01.12.2009)
3. Pleykis R. Radiotsenzura. //Informatsionnyy portal «Vse o radio v Rossii i za rubezhom» http://radio.hobby.ru // URL:
http://radio.hobby.ru/glushilka.html
4. Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. − M.: ACT, 1999, str. 273.

References (transliteration):
1. Bell D. Gryadushchee postindustrial'noe obshchestvo. − M., 2004, str. 6.
2. Bell D. Sotsial'nye ramki informatsionnogo obshchestva. // Rossiyskiy Gumanitarnyy Internet-Universitet www.i-u.
ru // URL: http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/bell _newtehnvar/? search=%e1%e5%eb%eb#st (data obrashcheniya 01.12.2009)
3. Pleykis R. Radiotsenzura. //Informatsionnyy portal «Vse o radio v Rossii i za rubezhom» http://radio.hobby.ru // URL:
http://radio.hobby.ru/glushilka.html
4. Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. − M.: ACT, 1999, str. 273.

Review: In the XXI century the need for the constitutional control in a democratic rule of law state, which is based upon the principle of separation of powers, is undoubted. The institution of constitutional control held various forms and methods of implementation throughout its history. The article is devoted to one of the issues in the theory of constitutional control, namely, the definition of this institution. The author attempts to take part in the scientific discussion regarding definition of “constitutional control” and its correlation with the “constitutional supervision”. In the course of the analysis of the key existing approaches towards defining “constitutional control” in the science of constitutional law, the author mostly employs formal legal and comparative legal methods. Having analyzed the main current approaches towards the definition of “constitutional control”, the author provides her own definition of this institution based upon various matters, including the experience of the former Yugoslavia states in the sphere of constitutional justice. In the opinion of the author constitutional control is the activity of the competent state government bodies towards control (and if necessary, support) compliance or non-compliance of laws, other normative and general acts, acts and omissions of public government bodies, organizations and non-governmental organizations to the Constitution.

Keywords: Constitutional control, constitutional supervision, constitutional court, constitutionality, lawfulness, former Yugoslavia states, constitutional order, Constitution, non-constitutionality, illegality.

Contact information: Milchakova, Olesya Vladimirovna, 123995, Russia, Moskva, ul. Sadovaya Kudrinskaya, 9.

References:
Chekryga M. A. Ponyatie i pravovaya priroda konstitutsionnogo kontrolya. // Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo. Vypusk № 38 (214) / 2010. S. 109-112.
Kasatkina N.M. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v zarubezhnykh gosudarstvakh (tendentsii razvitiya) // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya.-2012.-5.-C. 13-20.
S.V. Narutto Konstitutsionnyy sudebnyy protsess: ponyatie, priznaki, osobennosti // Pravo i politika.-2013.-5.-C. 708-713. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.05.15.
Shul'zhenko Yu. L. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v Rossii: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 1995.-48 s.
Kharitonova N. N. Pravovoe regulirovanie osushchestvleniya konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: sistemno-funktsional'nye i federativnye aspekty: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.-26 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya v Khorvatii: stanovlenie, razvitie, osnovy organizatsii. Monografiya. M., 2013.-174 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v stranakh byvshey Yugoslavii. M., 2014.-308 s.
Nesmeyanova S. E. Pravovye problemy stanovleniya spetsializirovannogo konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Avtoreferat diss. na soiskanie uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 1994.-18 s.
Maklakov V. V. Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran. Obshchaya chast': ucheb. dlya studentov yurid. vuzov i fak. / 2-e izd., ispravl. i dop. M.: Infotropik Media, 2012.
Konstitutsiya v XXI veke: sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie / Otv. red. V. E. Chirkin. M., 2011.-656 s.
Lomovtseva M. L. Rossiyskaya i amerikanskaya sistemy konstitutsionnogo sudebnogo kontrolya: Sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2004.-23 s.
Konstitutsionnyy kontrol': doktrina i praktika: materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 20-letiyu Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 28-29 oktyabrya 2011 g.) / Pod red. V. D. Zor'kina. M., 2012.-464 s.
Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran. Obshchaya chast': Uchebnik dlya vuzov / Ruk. avt. koll. i otv. red. B. A. Strashun. – 4-e izd., obnovl. i dorab. – M.: Norma, 2005.-896 s.
Konstitutsionalizm: ideal i/ili real'nost': Sbornik materialov diskussii za kruglym stolom 4 fevralya 2011 goda / Pod red. B. A. Strashuna, I. A. Alebastrovoy. M., 2012.-255 s.
Vitruk N. V. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie. Sudebno-konstitutsionnoe pravo i protsess: ucheb. posobie. – 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M., 2011.-592 s.
Zimin A. V. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v sisteme razdeleniya vlastey (teoretiko-pravovye aspekty): Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2002.-23 s.
Bondar' N. S. Sudebnyy konstitutsionalizm v Rossii v svete konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya. M., 2011.-544 s.
Berezin Yu. B. Konstitutsionno-pravovoy status organov konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v evropeyskikh stranakh: Avtoreferat diss. na soiskanie uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2006.-26 s.
Mil'chakova O.V.. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie v Kosove // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2014. – № 4. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.4.11726
Mil'chakova O.V.. Reforma Konstitutsionnogo suda Chernogorii (2013-2014 gg.) // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. – 2014. – № 4. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.4.11462
Mil'chakova O.V.. Razreshenie yurisdiktsionnykh sporov (sporov o kompetentsii) v Konstitutsionnom sude // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. – 2014. – № 1. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.1.10517
Mil'chakova O.V.. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie na strazhe prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 12. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10446
G. Kel'zen. Sudebnaya garantiya Konstitutsii (Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya. Chast' 2. Okonchanie) // Pravo i politika. – 2006. – № 9.
G. Kel'zen. Sudebnaya garantiya Konstitutsii (Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya. Chast' 1) // Pravo i politika. – 2006. – № 8.
D.V. Danilenko. Osnovnye napravleniya evolyutsii sovremennogo konstitutsionalizma // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 9

References (transliteration):
Chekryga M. A. Ponyatie i pravovaya priroda konstitutsionnogo kontrolya. // Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo. Vypusk № 38 (214) / 2010. S. 109-112.
Kasatkina N.M. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v zarubezhnykh gosudarstvakh (tendentsii razvitiya) // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya.-2012.-5.-C. 13-20.
S.V. Narutto Konstitutsionnyy sudebnyy protsess: ponyatie, priznaki, osobennosti // Pravo i politika.-2013.-5.-C. 708-713. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.05.15.
Shul'zhenko Yu. L. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v Rossii: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 1995.-48 s.
Kharitonova N. N. Pravovoe regulirovanie osushchestvleniya konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: sistemno-funktsional'nye i federativnye aspekty: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.-26 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya v Khorvatii: stanovlenie, razvitie, osnovy organizatsii. Monografiya. M., 2013.-174 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v stranakh byvshey Yugoslavii. M., 2014.-308 s.
Nesmeyanova S. E. Pravovye problemy stanovleniya spetsializirovannogo konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Avtoreferat diss. na soiskanie uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 1994.-18 s.
Maklakov V. V. Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran. Obshchaya chast': ucheb. dlya studentov yurid. vuzov i fak. / 2-e izd., ispravl. i dop. M.: Infotropik Media, 2012.
Konstitutsiya v XXI veke: sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie / Otv. red. V. E. Chirkin. M., 2011.-656 s.
Lomovtseva M. L. Rossiyskaya i amerikanskaya sistemy konstitutsionnogo sudebnogo kontrolya: Sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie: Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2004.-23 s.
Konstitutsionnyy kontrol': doktrina i praktika: materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 20-letiyu Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 28-29 oktyabrya 2011 g.) / Pod red. V. D. Zor'kina. M., 2012.-464 s.
Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran. Obshchaya chast': Uchebnik dlya vuzov / Ruk. avt. koll. i otv. red. B. A. Strashun. – 4-e izd., obnovl. i dorab. – M.: Norma, 2005.-896 s.
Konstitutsionalizm: ideal i/ili real'nost': Sbornik materialov diskussii za kruglym stolom 4 fevralya 2011 goda / Pod red. B. A. Strashuna, I. A. Alebastrovoy. M., 2012.-255 s.
Vitruk N. V. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie. Sudebno-konstitutsionnoe pravo i protsess: ucheb. posobie. – 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M., 2011.-592 s.
Zimin A. V. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v sisteme razdeleniya vlastey (teoretiko-pravovye aspekty): Avtoreferat diss. na soisk. uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2002.-23 s.
Bondar' N. S. Sudebnyy konstitutsionalizm v Rossii v svete konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya. M., 2011.-544 s.
Berezin Yu. B. Konstitutsionno-pravovoy status organov konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v evropeyskikh stranakh: Avtoreferat diss. na soiskanie uch. step. kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2006.-26 s.
Mil'chakova O.V.. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie v Kosove // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2014. – № 4. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.4.11726
Mil'chakova O.V.. Reforma Konstitutsionnogo suda Chernogorii (2013-2014 gg.) // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. – 2014. – № 4. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.4.11462
Mil'chakova O.V.. Razreshenie yurisdiktsionnykh sporov (sporov o kompetentsii) v Konstitutsionnom sude // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. – 2014. – № 1. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.1.10517
Mil'chakova O.V.. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie na strazhe prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 12. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10446
G. Kel'zen. Sudebnaya garantiya Konstitutsii (Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya. Chast' 2. Okonchanie) // Pravo i politika. – 2006. – № 9.
G. Kel'zen. Sudebnaya garantiya Konstitutsii (Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya. Chast' 1) // Pravo i politika. – 2006. – № 8.
D.V. Danilenko. Osnovnye napravleniya evolyutsii sovremennogo konstitutsionalizma // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 9

Review: The article provides a brief historical and comparative analysis of the main approaches of the criminologists of the Georgian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republics of the former USSR towards territorial differences in crime markers and their causes. The author describes theoretical nature and methodological elements of the approaches, such as comparative criminological analysis, studies of geography of crimes and their dynamics, systemic approaches towards territorial (area-related) structures (residential structures, administrative regions, certain regions), etc. The article involves comparative historical method for the studies of approaches of scientific schools and certain criminologists of the former USSR (1970s-1980s) towards studying the causes of territorial differences in crime. The article contains analysis of initial prerequisites and further approaches towards widening and deepening of the scope of territorial and methodological basis for the studies of the causes of territorial differences in crime. For example, by the mid-1980s the Soviet criminologies have theoretically substantiated the need to understand territorial (regional) and residential structures as types of complicated social and economic structures. At the same time the complications and contradictions in the functioning of such systems should inevitably influencing the markers of the criminal activities of the population.

Keywords: Soviet criminology, territorial differences in crime, Georgian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, comparative criminological analysis, geography of crime, systemic approach, causes of crime.

Contact information: Baharev, Dmitriy Vadimovich, 628400, Russia, Tyumenskaya oblast, Surgut, ul. 50 Let, 10/2.

References:
Bakharev D.V. Vopros o prichinakh prestupnosti v rabotakh russkikh pisateley i publitsistov 2-y poloviny XIX veka // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2012. №4. S.25-28.
Bakharev D.V. Prichiny prestupnosti kak politiko-filosofskaya kategoriya v rabotakh deyateley frantsuzskogo Prosveshcheniya // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2012. №18. S.6-8.
Bakharev D.V. Vzglyady russkikh mysliteley XVIII veka na problemu prestupnosti (ot I.T. Pososhkova do A.N. Radishcheva) // Politika i obshchestvo. 2011. №11. S.136-142.
Bakharev D.V. Izuchenie prichin territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti v epokhu stanovleniya otechestvennoy kriminologicheskoy mysli (istoriko-bibliograficheskiy ocherk) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2012. №10. S.160-164.
Vliyanie sotsial'nykh usloviy na territorial'nye razlichiya v prestupnosti.-M., 1977. 140s.
Vliyanie sotsial'nykh usloviy na prestupnost'. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov.-M., 1983. 123s.
Sakharov A.B. Opyt izucheniya vliyaniya sotsial'nykh usloviy na territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1977. №1. S.75-84.
Territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti i ikh prichiny // Voprosy bor'by s prestupnost'yu. № 46.-M., 1988. S.160-166.
Territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti i ikh prichiny. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov-M., 1988. 104s.
Mazin E.N. Osnovnye napravleniya issledovaniy territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti // Sbornik nauchnykh rabot.-Vil'nyus, 1980. Vyp. 6. S. 206-223.
Yanauskas A. Nekotorye rezul'taty sravnitel'nogo issledovaniya urovnya, dinamiki i struktury prestupnosti po gorodam Litovskoy SSR // Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii po problemam bor'by s prestupnost'yu v gorodakh oblastnogo podchineniya.-Lipetsk, 1970. S. 228-231.
Yanauskas A. O zakonomernostyakh v dinamike prestupnosti i ikh izuchenii // Izuchenie i preduprezhdenie prestupnosti. Sbornik nauchnykh rabot. Vyp. 4.-Vil'nyus, 1971. S.15-23.
Dzenis E.N., Menberg G.G. Sotsial'no-geograficheskie aspekty izucheniya prestupnosti v Latviyskoy SSR // Kriminologicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp.1-Riga, 1974. S.60-64.
Gabiani A., Gachicheladze R., Didebulidze M. Ob osnovnykh printsipakh prostranstvennogo analiza prestupnosti (na primere Gruzinskoy SSR) // Aktual'nye voprosy preduprezhdeniya pravonarusheniy. Trudy Nauchno-issledovatel'skoy laboratorii sotsiologii prestupnosti MVD GSSR.-Tbilisi, 1981. Vyp. 1. S.8-30.
Gabiani A.A., Gachechiladze R.G. Nekotorye voprosy geografii prestupnosti. Po materialam Gruzinskoy SSR.-Tbilisi, 1982. 143s.
Gabiani A.A., Gachechiladze R.G., Didebulidze M.I. Prestupnost' v gorodakh i sel'skoy mestnosti. Konkretno-kriminologicheskoe i sotsial'no-geograficheskoe issledovanie po materialam Gruzinskoy SSR.-Tbilisi, 1985. 141s.
Spiridonov L., Leps A. Teoreticheskie voprosy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti // Teoreticheskie problemy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti. Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo un-ta: Trudy po kriminologii.-Tartu, 1985, Vyp. 725. S.3-18.
Raska E. Protsedury territorial'nogo issledovaniya sotsial'noy obuslovlennosti prestupnosti // Teoreticheskie problemy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti. Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo un-ta: Trudy po kriminologii.-Tartu, 1985, Vyp. 725. S.34-63.

References (transliteration):
Bakharev D.V. Vopros o prichinakh prestupnosti v rabotakh russkikh pisateley i publitsistov 2-y poloviny XIX veka // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2012. №4. S.25-28.
Bakharev D.V. Prichiny prestupnosti kak politiko-filosofskaya kategoriya v rabotakh deyateley frantsuzskogo Prosveshcheniya // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2012. №18. S.6-8.
Bakharev D.V. Vzglyady russkikh mysliteley XVIII veka na problemu prestupnosti (ot I.T. Pososhkova do A.N. Radishcheva) // Politika i obshchestvo. 2011. №11. S.136-142.
Bakharev D.V. Izuchenie prichin territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti v epokhu stanovleniya otechestvennoy kriminologicheskoy mysli (istoriko-bibliograficheskiy ocherk) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2012. №10. S.160-164.
Vliyanie sotsial'nykh usloviy na territorial'nye razlichiya v prestupnosti.-M., 1977. 140s.
Vliyanie sotsial'nykh usloviy na prestupnost'. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov.-M., 1983. 123s.
Sakharov A.B. Opyt izucheniya vliyaniya sotsial'nykh usloviy na territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1977. №1. S.75-84.
Territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti i ikh prichiny // Voprosy bor'by s prestupnost'yu. № 46.-M., 1988. S.160-166.
Territorial'nye razlichiya prestupnosti i ikh prichiny. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov-M., 1988. 104s.
Mazin E.N. Osnovnye napravleniya issledovaniy territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti // Sbornik nauchnykh rabot.-Vil'nyus, 1980. Vyp. 6. S. 206-223.
Yanauskas A. Nekotorye rezul'taty sravnitel'nogo issledovaniya urovnya, dinamiki i struktury prestupnosti po gorodam Litovskoy SSR // Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii po problemam bor'by s prestupnost'yu v gorodakh oblastnogo podchineniya.-Lipetsk, 1970. S. 228-231.
Yanauskas A. O zakonomernostyakh v dinamike prestupnosti i ikh izuchenii // Izuchenie i preduprezhdenie prestupnosti. Sbornik nauchnykh rabot. Vyp. 4.-Vil'nyus, 1971. S.15-23.
Dzenis E.N., Menberg G.G. Sotsial'no-geograficheskie aspekty izucheniya prestupnosti v Latviyskoy SSR // Kriminologicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp.1-Riga, 1974. S.60-64.
Gabiani A., Gachicheladze R., Didebulidze M. Ob osnovnykh printsipakh prostranstvennogo analiza prestupnosti (na primere Gruzinskoy SSR) // Aktual'nye voprosy preduprezhdeniya pravonarusheniy. Trudy Nauchno-issledovatel'skoy laboratorii sotsiologii prestupnosti MVD GSSR.-Tbilisi, 1981. Vyp. 1. S.8-30.
Gabiani A.A., Gachechiladze R.G. Nekotorye voprosy geografii prestupnosti. Po materialam Gruzinskoy SSR.-Tbilisi, 1982. 143s.
Gabiani A.A., Gachechiladze R.G., Didebulidze M.I. Prestupnost' v gorodakh i sel'skoy mestnosti. Konkretno-kriminologicheskoe i sotsial'no-geograficheskoe issledovanie po materialam Gruzinskoy SSR.-Tbilisi, 1985. 141s.
Spiridonov L., Leps A. Teoreticheskie voprosy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti // Teoreticheskie problemy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti. Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo un-ta: Trudy po kriminologii.-Tartu, 1985, Vyp. 725. S.3-18.
Raska E. Protsedury territorial'nogo issledovaniya sotsial'noy obuslovlennosti prestupnosti // Teoreticheskie problemy izucheniya territorial'nykh razlichiy prestupnosti. Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo un-ta: Trudy po kriminologii.-Tartu, 1985, Vyp. 725. S.34-63.

Review: The article considers the philosophical-legal issues when forming and developing the idea about the cosmic state made by thinkers during different periods of time, starting from the Ancient World till Russian cosmism in the 20th century. It includes interpretations of ideas about the cosmic state in ancient mythology, in works of such thinkers as Antisfen, Diogenes of Sinope, Krates, Zeno, Platon, Iambulos, Seneca, Cicero, Dante, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Paine, N.F. Fyodorov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.F. Agienko, P.I. Ivanitsky, V.I. Vernadsky, N.K. Roerich, etc. Logical, historical, and comparative methods were used. The evaluation of the offered information contained in works of different thinkers was given from the position of a modern vision of the questions being studied, taking into consideration the level and prospects of the technical development of humanity, and the challenges of the XXIst century. It is observed that more intensive understanding of the potential of the state as a historical phenomenon took place while understanding cosmic aspects of the state in the history of political thought. Thinkers of different countries started to comprehend more deeply the unity of the world, the cosmic nature of a person and humanity, the foresight and comprehension of the coming cosmic human era and its appropriate political organization. The ideas about the cosmic state played a particular role in the liberation of the individual, and contributed to the development of the conception and forms of economic, political and legal integration, thereby extending the historical horizons of political consciousness.

Keywords: Space, state, civilization, mythology, Cynics, Plato, Tsiolkovsky, Roerich, cosmism, biocosmism.

Contact information: Udartsev Sergey Fedorovich, 010000, Kazakhstan, Astana, Kurgal’dzhinskoe Way, 8, KazHUL, SRI Legal Policy and Constitutional Legislation, Offi ce 618.

References:
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References (transliteration):
Udartsev S. F. Pravovoe gosudarstvo: smyslovye grani doktriny (iz istorii phylosophy prava) // Nauchnye trudy "Adilet" (Almaty), № 1 (9), 2001. S. 5 – 35 [in Russian].
Udartsev S. F. Istoriya politicheskich i pravovych ucheniy. Drevny Vostok: Akademichesky kurs. – SPb: Izdat. Dom St.-Peter. Gos. Un-ta, Izd-vo yuridicheskogo fakulteta SPbGU, 2007. – 664 s. [in Russian].
Shklovsky I. S. Vselennaya, zhizn, razum. Izd-vo 3-e, dop. i pererab. M.: «Science», 1973. S. 283 – 286 [in Russian].
Deniken E. Nebesnye uchitelya. Translated from German by G. Sachatsky. M: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2005. – 192 s. [in Russian].
Deniken E. Nasledie Bogov. Translated from German by S. V. Golova and A. M. Golova. M.: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2006. – 432 s. [in Russian].
Deniken E. Kamenny vek byl inym, Translated from German by S. V. Golova and A. M. Golova. M.: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2006. – 288 s. [in Russian].
Deniken E. Istoriya oshibochna. Translated from English by I. Kochneva. SPb.; Piter, 2011. – 240 s. [in Russian].
Sytchin Z. Kosmicheskiy kod: Gennaya inzheneriya bogov. Translated from English by Yu. Goldberg. M.: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2006. – 320 s. [in Russian].
Sytchin Z. Voiny bogov I ludey. Translated from English by Yu. Goldbeg. M.: Izs-vo Eksmo, 2009. – 432 s. [in Russian].
Isaev I. A. Vlast I zakon v kontekste irratsionalnogo. M.: Yurist, 2006. – 478 s. [in Russian].
Frankfort G., Frankfort G. A., Wilson J., Jacobsen T. V predvery philosophy. Duchovnye iskaniya drevnego cheloveka. Per. s ang. T. N. Tolstoy. Otv. Red. i avtor vstup. st. V. V. Ivanov. M.: Nauka, 1984. – 236 s. [in Russian].
Udartsev S. F. Politiko-pravovye idei i miphologiya v Mesopotamii, Hettskom tsarstve i Drevnem Irane // Problemy teorii prava i gosudarstva, istorii politiko-pravovoy mysli. Sbornik rabot uchenikov, druzey, kolleg professora O. E. Leist / Otv. Red. N. G. Belyaeva i A. A. Matyuhin. Almaty: AYu – VShP «Adilet», 2005. S. 189 – 205 and etc. [in Russian].
Marcic Rene. Vom Gesetzesstaat zum Richterstaat. Recht als Maß der Macht / Gedenken über den demokratischen Rechts-und Sozialstaat. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1957. S. 7.
Yudhidshira // Wikipedia. Svobodnaya entsiklopedia. – http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0% B4%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0 – 04.07.2012.
Tantlevsky I. R. Kniga Enoha. Arameiskie fragmenty knig enoha iz Kumrana. Evreiskaya kniga Enoha, ili knigs Nebesnyh Dvortsov. Sefer Yetzirah – Kniga Sozidaniya. Prilozhenie: Efiopskaya versiya knig Enoha. Ierusalim: Gesharim: M.: Mosty kultury, 2002. – 376 s. [in Russian].
Udartsev S. F. Lao-Tse. Drevneyshy predshestvenik idey samoorganizatsii kosmosa, obshestva i cheloveka // Sinergetika obrazovaniya. Mezhvusovsky sbornik (vypusk vtoroi) / Yuzhnoe otdelenie Rossiysloy akademii obrazovaniya; Moskovsky gosudarstvenny pedagogichesky universitet. Moskva; Rostov-na-Donu: Izd-vo Rostovskogo gos. Pedagogicheskogo universiteta, 2004. S. 216 – 254 [in Russian].
Losev A. F. Zhevs // Mifologiya. Bolshoy entsiklopedichesky slovar / Gl. red. E. M. Meletinsky. 4-e izd. M.: Bolshaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya,1998. S. 220 – 221 [in Russian].
Losev A. F. Prometey // Ibid. S. 451 [in Russian].
Fragmenty rannich grecheskih filosofov. Chast I. Ot epicheskih teokosmogomiy do vozniknoveniya atomistiki. Izadanir podgotovil A. V. Lebedev. M.: Nauka,1989. – 576 s. [in Russian].
Pythagoras. Zolotoy kanon. Figury ezoteriki. M.: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2003. – 448 s. [in Russian].
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Review: The object of studies in this article is critical evaluation of the concept of law by the well known legal theoretician Ronald Dworkin. In the first part of the article the author studies his early works with special attention to the polemics between Dworkin and Hart. It is also explained how the defects of the early theory of Dworkin led to the radical changes in his methodology and the number of his theses. In the second part of the article the author focuses on legal views of Dworkin, as formulated after 1981. The author provides detailed description of his interpretation theory and his theory of the integrity of law. The third part of the article contains criticism of his views from the pluralism standpoint. The method of the author mirrors the method of Dworkin, and it is entitled “constructive interpretation”. Its use allows to imagine an object of studies in the best light, complicating its criticism. Ronald Dworkin was and still is one of the central pillars of the Western jurisprudence. Unfortunately, most of his works are not translated into Russia, but still his ideas need to be critically evaluated from the standpoint of their perspective application, as well as lack of inner contradictions by the Russian legal community. And the views of Ronald Dworkin contain many attractive idea, while the central thesis on integrity may be potentially dangerous for the very freedoms, which the law is meant to safeguard.

Keywords: Law, Dworkin, law as an integrity, norms and principles, Hart, Raz, hermeneutics, interpretation theory, positivism, normative jurisprudence.

Contact information: Churnosov, Ivan Mihailovich, 123995, Russia, Moskva, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 9.

References:
Simmonds, N. E. “Central issues in jurisprudence: Justice, Law and Rights”, London, Maxwell, 2008
Leybnits «Rassuzhdenie o metafizike», tsitiruetsya po knige S. A. Mal'tsevoy, D. Antiseri i Dzh. Reale «Zapadnaya filosofiya ot istokov do nashikh dney. Ot vozrozhdeniya do Kanta», tom 3, str. 384-385, Pnevma
Tolstoy, L. «Voyna i mir», Moskva, «Khudozhestvennaya literatura», 1980
Bibliya, Izdanie Moskovskoy patriarkhii, Moskva, 1983
Dworkin, R. “Law’s Empire”, London, Fontana, 1986
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, st. 105, ch. 1, "Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF", 17.06.1996, N 25
Dworkin, R. “Taking rights seriously”, London, Duckworth, 1977
Raz, J. “Legal principles and the limits of law”, 81 Yale Law Journal, 1972
Hart, H. L. A. “The Concept of Law”, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition
Simmods, N. E. “Blutness and Bricolage” v “Jurisprudence: Cambridge Essays”, H. Gross, R. Harrison, New York, Oxford, 1996
Nitsshe, F. «Genealogiya morali», Sankt-Peterburg, «Azbuka-klassika», 2008
Leusenko D.A.. Integrativnaya teoriya i geneticheskiy metod v poznanii prava B.A. Kistyakovskogo // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 12. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.12.10403.
Leusenko D.A.. Integrativnoe pravoponimanie i geneticheskiy metod v yuridicheskoy nauke // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 11. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.10117.
D. I. Lukovskaya, A. A. Solov'ev. Pravovaya sistema: deyatel'nostno-integrativnyy podkhod // Pravo i politika. – 2011. – № 10. – S. 104-107.
O. G. Nozikova. Pravovoy tekst kak ofitsial'nyy interpretatsionnyy akt. // Pravo i politika. – 2007. – № 10.
V.M. Rozin. Diskursivnye kommunikatsii i sotsial'noe normirovanie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 11. – S. 104-107.
V. G. Grafskiy. Pravovoe obshchenie v proshlom i nastoyashchem. // Pravo i politika. – 2011. – № 1.
V. G. Grafskiy. Pravo, moral' i politika v sotsiologizirovannoy yurisprudentsii P. A. Sorokina. // Pravo i politika. – 2000. – № 2.
Palyulin A.Yu.. «Moral' i dogma» o zakone i spravedlivosti // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 9. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.9.9392.
Shermukhamedov S.. Tsennyy trud o filosofsko-pravovom uchenii Immanuila Kanta // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 9. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.9.2341.
N. Fisher. «Moral'no-opredelennyy monoteizm» Kanta v svyazi s khristologiey (prodolzhenie) (perevod I.V. Kirsberga) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – № 5. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.11.
L.V. Maksimov. Chto takoe moral': problema opredeleniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 10. – S. 104-107

References (transliteration):
Simmonds, N. E. “Central issues in jurisprudence: Justice, Law and Rights”, London, Maxwell, 2008
Leybnits «Rassuzhdenie o metafizike», tsitiruetsya po knige S. A. Mal'tsevoy, D. Antiseri i Dzh. Reale «Zapadnaya filosofiya ot istokov do nashikh dney. Ot vozrozhdeniya do Kanta», tom 3, str. 384-385, Pnevma
Tolstoy, L. «Voyna i mir», Moskva, «Khudozhestvennaya literatura», 1980
Bibliya, Izdanie Moskovskoy patriarkhii, Moskva, 1983
Dworkin, R. “Law’s Empire”, London, Fontana, 1986
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, st. 105, ch. 1, "Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF", 17.06.1996, N 25
Dworkin, R. “Taking rights seriously”, London, Duckworth, 1977
Raz, J. “Legal principles and the limits of law”, 81 Yale Law Journal, 1972
Hart, H. L. A. “The Concept of Law”, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition
Simmods, N. E. “Blutness and Bricolage” v “Jurisprudence: Cambridge Essays”, H. Gross, R. Harrison, New York, Oxford, 1996
Nitsshe, F. «Genealogiya morali», Sankt-Peterburg, «Azbuka-klassika», 2008
Leusenko D.A.. Integrativnaya teoriya i geneticheskiy metod v poznanii prava B.A. Kistyakovskogo // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 12. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.12.10403.
Leusenko D.A.. Integrativnoe pravoponimanie i geneticheskiy metod v yuridicheskoy nauke // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 11. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.10117.
D. I. Lukovskaya, A. A. Solov'ev. Pravovaya sistema: deyatel'nostno-integrativnyy podkhod // Pravo i politika. – 2011. – № 10. – S. 104-107.
O. G. Nozikova. Pravovoy tekst kak ofitsial'nyy interpretatsionnyy akt. // Pravo i politika. – 2007. – № 10.
V.M. Rozin. Diskursivnye kommunikatsii i sotsial'noe normirovanie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 11. – S. 104-107.
V. G. Grafskiy. Pravovoe obshchenie v proshlom i nastoyashchem. // Pravo i politika. – 2011. – № 1.
V. G. Grafskiy. Pravo, moral' i politika v sotsiologizirovannoy yurisprudentsii P. A. Sorokina. // Pravo i politika. – 2000. – № 2.
Palyulin A.Yu.. «Moral' i dogma» o zakone i spravedlivosti // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 9. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.9.9392.
Shermukhamedov S.. Tsennyy trud o filosofsko-pravovom uchenii Immanuila Kanta // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 9. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.9.2341.
N. Fisher. «Moral'no-opredelennyy monoteizm» Kanta v svyazi s khristologiey (prodolzhenie) (perevod I.V. Kirsberga) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – № 5. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.05.11.
L.V. Maksimov. Chto takoe moral': problema opredeleniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 10. – S. 104-107

Review: The article concerns the main idea of the ethics of the discourse by J. Habermas, who is one of the best known modern philosophers. Ethics of discourse is regarded as an attempt of implementation of justice in the life of social communities and individual. Understanding of justice within the ethics of discourse is studied in the light of enriching this sphere. The author regards the ethics of discourse as a reflection of the reality of the modern society and attempts to uncover the ideas, which may be used in implementation of justice in the modern social conditions. The author studies ethics of the discourse within the context of justice from the standpoint of unity of all spheres of social life, causal and functional links, interrelation and interdependency of needs, interests and values. The discourse ethics is regarded as an attempt of synthesis of liberalism and communitarianism. The discourse ethics of J. Habermas has its positive features, such as measures offered by him for the achievement of public consent, attention to cultural differences, interests of social communities and individual persons, achievement of the said goals via state and law. At the same time the author fails to find in the studies of J. Habermas the correlation between the duty and benefit, needs, interests and values, interrelations of the main spheres of social life, economic and ideological relations.

Keywords: Justice, freedom, equality, solidarity, multiculturalism, deontology, discourse, needs, interests, values.

Contact information: Ismailov, Nurmagomed Omarovich, 352905, Russia, Armavir, ul. Engelsa, d. 101, kv. 44.

References:
Habermas J. Nachmetaphysisches Denken. Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp-Verlag, 1992. 286 p.
Chukin S. G. Yu. Khabermas versus A. Makintayr: k voprosu ob osnovaniyakh sovremennogo filosofstvovaniya / Razmyshleniya o filosofii na perekrestke vtorogo i tret'ego tysyacheletiy. Sbornik k 75-letiyu professora M. Ya. Korneeva. Seriya «Mysliteli». Vypusk 11. SPb.: Sankt-Peterburgskoe filosofskoe obshchestvo, 2002. – S. 76 – 97.
Khabermas Yu. Primirenie cherez publichnoe upotreblenie razuma. Zamechaniya o politicheskom liberalizme Dzhona Roulsa // Voprosy filosofii.-1994.-№ 10. – S. 53-67.
Khabermas Yu. Politicheskie raboty. M. Praksis, 2005. 368 s.
Khabermas Yu. Obosnovannoe vozderzhanie. Sushchestvuyut li postmetafizicheskie otvety na vopros o «pravil'noy zhizni»? // Perevod S. Romashko. Istochnik: www.russ.ru 09. 04. 2004.
Khabermas Yu. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie. Perevod s nem. D. V. Sklyadneva. – M. MAIK-Nauka, 2000. 379 s.
Sud'ba gosudarstva v epokhu globalizatsii. Kollektivnaya monografiya (sbornik statey). M.: IF RAN, 2005. – 200 s.
Khabermas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo. Ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb. Nauka, 2001. 419 s.
Rokmor T. K kritike etiki diskursa // Voprosy filosofii. – 1995.-№. 1. – S. 106 – 117.
Rolz D. Teoriya spravedlivosti. – Novosibirsk, Izdatel'stvo Novosibirskogo universiteta. 1995. 536 s.
Kashnikov B. N. Liberal'nye teorii spravedlivosti i politicheskaya praktika Rossii. – Velikiy Novgorod, NovGu. 2004. – 260 s.
Parkhomenko R. N. Grazhdanstvo i natsional'naya identichnost' v ponimanii Yu. Khabermasa // Pravo i politika.-2014.-№ 3.-C. 379-386.
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References (transliteration):
Habermas J. Nachmetaphysisches Denken. Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp-Verlag, 1992. 286 p.
Chukin S. G. Yu. Khabermas versus A. Makintayr: k voprosu ob osnovaniyakh sovremennogo filosofstvovaniya / Razmyshleniya o filosofii na perekrestke vtorogo i tret'ego tysyacheletiy. Sbornik k 75-letiyu professora M. Ya. Korneeva. Seriya «Mysliteli». Vypusk 11. SPb.: Sankt-Peterburgskoe filosofskoe obshchestvo, 2002. – S. 76 – 97.
Khabermas Yu. Primirenie cherez publichnoe upotreblenie razuma. Zamechaniya o politicheskom liberalizme Dzhona Roulsa // Voprosy filosofii.-1994.-№ 10. – S. 53-67.
Khabermas Yu. Politicheskie raboty. M. Praksis, 2005. 368 s.
Khabermas Yu. Obosnovannoe vozderzhanie. Sushchestvuyut li postmetafizicheskie otvety na vopros o «pravil'noy zhizni»? // Perevod S. Romashko. Istochnik: www.russ.ru 09. 04. 2004.
Khabermas Yu. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie. Perevod s nem. D. V. Sklyadneva. – M. MAIK-Nauka, 2000. 379 s.
Sud'ba gosudarstva v epokhu globalizatsii. Kollektivnaya monografiya (sbornik statey). M.: IF RAN, 2005. – 200 s.
Khabermas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo. Ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb. Nauka, 2001. 419 s.
Rokmor T. K kritike etiki diskursa // Voprosy filosofii. – 1995.-№. 1. – S. 106 – 117.
Rolz D. Teoriya spravedlivosti. – Novosibirsk, Izdatel'stvo Novosibirskogo universiteta. 1995. 536 s.
Kashnikov B. N. Liberal'nye teorii spravedlivosti i politicheskaya praktika Rossii. – Velikiy Novgorod, NovGu. 2004. – 260 s.
Parkhomenko R. N. Grazhdanstvo i natsional'naya identichnost' v ponimanii Yu. Khabermasa // Pravo i politika.-2014.-№ 3.-C. 379-386.
Ismailov N. O. Spravedlivost' kak mera ravenstva // Sotsiologiya vlasti. M., 2009, № 8. S. 95-103.
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Gavrilova I. N. Zapadnye traktovki sotsial'noy spravedlivosti: obzor kontseptsiy // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2009. № 3. S. 36-44.
Parkhomenko R.N. Diskursivnaya kontseptsiya svobody Khabermasa // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-4.-C. 117-148. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.4.170. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_170.html
V.M. Rozin Osobennosti obshchestvenno-politicheskogo diskursa // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-12.-C. 73-80.
R.N. Parkhomenko. Yu. Khabermas o ponyatii idei svobody // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 5. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.05.13.
Parkhomenko R.N.. Yu. Khabermas o sovremennoy demokratii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. – 2013. – № 12. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.12.9516.
R.N. Parkhomenko. Teoriya deliberativnoy demokratii Yu. Khabermasa // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 4. – S. 104-107.
Dzhokhadze I.D.. «Bor'ba za priznanie» v interpretatsii Roberta Brendoma // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2014. – № 1. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.1.10343.
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Boyko M.E.. Kharakterologicheskaya reduktsiya: kharaktery aktorov v faktual'nom i vymyshlennom diskursakh // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. – 2013. – № 10. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.10.9263.
V.A. Titov, V.N. Lavrinenko. O deystvennykh mekhanizmakh mezhkul'turnoy kommunikatsii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2012. – № 3. – S. 104-107.
N.D. Shmeleva. Sotsial'nye kommunikatsii: sub'ektivnoe i ob'ektivnoe // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2011. – № 11. – S. 104-107
Borisenkov A.A. Osobennosti politicheskogo razvitiya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-6.-C. 171-198. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.6.445. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_445.html
Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskoy sisteme kak tekhnologii zhiznedeyatel'nosti politicheskogo organizma // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-8.-C. 48-71. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.8.8871. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_8871.html
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Borisenkov A.A. Ponyatie politicheskoy deyatel'nosti // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-5.-C. 1-28. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.5.610. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_610.html
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Lysenkova M.F. Internet-reklama v kontekste politicheskikh tekhnologiy v sovremennoy Rossii // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2012.-1.-C. 1-20. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_73.html
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Bronnikov I.A. Internet kak resurs gosudarstva // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-8.-C. 210-248. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.8.8999. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_8999.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Problemy vzaimodeystviya grazhdanskogo obshchestva i gosudarstva v sovremennoy Rossii // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-4.-C. 1-55. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.4.585. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_585.html
Martynov A.V. Sovremennoe pravo i publichnoe upravlenie: problemy metodologii i sootnosheniya // NB: Ekonomika, trendy i upravlenie.-2013.-4.-C. 1-15. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4595.2013.4.924. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/etc/article_924.htm

Review: The article provides a definition of legal dogmatics. The author points out three levels within the structure of legal dogmatics. The first level is represented by the sources and norms of law, by which the contents of law gains defined character and general obligation to comply with it. The second level of dogmatics includes legal constructions and definition, which are common for several branches of law. The third level is represented by the most fundamental legal definitions, constructions and principles forming the basis for the legal system. From the methodological perspective the legal dogmatics may be regarded as an objectivated legal thinking. Unique qualities of the legal thinking are expressed in special legal terminology, legal constructions, definitions and basic genetic structures.

Keywords: jurisprudence, legal dogmatics, legal thinking, legal methodology, theory of law, dogmatic method.

Contact information: Mikhailov, Anton Mikhailovich, 119019, Russia, Moskva, ul. Znamenka, 10.

References:
1. Alekseev S.S. Voskhozhdenie k pravu. Poiski i resheniya. M., 2002.
2. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
3. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
4. Alekseev S.S. Pravo – institutsionnoe sotsial'noe obrazovanie // Voprosy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Saratov, 1983.
5. Aranovskiy K.V. Konstitutsionnaya traditsiya v rossiyskoy srede. SPb., 2003.
6. Berman G. Dzh. Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. M., 2008.
7. Bekhruz Kh. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Odessa, M., 2008.
8. Gubaeva T.V. Yazyk i pravo. M., 2003.
9. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
10. Ellinek G. Obshchee uchenie o gosudarstve. SPb., 2004.
11. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
12. Kasatkin S.N. Yurisprudentsiya i slovoupotreblenie. Proekt yuridicheskoy dogmatiki // Yurisprudentsiya v poiskakh identichnosti. Sb.
statey, perevodov, referatorv. Samara, 2010.
13. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo // B.A. Kistyakovskiy. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb., 1998.
14. Kozlov V.A. Problemy predmeta i metodologii obshchey teorii prava. L., 1989.
15. Mal'tsev G.V. Poznanie prava: ot yuridicheskogo pozitivizma k novomu ponimaniyu prava // Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
16. Nazarenko G.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnyy kurs. M., 2003.
17. Nersesyants V.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2002.
18. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 1874.
19. Pukhta G.F. Entsiklopediya prava. Yaroslavl', 1872.
20. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
21. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
22. Khokhlov E.B. Sudebnye akty kak istochnik rossiyskogo trudovogo prava // Sudebnaya praktika v rossiyskoy pravovoy sisteme. SPb., 2003.
23. Shapp Ya. Sistema germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 2006.
1. Alekseev S.S. Voskhozhdenie k pravu. Poiski i resheniya. M., 2002.
2. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
3. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
4. Alekseev S.S. Pravo – institutsionnoe sotsial'noe obrazovanie // Voprosy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Saratov, 1983.
5. Aranovskiy K.V. Konstitutsionnaya traditsiya v rossiyskoy srede. SPb., 2003.
6. Berman G. Dzh. Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. M., 2008.
7. Bekhruz Kh. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Odessa, M., 2008.
8. Gubaeva T.V. Yazyk i pravo. M., 2003.
9. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
10. Ellinek G. Obshchee uchenie o gosudarstve. SPb., 2004.
11. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
12. Kasatkin S.N. Yurisprudentsiya i slovoupotreblenie. Proekt yuridicheskoy dogmatiki // Yurisprudentsiya v poiskakh identichnosti. Sb. statey, perevodov, referatorv. Samara, 2010.
13. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo // B.A. Kistyakovskiy. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb., 1998.
14. Kozlov V.A. Problemy predmeta i metodologii obshchey teorii prava. L., 1989.
15. Mal'tsev G.V. Poznanie prava: ot yuridicheskogo pozitivizma k novomu ponimaniyu prava // Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
16. Nazarenko G.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnyy kurs. M., 2003.
17. Nersesyants V.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2002.
18. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 1874.
19. Pukhta G.F. Entsiklopediya prava. Yaroslavl', 1872.
20. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
21. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
22. Khokhlov E.B. Sudebnye akty kak istochnik rossiyskogo trudovogo prava // Sudebnaya praktika v rossiyskoy pravovoy sisteme. SPb., 2003.
23. Shapp Ya. Sistema germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 2006.

References (transliteration):
1. Alekseev S.S. Voskhozhdenie k pravu. Poiski i resheniya. M., 2002.
2. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
3. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
4. Alekseev S.S. Pravo – institutsionnoe sotsial'noe obrazovanie // Voprosy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Saratov, 1983.
5. Aranovskiy K.V. Konstitutsionnaya traditsiya v rossiyskoy srede. SPb., 2003.
6. Berman G. Dzh. Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. M., 2008.
7. Bekhruz Kh. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Odessa, M., 2008.
8. Gubaeva T.V. Yazyk i pravo. M., 2003.
9. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
10. Ellinek G. Obshchee uchenie o gosudarstve. SPb., 2004.
11. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
12. Kasatkin S.N. Yurisprudentsiya i slovoupotreblenie. Proekt yuridicheskoy dogmatiki // Yurisprudentsiya v poiskakh identichnosti. Sb.
statey, perevodov, referatorv. Samara, 2010.
13. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo // B.A. Kistyakovskiy. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb., 1998.
14. Kozlov V.A. Problemy predmeta i metodologii obshchey teorii prava. L., 1989.
15. Mal'tsev G.V. Poznanie prava: ot yuridicheskogo pozitivizma k novomu ponimaniyu prava // Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
16. Nazarenko G.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnyy kurs. M., 2003.
17. Nersesyants V.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2002.
18. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 1874.
19. Pukhta G.F. Entsiklopediya prava. Yaroslavl', 1872.
20. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
21. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
22. Khokhlov E.B. Sudebnye akty kak istochnik rossiyskogo trudovogo prava // Sudebnaya praktika v rossiyskoy pravovoy sisteme. SPb., 2003.
23. Shapp Ya. Sistema germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 2006.
1. Alekseev S.S. Voskhozhdenie k pravu. Poiski i resheniya. M., 2002.
2. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
3. Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M., 2008.
4. Alekseev S.S. Pravo – institutsionnoe sotsial'noe obrazovanie // Voprosy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Saratov, 1983.
5. Aranovskiy K.V. Konstitutsionnaya traditsiya v rossiyskoy srede. SPb., 2003.
6. Berman G. Dzh. Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. M., 2008.
7. Bekhruz Kh. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Odessa, M., 2008.
8. Gubaeva T.V. Yazyk i pravo. M., 2003.
9. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
10. Ellinek G. Obshchee uchenie o gosudarstve. SPb., 2004.
11. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
12. Kasatkin S.N. Yurisprudentsiya i slovoupotreblenie. Proekt yuridicheskoy dogmatiki // Yurisprudentsiya v poiskakh identichnosti. Sb. statey, perevodov, referatorv. Samara, 2010.
13. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo // B.A. Kistyakovskiy. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb., 1998.
14. Kozlov V.A. Problemy predmeta i metodologii obshchey teorii prava. L., 1989.
15. Mal'tsev G.V. Poznanie prava: ot yuridicheskogo pozitivizma k novomu ponimaniyu prava // Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
16. Nazarenko G.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnyy kurs. M., 2003.
17. Nersesyants V.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2002.
18. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 1874.
19. Pukhta G.F. Entsiklopediya prava. Yaroslavl', 1872.
20. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
21. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
22. Khokhlov E.B. Sudebnye akty kak istochnik rossiyskogo trudovogo prava // Sudebnaya praktika v rossiyskoy pravovoy sisteme. SPb., 2003.
23. Shapp Ya. Sistema germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M., 2006.

Review: The article concerns the ideas of one of the renowned modern German philosophers J. Habermas (born in 1929) regarding the definitions of citizenship and national identity .J. Habermas was always interested in the issues of cultural influence of the national identity upon the development of specific states. J. Habermas is trying to analyze how the globalization processes influence the social living factors, such as legal security, sovereignty of a citizen, collective identity in a society, and democratic legitimacy of the nation states. As a result of analyzing the ideas of J. Habermas, the author draws a conclusion that J. Habermas unilaterally supports the universalist understanding of liberal principles. In his opinion the identify of a political community is based on the “legal principles rooted in a political culture, rater than special ethnic and cultural form of life in general”. The political practice of a democratic states does not allow for the existence of any privileged cultural form of life in a state.

Keywords: political science, J. Habermas, citizenship, national identity, state, liberalism, legitimacy, sovereignty, law, globalization.

Contact information: Parkhomenko, Roman Nikolaevich, 119991, Russia, GSP-1, Lomonosovsky prospect, 27, k.4.

References:
1. Markov, B. V poiskakh drugogo // Khabemas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo: ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb., 2008.
2. Khabermas Yu. Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost': moskovskie lektsii interv'yu, Moskva, aprel' 1989 g. M., 1995. 250 s.
3. Khabermas Yu. Grazhdanstvo i natsional'naya identichnost' // Khabermas Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost'. M., 1995.
4. Khabermas Yu. 2005: Politicheskie raboty. M., 2005. 368 s.
5. Khabemas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo: ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb., 2008. 417 s.
6. Khabemas Yu. Raskolotyy Zapad. M., 2008. 192 s.
7. Glotz P. Der Irrweg des Nationalstaats. Stuttgart, 1990.
8. Habermas J. Vergangenheit als Zukunft? Das alte Deutschland im neuen Europa? Ein Gesprach mit Michael Haller, Zurich, 1991.

References (transliteration):
1. Markov, B. V poiskakh drugogo // Khabemas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo: ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb., 2008.
2. Khabermas Yu. Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost': moskovskie lektsii interv'yu, Moskva, aprel' 1989 g. M., 1995. 250 s.
3. Khabermas Yu. Grazhdanstvo i natsional'naya identichnost' // Khabermas Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost'. M., 1995.
4. Khabermas Yu. 2005: Politicheskie raboty. M., 2005. 368 s.
5. Khabemas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo: ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb., 2008. 417 s.
6. Khabemas Yu. Raskolotyy Zapad. M., 2008. 192 s.
7. Glotz P. Der Irrweg des Nationalstaats. Stuttgart, 1990.
8. Habermas J. Vergangenheit als Zukunft? Das alte Deutschland im neuen Europa? Ein Gesprach mit Michael Haller, Zurich, 1991.

Review: The subject of research is the Shafi’i law school, which is known to be formed in the framework of classical Sunni Islam in the early medieval period. By the level of influence and popularity in the Islamic school of law, Shafiizm is second after Hanafizm. The value of this doctrine in the evolution of Islamic justice system was so great that in varying degrees, Shafiizm can be traced in the laws of some countries of the modern East. In the early medieval period, Shafiizm penetrated the territory of modern Russia. The paper investigates the creative path of the founder of Shafi’i law school – a famous thinker of the early Middle Ages ash-Shafi’i (767-820); his views are analyzed in the current system of justice. Particular attention is paid to the sources of law, the appeal to which was allowed within Shafiizm. This is explained by the fact that this classification of sources of law and their methods determines the agenda of legal science in a given time. In this article, for the first time in Russian jurisprudence, the author considers the Shafi’ites approach to the problem of the sources of law in sufficient detail. The study analyzes the features that were inherent to Shafi’i school of law when appealing to both the main and auxiliary sources. Besides, the author focuses on the compromise nature of Shafiizm, which managed to synthesize the most promising provisions of more “liberal” Hanafizm and conservative Malikizm using scientific methods. The importance of domestic experts studying Shafi’i law school is particularly emphasized due to the fact that this doctrine is sufficiently represented in the traditions and practices of some Russian peoples.

Keywords: Shafiizm, al-Shafi’i, legal school, the Arab Caliphate, source of law, the Koran, the Sunnah, judgments of companions, decision at the discretion, area of application.

Contact information: Minniakhmetov Rim Akhmetovich, 450068, Russia, Ufa, ul. S. Vostrezova, 7/1.

References:
Ekinci E. İslam hukuku tarihi. – İstanbul: Arı sanat yayınevi, 2006.
E. N. Tamrazova — Rol' religii i prava v stanovlenii Arabskogo khalifata//Politika i obshchestvo,  № 5, 2012.
Khanmagomedov Ya. M. Slozhenie musul'manskogo (sunnitskogo) prava // Islamovedenie. 2013. № 2. – S. 96 – 103.
Samigullin V. K. Islam i pravo: opyt postizheniya. – Ufa: Gilem, 2006.
Minniakhmetov R. A., Nuriev B. D. Gosudarstvo i pravo v islamskoy pravovoy doktrine. – Ufa: RITs BashGU, 2013.
Bykova E. V. Sovremennye voprosy islama. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2009.
Momotov V.V., Svechnikova L.G. Osnovy islamskogo zakonodatel'stva: ucheb. posobie. – Krasnodar: Kubanskiy gos. un-t, 2009.
Yaman A., Çalış H. Islam hukukuna giriş. – Istanbul:M.Ü. İlahiyat fakültesi vakfı yayınları, 2012.
Şener A. İslamda mezhepler ve hukuk ekolleri // Ankara üniversitesi ilahiyat fakültesi degisi. – 1984, № 1.
P. N. Vishnevskiy Mezhdunarodnye finansovye sdelki v musul'manskom prave // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii. - 2012. - 2. - C. 76 - 85.

References (transliteration):
Ekinci E. İslam hukuku tarihi. – İstanbul: Arı sanat yayınevi, 2006.
E. N. Tamrazova — Rol' religii i prava v stanovlenii Arabskogo khalifata//Politika i obshchestvo,  № 5, 2012.
Khanmagomedov Ya. M. Slozhenie musul'manskogo (sunnitskogo) prava // Islamovedenie. 2013. № 2. – S. 96 – 103.
Samigullin V. K. Islam i pravo: opyt postizheniya. – Ufa: Gilem, 2006.
Minniakhmetov R. A., Nuriev B. D. Gosudarstvo i pravo v islamskoy pravovoy doktrine. – Ufa: RITs BashGU, 2013.
Bykova E. V. Sovremennye voprosy islama. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2009.
Momotov V.V., Svechnikova L.G. Osnovy islamskogo zakonodatel'stva: ucheb. posobie. – Krasnodar: Kubanskiy gos. un-t, 2009.
Yaman A., Çalış H. Islam hukukuna giriş. – Istanbul:M.Ü. İlahiyat fakültesi vakfı yayınları, 2012.
Şener A. İslamda mezhepler ve hukuk ekolleri // Ankara üniversitesi ilahiyat fakültesi degisi. – 1984, № 1.
P. N. Vishnevskiy Mezhdunarodnye finansovye sdelki v musul'manskom prave // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii. - 2012. - 2. - C. 76 - 85.

Review: The object of this article is constitutionalism as the basis for the rational political system in the modern society. The goal of the analysis is to substantiate the systemic role of constitutionalism in the formation of the political system as a special perfect form of rationality, based on the maximization principle, allowing to establish and achieve the rational interaction between the state and civil society, and allowing for the maximum positive effect. Based on the methodology of the systemic approach, the author points out that constitutionalism serves as a special system, defining the form of organizations and dynamics of political power in the interactions between the state and civil society, while the inherent contradictions serve as the source for its development. Based on such an understanding, it is stated that constitutionalism is capable of forming the basis for the rational interaction, providing for certain parameters of the political power organization and functioning of the political system as an entity. It follows from the fact that the role of constitutionalism is to provide activity resources (the sub-system of ideas and values), to determine the parameters for the activity (institutional sub-system) and factual methods and forms of activity (behavior sub-system) in the political system of a society. Accordingly, it is in the process of constitutional mediation that the “confusing” influences of the environment on the political system are substitute, allowing for the structuring and functioning of its elements adequately to constitutionalism.

Keywords: constitutionalism, political system, systemic approach, rationality, state, political power, civil society, political and legal environment, wholeness, society.

References:
Huntington S. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, 1968. P. 1.
Viner N. Kibernetika. — M. : Sovetskoe radio, 1968. — 488s.
Druzhinin, V. V. Problemy sistemologii / V. V. Druzhinin, D. S. Kontorov. — M. : Sovetskoe radio, 1976. — 295 s.
Shmitt K. Politicheskaya teologiya. M.: Kanon-press-Ts, 2000. S. 26
Mil'ner B. Z. Problemy sistemnogo podkhoda k organizatsii upravleniya ob'edineniem // Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody. 1975. T. II. Vyp.6. C. 1027 — 1036.
Krylatkov P. P. Promyshlennoe predpriyatie kak tselostnoe sistemnoe obrazovanie // Vestnik UGTU — UPI, Ekonomika i upravlenie. 2008, №3(92). S.4 — 11.
Anokhin P. K. Izbrannye trudy. Filosofskie aspekty teorii funktsional'noy sistemy. M. : Nauka. 1978. S. 81.
Setrov M. I. Osnovy funktsional'noy teorii organizatsii. L.: Nauka. 1972. S.37.
Protasov V. N. Pravootnoshenie kak sistema. M., 1991. S. 28.
Merton R. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, 1957. P. 50.
Maturana U. Biologiya poznaniya // Yazyk i intellekt. M., 1996. S.95—142.
Afanas'ev V. G. Obshchestvo: sistemnost', poznanie i upravlenie. M., 1981. S. 18, 26; Afanas'ev V. G. Sistemnost' i obshchestvo. M., 1980. S. 35, 132;
Kremyanskiy V. I. Sintez znaniya i problema upravleniya. M., 1978. S.149.
Baranov A. P., Grigor'ev V. R. O vozmozhnosti strukturizatsii ponyatiya «bezopasnost' sistemy» // Materialy konferentsii «Problemy vnutrenney bezopasnosti Rossii v XXI veke» / Nauch. red. V. A. Vozzhenikov. M. : ZAO «EDAS—PAK», 2001. S. 37.
Ershova G. G. Asimmetriya zerkal'nogo mira. M.: Izd. RGGU, 2003. – 260 s.
Plyusnin Yu. M. Problema biosotsial'noy evolyutsii: Teoretiko-metodologicheskiy analiz. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Sib. otd. 1990.-240 s.
Grazhdan V. D. Koordinatsiya i subordinatsiya v sisteme sotsial'nogo upravleniya // Sotsial'noe upravlenie. M., 2000. S. 237.
Kuz'min V. P. Printsip sistemnosti v teorii i metodologii K.Marksa. M.: Politizdat., 1986. S.305.
Sen A. Ob etike i ekonomike. M. : Nauka. – 160 s.
Dobronravova I. S. Sinergetika: stanovlenie nelineynogo myshleniya. K.: Lybid', 1990. S. 61—62.
Lektorskiy V. A. Epistemologiya klassicheskaya i neklassicheskaya. M.: Editorial URSS, 2001. S.74.
Sagatovskiy V. N. Sistemnaya deyatel'nost' i ee filo¬sofskoe osmyslenie // Sistemnye issledovaniya. Metodologicheskie problemy. Ezhegodnik 1980. M.: Nauka, 1981. S. 52 — 68.
Leyn Ya.—E. Demokratiya i konstitutsionalizm // Polis. 1998. № 6. S. 32—49.

References (transliteration):
Huntington S. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, 1968. P. 1.
Viner N. Kibernetika. — M. : Sovetskoe radio, 1968. — 488s.
Druzhinin, V. V. Problemy sistemologii / V. V. Druzhinin, D. S. Kontorov. — M. : Sovetskoe radio, 1976. — 295 s.
Shmitt K. Politicheskaya teologiya. M.: Kanon-press-Ts, 2000. S. 26
Mil'ner B. Z. Problemy sistemnogo podkhoda k organizatsii upravleniya ob'edineniem // Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody. 1975. T. II. Vyp.6. C. 1027 — 1036.
Krylatkov P. P. Promyshlennoe predpriyatie kak tselostnoe sistemnoe obrazovanie // Vestnik UGTU — UPI, Ekonomika i upravlenie. 2008, №3(92). S.4 — 11.
Anokhin P. K. Izbrannye trudy. Filosofskie aspekty teorii funktsional'noy sistemy. M. : Nauka. 1978. S. 81.
Setrov M. I. Osnovy funktsional'noy teorii organizatsii. L.: Nauka. 1972. S.37.
Protasov V. N. Pravootnoshenie kak sistema. M., 1991. S. 28.
Merton R. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, 1957. P. 50.
Maturana U. Biologiya poznaniya // Yazyk i intellekt. M., 1996. S.95—142.
Afanas'ev V. G. Obshchestvo: sistemnost', poznanie i upravlenie. M., 1981. S. 18, 26; Afanas'ev V. G. Sistemnost' i obshchestvo. M., 1980. S. 35, 132;
Kremyanskiy V. I. Sintez znaniya i problema upravleniya. M., 1978. S.149.
Baranov A. P., Grigor'ev V. R. O vozmozhnosti strukturizatsii ponyatiya «bezopasnost' sistemy» // Materialy konferentsii «Problemy vnutrenney bezopasnosti Rossii v XXI veke» / Nauch. red. V. A. Vozzhenikov. M. : ZAO «EDAS—PAK», 2001. S. 37.
Ershova G. G. Asimmetriya zerkal'nogo mira. M.: Izd. RGGU, 2003. – 260 s.
Plyusnin Yu. M. Problema biosotsial'noy evolyutsii: Teoretiko-metodologicheskiy analiz. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Sib. otd. 1990.-240 s.
Grazhdan V. D. Koordinatsiya i subordinatsiya v sisteme sotsial'nogo upravleniya // Sotsial'noe upravlenie. M., 2000. S. 237.
Kuz'min V. P. Printsip sistemnosti v teorii i metodologii K.Marksa. M.: Politizdat., 1986. S.305.
Sen A. Ob etike i ekonomike. M. : Nauka. – 160 s.
Dobronravova I. S. Sinergetika: stanovlenie nelineynogo myshleniya. K.: Lybid', 1990. S. 61—62.
Lektorskiy V. A. Epistemologiya klassicheskaya i neklassicheskaya. M.: Editorial URSS, 2001. S.74.
Sagatovskiy V. N. Sistemnaya deyatel'nost' i ee filo¬sofskoe osmyslenie // Sistemnye issledovaniya. Metodologicheskie problemy. Ezhegodnik 1980. M.: Nauka, 1981. S. 52 — 68.
Leyn Ya.—E. Demokratiya i konstitutsionalizm // Polis. 1998. № 6. S. 32—49.

Review: The object of study in this article concerns the problems of interaction and interdependence of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and constitutionalism: its nature and specific features, principles and factors, as well as the perspectives for the constitutional target-setting in the light of an inevitable constitutional reform. The author provides detailed and comprehensive analysis of the definition of constitutionalism, and in-depth analysis of the evolution and the current period of its development within the framework of the Russian state. Based on many years of his research and studies, analysis of works of legal scholars, comparative analysis of norms and principles of the Constitution with political, economic, social and cultural reality, the author makes a conclusion on substantial inner contradictions in the Russian constitutionalism, especially pointing out its insufficiency and lack of due interrelation with the Basic Law of the State. The study involved the methods of classification, analysis, synthesis, comparative legal method, empirical method, and historic method. The article has elements of scientific novelty, including the author’s own definition of constitutionalism, its key elements and conditions for the existence of the Russian constitutionalism, interrelation and interdependency of Constitution and constitutionalism in defining the vector for the constitutional target-setting in Russia and the key prerequisites for the urgent constitutional reform.

Keywords: interdependence, democracy, constitutional reform, constitutional crisis, constitution, legal culture, social systems, administration, functions of the constitution, target-setting.

Contact information: Dobrynin, Nikolay Mikhailovich, 625048, Russia, Tyumen, ul. Kholodilnaya, d. 114.

References:
Yanov A. Montesk'e protiv Marksa // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1992. – № 1;
Chirkin V.E. Reforma rossiyskoy Konstitutsii: etapy i problemy // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2000. – № 5;
Chirkin V.E. Konstitutsionalizm i sovremennaya tsivilizatsiya // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Topornin B.N. Konstitutsionnaya reforma – put' k pravovomu gosudarstvu // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1990. – № 4;
Stepanov I.M. Uroki i paradoksy rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. – M., 1996; 27. Tarasenko F.P. Prikladnoy sistemnyy analiz. – M.: KNORUS, 2010;
Stepanov I.M. Grani rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (KhKh vek) // Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 1. – M., 1992;
Reysner M.A. Gosudarstvo burzhuazii i RSFSR. – M.-Pg: Gosizdat, 1923;
Medushevskiy A.N. Chto takoe mnimyy konstitutsionalizm? // So-tsiologicheskie issledovaniya. – 1994. – № 2;
Medushevskiy A.N. Konstitutsionnaya monarkhiya v Evrope, Yaponii i Rossii // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1994. – № 6;
Luchin V.O. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Problemy realizatsii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, 2002;
Leontovich V.V. Istoriya liberalizma v Rossii. 1762–1914. – M.: Russkiy put', 1995;
Kravets I.A. Formirovanie rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (problemy teorii i praktiki). – M.-Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2002;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm: ustoychivost' vlasti i obshche-stvennogo razvitiya. – Novosibirsk: Izd-e IFiPr SO RAN, 1994;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm i rossiyskaya gosudarstvennost' v nachale KhKh veka: Ucheb. posobie. – M.: IVTs «Marketing»; Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2000;
Kon'kov N. Rossiya – superoligarkhiya [Elektronnyy resurs] / Agentstvo politicheskikh novostey [sayt]. — URL: http://www.apn.ru/opinions/article9378.htm (data obrashcheniya 1.11.2013);
Kerimov A.D. Sovremennoe gosudarstvo: voprosy teorii. – M.: Norma, 2007;
Egorov S.A. Konstitutsionalizm v SShA: politiko-pravovye as-pekty. – M.: Nauka, 1993;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Fragmentarnyy konstitutsionalizm // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Teoriya i praktika federalizma: sistem-nyy podkhod. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2009;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Verifikatsiya definitsiy konstitutsionnoy nauki vs. uvlechenie obshchimi mestami // Politika i obshchestvo. – 2009. – № 5;
Bogdanova N.A. Sistema nauki konstitutsionnogo prava. – M.: Yurist', 2001;
Bogdanova N.A. Kategoriya «konstitutsionalizm» v nauke konstitu-tsionnogo prava // Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: problemy i resheniya. – M., 1999;
Bobrova N.A. Konstitutsionnyy stroy i konstitutsionalizm v Ros-sii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, Zakon i pravo, 2003;
Avak'yan S.A. Tochka otscheta – narod // Rossiyskaya gazeta. – 2006. – 28 okt.;
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: norma i deystvitel'nost' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2008. – № 5 (61);
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossii: priroda, evolyutsiya, sovremen-nost'. – M.: RYuID, 1997;
Avak'yan S.A. Desyat' prichin dlya konstitutsionnykh reform v Ros-sii // Nezavisimaya gazeta. – 2012. – 16 okt.;
Sibert M. Traite de droit international public. – T. I. – P., 1951.

References (transliteration):
Yanov A. Montesk'e protiv Marksa // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1992. – № 1;
Chirkin V.E. Reforma rossiyskoy Konstitutsii: etapy i problemy // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2000. – № 5;
Chirkin V.E. Konstitutsionalizm i sovremennaya tsivilizatsiya // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Topornin B.N. Konstitutsionnaya reforma – put' k pravovomu gosudarstvu // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1990. – № 4;
Stepanov I.M. Uroki i paradoksy rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. – M., 1996; 27. Tarasenko F.P. Prikladnoy sistemnyy analiz. – M.: KNORUS, 2010;
Stepanov I.M. Grani rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (KhKh vek) // Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 1. – M., 1992;
Reysner M.A. Gosudarstvo burzhuazii i RSFSR. – M.-Pg: Gosizdat, 1923;
Medushevskiy A.N. Chto takoe mnimyy konstitutsionalizm? // So-tsiologicheskie issledovaniya. – 1994. – № 2;
Medushevskiy A.N. Konstitutsionnaya monarkhiya v Evrope, Yaponii i Rossii // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1994. – № 6;
Luchin V.O. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Problemy realizatsii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, 2002;
Leontovich V.V. Istoriya liberalizma v Rossii. 1762–1914. – M.: Russkiy put', 1995;
Kravets I.A. Formirovanie rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (problemy teorii i praktiki). – M.-Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2002;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm: ustoychivost' vlasti i obshche-stvennogo razvitiya. – Novosibirsk: Izd-e IFiPr SO RAN, 1994;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm i rossiyskaya gosudarstvennost' v nachale KhKh veka: Ucheb. posobie. – M.: IVTs «Marketing»; Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2000;
Kon'kov N. Rossiya – superoligarkhiya [Elektronnyy resurs] / Agentstvo politicheskikh novostey [sayt]. — URL: http://www.apn.ru/opinions/article9378.htm (data obrashcheniya 1.11.2013);
Kerimov A.D. Sovremennoe gosudarstvo: voprosy teorii. – M.: Norma, 2007;
Egorov S.A. Konstitutsionalizm v SShA: politiko-pravovye as-pekty. – M.: Nauka, 1993;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Fragmentarnyy konstitutsionalizm // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Teoriya i praktika federalizma: sistem-nyy podkhod. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2009;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Verifikatsiya definitsiy konstitutsionnoy nauki vs. uvlechenie obshchimi mestami // Politika i obshchestvo. – 2009. – № 5;
Bogdanova N.A. Sistema nauki konstitutsionnogo prava. – M.: Yurist', 2001;
Bogdanova N.A. Kategoriya «konstitutsionalizm» v nauke konstitu-tsionnogo prava // Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: problemy i resheniya. – M., 1999;
Bobrova N.A. Konstitutsionnyy stroy i konstitutsionalizm v Ros-sii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, Zakon i pravo, 2003;
Avak'yan S.A. Tochka otscheta – narod // Rossiyskaya gazeta. – 2006. – 28 okt.;
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: norma i deystvitel'nost' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2008. – № 5 (61);
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossii: priroda, evolyutsiya, sovremen-nost'. – M.: RYuID, 1997;
Avak'yan S.A. Desyat' prichin dlya konstitutsionnykh reform v Ros-sii // Nezavisimaya gazeta. – 2012. – 16 okt.;
Sibert M. Traite de droit international public. – T. I. – P., 1951.

Review: The object of study in this article is Russian constitutionalism, its nature, principles and factors, allowing for its implementation, as well as the perspectives of constitutional target-setting in Russia in the light of urgent need for constitutional reform. The author pays much attention to the definition of constitutionalism, as well as the history of its development in the Russian state. Based upon his own study and analysis of numerous works of legal scholars, as well as upon the comparison of provisions declared by the Constitution with the political, economic, social and cultural reality, then the author draws a conclusion that there are deeply rooted contradictions in the Russian constitutionalism, and they allow one to call it non-sustainable. In the process of studies the author used the following methods: classification, analysis, synthesis, comparative legal studies, empirical and historic methods. The article includes scientifically novel elements, such as author’s definition of constitutionalism, as well as defining the vector for the constitutional target-setting in Russia and the main prerequisites for the constitutional reform.

Keywords: state system, constitutionalism, constitutional reform, constitutional crisis, constitution, legal culture, social systems, administration, functions of the constitution, target –setting.

Contact information: Dobrynin, Nikolay Mikhailovich, 625048, Russia, Tyumen, ul. Kholodilnaya, d.114.

References:
Yanov A. Montesk'e protiv Marksa // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1992. – № 1;
Chirkin V.E. Reforma rossiyskoy Konstitutsii: etapy i problemy // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2000. – № 5;
Chirkin V.E. Konstitutsionalizm i sovremennaya tsivilizatsiya // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Tarasenko F.P. Prikladnoy sistemnyy analiz. – M.: KNORUS, 2010;
Topornin B.N. Konstitutsionnaya reforma – put' k pravovomu gosudarstvu // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1990. – № 4;
Stepanov I.M. Uroki i paradoksy rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. – M., 1996;
Stepanov I.M. Grani rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (KhKh vek) // Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 1. – M., 1992;
Reysner M.A. Gosudarstvo burzhuazii i RSFSR. – M.-Pg: Gosizdat, 1923;
Medushevskiy A.N. Chto takoe mnimyy konstitutsionalizm? // So-tsiologicheskie issledovaniya. – 1994. – № 2;
Medushevskiy A.N. Konstitutsionnaya monarkhiya v Evrope, Yaponii i Rossii // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1994. – № 6;
Luchin V.O. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Problemy realizatsii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, 2002;
Leontovich V.V. Istoriya liberalizma v Rossii. 1762–1914. – M.: Russkiy put', 1995;
Kravets I.A. Formirovanie rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (problemy teorii i praktiki). – M.-Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2002;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm: ustoychivost' vlasti i obshche-stvennogo razvitiya. – Novosibirsk: Izd-e IFiPr SO RAN, 1994;
Kravets I.A. Konstitutsionalizm i rossiyskaya gosudarstvennost' v nachale KhKh veka: Ucheb. posobie. – M.: IVTs «Marketing»; Novosibirsk: OOO «Izdatel'stvo YuKEA», 2000;
Kon'kov N. Rossiya – superoligarkhiya [Elektronnyy resurs] / Agentstvo politicheskikh novostey [sayt]. — URL: http://www.apn.ru/opinions/article9378.htm (data obrashcheniya 1.11.2013);
Kerimov A.D. Sovremennoe gosudarstvo: voprosy teorii. – M.: Norma, 2007;
Egorov S.A. Konstitutsionalizm v SShA: politiko-pravovye as-pekty. – M.: Nauka, 1993;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Fragmentarnyy konstitutsionalizm // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Teoriya i praktika federalizma: sistem-nyy podkhod. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2009;
Gligich-Zolotareva M.V. Verifikatsiya definitsiy konstitutsionnoy nauki vs. uvlechenie obshchimi mestami // Politika i obshchestvo. – 2009. – № 5;
Bogdanova N.A. Sistema nauki konstitutsionnogo prava. – M.: Yurist', 2001;
Bogdanova N.A. Kategoriya «konstitutsionalizm» v nauke konstitu-tsionnogo prava // Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: problemy i resheniya. – M., 1999;
Bobrova N.A. Konstitutsionnyy stroy i konstitutsionalizm v Ros-sii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, Zakon i pravo, 2003;
Avak'yan S.A. Tochka otscheta – narod // Rossiyskaya gazeta. – 2006. – 28 okt.;
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: norma i deystvitel'nost' // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2008. – № 5 (61);
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossii: priroda, evolyutsiya, sovremen-nost'. – M.: RYuID, 1997;
Avak'yan S.A. Desyat' prichin dlya konstitutsionnykh reform v Ros-sii // Nezavisimaya gazeta. – 2012. – 16 okt.;
Sibert M. Traite de droit international public. – T. I. – P., 1951.

References (transliteration):
Yanov A. Montesk'e protiv Marksa // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 1992. – № 1;
Chirkin V.E. Reforma rossiyskoy Konstitutsii: etapy i problemy // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 2000. – № 5;
Chirkin V.E. Konstitutsionalizm i sovremennaya tsivilizatsiya // Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN. – 2006. – № 3 (Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 5). – M., 2006;
Tarasenko F.P. Prikladnoy sistemnyy analiz. – M.: KNORUS, 2010;
Topornin B.N. Konstitutsionnaya reforma – put' k pravovomu gosudarstvu // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. – 1990. – № 4;
Stepanov I.M. Uroki i paradoksy rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. – M., 1996;
Stepanov I.M. Grani rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma (KhKh vek) // Konstitutsionnyy stroy Rossii. Vyp. 1. – M., 1992;
Reysner M.A. Gosudarstvo burzhuazii i RSFSR. – M.-Pg: Gosizdat, 1923;
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Luchin V.O. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Problemy realizatsii. – M.: YuNITI-DANA, 2002;
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Review: The article is devoted to explication of the theoretical position of B.A. Kistyakovskiy regarding the basic elements of the research program for the legal studies, role of social norms in the formation of social scientific platform for the studies, and contents of genetic method of legal studies. The author analyzes various aspects of legal thought of B.A. Kistyakovskiy, his attitude to legal positivism, his criticism of dogmatic jurisprudence, correlation of social and legal matters, importance of method in law, formation of law within the social matter, etc. Special attention is paid to the methodological criticism of the “descriptive” methods of dogmatic (positive) jurisprudence and characteristics of “cause-and-genetic-explanation” methods. It is important to note that in the opinion of B.A. Kistyakovskiy study of norms in the cognitive activity of people requires application of “obligation category” to scientific cognition. The author states that the concept of integrative genetic legal understanding was formed in Russia within the sociological school of law. He notes that it is in the works of P.I. Novgorodtsev, S.A. Muromtsev, B.A. Kistyakovskiy that we may find the theoretical scheme for the synthetic understanding of law, based on unity of method and understanding and scheme for legal cognition, rather than upon uniting various aspects of legal understanding, which was what B.A. Kistyakovsky insisted on.

Keywords: research program, axiomatic standards, integration theory, genetic method, social norm, social and scientific terms, natural scientific terms, causation relations, generality category, necessity category.

Contact information: Leusenko, Dmitriy Aleksandrovich, 344058, Rostov-na-Donu, 2 Krasnodarskaya, d. 70/1, kv.104.

References:
Ershov V.V. Rossiyskoe pravo s pozitsii legizma i integrativnogo pravoponimaniya // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. – 2011. – № 10.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo. Ocherki po metodologii sotsial'nykh nauk i obshchey teorii prava. Moskva, Izdanie M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1916.
Leusenko D.A. B.A. Kistyakovskiy i T. Parsons: neozhidannye rakursy geneticheskogo podkhoda k pravu (na puti k integrativnomu pravoponimaniyu) // Mezhdunarodnyy yuridicheskiy sammit: tezisy dokladov «Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennogo prava. Puti teoreticheskogo i prakticheskogo resheniya problem». Sovmestno s Ruprecht-Karls-Universität (Geydel'berg, Germaniya). (Kiev, Ukraina, 12 avgusta 2013 g.). – otd. red. g.Odessa, Ukraina, 2013.
Leusenko D.A. Integrativnoe pravoponimanie i geneticheskiy metod v yuridicheskoy nauke // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 11.
Parsons T. Struktura sotsial'nogo deystviya» // O strukture sotsial'nogo deystviya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2000.

References (transliteration):
Ershov V.V. Rossiyskoe pravo s pozitsii legizma i integrativnogo pravoponimaniya // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. – 2011. – № 10.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo. Ocherki po metodologii sotsial'nykh nauk i obshchey teorii prava. Moskva, Izdanie M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1916.
Leusenko D.A. B.A. Kistyakovskiy i T. Parsons: neozhidannye rakursy geneticheskogo podkhoda k pravu (na puti k integrativnomu pravoponimaniyu) // Mezhdunarodnyy yuridicheskiy sammit: tezisy dokladov «Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennogo prava. Puti teoreticheskogo i prakticheskogo resheniya problem». Sovmestno s Ruprecht-Karls-Universität (Geydel'berg, Germaniya). (Kiev, Ukraina, 12 avgusta 2013 g.). – otd. red. g.Odessa, Ukraina, 2013.
Leusenko D.A. Integrativnoe pravoponimanie i geneticheskiy metod v yuridicheskoy nauke // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 11.
Parsons T. Struktura sotsial'nogo deystviya» // O strukture sotsial'nogo deystviya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2000.

Review: This article considers the problems of establishing a theory of integrated legal consciousness in Russia, outlines the particulars of developing the genetic method in the Russian school of legal sociology, and presents an analysis of the theoretical position of Bogdan Kistyakovsky in relation to the possibility of objective law and the role of the inherent concept of the “public sphere” when discussing the nature of law. The article focuses on the essence of the genetic method of learning and the nature of the historiographical situation in Russian legal science at the turn of the 20th century. For Kistyakovsky, the hermeneutical schema was of particular importance in the formation of the genetic method in Russian legal sociology. This alludes to the logical relationship between the reality of objective laws and the normative system of society – the social norms which form society. The framework of the genetic method gives rise to an understanding of law primarily through the study of the problems of the origins of law: the study of the nature of law which brings about its operationality. The problems of the origins of law were touched upon by the majority of the representatives of the Russian school of integrative legal consciousness (Maxim Kovalevsky, Sergey Muromtsev, Bogdan Kistyakovsky). On the one hand, contemporary discussion of the types of legal consciousness is characterized by an increased interest in the problem of generating a consistent integrative theory of legal consciousness. On the other hand, there is a lack of serious theoretical interest in the pragmatic and practical tradition of the study of law using the genetic method, as outlined in Russian jurisprudence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Keywords: normative theory of law, school of legal sociology, legal autonomy, origins of law, social norms, objective law, genetic method, integrated legal consciousness, scientific-integrated approach, operationality of law

Contact information: Leusenko, Dmitri Aleksandrovich, 344058 , Rostov-on-Don, 2nd-Krasnodarskya, 70/1 , Apt 104

References:
Apanasevich O.O. M.M. Kovalevskiy o predmete i metode geneticheskoy sotsiologii prava // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – №
S. 285-290. 2.Goyman-Kalinskiy I.V., Ivanets G.I., Chervonyuk V.I. Elementarnye nachala obshchey teorii prava: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov / Pod obshchey red. d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. V.I. Chervonyuka. M.: KolosS, 2003. 544 s.
Grafskiy V.G. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy : uchebnik. – 3-e izd., dop. M.: Norma, 2009. 736 s.
Ershov V.V. Rossiyskoe pravo s pozitsii legizma i integrativnogo pravoponimaniya // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. – 2011 – № 10. S. 5-22.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Krizis yurisprudentsii i diletantizm v filosofii // Yuridicheskiy vestnik. 1914, kn. 5. S. 70-106.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Real'nost' ob'ektivnogo prava // Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo. M.: Izdanie M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1916. 704 s.
Mal'tsev G.V. Nravstvennye osnovaniya prava. M.: Izd-vo SGU, 2008. 552 s.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Krizis sovremennogo pravosoznaniya: Vvedenie v filosofiyu prava. Vyp. 2. M.: Tipo-lit. t-va I.N. Kushnerev i Ko, 1909.
Polyakov A.V. Peterburgskaya shkola filosofii prava i zadachi sovremennogo pravovedeniya // Pravovedenie. – 2000. – № 2.
Syrykh V.M. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki: uchebnik. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2012.
Timoshina E.V. Ideya «sinteza» v rossiyskoy teorii prava i problema integral'noy yurisprudentsii // Entsiklopediya pravovedeniya ili integral'naya yurisprudetsiya? Problemy izucheniya i prepodavaniya». Sed'mye filosofsko-pravovye chteniya pamyati akademika V.S. Nersesyantsa. Tezisy uchastnikov. M.: Rossiyskaya sektsiya mezhdunarodnoy assotsiatsii pravovoy i sotsial'noy filosofii, 2012.
Chernenko A.K. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie aspekty formirovaniya pravovoy sistemy obshchestva. Diss. na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. M.: 2006.

References (transliteration):
Apanasevich O.O. M.M. Kovalevskiy o predmete i metode geneticheskoy sotsiologii prava // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – №
S. 285-290. 2.Goyman-Kalinskiy I.V., Ivanets G.I., Chervonyuk V.I. Elementarnye nachala obshchey teorii prava: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov / Pod obshchey red. d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. V.I. Chervonyuka. M.: KolosS, 2003. 544 s.
Grafskiy V.G. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy : uchebnik. – 3-e izd., dop. M.: Norma, 2009. 736 s.
Ershov V.V. Rossiyskoe pravo s pozitsii legizma i integrativnogo pravoponimaniya // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. – 2011 – № 10. S. 5-22.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Krizis yurisprudentsii i diletantizm v filosofii // Yuridicheskiy vestnik. 1914, kn. 5. S. 70-106.
Kistyakovskiy B.A. Real'nost' ob'ektivnogo prava // Sotsial'nye nauki i pravo. M.: Izdanie M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1916. 704 s.
Mal'tsev G.V. Nravstvennye osnovaniya prava. M.: Izd-vo SGU, 2008. 552 s.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Krizis sovremennogo pravosoznaniya: Vvedenie v filosofiyu prava. Vyp. 2. M.: Tipo-lit. t-va I.N. Kushnerev i Ko, 1909.
Polyakov A.V. Peterburgskaya shkola filosofii prava i zadachi sovremennogo pravovedeniya // Pravovedenie. – 2000. – № 2.
Syrykh V.M. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki: uchebnik. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2012.
Timoshina E.V. Ideya «sinteza» v rossiyskoy teorii prava i problema integral'noy yurisprudentsii // Entsiklopediya pravovedeniya ili integral'naya yurisprudetsiya? Problemy izucheniya i prepodavaniya». Sed'mye filosofsko-pravovye chteniya pamyati akademika V.S. Nersesyantsa. Tezisy uchastnikov. M.: Rossiyskaya sektsiya mezhdunarodnoy assotsiatsii pravovoy i sotsial'noy filosofii, 2012.
Chernenko A.K. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie aspekty formirovaniya pravovoy sistemy obshchestva. Diss. na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. M.: 2006.

Review: The article is devoted to the roots of constitutional process in Russia and the historical paradigms of the Russian Constitutionalism. The authors analyze the views of various Russian scientists on the ideas of Constitutionalism in various historic periods, provide analysis and classification of such views. The authors single out and provide detailed analysis of two main forms: Constitutionalism, which politically and legally limits the supreme power, and Constitutionalism, which is based on trust to the supreme power. The authors analyze evolution of dualistic and triadic models of Constitutionalism in the Russian thought, and provide detailed descriptions of original liberal, conservative and radical concepts, paying special attention to the differences in their axiological bases. The authors prove that the current Russian Constitution is a result of the reasonable compromise among various social values, directly referring to the basic principles of the Constitutionalism. It enshrines both liberal values of natural rights and freedoms of person and citizen, doctrine of ruleof- law state, separation of powers, democracy and civil society, and conservative elements for unity and sovereignty of the strong Russian statehood, while supporting the principle of federalism and historic tradition of the people.

Keywords: Russia, Constitution, constitutional process, Constitutionalism, liberalism, conservative, state, supreme power, law, philosophy of law.

Contact information: Aleinikov, Andrey Viktorovich, 199034, Russia, St. Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya liniya, d. 5

References:
1. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb, Izd-vo Russkogo Khristianskogo gumanitarnogo instituta, 1998. S. 564
2. Imperatritsa Ekateriny II. O velichii Rossii. M., EKSMO, 2003. S. 75.
3. Tam zhe. S. 76
4. Radishchev A.N. Polnoe sobranie soch. v 3-kh t. T. 3. M., 1952. S. 145.
5. Tam zhe. S. 248.
6. Tam zhe. S. 249-250.
7. Speranskiy M.M. Rukovodstvo k poznaniyu zakonov. Pod red. I.D. Osipova. SPb., Nauka, 1992. S. 342.
8. Chicherin B.N. Filosofiya prava. Pod red. I.D. Osipova. SPb. Nauka. 1998. S. 508.
9. Gertsen A.I. S togo berega // Gertsen A.I. Sobr. soch.: V 30 t. M., 1955. T.6. S.80.
10. Gadzhiev G.A. Ontologiya prava. Kriticheskoe issledovanie yuridicheskogo kontsepta deystvitel'nosti. M., Infra-M. 2013. S. 182.

References (transliteration):
1. Kistyakovskiy B.A. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. SPb, Izd-vo Russkogo Khristianskogo gumanitarnogo instituta, 1998. S. 564
2. Imperatritsa Ekateriny II. O velichii Rossii. M., EKSMO, 2003. S. 75.
3. Tam zhe. S. 76
4. Radishchev A.N. Polnoe sobranie soch. v 3-kh t. T. 3. M., 1952. S. 145.
5. Tam zhe. S. 248.
6. Tam zhe. S. 249-250.
7. Speranskiy M.M. Rukovodstvo k poznaniyu zakonov. Pod red. I.D. Osipova. SPb., Nauka, 1992. S. 342.
8. Chicherin B.N. Filosofiya prava. Pod red. I.D. Osipova. SPb. Nauka. 1998. S. 508.
9. Gertsen A.I. S togo berega // Gertsen A.I. Sobr. soch.: V 30 t. M., 1955. T.6. S.80.
10. Gadzhiev G.A. Ontologiya prava. Kriticheskoe issledovanie yuridicheskogo kontsepta deystvitel'nosti. M., Infra-M. 2013. S. 182.

Review: This article is devoted to the views of the Russian lawyers on definition and goals of punishment, as expressed in their theses. The object of study includes theoretical concepts, ideas, legal constructions, which are devoted to punishment, its nature, goals and influence, as provided for in the dissertation theses on criminal law, presented at the Law faculties of the Universities of the Russian Empire in XIX and early XX centuries. The goal of the article is to analyze evolution of the Russian doctrine on punishment, as reflected in dissertation theses on criminal law presented at the Law faculties of the Universities of the Russian Empire in XIX and early XX centuries. The methodological basis for the study includes three groups of methods: general methods, general scientific methods, and special legal methods. The article evaluates the process of formation and development of the Russian teachings on criminal punishment, as reflected in the dissertation theses at the Universities of the Russian Empire. The results of the studies may be used in scientific work on formation and development of the Russian legal doctrine, criminal law, theory and history of state and law.

Keywords: dissertation studies, goals of punishment, Universities, punishment, criminal law, definition of punishment, the Russian Empire, doctrine, teaching, scientific studies.

Contact information: Loba, Vsevolod Evgenievich, 352901, Russia, Krasnodarskiy krai, Armavir, ul. Rozy Lyuksemburg, d. 159.

References:
1. Bogdanovskiy A. M. Molodye prestupniki. Vopros ugolovnogo prava i ugolovnoy politiki A. Bogdanovskogo.-Odessa, 1870.
2. Budzinskiy S. M. Nachala ugolovnogo prava. Soch. S. Budzinskogo.-Varshava, 1870.
3. Vtorozakonie 19,21
4. Zhizhilenko A. A. Nakazanie. Ego ponyatie i otlichie ot drugikh pravookhranitel'nykh sredstv.-Pg., 1914.
5. Koran. Sura 2.
6. List f. F. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava. Obshchaya chast'. Razreshennyy avtorom perevod s 12-go pererabotannogo izdaniya F.Il'yashevich. S predisloviem avtora i prof. Moskov. Universiteta M.V. Dukhovskogo.-M., 1903.
7. Mokrinskiy, S. P. Nakazanie, ego tseli i predpolozheniya: v 3 ch. / S. P. Mokrinskiy. Ch. 1. : Obshchee i spetsial'noe preduprezhdenie prestupleniy. – M. : Univ. tip., 1902. Ch. 2. : Znachenie rezul'tata. – Tomsk : Pechatnya, 1902. Ch. 3. : Kazual'nyy i potentsial'nyy momenty deystviya. – Tomsk : tip.-lit. P. I. Makushina, 1905.
8. Piontkovskiy A.A. Ob uslovnom osuzhdenii ili sisteme ispytaniya. Ugolovno-politicheskoe issledovanie A.Piontkovskogo, priv.-dots. Novoross. Un-ta.-Odessa., 1894.
9. Poznyshev S. V. Osnovnye voprosy ucheniya o nakazanii. Issledovanie priv.-dots. Imp. Mosk. un-ta S. V. Poznysheva.-M., 1904.
10. Pustoroslev P. P. Ponyatie o nezamenimoy samorasprave, kak uchrezhdenii ugolovnogo prava. Issledovanie P. P. Pustorosleva, priv.-dots. Mosk. un-ta.-M., 1890.
11. Pustoroslev, P. P. Analiz ponyatiya o prestuplenii. Issledovanie P. P. Pustorosleva, priv. – dots. Mosk. un-ta. – M. : Univ. tip., 1892.
12. Spasovich V. D. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava, sostavlennyy Spasovichem. Obshchaya chast' ugolovnogo prava material'nogo.-SPb., 1863.
13. Fel'dshteyn G.S. Glavnye techeniya v istorii nauki ugolovnogo prava v Rossii.-Yaroslavl', 1909.
14. Yakushev A.N. Magisterskie i doktorskie dissertatsii po ugolovnomu pravu universitetov Rossiyskoy imperii: bibliografiya, oglavleniya, polozheniya i vyvody. Spravochnoe posobie.-Stavropol'. 2006.

References (transliteration):
1. Bogdanovskiy A. M. Molodye prestupniki. Vopros ugolovnogo prava i ugolovnoy politiki A. Bogdanovskogo.-Odessa, 1870.
2. Budzinskiy S. M. Nachala ugolovnogo prava. Soch. S. Budzinskogo.-Varshava, 1870.
3. Vtorozakonie 19,21
4. Zhizhilenko A. A. Nakazanie. Ego ponyatie i otlichie ot drugikh pravookhranitel'nykh sredstv.-Pg., 1914.
5. Koran. Sura 2.
6. List f. F. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava. Obshchaya chast'. Razreshennyy avtorom perevod s 12-go pererabotannogo izdaniya F.Il'yashevich. S predisloviem avtora i prof. Moskov. Universiteta M.V. Dukhovskogo.-M., 1903.
7. Mokrinskiy, S. P. Nakazanie, ego tseli i predpolozheniya: v 3 ch. / S. P. Mokrinskiy. Ch. 1. : Obshchee i spetsial'noe preduprezhdenie prestupleniy. – M. : Univ. tip., 1902. Ch. 2. : Znachenie rezul'tata. – Tomsk : Pechatnya, 1902. Ch. 3. : Kazual'nyy i potentsial'nyy momenty deystviya. – Tomsk : tip.-lit. P. I. Makushina, 1905.
8. Piontkovskiy A.A. Ob uslovnom osuzhdenii ili sisteme ispytaniya. Ugolovno-politicheskoe issledovanie A.Piontkovskogo, priv.-dots. Novoross. Un-ta.-Odessa., 1894.
9. Poznyshev S. V. Osnovnye voprosy ucheniya o nakazanii. Issledovanie priv.-dots. Imp. Mosk. un-ta S. V. Poznysheva.-M., 1904.
10. Pustoroslev P. P. Ponyatie o nezamenimoy samorasprave, kak uchrezhdenii ugolovnogo prava. Issledovanie P. P. Pustorosleva, priv.-dots. Mosk. un-ta.-M., 1890.
11. Pustoroslev, P. P. Analiz ponyatiya o prestuplenii. Issledovanie P. P. Pustorosleva, priv. – dots. Mosk. un-ta. – M. : Univ. tip., 1892.
12. Spasovich V. D. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava, sostavlennyy Spasovichem. Obshchaya chast' ugolovnogo prava material'nogo.-SPb., 1863.
13. Fel'dshteyn G.S. Glavnye techeniya v istorii nauki ugolovnogo prava v Rossii.-Yaroslavl', 1909.
14. Yakushev A.N. Magisterskie i doktorskie dissertatsii po ugolovnomu pravu universitetov Rossiyskoy imperii: bibliografiya, oglavleniya, polozheniya i vyvody. Spravochnoe posobie.-Stavropol'. 2006.

Review: The article is devoted to the methodological problems of political sciences. Based on an example of the polemics between Leo Strauss and Alexander Kozhev, the author shows the key working methods of modern researchers, and their weak spots. The author also provides analysis of the causes of the problems and potentially productive options for their resolution. The author takes the development of economic sciences as a reference point. The political science has been institutionalized only recently, and it still uses the philosophical vocabulary, that is why its achievements sound archaic compared to achievements of other humanities. The lacking involvement of mathematics, neurosciences, statistics, etc. causes loss and stagnation of knowledge. The typical thesis on power written in the early XXI century rarely differs from the theses, which appeared two to four centuries ago. Esoteric and philosophic tendencies are being criticized as harmful and thwarting further progress.

Keywords: literature, criticism, statistics, knowledge, cognition, development of science, methodology, power, philosophy, politics, interdisciplinary studies.

Contact information: Malyutin, Roman Albertovich, 119991, Russia, GSP-1, MGU, Lomonosovskiy prospect, d.27, korp.4, filosofskiy fakultet.

References:
1. Catherine and Michael Zuckert. The Truth about Leo Strauss. The University of Chicago Press Chicago 2006.
2. Carnap R, Reichenbach H. Erkenntnis / Leipzig, 1930-1931. Bd. 1. Perevod vypolnen A. V. Kezinym i vpervye opublikovan v zhurnale «Vestnik MGU», ser. 7 «Filosofiya», № 6, 1993, s. 11—26.
3. Leo Strauss Persecution and the art of writing. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1988.
4. Leo Strauss Studies in platonic political philosophy. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1983.
5. Leo Strauss The city and the man. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1978.
6. Leo Strauss The early writings ( 1921-1932) Translated and edited by Michael Zank. State University of New York Press, New York, 2002.
7. Steven B. Smith Reading Leo Strauss: politics, philosophy Judaism. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006.
8. Adorno Teodor V. Zhargon podlinnosti. O nemetskoy ideologii. Per.: E. V. Borisov M.: «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2011.-191 s.
9. Kozhev Aleksandr. Vvedenie v chtenie Gegelya i drugie raboty / Per. s fr. – M.: Nauka, 2003.
10. Kollinz Rendall. Sotsiologiya filosofiy. Global'naya teoriya intellektual'nogo izmeneniya / Per. s nem. N.S.Rozova-Novosibirsk: Sibirskiy khronograf, 2002.
11. Kun Tomas. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy / Per. s angl. I. Naletov – M.: AST, 2009.
12. Deniel Khausman. Filosofiya ekonomiki. Antologiya. Perevod s angliyskogo N. Avtonomovoy, I. Boldyreva, Yu. Kapturevskogo, P. Klyukina, M. Levinoy, A. Fofonova, M. Sherstneva, M.: Izd. Instituta Gaydara, 2012. — 520 s.
13. Fuko Mishel'. Slova i veshchi. Arkheologiya gumanitarnykh nauk / Per. s fr. – M.: A-cad, 2004.
14. Khabermas Yurgen. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie / Per. s nem. S . Shachin, D. Sklyadnev. Pod red. Boris Markov – M.: Nauka, 2006.
15. Shtraus Leo O tiranii / Per. s angl. I drevnegrech. A.A. Rossiusa, per. s frants. A.M. Rutkevicha. – SPb.: Izd-vo S.Peterb. un-ta, 2006. – 328 s.

References (transliteration):
1. Catherine and Michael Zuckert. The Truth about Leo Strauss. The University of Chicago Press Chicago 2006.
2. Carnap R, Reichenbach H. Erkenntnis / Leipzig, 1930-1931. Bd. 1. Perevod vypolnen A. V. Kezinym i vpervye opublikovan v zhurnale «Vestnik MGU», ser. 7 «Filosofiya», № 6, 1993, s. 11—26.
3. Leo Strauss Persecution and the art of writing. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1988.
4. Leo Strauss Studies in platonic political philosophy. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1983.
5. Leo Strauss The city and the man. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1978.
6. Leo Strauss The early writings ( 1921-1932) Translated and edited by Michael Zank. State University of New York Press, New York, 2002.
7. Steven B. Smith Reading Leo Strauss: politics, philosophy Judaism. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006.
8. Adorno Teodor V. Zhargon podlinnosti. O nemetskoy ideologii. Per.: E. V. Borisov M.: «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2011.-191 s.
9. Kozhev Aleksandr. Vvedenie v chtenie Gegelya i drugie raboty / Per. s fr. – M.: Nauka, 2003.
10. Kollinz Rendall. Sotsiologiya filosofiy. Global'naya teoriya intellektual'nogo izmeneniya / Per. s nem. N.S.Rozova-Novosibirsk: Sibirskiy khronograf, 2002.
11. Kun Tomas. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy / Per. s angl. I. Naletov – M.: AST, 2009.
12. Deniel Khausman. Filosofiya ekonomiki. Antologiya. Perevod s angliyskogo N. Avtonomovoy, I. Boldyreva, Yu. Kapturevskogo, P. Klyukina, M. Levinoy, A. Fofonova, M. Sherstneva, M.: Izd. Instituta Gaydara, 2012. — 520 s.
13. Fuko Mishel'. Slova i veshchi. Arkheologiya gumanitarnykh nauk / Per. s fr. – M.: A-cad, 2004.
14. Khabermas Yurgen. Moral'noe soznanie i kommunikativnoe deystvie / Per. s nem. S . Shachin, D. Sklyadnev. Pod red. Boris Markov – M.: Nauka, 2006.
15. Shtraus Leo O tiranii / Per. s angl. I drevnegrech. A.A. Rossiusa, per. s frants. A.M. Rutkevicha. – SPb.: Izd-vo S.Peterb. un-ta, 2006. – 328 s.

Review: The article concerns the issues regarding the attitudes of German lawyers in late XIX and early XX centuries towards the terminological specificities of the term “international law” in legal science. The works of German lawyers in most cases regard international law as a special legal order, regulating the relations among the subjects of this legal system. At the same time another definition provides that international law is a combination of legal norms, regulating the legal relations among the subjects of international law, which does not belong to their domestic law. The discussion of there issues have long history. The development of international law followed from the ancient Roman and Medieval ius gentium (law of peoples) to ius inter gentes (law among the peoples) of the Spanish era (1494-1648) and the dominating French approach (1648-1815) of the inter-state law, and than later to the modern international public law – «internationals öffentliches Recht». The scientific and theoretical views on terminological differences within the term “international law”, as provided by the scientists in XVII-XIX centuries, have formed the basis for the German scholars and their modern approaches to its definition. In order to find the most objective definition, which would reflect separate aspects of international law, the German scholars used the alternative methods and brought together three scientific approaches of their predecessors towards the scientific category in question: from the standpoints of international legal sources, subjects of international law and object of legal regulation. The conclusions of the author are the following. Firstly, the scientific approaches to the term “international law” prove presence of contradictory and sometimes mutually excluding opinions of the lawyers and pluralism of their opinions. Secondly, in spite of an individual approach of German lawyers and pluralism of their opinion, they cannot find a fixed definition of international law, which would apply to all of the historical periods.

Keywords: Westphalian system, Viennese system, external state law, European public law, coordination law, interstate law, international law, international legal order, the science of international law, legal community.

Contact information: Seliverstov, Maksim Viktorovich, 119043, Russia, Moskva, ul. Pudovkina, d. 4a.

References:
1. Antonov I.P. Osnovy pravovoy sistemy Federativnoy Respubliki Germaniya. Monografiya.-M.: Akademiya upr. MVD Rossii, 2003.-S. 21.
2. Vittsum i dr. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2007. Moskva-Berlin. Infotropic media.-S. 213;
3. Ipsen K. Volkerrecht. 5., v. neubearb. Aufl., Vrlg. C.H. Beck. Munchen. 2004.-S. 1;
4. Dahm G., Delbruk J., Wolfrum R. Volkerrecht. 2. Aufl, in 3 Bande-Walter de Grayter-Berlin-New York. B. 1/1.-S. 28;
5. Hold-Ferneck A. Lehrbuch des Volkerrechts. Erster Teil.-F. Meier Vrlg. in Leipzig. 1930;
6. Lexikon des Recht. Volkerrecht. Hrsg. von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. I. Seidel-Hohenverldern. 2., uberarb., und erw. Aufl. H. Luhterhand Vrlg. GmbH & Co. KG. Neuwid. Kriftel. Berlin. 1992.-S. 394-396; [
7. Hatscheck J. Volkerrecht.-Leipzig. Vrlgbuchhandlung Dr. W. Scholl.-1923.-S. 127;
8. Grewe W.G. Epochen der Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Nomos Verlaggesellschaft. Baden-Baden. 1988.-S. 27;
9. Mosler H. Volkerrecht als Rechtsordnung. In: «Zeitschrift fur auslandische offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht» (Bd. 36. 1976).-S. 396;
10. Vitzum W.G. Volkerrecht. 2., neubearb. und erw. Aufl., Vrlg. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. New York. 2001.-S. 7;
11. Schroder R. Rechtsgeschichte. Alpmann Schmidt, 6. Aufl. 2003.-S. 6-7;
12. Freund M. Deutsche Geschichte. Bertelsmann Lexikon-Vrlg, Gutersloh-Berlin-Munchen-Wien. 1974.-S. 343.
13. Bothe M., Hailbronner K., Klein E., Kunig P., Schroder M., Vitzum W.G. Volkerrecht. Hrsg. v. Vitzum W.G.,-Walter de Grayter-Berlin-New York. 1997.-S. 11;
14. Radbrukh G. Filosofiya prava / Per. s nem. Yu.M. Yumasheva.-M., 2004.-S. 94;
15. Anufrieva L.P. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnogo publichnogo i mezhdunarodnogo chastnogo prava: pravovye kategorii.-M., 2002.;
16. Tsygankov P.A. Teoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy.-M., 2004;
17. Berman G.Dzh. O mirovom prave // Vestnik Mezhdunarodnogo universiteta. Ser. «Pravo». Vyp.III.-M., 1998.-S. 75-78. (Perevod L. Paisovoy);
18. Herdegen M. Volkerrecht. 4. Aufl., Vrlg. C. H. Beck. Munchen. 2005.-S. 2.

References (transliteration):
1. Antonov I.P. Osnovy pravovoy sistemy Federativnoy Respubliki Germaniya. Monografiya.-M.: Akademiya upr. MVD Rossii, 2003.-S. 21.
2. Vittsum i dr. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2007. Moskva-Berlin. Infotropic media.-S. 213;
3. Ipsen K. Volkerrecht. 5., v. neubearb. Aufl., Vrlg. C.H. Beck. Munchen. 2004.-S. 1;
4. Dahm G., Delbruk J., Wolfrum R. Volkerrecht. 2. Aufl, in 3 Bande-Walter de Grayter-Berlin-New York. B. 1/1.-S. 28;
5. Hold-Ferneck A. Lehrbuch des Volkerrechts. Erster Teil.-F. Meier Vrlg. in Leipzig. 1930;
6. Lexikon des Recht. Volkerrecht. Hrsg. von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. I. Seidel-Hohenverldern. 2., uberarb., und erw. Aufl. H. Luhterhand Vrlg. GmbH & Co. KG. Neuwid. Kriftel. Berlin. 1992.-S. 394-396; [
7. Hatscheck J. Volkerrecht.-Leipzig. Vrlgbuchhandlung Dr. W. Scholl.-1923.-S. 127;
8. Grewe W.G. Epochen der Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Nomos Verlaggesellschaft. Baden-Baden. 1988.-S. 27;
9. Mosler H. Volkerrecht als Rechtsordnung. In: «Zeitschrift fur auslandische offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht» (Bd. 36. 1976).-S. 396;
10. Vitzum W.G. Volkerrecht. 2., neubearb. und erw. Aufl., Vrlg. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. New York. 2001.-S. 7;
11. Schroder R. Rechtsgeschichte. Alpmann Schmidt, 6. Aufl. 2003.-S. 6-7;
12. Freund M. Deutsche Geschichte. Bertelsmann Lexikon-Vrlg, Gutersloh-Berlin-Munchen-Wien. 1974.-S. 343.
13. Bothe M., Hailbronner K., Klein E., Kunig P., Schroder M., Vitzum W.G. Volkerrecht. Hrsg. v. Vitzum W.G.,-Walter de Grayter-Berlin-New York. 1997.-S. 11;
14. Radbrukh G. Filosofiya prava / Per. s nem. Yu.M. Yumasheva.-M., 2004.-S. 94;
15. Anufrieva L.P. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnogo publichnogo i mezhdunarodnogo chastnogo prava: pravovye kategorii.-M., 2002.;
16. Tsygankov P.A. Teoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy.-M., 2004;
17. Berman G.Dzh. O mirovom prave // Vestnik Mezhdunarodnogo universiteta. Ser. «Pravo». Vyp.III.-M., 1998.-S. 75-78. (Perevod L. Paisovoy);
18. Herdegen M. Volkerrecht. 4. Aufl., Vrlg. C. H. Beck. Munchen. 2005.-S. 2.

Review: The article regards the process of formation of the “astro-policy”, its correlation with the “space policy”, “geopolicy” and “astro-strategy”. The author analyzes the topical issues regarding the true nature of the term “astro-policy”, as well as the works of the American political scientist, Professor of the USAF Air University: School of Advanced Air and Space Studies E. Dolman. in the sphere of astro-policy, geo-policy and cosmic exploration. The author also evaluates and analyzes the views of the renowned political scientist L. Savin and his attitude to the work of E. Dolman. The attention is brought to the fact that the scientific works of E. Dolman shall be topical for a long time, causing disputes and disagreements. The article provides detailed analysis of the key provisions of the works of the American political scientist and the conclusions are made on the value of his research.

Keywords: political science, astro-policy, astro-strategy, astro-political trend, astro-political theory, evolution, space policy, geo-policy, space, transformation.

Contact information: Zhdanov, Vladislav Leonidovich, 620144, Russia, Ekaterinburg, ul. 8 Marta, d. 68.

References:
1. Dolman , E. C. Geostrategy in the Space Age. // Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. / Ed. C. S. Gray and G. Sloan. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 2003. P. 83.
2. Dolman, E.C. Astropolitik: classical geopolitics in the space Age. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002. R. 15.
3. Zhdanov V. Astropolitika i natsional'naya kosmicheskaya doktrina SShA/ V. Zhdanov // Obozrevatel'. 2010. № 4. C. 91.
4. Natsional'naya kosmicheskaya doktrina SShA.// URL: http://astropolitics.com .Adres elektronnogo dokumenta dan po sostoyaniyu na 13 sentyabrya 2007 g.
5. Review Essay // Air and Space Power. 2002. Vol. XVI, №3. P. 104-107.
6. Savin L. Astropolitika: mech oboyudoostryy. // Fond strategicheskoy kul'tury. Elektronnoe izdanie. 22. 02. 2010. URL: http://www.fondsk.ru/article.php?id=2801
7. Shtern B. Plank i Gershel' v tochke Lagranzha // Troitskiy variant. Nauka. 21. 06. 09 (№ 33). S. 12.

References (transliteration):
1. Dolman , E. C. Geostrategy in the Space Age. // Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. / Ed. C. S. Gray and G. Sloan. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 2003. P. 83.
2. Dolman, E.C. Astropolitik: classical geopolitics in the space Age. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002. R. 15.
3. Zhdanov V. Astropolitika i natsional'naya kosmicheskaya doktrina SShA/ V. Zhdanov // Obozrevatel'. 2010. № 4. C. 91.
4. Natsional'naya kosmicheskaya doktrina SShA.// URL: http://astropolitics.com .Adres elektronnogo dokumenta dan po sostoyaniyu na 13 sentyabrya 2007 g.
5. Review Essay // Air and Space Power. 2002. Vol. XVI, №3. P. 104-107.
6. Savin L. Astropolitika: mech oboyudoostryy. // Fond strategicheskoy kul'tury. Elektronnoe izdanie. 22. 02. 2010. URL: http://www.fondsk.ru/article.php?id=2801
7. Shtern B. Plank i Gershel' v tochke Lagranzha // Troitskiy variant. Nauka. 21. 06. 09 (№ 33). S. 12.

Review: The article is devoted to the study of the issues regarding the approach of German lawyers to doctrine as one of the sources of international law. The German legal system does not recognize doctrine as a formal source of law, but it is recognized as a existing accessorial source of law, which possesses de facto influence on it. The influence of doctrines of the most highly regarded scholars on the formation of the norms of international law may be implemented in various ways, and it may be reflected in the decisions of international court as means of peaceful resolution of disputes, in signing of international treaties, and in exceptional circumstances based upon the generally accepted positions on the formation of such norms, as well as in unilateral statements of heads of the state. The author correlates legal, ideological and political aspects of doctrine. He studies evolution of this source of law based upon scientific works of German lawyers of XVII – XIX centuries. He analyzes the doctrines of “external state law”, “eternal peace”, “ formation of international legal obligations out of wrongful acts”, etc. The author concludes that the modern international law may be characterized by formation of a large number of doctrines and interpretations in order to establish the generally valid norms of international law, and the growing number of contradictions in the international legal norms is what follows from it. Taking into account that each of those persons interpreting the norms (consciously or unconsciously) supports the position, which is profitable for his state or political government, the role of doctrine is being forfeited.

Keywords: Germany, German concept, eternal peace, external state law, doctrine, ideology, law, politics, source of law, realism.

Contact information: Seliverstov, Maksim Viktorovich, 119043, Russia, Moskva, ul. Pudovkina, d.4a

References:
1. Lukashuk I.I. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo: nauka i praktika // Mezhd. publ. i chastnoe pravo. — 2003. — № 2 (11);
2. Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Traktaty o vechnom mire. Sb. proizvedeniy / Sost. I.S. Andreevai A.V. Gulyga. — SPb., 2003;
3. Triepel H. Volkerrecht und Landesrecht. Leipzig. Vrlg. von C.L. Hirschfeld. 1899;
4. Kalamkaryan R.A. Rol' doktrin naibolee kvalifitsirovannykh spetsialistov po publichnomu pravu razlichnykh natsiy v formirovanii sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava // Gosudarstvo i pravo. — 2006. — № 6;
5. Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. — 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Rol'f», 2001 ;
6. Gulyga A.V. Kant. — 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2005;
7. Petruchenko O. Latinsko-russkiy slovar'. Reprint IX — go izdaniya 1914. — M.: 1994;
8. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T. X «A» (Desmurgiya — Domitsian'). — SPb.: izd. F.A. Brokgauz', I.A. Efron. 1893;
9. Antonov I.P. Osobennosti i sootnoshenie kategoriy «kontseptsiya» i «doktrina» v nauke mezhdunarodnogo prava // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal № 3 (10), 2009;
10. Yuridicheskaya entsiklopediya. Izd-e 5-e, dop. i pererab. / Pod red. M.Yu. Tikhomirova — M., 2001;
11. Gegel' G. V.F. Filosofiya prava. — M., 2007;
12. Heffter A.W. Das europaische Volkerrecht der Gegenwart, 7. Aufl. — Berlin, 1881.§ 32;
13. Antonov I.P. Osnovnye problemy nemetskoy kontseptsii mezhdunarodnogo prava. — M.: Izd-vo RUDN. 2007;
14. Martens F.F. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T. I. Izd-e V. — SPb., 1909;
15. Nersesyants V.S. Filosofiya prava Gegelya. — M., 1992.

References (transliteration):
1. Lukashuk I.I. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo: nauka i praktika // Mezhd. publ. i chastnoe pravo. — 2003. — № 2 (11);
2. Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Traktaty o vechnom mire. Sb. proizvedeniy / Sost. I.S. Andreevai A.V. Gulyga. — SPb., 2003;
3. Triepel H. Volkerrecht und Landesrecht. Leipzig. Vrlg. von C.L. Hirschfeld. 1899;
4. Kalamkaryan R.A. Rol' doktrin naibolee kvalifitsirovannykh spetsialistov po publichnomu pravu razlichnykh natsiy v formirovanii sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava // Gosudarstvo i pravo. — 2006. — № 6;
5. Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. — 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Rol'f», 2001 ;
6. Gulyga A.V. Kant. — 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2005;
7. Petruchenko O. Latinsko-russkiy slovar'. Reprint IX — go izdaniya 1914. — M.: 1994;
8. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T. X «A» (Desmurgiya — Domitsian'). — SPb.: izd. F.A. Brokgauz', I.A. Efron. 1893;
9. Antonov I.P. Osobennosti i sootnoshenie kategoriy «kontseptsiya» i «doktrina» v nauke mezhdunarodnogo prava // Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal № 3 (10), 2009;
10. Yuridicheskaya entsiklopediya. Izd-e 5-e, dop. i pererab. / Pod red. M.Yu. Tikhomirova — M., 2001;
11. Gegel' G. V.F. Filosofiya prava. — M., 2007;
12. Heffter A.W. Das europaische Volkerrecht der Gegenwart, 7. Aufl. — Berlin, 1881.§ 32;
13. Antonov I.P. Osnovnye problemy nemetskoy kontseptsii mezhdunarodnogo prava. — M.: Izd-vo RUDN. 2007;
14. Martens F.F. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T. I. Izd-e V. — SPb., 1909;
15. Nersesyants V.S. Filosofiya prava Gegelya. — M., 1992.

Review: The processes of development of the state as a main subject of international public law is inseparably connected to the evolution of sovereignty theory. This article studies the key provisions of the sovereignty theory in accordance with the teachings on state based upon analysis of the scientific works of German scientists of XVII – XIX centuries. The authors follow the connection between the types of state and their classification and the forms of limitations to sovereignty. As for the theory of state sovereignty, the authors note that sovereignty as one of the characteristic features of the state is variable in its form, since it is connected with the legal capacity of the state. But since under the general theory of law only the rights may be divided, and not the legal capacity itself, the idea of invisible sovereignty becomes obvious. Therefore, depending on the goals of the state in the spheres of its domestic and foreign policy, the types of sovereignty change, and the sovereignty itself remains an inalienable characteristic feature of a state. From the practical standpoint the lack of balance between legal and political elements of sovereignty in the foreign relations often depends on inner factors and outer influences from the other subjects of international law.

Keywords: Germany, power, state, natural law, sovereignty, concept of international law, protectorate, right of way, condominium, legal positivism

Contact information: Antonov, Igor Petrovich, 119048, Russia, Moskva, ul. Usacheva, d. 19, k.3, kv. 68

References:
1. Akt otnositel'no priznaniya i garantii postoyannogo neytraliteta Shveytsarii i neprikosnovennosti ee territorii, ot 8 (20) noyabrya 1815 g. / Deystvuyushchee mezhdunarodnoe pravo. V trekh tomakh. Sostaviteli prof. Yu.M. Kolosov i prof. E.S. Krivchikova. – M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo nezavisimogo instituta mezhdunarodnogo prava, 1996. T. I. S. 141-142;
2. Anners E. Istoriya evropeyskogo prava. — M.: Inst-t Evropy. «Nauka», 1999. — 395 s.;
3. Berzhel' Zh.-L. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Per. s frants. G.V. Churshukova / Pod obshch. red. prof. V. I. Danilenko. — M.: Nota Bene, 2000. — 576 s.;
4. Berman Dzh. Zapadnaya traditsiya prava: epokha formirovaniya. — M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1994. — 592 s.;
5. Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. — 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Rol'f», 2001. — 416 s. ;
6. Gulyga A.V. Kant. — 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2005. — 280 s.;
7. Kokoshin A.A. Real'nyy suverenitet. — M.: «Evropa», 2006. — 88 s.
8. Martens F.F. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T. I. Izd-e V.-SPb., 1909.-438 s.;
9. Nersesyants V.S. Filosofiya prava Gegelya. — M.: Yurist', 1998. — 352 s.;
10. Patrushev A. Germanskaya istoriya. — M.: Izd-vo «Ves' mir», 2003. — 256 s.;
11. Feller V.V. Germanskaya odisseya. — Samara.: Samar. Dom pechati, 2001. — 344 s.;
12. Devis N. Istoriya Evropy. M., 2006.-S. 630;
13. Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira. Tri knigi.-M., 1994;
14. Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki mirovoy istorii. V 2-kh tomakh / Per. s nem. K.A.Svas'yana. — M.: «Mysl'», 1998. T. I. Geshtal't i deystvitel'nost'. — 663 s.;
15. Anzilotti D. Lehrbuch des Volkerrechts. Bd. 1., Verlag Berlin, Leipzig. 1929. — 487 S.;
16. Geiger R. Grundgesetz und Volkerrecht. 2. Aufl. Verlag C.H. Beck. Munchen. 2002. — 422 S.;
17. Doehring K. Volkerrecht. C.F. Muller Verlag. Heidelberg. 2004. — 556 S.;
18. Grewe W. G. Epochen der Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Nomos Verlaggesellschaft. Baden-Baden. 1988. — 897 S.;
19. Ziegler K. H. Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Verlag. C.H. Beck. Munchen. 1994. — 320 S.

References (transliteration):
1. Akt otnositel'no priznaniya i garantii postoyannogo neytraliteta Shveytsarii i neprikosnovennosti ee territorii, ot 8 (20) noyabrya 1815 g. / Deystvuyushchee mezhdunarodnoe pravo. V trekh tomakh. Sostaviteli prof. Yu.M. Kolosov i prof. E.S. Krivchikova. – M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo nezavisimogo instituta mezhdunarodnogo prava, 1996. T. I. S. 141-142;
2. Anners E. Istoriya evropeyskogo prava. — M.: Inst-t Evropy. «Nauka», 1999. — 395 s.;
3. Berzhel' Zh.-L. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Per. s frants. G.V. Churshukova / Pod obshch. red. prof. V. I. Danilenko. — M.: Nota Bene, 2000. — 576 s.;
4. Berman Dzh. Zapadnaya traditsiya prava: epokha formirovaniya. — M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1994. — 592 s.;
5. Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. — 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Rol'f», 2001. — 416 s. ;
6. Gulyga A.V. Kant. — 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. — M.: «Molodaya gvardiya», 2005. — 280 s.;
7. Kokoshin A.A. Real'nyy suverenitet. — M.: «Evropa», 2006. — 88 s.
8. Martens F.F. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T. I. Izd-e V.-SPb., 1909.-438 s.;
9. Nersesyants V.S. Filosofiya prava Gegelya. — M.: Yurist', 1998. — 352 s.;
10. Patrushev A. Germanskaya istoriya. — M.: Izd-vo «Ves' mir», 2003. — 256 s.;
11. Feller V.V. Germanskaya odisseya. — Samara.: Samar. Dom pechati, 2001. — 344 s.;
12. Devis N. Istoriya Evropy. M., 2006.-S. 630;
13. Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira. Tri knigi.-M., 1994;
14. Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki mirovoy istorii. V 2-kh tomakh / Per. s nem. K.A.Svas'yana. — M.: «Mysl'», 1998. T. I. Geshtal't i deystvitel'nost'. — 663 s.;
15. Anzilotti D. Lehrbuch des Volkerrechts. Bd. 1., Verlag Berlin, Leipzig. 1929. — 487 S.;
16. Geiger R. Grundgesetz und Volkerrecht. 2. Aufl. Verlag C.H. Beck. Munchen. 2002. — 422 S.;
17. Doehring K. Volkerrecht. C.F. Muller Verlag. Heidelberg. 2004. — 556 S.;
18. Grewe W. G. Epochen der Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Nomos Verlaggesellschaft. Baden-Baden. 1988. — 897 S.;
19. Ziegler K. H. Volkerrechtsgeschichte. Verlag. C.H. Beck. Munchen. 1994. — 320 S.

Review: The article includes analysis of the views of one of the merited legal scholars of the second half of the XIX century – V.N. Leshkov, who devoted his work to the issues of selfgovernment and its independence from the state. While his concept is not ideal and it has some contradictions, it should be noted that he was one of the first scientists, who viewed community as the basis for the self-government, and people as the moving force of history. His concept has elements of the social theory of local self-government.

Keywords: jurisprudence, Leshkov, V.N., self-government, country council, theory, independence, state, society, reform, position.

Contact information: Kornaukhova, Nina Viktorovna, 392002, Russia, Tambov, ul. Internatsionalnaya, d. 33

References:
1. Vereshchagin A.N. Zemskiy vopros v Rossii, M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2002. 189 s.
2. Golubev N.N. Znachenie teorii obshchestvennogo prava dlya nauki administrativnogo prava. Yuridicheskie zapiski. Vyp. 3, 1914.
3. Emel'yanova I.A. «Obshchestvennoe pravo» V.N. Leshkova //Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Seriya «Pravovedenie». 1987. № 6. S. 66-73.
4. Leshkov V.N. Nasha srednyaya istoriya obshchestvennogo prava s Petra Velikago. Eya kharakter i razdelenie. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya. 1874. 20 s.
5. Leshkov V.N. Russkiy narod i gosudarstvo. Istoriya russkogo obshchestvennogo prava do XVII v. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya. 1858. 612 s.
6. Leshkov V.N. O prave samostoyatel'nosti kak osnove dlya samoupravleniya. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya (Katkov i K). 1871. 25 s.
7. Leshkov V.N. Opyt teorii zemstva i ego zemskikh uchrezhdeniy po «Polozheniyu» 1864 g., Yanvarya 1 // Den', 6, 11, 13 noyabrya 1865 g.
8. Melekhin A.V. Administrativnoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Kurs lektsiy// SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2009.
9. Tsimbaev N.I. Slavyanofil'stvo: Iz istorii russkoy obshchestvenno-politicheskoy mysli XIX v. M.: Izd-vo MGU. 1986. 269 s.
10. Chernyak E.V. Rannie germanskie teorii mestnogo samoupravleniya: uchebnoe posobie. Kazan': KGTU. 2010. 104 s.

References (transliteration):
1. Vereshchagin A.N. Zemskiy vopros v Rossii, M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2002. 189 s.
2. Golubev N.N. Znachenie teorii obshchestvennogo prava dlya nauki administrativnogo prava. Yuridicheskie zapiski. Vyp. 3, 1914.
3. Emel'yanova I.A. «Obshchestvennoe pravo» V.N. Leshkova //Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Seriya «Pravovedenie». 1987. № 6. S. 66-73.
4. Leshkov V.N. Nasha srednyaya istoriya obshchestvennogo prava s Petra Velikago. Eya kharakter i razdelenie. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya. 1874. 20 s.
5. Leshkov V.N. Russkiy narod i gosudarstvo. Istoriya russkogo obshchestvennogo prava do XVII v. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya. 1858. 612 s.
6. Leshkov V.N. O prave samostoyatel'nosti kak osnove dlya samoupravleniya. M.: Universitetskaya tipografiya (Katkov i K). 1871. 25 s.
7. Leshkov V.N. Opyt teorii zemstva i ego zemskikh uchrezhdeniy po «Polozheniyu» 1864 g., Yanvarya 1 // Den', 6, 11, 13 noyabrya 1865 g.
8. Melekhin A.V. Administrativnoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Kurs lektsiy// SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2009.
9. Tsimbaev N.I. Slavyanofil'stvo: Iz istorii russkoy obshchestvenno-politicheskoy mysli XIX v. M.: Izd-vo MGU. 1986. 269 s.
10. Chernyak E.V. Rannie germanskie teorii mestnogo samoupravleniya: uchebnoe posobie. Kazan': KGTU. 2010. 104 s.

Review: The article is devoted to the ideas of the renowned Russian thinker and legal scholar Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) on state, civil society and definition of law. Now, when one is to speak of the philosophical heritage of Boris Chicherin, the researchers point out the fact that he was at the very source of the formation of Russian political and legal science. Boris Chicherin wrote a number of works, which were directly or indiretly related to the legal issues, politics, history and theory of state. The cornerstone of his philosophy was the term of human individual as a free person, and his political credo was to combine the liberal state and the strong government, which he regarded as a specific feature of the Russian state. The method of this work was to study a number of little known works of Boris Chicherin, and the author also studied political philosophy and philosophy of law in Russia (the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov) and in Germany (the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Tuebingen State University), which allowed him to understand the ideas of Boris Chicherin better and to evaluate them properly. As the result of the research, the author shows that Chicherin was trying to find a compromise between Slavophiles and pro-Western tendencies in the Russian philosophy of XIX – XX centuries, as well as between the ideas of anarchy and despotism. The philosopher also was trying to find a positive balance between the terms of freedom and equality. All of the above-mentioned matters lead him to the creation of the philosophic and legal concept, which one may now evaluate as liberal-conservative. The sphere of application of results of this study may be its use in the courses on history of political teachings and law, as well as in the scienctific research in the sphere of theory of state and law.

Keywords: political science, state, law, politics, society, freedom, person, history, property, liberalism.

Contact information: Parkhomenko, Roman Nikolaevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Leninskie gory, GSP-1.

References:
1. Kokorev A. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: biografiya. Tambov, 2010. 148 s.
2. Osipov I. Patriarkh russkoy gosudarstvennoy nauki. // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
3. Polyakov A. Politiko-pravovoe uchenie Chicherina // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
4. Prilenskiy, V. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. Ch. 1. M., 1995. 312 s.
5. Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. V 5-ti chastyakh (1869, 1872, 1874, 1877, 1902). M.
6. Kokorev A. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: biografiya. Tambov, 2010. 148 s.
7. Osipov I. Patriarkh russkoy gosudarstvennoy nauki. // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
8. Polyakov A. Politiko-pravovoe uchenie Chicherina // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
9. Prilenskiy, V. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. Ch. 1. M., 1995. 312 s.
10. Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. V 5-ti chastyakh (1869, 1872, 1874, 1877, 1902). M.

References (transliteration):
1. Kokorev A. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: biografiya. Tambov, 2010. 148 s.
2. Osipov I. Patriarkh russkoy gosudarstvennoy nauki. // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
3. Polyakov A. Politiko-pravovoe uchenie Chicherina // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
4. Prilenskiy, V. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. Ch. 1. M., 1995. 312 s.
5. Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. V 5-ti chastyakh (1869, 1872, 1874, 1877, 1902). M.
6. Kokorev A. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: biografiya. Tambov, 2010. 148 s.
7. Osipov I. Patriarkh russkoy gosudarstvennoy nauki. // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
8. Polyakov A. Politiko-pravovoe uchenie Chicherina // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
9. Prilenskiy, V. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. Ch. 1. M., 1995. 312 s.
10. Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. V 5-ti chastyakh (1869, 1872, 1874, 1877, 1902). M.

Review: The article is devoted to the scientific achievements of N.F. Kuznetsova in the sphere of solving the problem of stages of crimes, their correlation with the incomplete crime. The author shows the value of these achievements for the further development of the teaching on stages of implementation of criminal intent as a new paradigm in the global criminal law. The author establishes the intellectual connection between the stages of implementation of criminal intent (stage of preparation for the implementation of crime and the stage of implementation of crime), and such terms as attack and encroachment, which previously were deemed to be unconnected. The author discusses the key provisions of the teaching and legislative novelties, which are based on it. Then he discusses the issue of the need to introduce this teaching and legislative novelties which are based on it into the teaching process and criminal legislation.

Keywords: N.F. Kuznetsova, scientific achievements, stages of committing crime, crimes depending on the stage of their completion, correlation of committing the crime and crimes depending on the stage of their completion, crimes with direct intent, teaching on the stages of implementing the crime, new paradigm in the global criminal law science, stage of preparation for a crime, stage of implementation of a crime, encroachment, attempt, combination of scientific and legislative novelties.

Contact information: Redin, Mikhail Petrovich, 392018, Russia, Tambov, ul. N. Virty, d. 17, kv. 9.

References:
1. Durmanov N.D. Stadii soversheniya prestupleniya po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu. M., 1955.
2. Kozlov A.P. Neokonchennoe prestuplenie: Ucheb. Posobie / Krasnoyar. gos. un-t. Krasnoyarsk, 1999.
3. Kozlov A.P. Stadii i neokonchennoe prestuplenie. Vyp. 1. Stadii soversheniya prestupleniya: Ucheb. posobie / Krasnoyar. gos. un-t. Krasnoyarsk, 1993.
4. Koni A.F. O prave neobkhodimoy oborony. M., 1996.
5. Kuznetsova N.F. Otvetstvennost' za prigotovlenie k prestupleniyu i pokushenie na prestuplenie po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu. M., 1958.
6. Sovetskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast': Uchebnik / Pod red. G.A. Krigera, N.F. Kuznetsovoy, Yu.M. Tkachevskogo. 2-e izd., dop. i pererab. M., 1988.
7. Ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' / Pod red. N.F. Kuznetsovoy i dr. M., 1993.
8. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava. Obshchaya chast'. M., 1996.
9. Redin M.P. Ponyatiya okonchennogo i neokonchennogo prestupleniy v ugolovnom zakonodatel'stve Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Pravovedenie. 1997. № 1.
10. Redin M.P. Osushchestvlenie prestupnogo namereniya i neokonchennoe prestuplenie // Vestnik Saratovskoy gosudarstvennoy akademii prava. 1998. № 2.
11. Redin M.P. Osushchestvlenie prestupnogo namereniya i neokonchennoe prestuplenie // Pravovedenie. 1999. № 1.
12. Redin M.P. Prestupleniya po stepeni ikh zavershennosti. Monografiya. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Yurlitinform», 2006.
13. Redin M.P. O sostoyanii i perspektivakh ispol'zovaniya v ugolovnom zakonotvorchestve i pravoprimenenii ucheniya o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya // Izmenenie prestupnosti i aktual'nye voprosy zakonodatel'stva po bor'be s ney / Materialy Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., sostoyavsheysya v Tambovskom filiale Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii, 23-24 iyunya 2005 g. – Tambov: Tambovskiy filial MosU MVD Rossii, 2005.
14. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: ego sushchnost', ispol'zovanie v zakonotvorchestve i pravoprimenenii // Materialy I Vserossiyskogo kongressa po ugolovnomu pravu, posvyashchennogo 10-letiyu Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2006.
15. Redin M.P. O metodologii i metodakh nauchnogo poznaniya prestupleniy, sovershaemykh s pryamym umyslom // Yuridicheskaya mysl' (g. Sankt-Peterburg). 2006. № 6.
16. Redin M.P. Eshche raz ob uchenii o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 5.
17. Redin M.P. O konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 UK RF // Sledovatel'. 1999. № 2.
18. Redin M.P. Eshche raz o konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 UK RF // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 8.
19. Redin M.P. O ponyatii posyagatel'stva na zhizn' i konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Bezopasnost' biznesa. 2007. № 3.
20. Redin M.P. O kvalifikatsii banditizma i prestupnykh deyaniy, sovershennykh bandoy // Sovremennaya organizovannaya prestupnost' i korruptsiya v Rossii: sostoyanie, tendentsii, problemy i vozmozhnosti effektivnogo protivodeystviya: tezisy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (27-28 fevralya 2007. goda, g. Saratov): v 2 ch. / otv. red. A.I. Demidov. Saratov: Izd-vo GOU VPO «Saratovskaya gosudarstvennaya akademiya prava», 2007. Ch. 1.
21. Redin M.P. Razboy (ponyatie, konstruktsiya sostava) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 10.
22. Redin M.P. O ponyatii ubiystva v rossiyskom ugolovnom zakonodatel'stve // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2007. № 10.
23. Redin M.P. Ob ogranichenii zakonodatel'noy reglamentatsii smertnoy kazni // Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke: materialy Pyatoy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii 24-25 yanvarya 2008 g. – M., 2008.
24. Redin M.P. O konstruktsii sostava neobkhodimoy oborony (stat'ya 37 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RF) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2006. № 2.
25. Redin M.P. O protivorechiyakh v naimenovanii st. 30 i v formulirovkakh ch. 2 st. 29, ch. 1-3 st. 30, ch. 1 st. 31 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RF [Elektronnyy resurs] // Zhurnal «Rossiyskoe pravo v Internete. Nomer 2009 (05) Spetsvypusk / Rezhim dostupa: http://www.rpi.msal. ru/prints/200905_41redin.html.
26. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: novaya paradigma v mirovoy ugolovno-pravovoy nauke [Elektronnyy resurs] // Rezhim dostupa: http://sartraccc.sgap.ru/i.php?oper=read_ ? le&? lename=Pub/redin(05-07-09). htm
27. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: novaya paradigma v mirovoy ugolovno-pravovoy nauke // Sovremennoe pravo. 2009. № 10.
28. Redin M.P. O sootnoshenii stadiy osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya i vidov prestupleniy po stepeni ikh zavershennosti, dobrovol'nogo otkaza ot dovedeniya do kontsa deyatel'nosti po realizatsii prestupleniya [Elektronnyy resurs] // Rezhim dostupa: http:// sartraccc.sgap.ru/i.php?oper=read_? le&? lename=Pub/ redin(02-10-08). htm;
29. Redin M.P. O sootnoshenii stadiy osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya i vidov prestupleniy po stepeni ikh zavershennosti // Vestnik Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: «Novye gumanitarnye issledovaniya». 2008. № 4.
30. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie: Ob'yasnenie k proektu redaktsionnoy komissii. SPb., 1895.
31. Yani P.S. O lichnosti uchenogo // Ves' mir zhivet do tekh por, poka zhivet pamyat' cheloveka / Pod obshchey redaktsiey professora V.S. Komissarova. M., 2006.

References (transliteration):
1. Durmanov N.D. Stadii soversheniya prestupleniya po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu. M., 1955.
2. Kozlov A.P. Neokonchennoe prestuplenie: Ucheb. Posobie / Krasnoyar. gos. un-t. Krasnoyarsk, 1999.
3. Kozlov A.P. Stadii i neokonchennoe prestuplenie. Vyp. 1. Stadii soversheniya prestupleniya: Ucheb. posobie / Krasnoyar. gos. un-t. Krasnoyarsk, 1993.
4. Koni A.F. O prave neobkhodimoy oborony. M., 1996.
5. Kuznetsova N.F. Otvetstvennost' za prigotovlenie k prestupleniyu i pokushenie na prestuplenie po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu. M., 1958.
6. Sovetskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast': Uchebnik / Pod red. G.A. Krigera, N.F. Kuznetsovoy, Yu.M. Tkachevskogo. 2-e izd., dop. i pererab. M., 1988.
7. Ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' / Pod red. N.F. Kuznetsovoy i dr. M., 1993.
8. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava. Obshchaya chast'. M., 1996.
9. Redin M.P. Ponyatiya okonchennogo i neokonchennogo prestupleniy v ugolovnom zakonodatel'stve Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Pravovedenie. 1997. № 1.
10. Redin M.P. Osushchestvlenie prestupnogo namereniya i neokonchennoe prestuplenie // Vestnik Saratovskoy gosudarstvennoy akademii prava. 1998. № 2.
11. Redin M.P. Osushchestvlenie prestupnogo namereniya i neokonchennoe prestuplenie // Pravovedenie. 1999. № 1.
12. Redin M.P. Prestupleniya po stepeni ikh zavershennosti. Monografiya. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Yurlitinform», 2006.
13. Redin M.P. O sostoyanii i perspektivakh ispol'zovaniya v ugolovnom zakonotvorchestve i pravoprimenenii ucheniya o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya // Izmenenie prestupnosti i aktual'nye voprosy zakonodatel'stva po bor'be s ney / Materialy Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., sostoyavsheysya v Tambovskom filiale Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii, 23-24 iyunya 2005 g. – Tambov: Tambovskiy filial MosU MVD Rossii, 2005.
14. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: ego sushchnost', ispol'zovanie v zakonotvorchestve i pravoprimenenii // Materialy I Vserossiyskogo kongressa po ugolovnomu pravu, posvyashchennogo 10-letiyu Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2006.
15. Redin M.P. O metodologii i metodakh nauchnogo poznaniya prestupleniy, sovershaemykh s pryamym umyslom // Yuridicheskaya mysl' (g. Sankt-Peterburg). 2006. № 6.
16. Redin M.P. Eshche raz ob uchenii o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 5.
17. Redin M.P. O konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 UK RF // Sledovatel'. 1999. № 2.
18. Redin M.P. Eshche raz o konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 UK RF // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 8.
19. Redin M.P. O ponyatii posyagatel'stva na zhizn' i konstruktsii sostavov prestupleniy, predusmotrennykh stat'yami 277, 295, 317 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Bezopasnost' biznesa. 2007. № 3.
20. Redin M.P. O kvalifikatsii banditizma i prestupnykh deyaniy, sovershennykh bandoy // Sovremennaya organizovannaya prestupnost' i korruptsiya v Rossii: sostoyanie, tendentsii, problemy i vozmozhnosti effektivnogo protivodeystviya: tezisy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (27-28 fevralya 2007. goda, g. Saratov): v 2 ch. / otv. red. A.I. Demidov. Saratov: Izd-vo GOU VPO «Saratovskaya gosudarstvennaya akademiya prava», 2007. Ch. 1.
21. Redin M.P. Razboy (ponyatie, konstruktsiya sostava) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2007. № 10.
22. Redin M.P. O ponyatii ubiystva v rossiyskom ugolovnom zakonodatel'stve // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2007. № 10.
23. Redin M.P. Ob ogranichenii zakonodatel'noy reglamentatsii smertnoy kazni // Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke: materialy Pyatoy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii 24-25 yanvarya 2008 g. – M., 2008.
24. Redin M.P. O konstruktsii sostava neobkhodimoy oborony (stat'ya 37 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RF) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2006. № 2.
25. Redin M.P. O protivorechiyakh v naimenovanii st. 30 i v formulirovkakh ch. 2 st. 29, ch. 1-3 st. 30, ch. 1 st. 31 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RF [Elektronnyy resurs] // Zhurnal «Rossiyskoe pravo v Internete. Nomer 2009 (05) Spetsvypusk / Rezhim dostupa: http://www.rpi.msal. ru/prints/200905_41redin.html.
26. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: novaya paradigma v mirovoy ugolovno-pravovoy nauke [Elektronnyy resurs] // Rezhim dostupa: http://sartraccc.sgap.ru/i.php?oper=read_ ? le&? lename=Pub/redin(05-07-09). htm
27. Redin M.P. Uchenie o stadiyakh osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya: novaya paradigma v mirovoy ugolovno-pravovoy nauke // Sovremennoe pravo. 2009. № 10.
28. Redin M.P. O sootnoshenii stadiy osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya i vidov prestupleniy po stepeni ikh zavershennosti, dobrovol'nogo otkaza ot dovedeniya do kontsa deyatel'nosti po realizatsii prestupleniya [Elektronnyy resurs] // Rezhim dostupa: http:// sartraccc.sgap.ru/i.php?oper=read_? le&? lename=Pub/ redin(02-10-08). htm;
29. Redin M.P. O sootnoshenii stadiy osushchestvleniya prestupnogo namereniya i vidov prestupleniy po stepeni ikh zavershennosti // Vestnik Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: «Novye gumanitarnye issledovaniya». 2008. № 4.
30. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie: Ob'yasnenie k proektu redaktsionnoy komissii. SPb., 1895.
31. Yani P.S. O lichnosti uchenogo // Ves' mir zhivet do tekh por, poka zhivet pamyat' cheloveka / Pod obshchey redaktsiey professora V.S. Komissarova. M., 2006.

Review: In article describes and analyzes the works of Russian cosmists like Fudorov N., A. Sukhovo-Kobylin Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and A. Chizhevsky, who gave rise not only to the establishment of practical development of the cosmos, but also to the birth of the “space policy” . Their identity is revealed. It is noted that Russian cosmism includes two levels – religious, mystical and universal “unity.” Latter ideas influenced the formation and development of modern directions in the space policy. The attention is focused on the two fairly clearly defined schools of Russian cosmism – Moscow school and Kaluga school. N. Fedorov is recognized by most researcher to be the founders of the Russian cosmism. The conclusion is that the Russian Cosmism is one of the important sources for the theoretical space policy related to the practical exploring of the open space, and his ideas defined the overall direction of the cosmological theories.

Keywords: space policy, cosmological theory, cosmism, Russian space art, Soviet space art, antique space art, space, religious and mystical level, the universal “unity”, school of Russian cosmism, the ideas of heliocentrism.

References:
1. Arkhipov M.V. Sotsial'no-utopicheskiy kosmizm N.F.Fedorova // Rossiya: proshloe, nastoyashchee budushchee: Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Sankt-Peterburg, 16-19 dekabrya 1996 g. SPb.: Izd-vo BGTU, 1996.
2. Gavryushin N.K. Iz istorii russkogo kosmizma. Kaluzhskiy zhurnal «Uraniya». 1804. // Trudy V i VI Chteniy, posvyashchennykh razrabotke nauchnogo naslediya i razvitiyu idey K.E. Tsiolkovskogo // Otv. red. A.A. Kosmodem'yanskiy. M..; IIET RAN, 1972.
3. Demin V.N. Russkiy kosmizm: ot istokov – k vzletu // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. 1996. № 6.
4. Pankrushina A.M. Filosofsko-pedagogicheskie idei predstaviteley russkogo kosmizma v stanovlenii noosfernogo obrazovaniya. // Diss. … kand. ped... nauk. NGPU, 2004.
5. Russkiy kosmizm i noosfera: Tezisy dokladov Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii. V 2-kh ch. Ch.1. M., 1989.
6. Sukhovo-Kobylin A.V. Uchenie Vsemir. Inzhenernofilosofskie ozareniya. M.: SET, 1995.
7. Fedorov N.F. Materialy k 3 tomu «Filosofii obshchego dela» // Nachala. 1993. № 1, 3.

References (transliteration):
1. Arkhipov M.V. Sotsial'no-utopicheskiy kosmizm N.F.Fedorova // Rossiya: proshloe, nastoyashchee budushchee: Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Sankt-Peterburg, 16-19 dekabrya 1996 g. SPb.: Izd-vo BGTU, 1996.
2. Gavryushin N.K. Iz istorii russkogo kosmizma. Kaluzhskiy zhurnal «Uraniya». 1804. // Trudy V i VI Chteniy, posvyashchennykh razrabotke nauchnogo naslediya i razvitiyu idey K.E. Tsiolkovskogo // Otv. red. A.A. Kosmodem'yanskiy. M..; IIET RAN, 1972.
3. Demin V.N. Russkiy kosmizm: ot istokov – k vzletu // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. 1996. № 6.
4. Pankrushina A.M. Filosofsko-pedagogicheskie idei predstaviteley russkogo kosmizma v stanovlenii noosfernogo obrazovaniya. // Diss. … kand. ped... nauk. NGPU, 2004.
5. Russkiy kosmizm i noosfera: Tezisy dokladov Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii. V 2-kh ch. Ch.1. M., 1989.
6. Sukhovo-Kobylin A.V. Uchenie Vsemir. Inzhenernofilosofskie ozareniya. M.: SET, 1995.
7. Fedorov N.F. Materialy k 3 tomu «Filosofii obshchego dela» // Nachala. 1993. № 1, 3.

Review: The article is devoted to the key methodological approaches to the outer space policy. The author analyzes empiric, general logic, dialectic methods, studies their nature. The author singles out a number of approaches to the studies of outer space policy, such as the functional methodology, comparative methodology, sociological, political and cultural approaches. It is noted that the dialectic and systemic approaches, as well as expert evaluation and sociological polls have much perspective in this sphere.

Keywords: political science, methodology, studies, general logic, open space, politics, dialectic, systemic, sociological

References:
1. Kucheryavyy M.M. Natsional'naya bezopasnost' Rossiyskoy Federatsii i ee obespechenie v vozdushno-kosmicheskom prostranstve: politologicheskiy analiz: avtoreferat dis. - kandidata politicheskikh nauk: 23.00.02 / Kucheryavyy M.M. - SPb., 2009.
2. L. fon Bertalanfi. Obshchaya teoriya sistem. Kriticheskiy obzor // Issledovaniya po obshchey teorii sistem. - M., 1969.
3. Karp K.A. Vvedenie v kosmicheskuyu politiku. - M., 2003.
4. Senkevich V.P. Kosmonavtika: sistemnyy analiz, informatsiya, prognozy - M., 1997; Sorokin K.E. Geopolitika sovremennosti i geostrategiya Rossii. - M., 1996; Utkin V.F. Puti povysheniya effektivnosti kosmicheskoy deyatel'nosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii. - M., 1999, i dr.
5. Zhuk E.I. Kosmos - nashe proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee // Sovremennoe obrazovanie. Aprel' 2006. №4 (109).

References (transliteration):
1. Kucheryavyy M.M. Natsional'naya bezopasnost' Rossiyskoy Federatsii i ee obespechenie v vozdushno-kosmicheskom prostranstve: politologicheskiy analiz: avtoreferat dis. - kandidata politicheskikh nauk: 23.00.02 / Kucheryavyy M.M. - SPb., 2009.
2. L. fon Bertalanfi. Obshchaya teoriya sistem. Kriticheskiy obzor // Issledovaniya po obshchey teorii sistem. - M., 1969.
3. Karp K.A. Vvedenie v kosmicheskuyu politiku. - M., 2003.
4. Senkevich V.P. Kosmonavtika: sistemnyy analiz, informatsiya, prognozy - M., 1997; Sorokin K.E. Geopolitika sovremennosti i geostrategiya Rossii. - M., 1996; Utkin V.F. Puti povysheniya effektivnosti kosmicheskoy deyatel'nosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii. - M., 1999, i dr.
5. Zhuk E.I. Kosmos - nashe proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee // Sovremennoe obrazovanie. Aprel' 2006. №4 (109).

Review: The article includes a review on the development of legal dogmas in the continental legal studies. The author considers that dogmatic jurisprudence had formed the basis for the professional legal culture and key types of legal activities. The starting point of its evolution is the medieval school of glossators. The philosophical bases for the continental legal dogmas were formed by the scholastics. The process of the evolution of the dogmatic jurisprudence may be divided into three main stages. The first stage is medieval and it is represented by the academic school of glossators and commentators (post-glossators). The second period is characterized by the formation of the cultural and philosophical bases for the dogmatic traditions, which were formed due to the humanistic school of lawyers and the school of natural law. The third period is represented by the historical school of law, and the jurisprudence of definitions, which completed the development of the dogmatic jurisprudence.

Keywords: jurisprudence, legal dogmas, continental legal system, general theory of law, glossators, commentators, humanistic school, school of natural law, historic school of lawyers, jurisprudence of definitions.

References:
1. Alekseev N.N. Osnovy filosofii prava. SPb., 1999.
2. Alekseev N.N. Ocherki po obshchey teorii gosudarstva. Osnovnye predposylki i gipotezy gosudarstvennoy nauki. M., 2008.
3. Anners E. Istoriya evropeyskogo prava. M., 1996.
4. Berman G. Dzh. Zapadnaya traditsiya prava: epokha formirovaniya. M., 1998.
5. V.A. Tumanov. Izbrannoe. M., 2010.
6. Gurvich G.D. Yuridicheskiy opyt i plyuralisticheskaya filosofiya prava // Gurvich G.D. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. Izbrannye sochineniya. SPb., 2004.
7. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
8. Dozhdev D.V. Rimskoe chastnoe pravo. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2011.
9. D'yachek T. I. Pravovoe uchenie Georga Fridrikha Pukhty: dogmaticheskiy aspekt. Avtoref. diss… kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2009.
10. Iering R. Zadacha sovremennoy yurisprudentsii // Yuridicheskiy vestnik Moskovskogo yuridicheskogo obshchestva. M., 1883. T. XIII. №8.
11. Iering R. fon. Dukh rimskogo prava // R. f. Iering. Izbrannye trudy. V 2 t. T. II. SPb., 2006.
12. Iering R. fon. Yuridicheskaya tekhnika. M., 2008.
13. Isaev I.A. Politica hermetica: skrytye aspekty vlasti. M., 2002.
14. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
15. Korkunov N.M. Istoriya filosofii prava. M., 2010.
16. Korkunov N.M. Istoriya filosofii prava. Posobie k lektsiyam. SPb., 1915.
17. Kuznetsov K.A. K kharakteristike istoricheskoy shkoly yuristov. Odessa, 1914.
18. Kuznetsov K.A. Reforma yuridicheskogo obrazovaniya v Germanii (okonchanie) // Yuridicheskiy vestnik.
1889. T. 1. Kn. 4.
19. Modderman V. Retseptsiya rimskogo prava. SPb., 1888.
20. Muromtsev S.A. Retseptsiya rimskogo prava na Zapade. M., 1886.
21. Nechaev V.M. Pandekty v rimskom prave // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' F.A. Brokgauza i I.A. Efrona. (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/137473/)
22. O.S. Ioffe. Izbrannye trudy po grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2003.
23. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Akademicheskiy kurs v 3 t. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. T. 2. M., 2001.
24. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Akademicheskiy kurs v 3 t. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. T. 2. M., 2001.
25. Pakhman S.V. O sovremennom dvizhenii v nauke prava. SPb., 1882.
26. Pokrovskiy I.A. Estestvenno-pravovye techeniya v istorii grazhdanskogo prava. SPb., 1909.
27. Pokrovskiy I.A. Istoriya rimskogo prava. SPb., 1999.
28. Poldnikov D.Yu. Dogovornye teorii glossatorov. M., 2008.
29. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M.,
1874. Tom. I.
30. Rozin V.M. Genezis i sovremennye problemy prava. M., 2001.
31. S.A. Muromtsev Izbrannye trudy po rimskomu i grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2004.
32. S.A. Muromtsev. Izbrannye trudy po rimskomu i grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2004.
33. Skakun O.F. Obshchee sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Akademicheskiy kurs. Kiev, 2008.
34. Stoyanov A. N. Metody razrabotki polozhitel'nogo prava i obshchestvennoe znachenie yuristov ot glossatorov do kontsa XVIII stoletiya. Khar'kov, 1862.
35. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
36. Taranovskiy F.V. Entsiklopediya prava. Spb., 2001.
37. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
38. Tarasov N.N. Stanovlenie kontinental'noy pravovoy nauki i yuridicheskoe myshlenie (metodologicheskie aspekty) // Akademicheskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. Irkutsk, 2001. № 2.
39. Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
40. Tsar'kov I.I. O pravovykh printsipakh v srednevekovoy yurisprudentsii // Pravovedenie. 2003. №2.
41. Tsar'kov I.I. Razvitie pravoponimaniya v evropeyskoy traditsii prava. SPb., 2006.
42. Tsvaygert K., Ketts Kh. Vvedenie v sravnitel'noe pravovedenie v sfere chastnogo prava. M., 2000. T. I.
43. Chestnov I.L. Aktual'nye problemy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Epistemologiya gosudarstva i prava. Uchebnoe posobie. SPb., 2004.
44. Chestnov I.L. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy: teoretiko-metodologicheskoe vvedenie. SPb., 2009.
45. Shershenevich G.F. Istoriya filosofii prava. SPb., 2001.
46. Berman H.J. Law and Revolution II. The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition. L., 2003.
47. Cappelletti M., Merryman J.H., Perillo J.M. The Italian Legal System. Stanford, 1967.
48. Cruz P. de, Comparative Law in a Changing World. 2nd ed. L., Sydney, 1999.
49. Engelmann W. Die Schuldlehre der Postglossatoren und ihre Fortentwickelung. Leipzig, 1895.
50. Gerber C.F. von, System des deutschen Privatrechts. Jena,
1855. 12th ed. S. XVII;
51. Hofmann H. From Jhering to Radbruch: on the logic of traditional legal concepts to the social theories of law to the renewal of legal idealism // A History of the Philosophy of Law in the Civil Law World, 1600 – 1900. L., N.-Y. 2009.
52. Jhering R. v. Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz. Leipzig, 1904.
53. Kaufmann G. Die Geschichte der deutschen Universitaten. Bd. I. Stuttgart, 1888.
54. Landsberg E. Die Glosse des Accursius und Ihre Lehre Vom Eigenthum. Leipzig, 1883.
55. Sohm R. Institutiones des rom. Rechts. Au? . 1903.
56. Tuori K. Ancient Romal lawyers and modern legal ideals. Studies on the impact of contemporary concerns in the interpretation of ancient Roman legal history. Frankfurt am Main, 2007.
57. Zimmermann R. Roman Law, Contemporary Law, European Law. The Civilian Tradition Today. 2001.

References (transliteration):
1. Alekseev N.N. Osnovy filosofii prava. SPb., 1999.
2. Alekseev N.N. Ocherki po obshchey teorii gosudarstva. Osnovnye predposylki i gipotezy gosudarstvennoy nauki. M., 2008.
3. Anners E. Istoriya evropeyskogo prava. M., 1996.
4. Berman G. Dzh. Zapadnaya traditsiya prava: epokha formirovaniya. M., 1998.
5. V.A. Tumanov. Izbrannoe. M., 2010.
6. Gurvich G.D. Yuridicheskiy opyt i plyuralisticheskaya filosofiya prava // Gurvich G.D. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava. Izbrannye sochineniya. SPb., 2004.
7. David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. M., 2009.
8. Dozhdev D.V. Rimskoe chastnoe pravo. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2011.
9. D'yachek T. I. Pravovoe uchenie Georga Fridrikha Pukhty: dogmaticheskiy aspekt. Avtoref. diss… kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2009.
10. Iering R. Zadacha sovremennoy yurisprudentsii // Yuridicheskiy vestnik Moskovskogo yuridicheskogo obshchestva. M., 1883. T. XIII. №8.
11. Iering R. fon. Dukh rimskogo prava // R. f. Iering. Izbrannye trudy. V 2 t. T. II. SPb., 2006.
12. Iering R. fon. Yuridicheskaya tekhnika. M., 2008.
13. Isaev I.A. Politica hermetica: skrytye aspekty vlasti. M., 2002.
14. Karapetov A.G. Politika i dogmatika grazhdanskogo prava: istoricheskiy ocherk // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda. №4. 2010.
15. Korkunov N.M. Istoriya filosofii prava. M., 2010.
16. Korkunov N.M. Istoriya filosofii prava. Posobie k lektsiyam. SPb., 1915.
17. Kuznetsov K.A. K kharakteristike istoricheskoy shkoly yuristov. Odessa, 1914.
18. Kuznetsov K.A. Reforma yuridicheskogo obrazovaniya v Germanii (okonchanie) // Yuridicheskiy vestnik.
1889. T. 1. Kn. 4.
19. Modderman V. Retseptsiya rimskogo prava. SPb., 1888.
20. Muromtsev S.A. Retseptsiya rimskogo prava na Zapade. M., 1886.
21. Nechaev V.M. Pandekty v rimskom prave // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' F.A. Brokgauza i I.A. Efrona. (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/137473/)
22. O.S. Ioffe. Izbrannye trudy po grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2003.
23. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Akademicheskiy kurs v 3 t. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. T. 2. M., 2001.
24. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Akademicheskiy kurs v 3 t. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. T. 2. M., 2001.
25. Pakhman S.V. O sovremennom dvizhenii v nauke prava. SPb., 1882.
26. Pokrovskiy I.A. Estestvenno-pravovye techeniya v istorii grazhdanskogo prava. SPb., 1909.
27. Pokrovskiy I.A. Istoriya rimskogo prava. SPb., 1999.
28. Poldnikov D.Yu. Dogovornye teorii glossatorov. M., 2008.
29. Pukhta G.F. Kurs rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava. M.,
1874. Tom. I.
30. Rozin V.M. Genezis i sovremennye problemy prava. M., 2001.
31. S.A. Muromtsev Izbrannye trudy po rimskomu i grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2004.
32. S.A. Muromtsev. Izbrannye trudy po rimskomu i grazhdanskomu pravu. M., 2004.
33. Skakun O.F. Obshchee sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. Akademicheskiy kurs. Kiev, 2008.
34. Stoyanov A. N. Metody razrabotki polozhitel'nogo prava i obshchestvennoe znachenie yuristov ot glossatorov do kontsa XVIII stoletiya. Khar'kov, 1862.
35. Taranovskiy F.V. Istoricheskoe i metodologicheskoe vzaimootnoshenie istorii, dogmy i politiki prava // Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsii. Mart 1907.
36. Taranovskiy F.V. Entsiklopediya prava. Spb., 2001.
37. Tarasov N.N. Metodologicheskie problemy yuridicheskoy nauki. Ekaterinburg, 2001.
38. Tarasov N.N. Stanovlenie kontinental'noy pravovoy nauki i yuridicheskoe myshlenie (metodologicheskie aspekty) // Akademicheskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. Irkutsk, 2001. № 2.
39. Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. Otv. red. G.N. Manov. M., 1996.
40. Tsar'kov I.I. O pravovykh printsipakh v srednevekovoy yurisprudentsii // Pravovedenie. 2003. №2.
41. Tsar'kov I.I. Razvitie pravoponimaniya v evropeyskoy traditsii prava. SPb., 2006.
42. Tsvaygert K., Ketts Kh. Vvedenie v sravnitel'noe pravovedenie v sfere chastnogo prava. M., 2000. T. I.
43. Chestnov I.L. Aktual'nye problemy teorii gosudarstva i prava. Epistemologiya gosudarstva i prava. Uchebnoe posobie. SPb., 2004.
44. Chestnov I.L. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy: teoretiko-metodologicheskoe vvedenie. SPb., 2009.
45. Shershenevich G.F. Istoriya filosofii prava. SPb., 2001.
46. Berman H.J. Law and Revolution II. The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition. L., 2003.
47. Cappelletti M., Merryman J.H., Perillo J.M. The Italian Legal System. Stanford, 1967.
48. Cruz P. de, Comparative Law in a Changing World. 2nd ed. L., Sydney, 1999.
49. Engelmann W. Die Schuldlehre der Postglossatoren und ihre Fortentwickelung. Leipzig, 1895.
50. Gerber C.F. von, System des deutschen Privatrechts. Jena,
1855. 12th ed. S. XVII;
51. Hofmann H. From Jhering to Radbruch: on the logic of traditional legal concepts to the social theories of law to the renewal of legal idealism // A History of the Philosophy of Law in the Civil Law World, 1600 – 1900. L., N.-Y. 2009.
52. Jhering R. v. Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz. Leipzig, 1904.
53. Kaufmann G. Die Geschichte der deutschen Universitaten. Bd. I. Stuttgart, 1888.
54. Landsberg E. Die Glosse des Accursius und Ihre Lehre Vom Eigenthum. Leipzig, 1883.
55. Sohm R. Institutiones des rom. Rechts. Au? . 1903.
56. Tuori K. Ancient Romal lawyers and modern legal ideals. Studies on the impact of contemporary concerns in the interpretation of ancient Roman legal history. Frankfurt am Main, 2007.
57. Zimmermann R. Roman Law, Contemporary Law, European Law. The Civilian Tradition Today. 2001.

Review: The article is devoted to a topical issue of the state-related and legal views of the Russian protective state-supporting thinkers K.P. Pobedonostsev, M.N. Katkov. The author tried to avoid a negative approach to a conservative legal thought, which still dominates in the Russian legal studies. The article shows strong points of the teachings and inß uence of K.P. Pobedonostsev and M.N. Katkov on the Russian political and legal practice in late XIX century. The author viewed the teachings on protected autocracy showed the inß uence of the protective legal doctrine as a source of Russian law during the rule of Tsar Alexander the III.

Keywords: jurisprudence, conservatism, protective, reaction, stability, succession, autocracy, tradition, custom, order.

References:
Polozhenie o merakh k okhraneniyu gosudarstvennogo poryadka i obshchestvennogo spokoystviya//Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie tret'e. T.1.№ 350. 1881 – 1913.
Kartsov A.S. Russkiy konservatizm vtoroy poloviny XIX – nachala XX vv. (knyaz' V.P. Meshcherskiy). – SPb.: izd-vo S.-Peterb. un-ta, 2004. 418 s
Gosudarstvo rossiyskoe: vlast' i obshchestvo. S drevneyshikh vremen do nashikh dney. Sbornik dokumentov./Pod red. Yu.S. Kukushkina. – M.: Izd-vo Mosk-go univ-ta, 1996.
Pobedonostsev K.P. Taynyy pravitel' Rossi: K.P. Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty. M.: Russkaya kniga, 2001. S. 83.
Proekt zapiski o reforme sudebnykh uchrezhdeniy// Pobedonostsev K.P. Taynyy pravitel' Rossi: K.P. Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty. M.: Russkaya kniga, 2001. S. 185 – 190.
Bokhanov A.N. Imperator Aleksandr III. –M.: OOO «TID Russkoe slovo – RS», 2009. – 512 s.
K.P. Pobedonostsev: pro et contra. SPb.: RKhGI, 1996. S. 84.
Katkov M.N. Ideologiya okhranitel'stva. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2009.
Moskovskie vedomosti. 1867. № 88.
Moskovskie vedomosti. 1886. № 341.

References (transliteration):
Polozhenie o merakh k okhraneniyu gosudarstvennogo poryadka i obshchestvennogo spokoystviya//Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie tret'e. T.1.№ 350. 1881 – 1913.
Kartsov A.S. Russkiy konservatizm vtoroy poloviny XIX – nachala XX vv. (knyaz' V.P. Meshcherskiy). – SPb.: izd-vo S.-Peterb. un-ta, 2004. 418 s
Gosudarstvo rossiyskoe: vlast' i obshchestvo. S drevneyshikh vremen do nashikh dney. Sbornik dokumentov./Pod red. Yu.S. Kukushkina. – M.: Izd-vo Mosk-go univ-ta, 1996.
Pobedonostsev K.P. Taynyy pravitel' Rossi: K.P. Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty. M.: Russkaya kniga, 2001. S. 83.
Proekt zapiski o reforme sudebnykh uchrezhdeniy// Pobedonostsev K.P. Taynyy pravitel' Rossi: K.P. Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty. M.: Russkaya kniga, 2001. S. 185 – 190.
Bokhanov A.N. Imperator Aleksandr III. –M.: OOO «TID Russkoe slovo – RS», 2009. – 512 s.
K.P. Pobedonostsev: pro et contra. SPb.: RKhGI, 1996. S. 84.
Katkov M.N. Ideologiya okhranitel'stva. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2009.
Moskovskie vedomosti. 1867. № 88.
Moskovskie vedomosti. 1886. № 341.

Review: The goal of this article is to provide detailed analysis of the term “humanization of the criminal policy”, which is often used when characterizing the law and system of government of the European states in XVIII century. The author of this article studies the ideological sources for the formation of the key directions of the criminal law policy based on the current scientifi c approaches to the theory of legal policy and on the analysis of the works of the enlighteners in the sphere of criminal law. The author considers that the ideas of the reforms in the sphere of criminal law system, which were expressed by the thinkers of the Enlightenment epoch, are still important in the current legal reality, while they once have formed the basis for the scientifi c theory of criminal policy. The interpretation of the views of Charles Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria from the point of view of key methods of implementation of the criminal policy has certain scientifi c value, and it allows the author to draw a conclusion that the ideas of penalization, de-penalization and differentiation of legal responsibility together with the forms of their implementation in the state policies of the European states in XVIII century provide for the humanization of the criminal law policy.

Keywords: jurisprudence, morals, the Enlightenment epoch, the enlighteners, criminal policy, humanization, de-penalization, penalization, differentiation of criminal responsibility, history of legal teachings.

References:
Vilenskiy B.V. Sudebnaya reforma i kontrreforma v Rossii. Saratov: Privolzhskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo,
1969. 400 s.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O poryadke izdaniya Obshchego Nakaza sudebnym
ustanovleniyam i o distsiplinarnoy otvetstvennosti chinov sudebnogo vedomstva // PSZ RI. Sobr. III. T. V. №.
2959.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Kurskoy oblasti. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1612.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Orlovskoy oblasti. F. 580. St. 2. Op. 1. D. 1807.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 210.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 214.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 237.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 564. Op. 1. D. 528.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 730. Op. 1. D. 1540.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 730. Op. 1. D. 1541.
Deyatel'nost' Gosudarstvennogo soveta za vremya tsarstvovaniya Gosudarya Imperatora Aleksandra Aleksandrovicha.
1 marta 1881 g. – 20 oktyabrya 1894 g. SPb.: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1900. 161 s.
Zhurnal soedinennykh departamentov zakonov i grazhdanskiy del Gosudarstvennogo soveta o preobrazovanii
sudebnoy chasti v Rossii. SPb., 1862. 37 8 s.
Koni A. F. Mirovye sud'i // Sobranie sochineniy. T. 1. M., 1966. S. 288-330.
Lazarenko A. N. Ocherk osnovnykh nachal sudoustroystva Rossii i glavneyshikh zapadnoevropeyskikh gosudarstv
za pyat'desyat let // Sudebnye ustavy 20 noyabrya 1864 g. za pyat'desyat let. T. 1. Pg., 1914. S. 401-489.
Lebedev K.N. Zapiski // Russkiy arkhiv. 1911. №5. S.132-160.
Lonskaya S.V. Mirovaya yustitsiya v Rossii. Kaliningrad, 2000. 215 s.
Murav'ev N.V. O sudebnoy sluzhbe. M.: Tip. A.I. Mamontova i Ko, 1886. 58 s.
Nemytina M.V. Sud v Rossii: vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX vv. Saratov: SYuI MVD RF, 1999. 256 s.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy biblioteki. F. 230. №4394. Ed.khr.3.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy natsional'noy biblioteki. F. 600. D. 1490.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy natsional'noy biblioteki. F. 600. D. 1506.
Polovtsev A. A. Dnevnik gosudarstvennogo sekretarya: v 2 tt. T.1. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. 605 s.
Pustoroslev P. P. Pyatidesyatiletie nesmenyaemosti sudey v Rossiyskoy imperii. Yur'ev: tipografiya K.
Mattisena, 1915. 102 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1287. Op. 27. D. 863.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F.1405. Op. 65. D. 3462.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 28.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 29.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 603.
Ryzhov D. S. Vysshee distsiplinarnoe prisutstvie Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata kak organ nadzora za sudebnymi
uchrezhdeniyami v poreformennoy Rossii // Pravo i politika. 2007. №9. S.110-114.
Sluchevskiy V.K. Iz pervykh let zhizni Sudebnykh ustavov // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. 1914. №9.
S.181-233.
Sudebnye ustavy 20 noyabrya 1864 goda s izlozheniem rassuzhdeniy, na koikh oni osnovany. Ch. III. SPb.: Izd-vo
Gos. kantselyarii, 1867. 567 s.
Tregubov S.N. Samostoyatel'nost' suda // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. 1905. №5. S. 3-36.
Foynitskiy I. Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. T. 1. SPb.: Al'fa, 1996. 552 s.
Shavrov A. V. Nadzor i distsiplinarnaya otvetstvennost' v sudebnom vedomstve poreformennoy Rossii (1864-
1917) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1985. №12. S. 100-105.
Shibanov A. S. Nesmenyaemost' sudey v Rossii (1864-1917 gg.). Dis. … kand. yur. nauk. Saratov, 2001. 181 s.

References (transliteration):
Vilenskiy B.V. Sudebnaya reforma i kontrreforma v Rossii. Saratov: Privolzhskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo,
1969. 400 s.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O poryadke izdaniya Obshchego Nakaza sudebnym
ustanovleniyam i o distsiplinarnoy otvetstvennosti chinov sudebnogo vedomstva // PSZ RI. Sobr. III. T. V. №.
2959.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Kurskoy oblasti. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1612.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Orlovskoy oblasti. F. 580. St. 2. Op. 1. D. 1807.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 210.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 214.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 109. Op. 3a. D. 237.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 564. Op. 1. D. 528.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 730. Op. 1. D. 1540.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. F. 730. Op. 1. D. 1541.
Deyatel'nost' Gosudarstvennogo soveta za vremya tsarstvovaniya Gosudarya Imperatora Aleksandra Aleksandrovicha.
1 marta 1881 g. – 20 oktyabrya 1894 g. SPb.: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1900. 161 s.
Zhurnal soedinennykh departamentov zakonov i grazhdanskiy del Gosudarstvennogo soveta o preobrazovanii
sudebnoy chasti v Rossii. SPb., 1862. 37 8 s.
Koni A. F. Mirovye sud'i // Sobranie sochineniy. T. 1. M., 1966. S. 288-330.
Lazarenko A. N. Ocherk osnovnykh nachal sudoustroystva Rossii i glavneyshikh zapadnoevropeyskikh gosudarstv
za pyat'desyat let // Sudebnye ustavy 20 noyabrya 1864 g. za pyat'desyat let. T. 1. Pg., 1914. S. 401-489.
Lebedev K.N. Zapiski // Russkiy arkhiv. 1911. №5. S.132-160.
Lonskaya S.V. Mirovaya yustitsiya v Rossii. Kaliningrad, 2000. 215 s.
Murav'ev N.V. O sudebnoy sluzhbe. M.: Tip. A.I. Mamontova i Ko, 1886. 58 s.
Nemytina M.V. Sud v Rossii: vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX vv. Saratov: SYuI MVD RF, 1999. 256 s.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy biblioteki. F. 230. №4394. Ed.khr.3.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy natsional'noy biblioteki. F. 600. D. 1490.
Otdel rukopisey Rossiyskoy natsional'noy biblioteki. F. 600. D. 1506.
Polovtsev A. A. Dnevnik gosudarstvennogo sekretarya: v 2 tt. T.1. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. 605 s.
Pustoroslev P. P. Pyatidesyatiletie nesmenyaemosti sudey v Rossiyskoy imperii. Yur'ev: tipografiya K.
Mattisena, 1915. 102 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1287. Op. 27. D. 863.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F.1405. Op. 65. D. 3462.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 28.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 29.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 603.
Ryzhov D. S. Vysshee distsiplinarnoe prisutstvie Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata kak organ nadzora za sudebnymi
uchrezhdeniyami v poreformennoy Rossii // Pravo i politika. 2007. №9. S.110-114.
Sluchevskiy V.K. Iz pervykh let zhizni Sudebnykh ustavov // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. 1914. №9.
S.181-233.
Sudebnye ustavy 20 noyabrya 1864 goda s izlozheniem rassuzhdeniy, na koikh oni osnovany. Ch. III. SPb.: Izd-vo
Gos. kantselyarii, 1867. 567 s.
Tregubov S.N. Samostoyatel'nost' suda // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. 1905. №5. S. 3-36.
Foynitskiy I. Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. T. 1. SPb.: Al'fa, 1996. 552 s.
Shavrov A. V. Nadzor i distsiplinarnaya otvetstvennost' v sudebnom vedomstve poreformennoy Rossii (1864-
1917) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1985. №12. S. 100-105.
Shibanov A. S. Nesmenyaemost' sudey v Rossii (1864-1917 gg.). Dis. … kand. yur. nauk. Saratov, 2001. 181 s.

Review: The author attempts to view the category of justice in three of its representations: as an idea, as a norm of law, and as a reality. The author then shows the quality and differences between all of them, their infl uence on the formation of understanding of justice (both everyday and scientifi c understanding), as well as on the way a political legal regime may be formed, changed or ceases to exist, and on the way the social relations may be regulated via the formation of legal norms.

Keywords: jurisprudence, justice, law, politics, idea, norm, reality, principle, image, society.

References:
Aristotel'. Etika. SPb., 1908.
Vedyakhin V.M., Revina S.N. O roli resheniy Konstitutsionnogo suda RF v utverzhdenii printsipov rynochnoy
ekonomiki // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2008, №4 (aprel');
Vedyakhina K.V. Osnovnye nravstvenno-eticheskie i sotsial'no-politicheskie printsipy rossiyskogo prava:
Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. Samara, 2001.
Gegel' G. Filosofiya Prava. M., 1990.
Gobbs T. Izbr. proizv. T.2., M.,1964.
Drevesnikov A.V. Spravedlivost' – kak printsip prava: istoriko-teoreticheskiy aspekt: Diss. kand. yurid.
nauk. Kostroma, 2005.
Zakharov A.L., Zakharova K.S., Revina. Printsipy prava [Kollektivnaya monografiya]. Samara. 2010..
Kondratyuk D.L. Nravstvenno-pravovye printsipy v prave Rossii (na primere spravedlivosti, gumanizma,
razumnosti i dobrosovestnosti): Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.
Kessidi F.Kh. Geraklit. M., 1982.
Marks K., Engel's F. Soch. 2-e izd. T. 18.
Nersesyants V.S. Pravo i zakon. Iz istorii pravovykh ucheniy. M., 1983.
Otfrid Kheffe. Politika. Pravo. Spravedlivost'. Osnovopolozheniya kriticheskoy filosofii prava i gosu-
darstva. M., 1994.
Platon. Soch. M., 1971;
Platon. Gosudarstvo, kn. 1, 339,
Presnyakov M.V. Konstitutsionnyy printsip spravedlivosti: yuridicheskaya priroda i normativnoe soderzhanie.
Avtoref. diss. dokt. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2010.
Samenkova S.E. K voprosu o ponyatii spravedlivosti / Problemy teorii i yuridicheskoy praktiki v Rossii.
Materialy 7-y mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii molodykh uchenykh, spetsialistov i studentov
14-15 maya 2010g.
Spinoza B. Izbr. proizv. M., 1957. T. 2.
Khayrulloev F.S. Printsip spravedlivosti v musul'manskom prave. Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007.
Tsitseron. Dialogi. M., 1986.
Shershenevich G.F. Istoriya filosofii prava. SPb., 2001.
Ekimov A.I. Spravedlivost' i sotsialisticheskoe pravo. L., 1980.

References (transliteration):
Aristotel'. Etika. SPb., 1908.
Vedyakhin V.M., Revina S.N. O roli resheniy Konstitutsionnogo suda RF v utverzhdenii printsipov rynochnoy
ekonomiki // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2008, №4 (aprel');
Vedyakhina K.V. Osnovnye nravstvenno-eticheskie i sotsial'no-politicheskie printsipy rossiyskogo prava:
Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. Samara, 2001.
Gegel' G. Filosofiya Prava. M., 1990.
Gobbs T. Izbr. proizv. T.2., M.,1964.
Drevesnikov A.V. Spravedlivost' – kak printsip prava: istoriko-teoreticheskiy aspekt: Diss. kand. yurid.
nauk. Kostroma, 2005.
Zakharov A.L., Zakharova K.S., Revina. Printsipy prava [Kollektivnaya monografiya]. Samara. 2010..
Kondratyuk D.L. Nravstvenno-pravovye printsipy v prave Rossii (na primere spravedlivosti, gumanizma,
razumnosti i dobrosovestnosti): Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.
Kessidi F.Kh. Geraklit. M., 1982.
Marks K., Engel's F. Soch. 2-e izd. T. 18.
Nersesyants V.S. Pravo i zakon. Iz istorii pravovykh ucheniy. M., 1983.
Otfrid Kheffe. Politika. Pravo. Spravedlivost'. Osnovopolozheniya kriticheskoy filosofii prava i gosu-
darstva. M., 1994.
Platon. Soch. M., 1971;
Platon. Gosudarstvo, kn. 1, 339,
Presnyakov M.V. Konstitutsionnyy printsip spravedlivosti: yuridicheskaya priroda i normativnoe soderzhanie.
Avtoref. diss. dokt. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2010.
Samenkova S.E. K voprosu o ponyatii spravedlivosti / Problemy teorii i yuridicheskoy praktiki v Rossii.
Materialy 7-y mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii molodykh uchenykh, spetsialistov i studentov
14-15 maya 2010g.
Spinoza B. Izbr. proizv. M., 1957. T. 2.
Khayrulloev F.S. Printsip spravedlivosti v musul'manskom prave. Diss. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007.
Tsitseron. Dialogi. M., 1986.
Shershenevich G.F. Istoriya filosofii prava. SPb., 2001.
Ekimov A.I. Spravedlivost' i sotsialisticheskoe pravo. L., 1980.

Review: The article is devoted to the history of the idea of the cosmic state in the political thought from the time of the Ancient World to the Russian Cosmism of early XX century. The author evaluates the interpretations of the idea of cosmic state in the ancient mythology, as well as in the works of thinkers from the time of Ancient Greece and Rome to the early XX century (Fedorov, Tsiolkovsky, Agnenko, Ivanitsky, Vernadsky, Roerich, etc.). The ideas of a cosmic state showed and deepened the understanding of unity of the world, the cosmic nature of human being and human kind, prediction and analysis of the coming cosmic era of the humankind and proper political organization for it. The article may be useful for the researchers in the sphere of fundamental problems of nature of the government, specialists in the sphere of legal philosophy, theory of state and law, political science, history of political and legal teachings.

Keywords: jurisprudence, cosmic state, cosmic civilization, mythology of the Ancient Sumerians, cynics, Plato, Tsiolkovsky, Roerich, Russian cosmism, bio-cosmism.

References:
Diogen Laertskiy. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov. M.: «Mysl'», 1979.
Isaev I.A. Ideya poryadka v konservativnoy retrospektive. M.: Prospekt, 2011.
Krichevskiy S.V. Aerokosmicheskaya deyatel'nost': metodologicheskie, istoricheskie, sotsioprirodnye aspekty.
M.: Izd-vo RAGS, 2007.
Marchenko M.N. Gosudarstvo i pravo v sisteme global'nogo miroporyadka (filosofskiy aspekt) // Filosofiya
prava. Kurs lektsiy v 2-kh tomakh. T. 1. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. M.: Prospekt, 2011.
Mnogo mirov. Novaya Vselennaya, vnezemnaya zhizn' i bogoslovskiy podtekst / Pod red. Stivena Dzh. Dika; per.
s angl. V.L. Oleynika. M.: AST; Astrel', 2007.
Nakhov I.M. Kinicheskaya literatura. Vstupl. A.F. Loseva. M.: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izd-va
«Nauka», 1981.
Platon. Soch. v trekh tomakh. T. 3. Ch. 2. M.: «Mysl'», 1972.
Rerikh N.K. Sem' Velikikh Tayn Kosmosa. Bishkek: MRIP «Feniks», 1991.
Tantlevskiy I.R. Knigi Enokha. Arameyskie fragmenty knig Enokha iz Kumrana. Evreyskaya kniga Enokha, ili
kniga Nebesnykh Dvortsov. Sefer Yetsira – Kniga Sozidaniya. Prilozhenie: Efiopskaya versiya knig Enokha.
Ierusalim: Gesharim; M.: Mosty kul'tury, 2002.
Udartsev S.F. Biokosmizm: predposylki vozniknoveniya, kritika i reviziya teorii anarkhizma // Trudy XXV
chteniy, posvyashch. razrabotke nauchnogo naslediya i razvitiya idey K.E. Tsiolkovskogo (Kaluga, 11–14.09.1990).
Sektsiya: K.E. Tsiolkovskiy i filosofskie problemy osvoeniya kosmosa: Kosmonavtika i perspektivy chelove-
chestva: filosofsko-sotsial'nyy aspekt: Sb. st. M.: IIET AN SSSR, 1991.
Udartsev S.F. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. Drevniy Vostok: Akademicheskiy kurs. SPb.: Izdat.
Dom S.-Peterb. Gos. Un-ta, Izd-vo yuridicheskogo fakul'teta SPbGU, 2007.
Fedorov N.V. Sochineniya / Obshchaya red.: A.V. Gulyga; Vstup. stat'ya, primech. i sost. S.G. Semenovoy. M.: Mysl',
1982.
Filosofiya russkogo kosmizma. Otv. redaktory: A.P. Ogurtsov, L.V. Fesenkova. M.: Fond «Novoe tysyacheletie»,
1996.
Tsiolkovskiy K.E. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya. Sbornik. Sost. d.N. Popov. Primechaniya – E.A. Logaevskiy, V.V.
Kazyutinskiy. M.: IDLi, 2001.
Tsitseron. Dialogi. O gosudarstve. O zakonakh. Izd. podgot. I.N. Veselovskiy, V.O. Gorenshteyn i S.L. Utchenko.
M.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1966.

References (transliteration):
Diogen Laertskiy. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov. M.: «Mysl'», 1979.
Isaev I.A. Ideya poryadka v konservativnoy retrospektive. M.: Prospekt, 2011.
Krichevskiy S.V. Aerokosmicheskaya deyatel'nost': metodologicheskie, istoricheskie, sotsioprirodnye aspekty.
M.: Izd-vo RAGS, 2007.
Marchenko M.N. Gosudarstvo i pravo v sisteme global'nogo miroporyadka (filosofskiy aspekt) // Filosofiya
prava. Kurs lektsiy v 2-kh tomakh. T. 1. Otv. red. M.N. Marchenko. M.: Prospekt, 2011.
Mnogo mirov. Novaya Vselennaya, vnezemnaya zhizn' i bogoslovskiy podtekst / Pod red. Stivena Dzh. Dika; per.
s angl. V.L. Oleynika. M.: AST; Astrel', 2007.
Nakhov I.M. Kinicheskaya literatura. Vstupl. A.F. Loseva. M.: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izd-va
«Nauka», 1981.
Platon. Soch. v trekh tomakh. T. 3. Ch. 2. M.: «Mysl'», 1972.
Rerikh N.K. Sem' Velikikh Tayn Kosmosa. Bishkek: MRIP «Feniks», 1991.
Tantlevskiy I.R. Knigi Enokha. Arameyskie fragmenty knig Enokha iz Kumrana. Evreyskaya kniga Enokha, ili
kniga Nebesnykh Dvortsov. Sefer Yetsira – Kniga Sozidaniya. Prilozhenie: Efiopskaya versiya knig Enokha.
Ierusalim: Gesharim; M.: Mosty kul'tury, 2002.
Udartsev S.F. Biokosmizm: predposylki vozniknoveniya, kritika i reviziya teorii anarkhizma // Trudy XXV
chteniy, posvyashch. razrabotke nauchnogo naslediya i razvitiya idey K.E. Tsiolkovskogo (Kaluga, 11–14.09.1990).
Sektsiya: K.E. Tsiolkovskiy i filosofskie problemy osvoeniya kosmosa: Kosmonavtika i perspektivy chelove-
chestva: filosofsko-sotsial'nyy aspekt: Sb. st. M.: IIET AN SSSR, 1991.
Udartsev S.F. Istoriya politicheskikh i pravovykh ucheniy. Drevniy Vostok: Akademicheskiy kurs. SPb.: Izdat.
Dom S.-Peterb. Gos. Un-ta, Izd-vo yuridicheskogo fakul'teta SPbGU, 2007.
Fedorov N.V. Sochineniya / Obshchaya red.: A.V. Gulyga; Vstup. stat'ya, primech. i sost. S.G. Semenovoy. M.: Mysl',
1982.
Filosofiya russkogo kosmizma. Otv. redaktory: A.P. Ogurtsov, L.V. Fesenkova. M.: Fond «Novoe tysyacheletie»,
1996.
Tsiolkovskiy K.E. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya. Sbornik. Sost. d.N. Popov. Primechaniya – E.A. Logaevskiy, V.V.
Kazyutinskiy. M.: IDLi, 2001.
Tsitseron. Dialogi. O gosudarstve. O zakonakh. Izd. podgot. I.N. Veselovskiy, V.O. Gorenshteyn i S.L. Utchenko.
M.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1966.

Review: This article is devoted to the analysis of scientifi c achievements of the great Russian constitutional lawyer O.E. Kutafi n. The author points out that O.E. Kutafi n had made a great input into the development of the constitutional legislation of the Russian Federation, its science and practice, and its brilliant works he laid the grounds for the need, social inevitability and progressive character of the transfer of the Russian constitutional law to the democratic system of protection of rights. He left great scientifi c heritage. Much attention is paid to the analyze of monographs and periodicals by O.E. Kutafi n, his textbooks. The author analyzes Kutafi n’s points of view towards the correlation of terms “social structure” and “state structure”, provides detailed analysis. The author also touches upon the problems of civil society, the object of constitutional law, democracy, representation of people, municipal self-government, elections, as the issues, which were analyzed by O.E. Kutafi n. The author describes the opinion of O.E. Kutafi n on these problems and analyzes the current legislation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, Kutafi n Oleg Emelyanovich, constitutional law, constitutional structure, social structure, representation, civil society, municipal self-government, elections as an institution, democratic system.

References:
Federal'nyy konstitutsionnyy zakon ot 28.06.2004 N 5-FKZ (red. ot 24.04.2008) “O referendume Rossiyskoy
Federatsii” // SZ RF. 2004, N 27, st. 2710; 2008, N 17, st. 1754.
Federal'nyy zakon ot 20.03.2011 N 38-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v stat'i 35 i 38 Federal'nogo zakona “Ob
osnovnykh garantiyakh izbiratel'nykh prav i prava na uchastie v referendume grazhdan Rossiyskoy Federatsii” i
v Federal'nyy zakon “Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii”
v svyazi s primeneniem proportsional'noy izbiratel'noy sistemy na vyborakh deputatov predstavitel'nykh
organov munitsipal'nykh rayonov i gorodskikh okrugov” // SZ RF. 2011, N 13, st. 1685.
Baymakhanov M.T., Kutafin O.E., Khakimov M.Kh. Kompleksnyy trud o roli Sovetov v razvitii sotsialisticheskoy
demokratii. (Sovety deputatov trudyashchikhsya i razvitie sotsialisticheskoy demokratii / Otv. red. K.F. Sheremet.
- M.: Nauka, 1976.
Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1979, №2.
Gosudarstvennoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Kurs lektsiy / pod red. O.E. Kutafina. T.1. M., 1993.
Gosudarstvennoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. - Kurs lektsiy dlya yuridicheskikh institutov i fakul'tetov/Pod
red. O. E. Kutafina. T. 1 - M, 1993.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii: Uchebnik. 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi,
Izd-vo Prospekt, 2008.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. —M., 1999.
Komarova V.V. Formy neposredstvennoy demokratii v Rossii Uchebnoe posobie. Dopolnennoe i pererabotan-
noe.// M., 2010, «Prospekt», s. 17; Mekhanizm narodovlastiya sovremennoy Rossii:
Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. - M., 2006.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. M., 2002.
Kryazhkov V.A., Osnovin V.S., Skuratov Yu.I. Kutafin O. E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i
politiki SSSR. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1985.
Kutafin O.E. Dal'neyshee sovershenstvovanie sotsialisticheskoy demokratii - glavnoe napravlenie razvitiya
politicheskoy sistemy sovetskogo obshchestva // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta,
1981, №1.
Kutafin O.E. Istochniki konstitutsionnogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2002 g.
Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki SSSR.M., 1985. Kutafin O.E. Predmet
konstitutsionnogo prava. M., 2001.
Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsiya i problemy ee realizatsii // Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: problemy i resheniya.
Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii. - M.: Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 1999.
Kutafin O.E. Novye aspekty analiza rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma // Pravovye osnovy rossiyskogo fede-
ralizma. - Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2004.
Kutafin O.E. Osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki RF // Gosudarstvennoe pravo Kutafin O.E. Sovremennoe
sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya nauki konstitutsionnogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Gosudarstvo i pravo
na rubezhe vekov (materialy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii). Konstitutsionnoe i administrativnoe pravo. - M.:
Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 2000.
Kutafin O.E. “Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm”// “NORMA”, 2008.
Kutafin O.E., Fadeev V.I. Munitsipal'noe pravo. — M., 2000.
Kutafin O.E., Fadeev V.I. Munitsipal'noe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2009.
Kucherena A.G. Rytsar' vechnoy professii (pamyati Olega Emel'yanovicha Kutafina, kotoromu 26 iyunya 2009 g.
ispolnilos' by 72 goda) // “Yuridicheskoe obrazovanie i nauka”, 2009, N 2.
Stepanov I.M. Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki SSSR. - M.: Izd-vo
Mosk. un-ta, 1985.

References (transliteration):
Federal'nyy konstitutsionnyy zakon ot 28.06.2004 N 5-FKZ (red. ot 24.04.2008) “O referendume Rossiyskoy
Federatsii” // SZ RF. 2004, N 27, st. 2710; 2008, N 17, st. 1754.
Federal'nyy zakon ot 20.03.2011 N 38-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v stat'i 35 i 38 Federal'nogo zakona “Ob
osnovnykh garantiyakh izbiratel'nykh prav i prava na uchastie v referendume grazhdan Rossiyskoy Federatsii” i
v Federal'nyy zakon “Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii”
v svyazi s primeneniem proportsional'noy izbiratel'noy sistemy na vyborakh deputatov predstavitel'nykh
organov munitsipal'nykh rayonov i gorodskikh okrugov” // SZ RF. 2011, N 13, st. 1685.
Baymakhanov M.T., Kutafin O.E., Khakimov M.Kh. Kompleksnyy trud o roli Sovetov v razvitii sotsialisticheskoy
demokratii. (Sovety deputatov trudyashchikhsya i razvitie sotsialisticheskoy demokratii / Otv. red. K.F. Sheremet.
- M.: Nauka, 1976.
Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1979, №2.
Gosudarstvennoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Kurs lektsiy / pod red. O.E. Kutafina. T.1. M., 1993.
Gosudarstvennoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. - Kurs lektsiy dlya yuridicheskikh institutov i fakul'tetov/Pod
red. O. E. Kutafina. T. 1 - M, 1993.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii: Uchebnik. 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi,
Izd-vo Prospekt, 2008.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. —M., 1999.
Komarova V.V. Formy neposredstvennoy demokratii v Rossii Uchebnoe posobie. Dopolnennoe i pererabotan-
noe.// M., 2010, «Prospekt», s. 17; Mekhanizm narodovlastiya sovremennoy Rossii:
Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. - M., 2006.
Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. M., 2002.
Kryazhkov V.A., Osnovin V.S., Skuratov Yu.I. Kutafin O. E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i
politiki SSSR. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1985.
Kutafin O.E. Dal'neyshee sovershenstvovanie sotsialisticheskoy demokratii - glavnoe napravlenie razvitiya
politicheskoy sistemy sovetskogo obshchestva // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. - M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta,
1981, №1.
Kutafin O.E. Istochniki konstitutsionnogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2002 g.
Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki SSSR.M., 1985. Kutafin O.E. Predmet
konstitutsionnogo prava. M., 2001.
Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsiya i problemy ee realizatsii // Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm: problemy i resheniya.
Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii. - M.: Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 1999.
Kutafin O.E. Novye aspekty analiza rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma // Pravovye osnovy rossiyskogo fede-
ralizma. - Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2004.
Kutafin O.E. Osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki RF // Gosudarstvennoe pravo Kutafin O.E. Sovremennoe
sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya nauki konstitutsionnogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Gosudarstvo i pravo
na rubezhe vekov (materialy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii). Konstitutsionnoe i administrativnoe pravo. - M.:
Izd-vo IGiP RAN, 2000.
Kutafin O.E. “Rossiyskiy konstitutsionalizm”// “NORMA”, 2008.
Kutafin O.E., Fadeev V.I. Munitsipal'noe pravo. — M., 2000.
Kutafin O.E., Fadeev V.I. Munitsipal'noe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M., 2009.
Kucherena A.G. Rytsar' vechnoy professii (pamyati Olega Emel'yanovicha Kutafina, kotoromu 26 iyunya 2009 g.
ispolnilos' by 72 goda) // “Yuridicheskoe obrazovanie i nauka”, 2009, N 2.
Stepanov I.M. Kutafin O.E. Konstitutsionnye osnovy obshchestvennogo stroya i politiki SSSR. - M.: Izd-vo
Mosk. un-ta, 1985.

Review: The writers often state that the problem of correlation of the terms “law” and “truth” is a key confl ict of the Russian legal conscience. In fact this confl ict gained its value during the period of expansion of the Western culture and values, when the “truth” got separated from “law”, and at times opposed to it. The article includes analysis of the moral responsibility of the empowered in the works of the ancient Russian thinkers and the confl ict of Russian legal conscience, which was identifi ed by them at the time of the expansion of the Western culture and values in the ancient Russia. The author states that at that time the church was the only consolidating and moral power in the political territory of the Ancient Russia.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, culture, religion, ideology, politics, Christianity, power, tradition, freedom.

References:
Val'denberg V.E. Drevnerusskie ucheniya o predelakh tsarskoy vlasti. Ocherki russkoy politicheskoy literatury
ot Vladimira Svyatogo do kontsa XVII veka [Tekst] / Vladimir Val'denberg. – M.: Territoriya budushchego, 2006.
– 365, [1] s.
Vernadskiy G.V. Istoriya Rossii. T.2. Kievskaya Rus' [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL: http: //www.gumilevica.
kulichki.net/VGV/index. Html 1948 (data obrashcheniya – 23.10.2010).
Kireev V.K. Fenomen sobornosti i ego rol' v sotsiokul'turnom razvitii rossiyskogo obshchestva [Tekst] //
Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata filosofskikh nauk. Nizhniy Novgorod,
2009. – 26 s.
Leont'ev K.N. Khram i Tserkov' [Tekst] / K.N. Leont'ev. – M.: AST, 2003. – 636 s.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Sochineniya [Tekst] / Sost. ,vstup.st. i prim. M.A. Kolerova, N.S. Plotnikova. – M.: RARITET,
1995. – 446,[2] s.
Orlov. A.S. Vladimir Monomakh [Tekst] / A.S. Orlov – L.: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1946. – 191 s.
Slovo o polku Igoreve // URL: http: // www.vehi.net/oldrussian/opolku.html (data obrashcheniya - 11.11.10).
Sorokin V.V. Ponyatie i sushchnost' prava v dukhovnoy kul'ture Rossii [Tekst] / V.V. Sorokin. – M.: Prospekt,
2007. – 479 s.
Tikhomirov L.A. Monarkhicheskaya gosudarstvennost' [Tekst] / L.A. Tikhomirov. – Kaluga: GUP Oblizdat, 1998.
– 671 s.
Tikhomirov L.A. Rukovodyashchie idei russkoy zhizni [Tekst] / Lev Tikhomirov. – M.: In-t rus. tsivilizatsii, 2008.
– 636, [1] s.

References (transliteration):
Val'denberg V.E. Drevnerusskie ucheniya o predelakh tsarskoy vlasti. Ocherki russkoy politicheskoy literatury
ot Vladimira Svyatogo do kontsa XVII veka [Tekst] / Vladimir Val'denberg. – M.: Territoriya budushchego, 2006.
– 365, [1] s.
Vernadskiy G.V. Istoriya Rossii. T.2. Kievskaya Rus' [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL: http: //www.gumilevica.
kulichki.net/VGV/index. Html 1948 (data obrashcheniya – 23.10.2010).
Kireev V.K. Fenomen sobornosti i ego rol' v sotsiokul'turnom razvitii rossiyskogo obshchestva [Tekst] //
Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata filosofskikh nauk. Nizhniy Novgorod,
2009. – 26 s.
Leont'ev K.N. Khram i Tserkov' [Tekst] / K.N. Leont'ev. – M.: AST, 2003. – 636 s.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Sochineniya [Tekst] / Sost. ,vstup.st. i prim. M.A. Kolerova, N.S. Plotnikova. – M.: RARITET,
1995. – 446,[2] s.
Orlov. A.S. Vladimir Monomakh [Tekst] / A.S. Orlov – L.: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1946. – 191 s.
Slovo o polku Igoreve // URL: http: // www.vehi.net/oldrussian/opolku.html (data obrashcheniya - 11.11.10).
Sorokin V.V. Ponyatie i sushchnost' prava v dukhovnoy kul'ture Rossii [Tekst] / V.V. Sorokin. – M.: Prospekt,
2007. – 479 s.
Tikhomirov L.A. Monarkhicheskaya gosudarstvennost' [Tekst] / L.A. Tikhomirov. – Kaluga: GUP Oblizdat, 1998.
– 671 s.
Tikhomirov L.A. Rukovodyashchie idei russkoy zhizni [Tekst] / Lev Tikhomirov. – M.: In-t rus. tsivilizatsii, 2008.
– 636, [1] s.

Review: In article the various points of view of scientists of the past and the present on such phenomenon as «power», «the political power», «government» are considered. The occurrence reason «divisions of the authorities» and as consequence – «lawful state» occurrence is mentioned. The characteristic of «lawful state» and understanding of this phenomenon is given by scientists. The political power, its place and a role in a lawful state, and also degree of development legal the state in modern Russia is considered.

Keywords: power, the political power, government, division of the authorities, lawful state, political system, state, system of controls and counterbalances.

References:
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya kak simvol epokhi // Konstitutsiya kak simvol epokhi: V 2 t. T. 1 / Pod red. prof. S.A.
Avak'yana. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2004
Anikevich A.G. Politicheskaya vlast': Voprosy metodologii i issledovaniya. Krasnoyarsk: KGU, 1996.
Vorotilin E.A. Idei pravovogo gosudarstva v istorii politicheskoy mysli // Politologiya. Kurs lektsiy. M.,
1997.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya prava. M., 1999.
Darendorf R. Doroga k svobode // Voprosy filosofii. 1990. №9.
Kant I. Soch. T. 4. Ch. II. 1990.
Ledyaeva O.M. Ponyatie vlasti // Vlast' v sotsialisticheskom obshchestve: teoriya, istoriya i perspektivy. M.: Filosofskoe
obshchestvo SSSR, 1989.
Mami K. Pravovoe gosudarstvo: sotsial'nyy ideal i real'nost' // Zakonodatel'stvo. - 2003. -№2.
Montesk'e Sh.-L. O dukhe zakonov. SPb., 1998.
Parsons T. Obshchiy obzor // Amerikanskaya sotsiologiya. Perspektivy, problemy, metody. M.: Nauka, 1992.
Sotsial'no-politicheskie nauki. 1991. №7.
Filosofskiy slovar'. M.: Politizdat, 1986.

References (transliteration):
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya kak simvol epokhi // Konstitutsiya kak simvol epokhi: V 2 t. T. 1 / Pod red. prof. S.A.
Avak'yana. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2004
Anikevich A.G. Politicheskaya vlast': Voprosy metodologii i issledovaniya. Krasnoyarsk: KGU, 1996.
Vorotilin E.A. Idei pravovogo gosudarstva v istorii politicheskoy mysli // Politologiya. Kurs lektsiy. M.,
1997.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya prava. M., 1999.
Darendorf R. Doroga k svobode // Voprosy filosofii. 1990. №9.
Kant I. Soch. T. 4. Ch. II. 1990.
Ledyaeva O.M. Ponyatie vlasti // Vlast' v sotsialisticheskom obshchestve: teoriya, istoriya i perspektivy. M.: Filosofskoe
obshchestvo SSSR, 1989.
Mami K. Pravovoe gosudarstvo: sotsial'nyy ideal i real'nost' // Zakonodatel'stvo. - 2003. -№2.
Montesk'e Sh.-L. O dukhe zakonov. SPb., 1998.
Parsons T. Obshchiy obzor // Amerikanskaya sotsiologiya. Perspektivy, problemy, metody. M.: Nauka, 1992.
Sotsial'no-politicheskie nauki. 1991. №7.
Filosofskiy slovar'. M.: Politizdat, 1986.

Review: The article is devoted to one of the most important concepts of a German classic sociologist N.Luhmann, which was formulated in such books as Legitimation durch Verfahren (Legitimation via the Procedure), Rechtssoziologie (Sociology of law) и Politische Soziologie (Political sociology). Under this concept the legitimacy of norms of law, as established by the state, can be evaluated by the level of recognition and acceptance of these norms, as expected from an individual by a number of third persons. This result is based on the symbolically represented possibility of physical force and by the participation of people in political and legal procedures, such as judicial process and elections. The concept by N.Luhmann is compared with the concept of legitimation by Jurgen Habermas, which in turn points out the role of rational element in recognition of the offi cial decisions by the people. The article is interesting from the standpoints of political science, sociology of law, as well as of the history of state and law.

Keywords: political science, Luhmann, Habermas, legitimacy, law, state, sociology, discourse, procedure, obedience.

References:
Dimmel N. Überlegungen zur Funktion des Nicht-Wissens von Recht. Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie. 1986. №7.
Habermas J. Faktizität und Geltung. Frankfurt aM., 1992.
Habermas J., Luhmann N. Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? Frankfurt
aM., 1971.
Luhmann N. Politische Soziologie. Berlin, 2010.
Luhmann N. Rechtssoziologie. Opladen, 1983.
Luhmann N. Legitimation durch Verfahren. Neuwied, 1969.
Kelsen H. Reine Rechtslehre. 2. Aufl . Wien, 1960.
Peters B. Der Sinn von Öffentlichkeit. Frankfurt aM., 2007.
McCarthy T. Legitimacy and Diversity: Dialectical Refl ections on Analytical Distinctions // Rechtstheorie. 1996. №27.
Machura S. The Individual in the Shadow of Powerful Institutions: Niklas Luhmann’s Legitimation by Procedure As Seen
by Critics. // Roehl K.F., Machura S. (Hrsg.). Procedural Justice. Aldershot, 1997.
Habermas J. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Tom 1. Frankfurt aM., 1981.

References (transliteration):
Dimmel N. Überlegungen zur Funktion des Nicht-Wissens von Recht. Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie. 1986. №7.
Habermas J. Faktizität und Geltung. Frankfurt aM., 1992.
Habermas J., Luhmann N. Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? Frankfurt
aM., 1971.
Luhmann N. Politische Soziologie. Berlin, 2010.
Luhmann N. Rechtssoziologie. Opladen, 1983.
Luhmann N. Legitimation durch Verfahren. Neuwied, 1969.
Kelsen H. Reine Rechtslehre. 2. Aufl . Wien, 1960.
Peters B. Der Sinn von Öffentlichkeit. Frankfurt aM., 2007.
McCarthy T. Legitimacy and Diversity: Dialectical Refl ections on Analytical Distinctions // Rechtstheorie. 1996. №27.
Machura S. The Individual in the Shadow of Powerful Institutions: Niklas Luhmann’s Legitimation by Procedure As Seen
by Critics. // Roehl K.F., Machura S. (Hrsg.). Procedural Justice. Aldershot, 1997.
Habermas J. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Tom 1. Frankfurt aM., 1981.

Review: The article is devoted to political and legal views and practical state activity of Aleksandr Alekseevich Bezborodko – the merited representative of a conservative tradition in the Russian statehood, his name is mentioned in legal literature much less often than he deserves.

Keywords: jurisprudence, conservatism, Bezborodko A.A., Catherine the 2nd, Paul the 1st, reforms, XVIII century, Russia, statehood, changes.

References:
1. Aleksandr Andreevich Bezborodko. – [Sm.: http://www.peoples.ru/state/statesmen/alexander_bezborodko/. – 12.03.2011].
2. Bantysh-Kamenskiy D. Slovar' dostopamyatnykh lyudey russkoy zemli, soderzhashchiy v sebe zhizn' i deyaniya znamenitykh
polkovodtsev i muzhey gosudarstvennykh, velikikh ierarkhov pravoslavnoy tserkvi, otlichnykh literatorov i uchenykh, izvestnykh po uchastiyu v sobytiyakh otechestvennoy istorii. V 5-ti chastyakh. Ch.1. A-V. M., 1836.
3. Bezborodko A.A. Zapiska knyazya Bezborodko o potrebnostyakh imperii Rossiyskoy. / Soobshch. D.N. Bludov // Russkiy arkhiv. 1877. Kn. 1. Vyp. 3. – S. 297-304.
4. Boyarchenkova O.I. Aleksandr Andreevich Bezborodko: lichnost' i gosudarstvennaya deyatel'nost': Dis. … kand. ist. nauk [07.00.02 – Otechestvennaya istoriya]. Ryazan', 2005. – 180 s.
5. Grigorovich N.I. Kantsler knyaz' A.A. Bezborodko v svyazi s sobytiyami ego vremeni // Sbornik imperatorskogo Russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva. T. 26, 29. SPb., 1879, 1881.
6. Gubin D. Knyaz' Aleksandr Bezborodko – chinovnyy geniy // Tsvet imperii. 2008. 24 marta. №11. – [Sm.: http://www.mankurty.com/imperia/?p=19. – 12.04.2011].
7. Karnovich E.P. Zamechatel'nye bogatstva chastnykh lits v Rossii. SPb., 1874.
8. Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya. V 9-ti t. T. 5. Kurs russkoy istorii. Ch.5. / Pod red. V.L. Yanina. M., 1989.
9. Ocherki istorii SSSR. Period feodalizma. Rossiya vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka. M., 1956.
10. Petrovskaya O.V. Gosudarstvennyy ideal konservativnykh krugov rossiyskogo obshchestva na rubezhe XVIII-XIX v.v. // Uchenye trudy Rossiyskoy akademii advokatury i notariata. 2010. №2 (17). – S. 27-34.
11. Safonov M. Almaz v kore // Rodina., 1999. Mart. – S. 43-52.
12. Solov'ev S.M. Istoriya padeniya Pol'shi. M., 1868; Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya. V 9-ti t. T. 5. Kurs russkoy istorii. Ch. 5. / Pod red. V.L. Yanina. M., 1989.
13. Kostomarov N.I. Istoricheskie monografii i issledovaniya. Kn. 7. T. XVII i XVIII. Poslednie gody Rechi Pospolitoy. SPb., 1905.
14. Stegniy P.V. Razdely Pol'shi i diplomatiya Ekateriny II. 1772. 1793. 1795. M.: Mezhdunar. otnosh., 2002. – 696 s.
15. Tereshchenko A. Opyt obozreniya zhizni sanovnikov upravlyavshikh inostrannymi delami v Rossii. Ch. II. Kantslery. SPb., 1837.

References (transliteration):
1. Aleksandr Andreevich Bezborodko. – [Sm.: http://www.peoples.ru/state/statesmen/alexander_bezborodko/. – 12.03.2011].
2. Bantysh-Kamenskiy D. Slovar' dostopamyatnykh lyudey russkoy zemli, soderzhashchiy v sebe zhizn' i deyaniya znamenitykh
polkovodtsev i muzhey gosudarstvennykh, velikikh ierarkhov pravoslavnoy tserkvi, otlichnykh literatorov i uchenykh, izvestnykh po uchastiyu v sobytiyakh otechestvennoy istorii. V 5-ti chastyakh. Ch.1. A-V. M., 1836.
3. Bezborodko A.A. Zapiska knyazya Bezborodko o potrebnostyakh imperii Rossiyskoy. / Soobshch. D.N. Bludov // Russkiy arkhiv. 1877. Kn. 1. Vyp. 3. – S. 297-304.
4. Boyarchenkova O.I. Aleksandr Andreevich Bezborodko: lichnost' i gosudarstvennaya deyatel'nost': Dis. … kand. ist. nauk [07.00.02 – Otechestvennaya istoriya]. Ryazan', 2005. – 180 s.
5. Grigorovich N.I. Kantsler knyaz' A.A. Bezborodko v svyazi s sobytiyami ego vremeni // Sbornik imperatorskogo Russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva. T. 26, 29. SPb., 1879, 1881.
6. Gubin D. Knyaz' Aleksandr Bezborodko – chinovnyy geniy // Tsvet imperii. 2008. 24 marta. №11. – [Sm.: http://www.mankurty.com/imperia/?p=19. – 12.04.2011].
7. Karnovich E.P. Zamechatel'nye bogatstva chastnykh lits v Rossii. SPb., 1874.
8. Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya. V 9-ti t. T. 5. Kurs russkoy istorii. Ch.5. / Pod red. V.L. Yanina. M., 1989.
9. Ocherki istorii SSSR. Period feodalizma. Rossiya vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka. M., 1956.
10. Petrovskaya O.V. Gosudarstvennyy ideal konservativnykh krugov rossiyskogo obshchestva na rubezhe XVIII-XIX v.v. // Uchenye trudy Rossiyskoy akademii advokatury i notariata. 2010. №2 (17). – S. 27-34.
11. Safonov M. Almaz v kore // Rodina., 1999. Mart. – S. 43-52.
12. Solov'ev S.M. Istoriya padeniya Pol'shi. M., 1868; Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya. V 9-ti t. T. 5. Kurs russkoy istorii. Ch. 5. / Pod red. V.L. Yanina. M., 1989.
13. Kostomarov N.I. Istoricheskie monografii i issledovaniya. Kn. 7. T. XVII i XVIII. Poslednie gody Rechi Pospolitoy. SPb., 1905.
14. Stegniy P.V. Razdely Pol'shi i diplomatiya Ekateriny II. 1772. 1793. 1795. M.: Mezhdunar. otnosh., 2002. – 696 s.
15. Tereshchenko A. Opyt obozreniya zhizni sanovnikov upravlyavshikh inostrannymi delami v Rossii. Ch. II. Kantslery. SPb., 1837.

Review: The key instrument of the theoretical analysis of the branch of law, its object, method, mechanism of legal regulation and legal system is a principle of law. The defi nition of the principle of reasonableness of law is a topical issue of the modern legal science. It is impossible to explain its nature without the theoretical study of the etymology of the term, its basic meaning and common understanding, its understanding in various scientifi c spheres, and the intent of the legislator. Based on the views of the antique, medieval and modern thinkers the author analyzes theoretical and legal concept of the term “reasonableness”, then the author formulates the position that the category of reasonableness is a required or acceptable standard of behavior, which is implemented when its subject is able to analyze the existing of presupposed situation, including motivation and aim to achieve a certain goal.

Keywords: jurisprudence, principle of law, reasonableness, source of law, judicial discretion, rationality, intuition, reasonability, fairness.

References:
Barak A. Sudeyskoe usmotrenie. M.,1999.
Borisova L.V. Printsip razumnosti v rossiyskom grazhdanskom protsesse. M., 2008.
Volosatova L.V. Printsip razumnosti v realizatsii sub'ektivnykh grazhdanskikh prav: dis…. kand. yurid. nauk.
M., 2005.
Gobbs T. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1989.
Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira, M., 1994.
Ivanova S.A. Nekotorye problemy realizatsii printsipa sotsial'noy spravedlivosti, razumnosti i dobroso-
vestnosti v obyazatel'stvennom prave // Zakonodatel'stvo i ekonomika. 2005. №4.
Kant I. Sochineniya na nemetskom i russkom yazykakh. T. 1. Traktaty i stat'i. M., 1994.
Klochkov A.A. Standartnye (obshchie) usloviya dogovorov v kommercheskom oborote: pravovoe regulirovanie v
Rossii i zarubezhnykh stranakh: dis…. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2000.
Lokk Dzh. Izbrannye filosofskie proizvedeniya. M., 1960.
Pamyatniki rimskogo prava. M., 1997.
Rolz Dzh. Idei blaga i prioritet prava. Sovremennyy liberalizm / Per. s angl. L. B. Makeevoy. M., 1998.
Sadurskiy V. «Razumnost'» i plyuralizm tsennostey v prave i politike//Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe
obozrenie. 2008. №4.
Smirnov O.V. Osnovnye printsipy sovetskogo trudovogo prava. M.,1977.
Spasov B. Zakon i ego tolkovanie. M.,1986.
Tuev V. A. Printsip «ratio» v otsenke chelovecheskikh potrebnostey // Izvestiya IGEA. 2003. №2.

References (transliteration):
Barak A. Sudeyskoe usmotrenie. M.,1999.
Borisova L.V. Printsip razumnosti v rossiyskom grazhdanskom protsesse. M., 2008.
Volosatova L.V. Printsip razumnosti v realizatsii sub'ektivnykh grazhdanskikh prav: dis…. kand. yurid. nauk.
M., 2005.
Gobbs T. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1989.
Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira, M., 1994.
Ivanova S.A. Nekotorye problemy realizatsii printsipa sotsial'noy spravedlivosti, razumnosti i dobroso-
vestnosti v obyazatel'stvennom prave // Zakonodatel'stvo i ekonomika. 2005. №4.
Kant I. Sochineniya na nemetskom i russkom yazykakh. T. 1. Traktaty i stat'i. M., 1994.
Klochkov A.A. Standartnye (obshchie) usloviya dogovorov v kommercheskom oborote: pravovoe regulirovanie v
Rossii i zarubezhnykh stranakh: dis…. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2000.
Lokk Dzh. Izbrannye filosofskie proizvedeniya. M., 1960.
Pamyatniki rimskogo prava. M., 1997.
Rolz Dzh. Idei blaga i prioritet prava. Sovremennyy liberalizm / Per. s angl. L. B. Makeevoy. M., 1998.
Sadurskiy V. «Razumnost'» i plyuralizm tsennostey v prave i politike//Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe
obozrenie. 2008. №4.
Smirnov O.V. Osnovnye printsipy sovetskogo trudovogo prava. M.,1977.
Spasov B. Zakon i ego tolkovanie. M.,1986.
Tuev V. A. Printsip «ratio» v otsenke chelovecheskikh potrebnostey // Izvestiya IGEA. 2003. №2.

Review: The article is devoted to the positions on federalism, as expressed by Russian and foreign scientists, he shows the key contradictions in the Russian federalism, paying much attention to the problems of the regions of Russia as political subjects.

Keywords: political science, federalism, state institution, subjects of the Russian Federation, political regional studies, ethnical policy, centralization, decentralization, region, unity of subjects.

References:
Kol'ev A.N. Natsiya i gosudarstvo: teoriya konservativnoy rekonstruktsii. M., 2005.
Cherepanov V.A. Federativnaya reforma v Rossii. M., 2007.
Zubov A.B. Unitarizm ili federalizm. K voprosy o budushchey organizatsii gosudarstvennogo prostranstva
Rossii // Polis. 2000. №5.
Abdulatipov R.G. Federalogiya. SPb., 2004.
Cm.: Saskia Sassen, Losing Control Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Colombia University Press,
1996.
Sm.: Dmitrieva Yu.B. Otnosheniya mezhdu tsentrom i regionami v Rossii: problema effektivnosti // V kn. Teoriya
i praktika gosudarstvennogo i munitsipal'nogo upravleniya. M – Smolensk, 2010.
Sm.: Medvedev N.P. Sub'ekt Rossiyskoy Federatsii v usloviyakh gosudarstvenno-pravovykh reform. M., 2006.
Sm.: Medvedev N.P. Politicheskaya Rossiya: ot tsentralizatsii k byurokratizatsii. M., 2010.
Il'chenko M.S. V poiskakh federalizma (metodologicheskiy aspekt problemy) // Bez temy. 2006. №1.

References (transliteration):
Kol'ev A.N. Natsiya i gosudarstvo: teoriya konservativnoy rekonstruktsii. M., 2005.
Cherepanov V.A. Federativnaya reforma v Rossii. M., 2007.
Zubov A.B. Unitarizm ili federalizm. K voprosy o budushchey organizatsii gosudarstvennogo prostranstva
Rossii // Polis. 2000. №5.
Abdulatipov R.G. Federalogiya. SPb., 2004.
Cm.: Saskia Sassen, Losing Control Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Colombia University Press,
1996.
Sm.: Dmitrieva Yu.B. Otnosheniya mezhdu tsentrom i regionami v Rossii: problema effektivnosti // V kn. Teoriya
i praktika gosudarstvennogo i munitsipal'nogo upravleniya. M – Smolensk, 2010.
Sm.: Medvedev N.P. Sub'ekt Rossiyskoy Federatsii v usloviyakh gosudarstvenno-pravovykh reform. M., 2006.
Sm.: Medvedev N.P. Politicheskaya Rossiya: ot tsentralizatsii k byurokratizatsii. M., 2010.
Il'chenko M.S. V poiskakh federalizma (metodologicheskiy aspekt problemy) // Bez temy. 2006. №1.

Review: The article is devoted to the political and legal views of the Russian liberal thinkers, such as A.N. Radischev, F.V. Krechetov, G.I. Popov, P.A. Slovtsov, V.V. Popugaev. The author studies their input into the development of the liberal views on the evolution of the Russian state in late XVIII – early XIX centuries.

Keywords: jurisprudence, liberalism, XVIII century, XIX century, Radischev, A.N., Krechetov, F.V., Popov G.I., Slovtsov, P.A., Popugaev, V.V., statehood.

References:
Abramov M.A.; Lavrik, E.G. Sud'by liberalizma v Evrope i Rossii: Vzglyad T.Masarika // Voprosy filosofii.
M., 1997. №10. – S. 114-118.
Avrekh A.Ya. Russkiy burzhuaznyy liberalizm: osobennosti istoricheskogo razvitiya // Voprosy istorii. M.,
1989. №2. – S. 17-31.
Vosstanie dekabristov: Materialy. T. IV. M.-L.: Gospolitizdat, 1928.
Gnatyuk O.L. Liberalizm v Rossii: Osnovnye etapy, idei, osobennosti i perspektivy // Pravovedenie. 1995.
№6. – S. 84-94.
Zarozhdenie rossiyskogo liberalizma. – [Sm.: http://liberalizm.narod.ru/textrus.htm. – 21.11.2009].
Izbrannye sotsial'no-politicheskie i filosofskie proizvedeniya dekabristov: V 3-kh t. / Obshch. red. i vstu-
pit, stat'ya I.Ya. Shchipanova. Pod-got, teksta k pechati i primech. S.Ya. Shtraykha. T.1. Severnoe obshchestvo. M.:
Gospolitizdat, 1951.
Istolkovaniya aglinskikh zakonov g. Blakstona / Perevedennyya po vysochayshemu poveleniyu velikoy zakonoda-
tel'nitsy vserossiyskoy; S podlinnika aglinskago perevel S.E. Desnitskiy pri uchastii A.M. Bryantseva. M.:
Universitetskaya tipografiya, u N.Novikova. 1780-1782.
Kapustin B.G. Nachalo russkogo liberalizma kak problema politicheskoy filosofii // Polis. 1994. №5. – S.
22-28.
Kobin B.M. O neizvestnykh pis'makh F.V. Krechetova (1803-1807) // Vestnik LGU. 1966. №5. Ser. ekon., filos.,
prava. Vyp.1. – S. 52-63.
Krechetov Fedor Vasil'evich // Slovar' russkikh pisateley XVIII veka. / Otv. red. A.M. Panchenko. Vyp.2. (K-P).
SPb.: Nauka, 1999. – S. 44-47.
Leontovich V.V. Istoriya liberalizma v Rossii. 1762-1914. M., 1995.
Lotman Yu.M. Poety 1790-1810-kh godov / Vstup. st. , sost. , vstup. zametki, biogr. spravki i primech. sovm. s
M.G. Al'tshullerom. L., 1971. – 911 s.
Nikandrov P.F. Mirovozzrenie P.I. Pestelya. L.: Izd-vo Leningr. un-ta, 1955.
Radishchev A.N. Izbrannye filosofskie i obshchestvenno-politicheskie proizvedeniya. [K 150-letiyu so dnya smerti.
1802-1952]. / Pod obshch. red. i so vstupit. stat'ey I.Ya. Shchipanova. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1952. – 676 s.
Rummel' V.V., Golubtsov V.V. Rodoslovnyy sbornik russkikh dvoryanskikh familiy. T. II. SPb., 1887. – S.
666-669.
Svetlov L. A.N. Radishchev i politicheskie protsessy kontsa XVIII v. // Iz istorii russkoy filosofii XVIII-XIX
v.v. M., 1952; Sivkov K.V., Paparigopulo S.V. O vzglyadakh Fedora Krechetova // Voprosy istorii. 1956. №3.
Sivkov K.V. G.I.Popov – predstavitel' peredovoy obshchestvennoy mysli v Rossii kontsa XVIII veka // Voprosy
istorii. 1947. №12. – S. 83-92.
Speranskiy M.M. Pis'mo k P.A. Slovtsovu // Bibliograficheskie zapiski. 1861. №17. – S. 524 - 534.
Stepanov N. P.A. Slovtsov (U istokov sibirskogo oblastnichestva). L., 1935.
Chulkov N. F.V. Krechetov – zabytyy radikal'nyy publitsist XVIII v. // Literaturnoe nasledstvo. T. 9-10. M.,
1933.
http://popugaev.ouc.ru/. – 24.11.2009.
http://region.library.tver.ru/cgi-bin/fulltext_opac.cgi?show_article=2326. – 23.12.2009.
http://www.rvb.ru/18vek/poety1790_1810/03bio/06slovtsov.htm. – 12.12.2009.
Fischer G. Russian Liberalism from gentry to intelligentsia. Cambridge; Massachusetts, 1958.
Pocock J.G.A. Virtue, Commerce and History. Cambridge, 1985.

References (transliteration):
Abramov M.A.; Lavrik, E.G. Sud'by liberalizma v Evrope i Rossii: Vzglyad T.Masarika // Voprosy filosofii.
M., 1997. №10. – S. 114-118.
Avrekh A.Ya. Russkiy burzhuaznyy liberalizm: osobennosti istoricheskogo razvitiya // Voprosy istorii. M.,
1989. №2. – S. 17-31.
Vosstanie dekabristov: Materialy. T. IV. M.-L.: Gospolitizdat, 1928.
Gnatyuk O.L. Liberalizm v Rossii: Osnovnye etapy, idei, osobennosti i perspektivy // Pravovedenie. 1995.
№6. – S. 84-94.
Zarozhdenie rossiyskogo liberalizma. – [Sm.: http://liberalizm.narod.ru/textrus.htm. – 21.11.2009].
Izbrannye sotsial'no-politicheskie i filosofskie proizvedeniya dekabristov: V 3-kh t. / Obshch. red. i vstu-
pit, stat'ya I.Ya. Shchipanova. Pod-got, teksta k pechati i primech. S.Ya. Shtraykha. T.1. Severnoe obshchestvo. M.:
Gospolitizdat, 1951.
Istolkovaniya aglinskikh zakonov g. Blakstona / Perevedennyya po vysochayshemu poveleniyu velikoy zakonoda-
tel'nitsy vserossiyskoy; S podlinnika aglinskago perevel S.E. Desnitskiy pri uchastii A.M. Bryantseva. M.:
Universitetskaya tipografiya, u N.Novikova. 1780-1782.
Kapustin B.G. Nachalo russkogo liberalizma kak problema politicheskoy filosofii // Polis. 1994. №5. – S.
22-28.
Kobin B.M. O neizvestnykh pis'makh F.V. Krechetova (1803-1807) // Vestnik LGU. 1966. №5. Ser. ekon., filos.,
prava. Vyp.1. – S. 52-63.
Krechetov Fedor Vasil'evich // Slovar' russkikh pisateley XVIII veka. / Otv. red. A.M. Panchenko. Vyp.2. (K-P).
SPb.: Nauka, 1999. – S. 44-47.
Leontovich V.V. Istoriya liberalizma v Rossii. 1762-1914. M., 1995.
Lotman Yu.M. Poety 1790-1810-kh godov / Vstup. st. , sost. , vstup. zametki, biogr. spravki i primech. sovm. s
M.G. Al'tshullerom. L., 1971. – 911 s.
Nikandrov P.F. Mirovozzrenie P.I. Pestelya. L.: Izd-vo Leningr. un-ta, 1955.
Radishchev A.N. Izbrannye filosofskie i obshchestvenno-politicheskie proizvedeniya. [K 150-letiyu so dnya smerti.
1802-1952]. / Pod obshch. red. i so vstupit. stat'ey I.Ya. Shchipanova. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1952. – 676 s.
Rummel' V.V., Golubtsov V.V. Rodoslovnyy sbornik russkikh dvoryanskikh familiy. T. II. SPb., 1887. – S.
666-669.
Svetlov L. A.N. Radishchev i politicheskie protsessy kontsa XVIII v. // Iz istorii russkoy filosofii XVIII-XIX
v.v. M., 1952; Sivkov K.V., Paparigopulo S.V. O vzglyadakh Fedora Krechetova // Voprosy istorii. 1956. №3.
Sivkov K.V. G.I.Popov – predstavitel' peredovoy obshchestvennoy mysli v Rossii kontsa XVIII veka // Voprosy
istorii. 1947. №12. – S. 83-92.
Speranskiy M.M. Pis'mo k P.A. Slovtsovu // Bibliograficheskie zapiski. 1861. №17. – S. 524 - 534.
Stepanov N. P.A. Slovtsov (U istokov sibirskogo oblastnichestva). L., 1935.
Chulkov N. F.V. Krechetov – zabytyy radikal'nyy publitsist XVIII v. // Literaturnoe nasledstvo. T. 9-10. M.,
1933.
http://popugaev.ouc.ru/. – 24.11.2009.
http://region.library.tver.ru/cgi-bin/fulltext_opac.cgi?show_article=2326. – 23.12.2009.
http://www.rvb.ru/18vek/poety1790_1810/03bio/06slovtsov.htm. – 12.12.2009.
Fischer G. Russian Liberalism from gentry to intelligentsia. Cambridge; Massachusetts, 1958.
Pocock J.G.A. Virtue, Commerce and History. Cambridge, 1985.

Review: This article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of the formation and development of the idea of the united Europe from the ancient times to the current time. The author singles out and analyzes the key stages of evolution of the idea of the European unity (that is: early Middle Ages, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, 1917-1945, and 1945-1991). He also analyzes and brings into the single system the political and legal concepts for the unity of the European states of such famous thinkers, as St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Dante Alighieri, P. Dubois, the Pope Pius II, Erasmus of Rotterdam, T. Campanella, M. Sully, Y.Komensky, G.V. Leibniz, W. Penn, C. St-Pier, J.J. Rousseau, I. Bentham, I.G. Gerder, I.Kant, Napoleon Bonaparte, F. Genz, K. Krause, K. St-Simon, F.List, Justus von Schmidt-Phiseldeck, V.Hugo, M.A. Bakunin, Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, L.A.Kamarovskiy, R.N. Coudenhove-Kalergi, A. Brian, A. Spinelli, W.Churchill, J.Monnet, R.Shuman, C. de Gaulle, M.Thatcher, J. Delors.

Keywords: jurisprudence, history of the European integration, the United States of Europe, universal monarchy, the Union of States, Confederation, Federation, Immanuel Kant, the EU, Europe.

References:
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leniya vseobshchego mira i svobody torgovli vo vsem mire // Traktaty o vechnom mire. SPb., 2003.
Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Aufruf zum Kreuzzug. Rede auf dem Reichstag zu Frankfurt // Die Idee Europa 1300-1946 /
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Campanella T. A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy. London, 1654.
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Tokareva T.N. Politicheskie vzglyady Syulli. Diss. kand. ist. nauk. M., 1999.
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Review: The article is devoted to ideological and historical context of formation of the political and legal views of Russian Eurasianism. The author shows the process of adoption of the ideas of nationally-oriented authors and various European philosophical schools by the Eurasians. By analyzing the key ideas of the Eurasians on state and law, one can see a gap between their relativist and universalist attitudes, which led to failure of political Eurasianism both in theory and in practice.

Keywords: jurisprudence, axiology, geopolicy, Eurasianism, ideocracy, lawful obligation, legal cognition, Slavophilism, phenomenology, value.

References:
1. Alekseev N. N. Vvedenie v izuchenie prava. M.: Izdanie Moskovskoy prosvetitel'skoy komissii, 1918. 184 s.
2. Alekseev N.N. Osnovy filosofii prava. SPb: Yuridicheskiy institut, 1998. – 218 s.
3. Alekseev N.N. Russkiy narod i gosudarstvo. M.: Agraf. – 640 s.
4. Borshch I.V. Filosofiya prava N.N. Alekseeva. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh
nauk. M., 2005.
5. Gusserl' E. Filosofiya kak strogaya nauka // Gusserl' E. Izbrannye raboty. M.: Territoriya budushchego, 2005. S. 185-240.
6. Danilevskiy N.Ya. Rossiya i Evropa // Klassika geopolitiki, XIX vek. M.: AST. S. 275-679.
7. Il'in V.N. Evraziystvo i slavyanofil'stvo // Evraziyskaya khronika. Vyp. IV. Praga, 1926. S. 2-21.
8. Il'in V.N. K vzaimootnosheniyu prava i nravstvennosti // Evraziyskiy vremennik. Kn. IV. Berlin, 1925.S. 306-317.
9. Karsavin L.P. Gosudarstvo i krizis demokratii // Novyy mir. 1991. №1. C. 183-193.
10. Karsavin L.P. Osnovy politiki // Osnovy evraziystva. M.: Arktogeya tsentr, 2002. S. 367-411.
11. Karsavin L.P. Tserkov', lichnost' i gosudarstvo // Chelovek. 2005. №2. S. 70-82.
12. Leont'ev K.N. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo // Leont'ev K.N. Vostok, Rossiya i slavyanstvo. M.: Eksmo, 2007. S. 128-237.
13. Novgorodtsev P.I. Ob obshchestvennom ideale. M.: Pressa, 1991. – 642 s.
14. Trubetskoy N.S. O gosudarstvennom stroe i forme pravleniya // Nasledie Chingiskhana. M.: Agraf, 2000. S. 480-493.
15. Trubetskoy N.S. Pis'ma k P.P. Suvchinskomu: 1921-1928. M.: Biblioteka-fond «Russkoe zarubezh'e»; Russkiy put', 2008. – 384 s.
16. Ustryalov N.V. Izbrannoe. M.: ROSSPEN, 2010. – 888 s.

References (transliteration):
1. Alekseev N. N. Vvedenie v izuchenie prava. M.: Izdanie Moskovskoy prosvetitel'skoy komissii, 1918. 184 s.
2. Alekseev N.N. Osnovy filosofii prava. SPb: Yuridicheskiy institut, 1998. – 218 s.
3. Alekseev N.N. Russkiy narod i gosudarstvo. M.: Agraf. – 640 s.
4. Borshch I.V. Filosofiya prava N.N. Alekseeva. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh
nauk. M., 2005.
5. Gusserl' E. Filosofiya kak strogaya nauka // Gusserl' E. Izbrannye raboty. M.: Territoriya budushchego, 2005. S. 185-240.
6. Danilevskiy N.Ya. Rossiya i Evropa // Klassika geopolitiki, XIX vek. M.: AST. S. 275-679.
7. Il'in V.N. Evraziystvo i slavyanofil'stvo // Evraziyskaya khronika. Vyp. IV. Praga, 1926. S. 2-21.
8. Il'in V.N. K vzaimootnosheniyu prava i nravstvennosti // Evraziyskiy vremennik. Kn. IV. Berlin, 1925.S. 306-317.
9. Karsavin L.P. Gosudarstvo i krizis demokratii // Novyy mir. 1991. №1. C. 183-193.
10. Karsavin L.P. Osnovy politiki // Osnovy evraziystva. M.: Arktogeya tsentr, 2002. S. 367-411.
11. Karsavin L.P. Tserkov', lichnost' i gosudarstvo // Chelovek. 2005. №2. S. 70-82.
12. Leont'ev K.N. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo // Leont'ev K.N. Vostok, Rossiya i slavyanstvo. M.: Eksmo, 2007. S. 128-237.
13. Novgorodtsev P.I. Ob obshchestvennom ideale. M.: Pressa, 1991. – 642 s.
14. Trubetskoy N.S. O gosudarstvennom stroe i forme pravleniya // Nasledie Chingiskhana. M.: Agraf, 2000. S. 480-493.
15. Trubetskoy N.S. Pis'ma k P.P. Suvchinskomu: 1921-1928. M.: Biblioteka-fond «Russkoe zarubezh'e»; Russkiy put', 2008. – 384 s.
16. Ustryalov N.V. Izbrannoe. M.: ROSSPEN, 2010. – 888 s.

Review: This article includes comparative analysis of political and legal views of V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky regarding the formation of the United States of Europe. The article reflects development of this idea in the works of both leaders of international Communist movement, and shows the reasons for disputes among them regarding the ways of development of the Socialist revolution and uniting the states of Europe and finally the world into one organization. The author shows the reason why Lenin was critical towards this idea, and he also shows the position of Trotsky in favor of the USE.

Keywords: jurisprudence, V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, I.V. Stalin, USSR, October revolution, the theory of “permanent revolution” history of the European integration, the United States of Europe, history of legal and political thought.

References:
1. Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Soch. v 6 t. T. 6. M., 1966.
2. Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «federalizma svobodnykh gosudarstv» Immanuila Kanta kak vazhneyshaya vekha v razvitii pravovoy teorii mezhgosudarstvennoy integratsii // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2009. №6. S. 103-112.
3. Kembaev Zh.M. Federalistskie idei M.A. Bakunina otnositel'no ob'edineniya narodov Evropy i vsego mira // Pravo i politika. 2010. №11. S. 2016-2025.
4. Lenin V.I. O lozunge Soedinennykh Shtatov Evropy // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 26. M., 1967.
5. Lenin V.I. Voyna i rossiyskaya sotsial-demokratiya // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 26. M., 1967.
6. Stalin I.V. Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya i taktika russkikh kommunistov. Predislovie k knige «Na putyakh k Oktyabryu» / Soch. T. 6. M., 1947.
7. Stalin I.V. Voprosy i otvety / Soch. T. 7. M., 1947.
8. Tersen E., Dotri Zh., Villar K., Shambaz Zh. Evropa (ot Napoleona do nashikh dney): Mify i deystvitel'nost'. M., 1955.
9. Trotskiy L. Nasha revolyutsiya. SPb., 1906.
10. Trotzki L. Der Krieg und die Internationale // http://www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/ trotzki/1914/kriegint/intro.htm (2010. 23 iyunya).
11. Trotskiy L.D. O svoevremennosti lozunga «Soedinennye Shtaty Evropy» // �http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/li-http://li-://www.li-.zhurnal.li-.ru/li-/magister/li-/library/
trotsky/trotm232.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
12. Trotskiy L.D. Programma mira // http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/library/trotsky/trotl 245.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
13. Trotskiy L.D. Programma mira. Posleslovie // http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/library/ trotsky/trotl 245.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
14. Chubar'yan A.O. Evropeyskaya ideya v istorii. Problemy voyny i mira. M., 1987.

References (transliteration):
1. Kant I. K vechnomu miru // Soch. v 6 t. T. 6. M., 1966.
2. Kembaev Zh.M. Ideya «federalizma svobodnykh gosudarstv» Immanuila Kanta kak vazhneyshaya vekha v razvitii pravovoy teorii mezhgosudarstvennoy integratsii // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2009. №6. S. 103-112.
3. Kembaev Zh.M. Federalistskie idei M.A. Bakunina otnositel'no ob'edineniya narodov Evropy i vsego mira // Pravo i politika. 2010. №11. S. 2016-2025.
4. Lenin V.I. O lozunge Soedinennykh Shtatov Evropy // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 26. M., 1967.
5. Lenin V.I. Voyna i rossiyskaya sotsial-demokratiya // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 26. M., 1967.
6. Stalin I.V. Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya i taktika russkikh kommunistov. Predislovie k knige «Na putyakh k Oktyabryu» / Soch. T. 6. M., 1947.
7. Stalin I.V. Voprosy i otvety / Soch. T. 7. M., 1947.
8. Tersen E., Dotri Zh., Villar K., Shambaz Zh. Evropa (ot Napoleona do nashikh dney): Mify i deystvitel'nost'. M., 1955.
9. Trotskiy L. Nasha revolyutsiya. SPb., 1906.
10. Trotzki L. Der Krieg und die Internationale // http://www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/ trotzki/1914/kriegint/intro.htm (2010. 23 iyunya).
11. Trotskiy L.D. O svoevremennosti lozunga «Soedinennye Shtaty Evropy» // �http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/li-http://li-://www.li-.zhurnal.li-.ru/li-/magister/li-/library/
trotsky/trotm232.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
12. Trotskiy L.D. Programma mira // http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/library/trotsky/trotl 245.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
13. Trotskiy L.D. Programma mira. Posleslovie // http://www.zhurnal.ru/magister/library/ trotsky/trotl 245.htm (2010. 24 iyunya).
14. Chubar'yan A.O. Evropeyskaya ideya v istorii. Problemy voyny i mira. M., 1987.

Review: Conservative direction of the social thought, as formed in the Europe in the middle of XIX century, was a new attitude to the character and ways of development of the human civilization. Its change into the political ideology took part, when the threat of loss of positive experience of the last generations and radicalism made people search for a conservative form of political practice. Development of conservatism as a social and psychological phenomenon led to preservation and evolution development of ever-lasting bases of human existence.

Keywords: political science, conservatism, political ideology, evolution, civilization, social development, stability, order, social and psychological phenomenon. E.Burk.

References:
Berdyaev N. A. Filosofiya neravenstva. M., 1990. 286 s.
Berk E. Razmyshleniya o revolyutsii vo Frantsii. M., 1993. 144 s.
Galkin A. A. Konservatizm v ideologicheskoy sisteme koordinat // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy
mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya (materialy «kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 36.
Ermashov D. V., Shirinyants A.A. U istokov rossiyskogo konservatizma: N. M. Karamzin. M., 1999. 240 s.
Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya (Materialy «kruglogo
stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 33-60.
Krasin Yu. A. Istoricheskoe protivoborstvo techeniy obshchestvennoy mysli v aspekte kritiki razuma i ego in-
terpretatsii // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya. (Materialy
«kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 52.
Mankheym K. Diagnoz nashego vremeni. M., 1994. 693 s.
Molchanova E. B. Problema opredeleniya ponyatiya «konservatizm» i «neokonservatizm» v zapadnoy i otechest-
vennoy politologicheskoy literature. M., 1994.
Patrakova V. F. Russkaya tsivilizatsiya // Rossiyskaya istoricheskaya politologiya. Rostov-na-Donu, 1998. S.
431-439.
Pustarnakov V. F. Liberal'nyy konservatizm i liberalizm v Rossii // Liberal'nyy konservatizm: istoriya
i sovremennost'. M., 2001. S. 16.
Repnikov A. V. Konservativnaya model' pereustroystva Rossii // Rossiya v usloviyakh transformatsiy. M., 2000.
Vyp. 2. S. 4-28.
Smolin B. M. Ocherki imperskogo puti. M., 2000. 300 s.
Sokol'skaya N. B. Konservatizm: ideya ili metod // Polis. M., 1998. №5. S. 48-58.
Fedorova M. N. Traditsionalizm kak sut' obshchestvenno-politicheskogo proekta konservatizma i obrashchennost'
ego k problemam istorii // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya.
(Materialy «kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 43.
Khabermas Yu. Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost' // Moskovskie lektsii i interv'yu. M., 1995. 245 s.

References (transliteration):
Berdyaev N. A. Filosofiya neravenstva. M., 1990. 286 s.
Berk E. Razmyshleniya o revolyutsii vo Frantsii. M., 1993. 144 s.
Galkin A. A. Konservatizm v ideologicheskoy sisteme koordinat // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy
mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya (materialy «kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 36.
Ermashov D. V., Shirinyants A.A. U istokov rossiyskogo konservatizma: N. M. Karamzin. M., 1999. 240 s.
Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya (Materialy «kruglogo
stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 33-60.
Krasin Yu. A. Istoricheskoe protivoborstvo techeniy obshchestvennoy mysli v aspekte kritiki razuma i ego in-
terpretatsii // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya. (Materialy
«kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 52.
Mankheym K. Diagnoz nashego vremeni. M., 1994. 693 s.
Molchanova E. B. Problema opredeleniya ponyatiya «konservatizm» i «neokonservatizm» v zapadnoy i otechest-
vennoy politologicheskoy literature. M., 1994.
Patrakova V. F. Russkaya tsivilizatsiya // Rossiyskaya istoricheskaya politologiya. Rostov-na-Donu, 1998. S.
431-439.
Pustarnakov V. F. Liberal'nyy konservatizm i liberalizm v Rossii // Liberal'nyy konservatizm: istoriya
i sovremennost'. M., 2001. S. 16.
Repnikov A. V. Konservativnaya model' pereustroystva Rossii // Rossiya v usloviyakh transformatsiy. M., 2000.
Vyp. 2. S. 4-28.
Smolin B. M. Ocherki imperskogo puti. M., 2000. 300 s.
Sokol'skaya N. B. Konservatizm: ideya ili metod // Polis. M., 1998. №5. S. 48-58.
Fedorova M. N. Traditsionalizm kak sut' obshchestvenno-politicheskogo proekta konservatizma i obrashchennost'
ego k problemam istorii // Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoy mysli i faktor obshchestvennogo razvitiya.
(Materialy «kruglogo stola») // Polis. M., 1995. №4. S. 43.
Khabermas Yu. Demokratiya. Razum. Nravstvennost' // Moskovskie lektsii i interv'yu. M., 1995. 245 s.

Review: The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of relations between church and state, their relations and mutual influences, as reflected in the views of the Russian philosopher, theologist, economist, jurist, and renowned social figure Sergey Nikolaevich Bulgakov. His views on these relations were not static, and their evolution went through a number of stages: Marxist, which included the idea of revolutionary changes in the state and church, the concept of Christian policy with the program goal of Christian socialism, and the theory of Christian sociality with the idea of inner change of state based on Christianity.

Keywords: jurisprudence, S.N. Bulgakov, views, problem, relations, church, state, separation, union, choice

Contact information: Alontseva Dina Viktorovna, dina.alontseva@mail.ru

Review: The article is devoted to various issues regarding the definition of state structure. Much attention is paid to the history of this issue, as well as to some modern problems.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, state, form, formation, union, territory, unitary, federation, confederation

Contact information: Ibragimov Nazim Khalilovich, Toni999@mail.ru

Review: The state always needs a certain moral foundation, since trust of society is key to its existence. Any society is ideocratic no matter what ideas defi ne its development. The state may establish the need for its own existence only if the source, to which it turns, is not related to it. That is why the idea of theocracy is quite topical, since it allows to connect the laws of the state with the religious orders.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, state, theocracy, Christianity, religion, church, super-value, Russia, civilization.

Contact information: Novikov, Oleg Alekseevich, rum-ili@mail.ru

Review: As the author points out, A.Y. Vyshinsky is regarded as a quite an original thinker in the history of political and legal thought of Russia. He is an apologist of Communist teaching. However, while his views in some part had nothing in common with the previous tradition of Russian thinking, Vyshinsky could not fully free himself from the infl uence of traditions and ideals of political and legal thought of Russia.

Keywords: jurisprudence, Vyshinsky, communism, socialism, politics, tradition, thought, idea, theory, Russia.

Contact information: Anisimov, Igor Igorevich, sunnu-land@mail.ru

Review: This article is devoted to political and legal views of a renown Russian thinker M.A. Bakunin towards achievement of European (and generally human) unity. The author shows the key stages of Bakunin’s fi ght against authoritarian rule and abuse of power by the state, then he makes a conclusion that Bakunin played an important role in implementation of the ideals of the Great French Revolution – freedom, equality and fraternity, as well as to the idea of United States of Europe, which actually came into life in the second half of XX century as European Communities, and later the EU.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, Bakunin, federalism, history, European, integration, principle, subsidiary, United States of Europe.

Contact information: Kembaev, Zhenis Mukhtarovich, kembayev@yahoo.com

Review: This article is devoted to the teachings of the J Huizinga on the role of game in formation of law. The author views the key provisions of this teaching on the role of game components in legal matters. The author then studies development of law within the framework of game concept of culture of J. Huizinga

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, game, theory, history, teaching, culture, person, Huizinga

Contact information: Lesnova, Nadezhda Andreevna, nalesnova@mail.ru

Review: At the current stage there’s no unified approach to understanding « civil society » in both Russian and foreign legal studies, that is why there’s need to study the existing approaches and to develop a conceptually new definition, which is valuable for the formation of civil society in our country

Keywords: political science, civil society, Russia, West, reforms, process, country, definition, political theory, civil initiative

Contact information: Zdorov, Grigoriy Aleksandrovich, maildeck@gmail.com

Review: The problem of political control is important for many social and humanitarian sciences: political science, philosophy, sociology, history, etc. The author views it from the historical point of view, trying to find the key tendencies in the works of the modern scholars of political control as a state function

Keywords: jurisprudence, political science, historiography, sociology, state, Communist Party, Komsomol, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Speculation, and Sabotage, also known as the Cheka, USPD(OGPU), political control

Contact information: Slezin, Anatoly Anatolievich, anatoly.slezin@yandex.ru

Review: The Enlightenment Age, to which the 2nd President of the USA John Adams belonged, attempted to find universal principles for the interaction of civil state and society. The article includes analysis of his writing on “Protection of the Constitutions of the USA” (1786). Where he singled out two types of republic — free and non-free. He recognized a free republic as a jural state, which equally protects the people and their fundamental rights, which is possible in case of supremacy of law and protection of private property. These matters, in turn, require such prerequisites as mixed government, which allows balancing the various interests of social groups.

Keywords: jurisprudence, Adams, legal, state, civil, society, mixed, government, Republic, property

Contact information: Golovko, Yulia Markovna, fom16@yandex.ru

Review: The article is devoted to the problems and specific features of application of the structural and functional modeling in the modern political studies. The author singles out typical practical problems of political modeling, attention is paid to heuristic possibilities of use of the new methods of the structural and semantic content modeling in the modern political studies.

Keywords: political science, politics, modeling, theories, content, culture, system, structure, functions, Internet

Contact information: Smirnov, Mikhail Mikhailovich, mm-vol@ya.ru

Review: This article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the pluralist concepts of politics on the formation of the modern principles of democracy. In this article, the author comes to a conclusion that the theory of political pluralism served as a key conceptual basis for the formation of the normative criteria of the modern democracy.

Keywords: political science, pluralism, democracy, power, interests, politics, competition, participation, election, poliarchy

Contact information: Pavroz, Aleksandr Vasilievich, sash79@rambler.ru

Review: The article includes analysis of key stages of transit of democratic values, the author characterizes the key ethical and moral forms, which exist in Russian political and legal understanding by the people. The author also studies the difficulties in the transit of democratic values, as well as presentation of the norms of free elections.

Keywords: political science, transit of democratic values, elections, election system, political and legal thought, election relations, legitimacy, morals, ethical norms, election rights

Contact information: Shemelin, Arkady Valerievich, SHEMELIN75@yandex.ru

Review: In this article the author analyzes the means of application of the good faith principles, doctrines, which arise of this principle, and doctrines, which substitute themselves for this principle within various legal systems. The article includes analysis and examples of application of such principles in the judicial practice of such states as Germany, England, Australia, and US.
Keywords: jurisprudence, good faith, principle, presumed, unfair, doctrine, Germany, Australia, US, England

Contact information: Filatova Evgenia Vasilievna, evie@bk.ru

Review: This article is based upon comparative discourse analysis of the views of S. Huntington and D. Andreev. The author studies conceptual approaches to character and tendencies of the state and political relations and modern geopolitical processes from the position of their views of further transformation of human society.
Keywords: political science, D.Andreev, S.Huntington, empire view, globalization, trend, geopolitics, civilization, transformation, super-states

Contact information: Kruchinin Sergey Vladimirovich, a437924@yandex.ru

Review: One of the key directions of evolution of constitutionalism is that the key goal of the modern Constitution is provision of guarantees for basic rights and freedoms, rather than “rational” organization of power, as it used to be. This transfer of priorities, as expressed in current priority of the inalienable rights and freedoms in the text of the Constitution, as well as their guarantees, is, in particular, a type of reaction towards the numerous totalitarian regimes of the XX century. Another important direction of evolution of constitutionalism is in recognition of importance of primacy of the Constitution over the other norms of legal order, including legislative norms, as well as recognition of shortcomings of pre-existent guarantees. This evolution is due to the lack of trust to the acts of state bodies, including law, which, as any other source of law may lead to violations of the Constitution.
Keywords: history of legal and political thought, positive law, constitutionalism, modern definition, evolution, separation of powers, rights and freedoms of individual and citizen, legal force of the Constitution, primacy of the Constitution, judicial guarantee of the Constitution

Contact information: Danilenko Denis Vasilievitch, danilenko_d@mail.ru

Review: The article is devoted to the key moments of political and philosophical heritage of Daniil Andreev. The author shows place and role of comparative method in the studies of his political and philosophical concept. There’s much interest in its correlation to the political views of known thinkers, political figures and statesmen, which offered their views of state construction at the time of large-scale social, political and economical transformations.
Keywords: political science, Daniiil Andreev, comparative method, geopolitical process, change of eras, transit of the statehood, empire state, super-state, transformation, civilization approach

Contact information: Kruchinin Sergey Vladimirovich, a437924@yandex.ru

Review: The article is devoted to the topic of formation of institutions of political domination in the Middle Ages and the influence of Christian religion on it. The author points out, that the Christianity forms a specific type of legitimacy of political domination, and establishes jurisdiction of public and church authority. Theological type of legitimacy is based on establishing and separating the spheres of faith and mind, which formed a new theory of criminal law (crime and sin), types of guilt (intended, and unintended), concept of legal person, as a subject of power, unlike the previous concepts of a physical person as such as subject.
Keywords: jurisprudence, law, politics, Christianity, faith, mind, freedom, domination, responsibility, history

Contact information: Tsarkov Igor Ivanovich, tsarkov58@gmail.com

Review: Author of the article reviews the principle of separation of powers in constitutional law of foreign states. He points out the wrongfulness of interpretation, which includes its division into legislative, judicial and executive branches, analyzes the evolution of the principle of separation of powers. He considers that in the modern world this principle got substituted by the “political pluralism” principle.
Keywords: jurisprudence, political science, theory, philosophy, constitutional law of foreign states, separation of powers, power, political pluralism, evolution

Contact information: Akberov, Rukhid Rashid – ogly, nb-media@mail.ru

Review: This article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the journal “Archive of Legal and Political Phylosophy”, or as it was previously called “Archive of Legal and Economical Phylosophy”. The topic is of much interest, since the journal reflects the tendencies of development of legal phylosophy throughout the century.
Keywords: anniversary, centennial, archive, legal phylosophy, social phylosophy, journal, phylosophy

Contact information: Schprenger, Gerhard, nb-media@mail.ru

Review: The Islamic tradition of faithfulness is one of the alternatives to the political and ideological domination of the West. As the author of the article points out, the key elements of this dinamically evolving tradition are the theocratical univerfsalism, expansionism, total reglamentation and decentralized hierarchy.

Review: As the author of this article points out, in the works of the ideologists of the Slavophilia we find some answers to the questions on nature of law, state and society, as well as on the issue of nature of state power. The Slavophiles managed to form a unified political and legal ideology, and it’s an object of study in this article. It’s relevance is due to the current efforts of forming ideology in our state.

Review: The concept of "protective liberalism" with its slogan "liberal measures and strong government" was formed by B.N. Chicherin in early 60s of XIX century. Chicherin thought that freedom without order is dangerous, and the order without freedom is meaningless. The ideas of Chicherin caused various, and at times totally opposite reaction from the scholars.

Review: Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin is a Russian philosopher, sociologist, social activist, and ideologist of the White Movement, Magister and Doctor of state sciences, Professor. The teachings of Ivan Ilyin were forgotten for many years, and not rightfully so. This article is devoted to analysis of his views.

Review: While studying the ideological bases of the Ancient Russia in late X and early XI centuries, many scholars plainly state that its ideology was Orthodox Christian, and the Christianizing of Russia was the main event. However, in spite of the drift apart from paganism, its elements remained and they showed themselves in rather peculiar ways even after 988.

Review: As the author of this article points out, the study of the political theories in the “liberal sphere” of the Russian foreign emigration is quite topical, this article contains evaluation of their views.

Review: The “Defendor pacis” by Marcellus of Padova, which was written in 1324, was at first secretly spread among the scholars of the Paris University. Its key idea, which worried the Catholic leaders, was the critical analysis of their ambitions as a key reason for the social problems of the society of that time, namely Italy. This article includes analysis of “Defendor pacis”.

Review: From the immemorial times the humankind thought of the way of government, trying to find the best model of political and social development of individuals within the complicated social systems. Still the problem of the supreme power reins the politics and jurisprudence alike, and influence the modern theory of state and law …

Review: The studies the phenomenon of decemberists in both Russian and foreign literature alike for a long time seemed to ignore the political and social processes in the West at the same time, and the sources, from which the liberal ideas, as well as ideas of secret societies, were brought to Russia… This article b S.A. Rubanik includes a different point of view on this problem…

Review: The term “banking activity” is relevant to several branches of law, and not only to banking law. In this article the author attempts to give a complex evaluation to the definition and content of banking activities in jurisprudence.

Review: The measures of legal responsibility are varied in their nature, meaning, relevance to particular branches of law, subjects empowered to apply them, their consequences, length of application, etc. That is why there’s an objective need for their classification. This article is devoted to various classifications and criteria in this sphere.

Review: Prohibitions are necessary within the mechanism of administrative legal regulation due to need to ensure law and order, as well as security of individuals, society, and the state as a whole. The sphere of administrative legal regulation is broad, and the variety of prohibitions is accordingly vast. This article is devoted to the basic aspects and problems of definition and nature of administrative prohibitions.

Review: As the author of this article points, out the term “public law” currently has many meanings, and this peculiarity is reflected on the results of the scientific studies in this sphere, and there’s an obvious lack of unity among the legal scholars on this issue. However, in this case the matter is one term with many meanings, rather than competing definitions.

Review: Currently there’s a number of phenomena, which combine state functions and private property, within the single legal subject. The author of this article offers a new model of legal status for the state organs, new type of property – strategic property, new type of legal personality – strategic legal person and the new type of organizational legal form – administrative.

Review: Codification is a rather specific form of systematization of legislation. If one talks about the legislation of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, one may only talk of the special codification, due to the restrictions, as imposed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This article by N.M. Sologub provides the analysis of experience of a number of constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, and studies the current problems, based on a number of examples.

Review: This article is devoted to the study of types of functions of the labor law in their correlation with the goals of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The author studies each of the functions. The topicality of the study is due to the need to find the new approaches in order to provide adequate protection to the employee as a more vulnerable party to the labor relations.

Review: There’s no universally accepted definition of statehood both in theory and legal practice, and the issue of objective elements of statehood of the constituents of the federation is resolved in various ways. This article by V.N.Korzennikova is devoted to specific features of elements of statehood in various constituents of the Russian Federation.

Review: Russia is quite a special cultural world and there are reasons for it. One of such reasons is its relations with various civilizations … One should also note the religious factor and the influence of the Bysantine tradition on the Russian Orthodox Christianity…

Review: The work by A.M. Kulisher “The Rule of Law and Administrative Coercion” is one of the brightest examples of the pre-Revolution theoretical legal analysis. It was published in Yaroslavl in 1911. The author considers the theory of public legal coercion by A.M. Kulisher to be of principal importance for the improvement of the modern mechanism of protection of basic human rights and freedom in the process of application of the state coercion…

Review: Every lawyer, who starts a practical comparative study, needs to master the methodology of the comparative legal studies. What should be compared? How should one compare? It is not easy to find answers to these questions. That is why while the entire post-Soviet legal sciences is being reborn it is especially important to understand the place and role of comparative legal studies within the framework of scientific and educational approach to law with due respect taken to the new scientific paradigms.

Review: When speaking of the ideological bases of the pre-Christian Russia, they usually just state the paganism defined all spheres of its social life. However, not much attention is paid to evaluation of particular components of the paganism, which influenced the formation of the outer functions of the Ancient Russian state of IX – X centuries, its political system and legitimacy of the state power. The author pays special attention to the pagan components, which were less christianized after the Christianization of Russia. First of all, one should speak of the military ideology…