ARTICLES of rubric«JUDICIAL POWER»

Berestennikov A.G. — To the question of the perception of legal logic by jurors (from the position of the prosecution) (š11, 2023)
Kripinevich S.S. — Judicial practice and its unity: problems of definition and ways of their solution (š11, 2023)
Maksimova T., Markova T. — Questioning or reading out the testimony of a minor in Russian criminal procedure (š4, 2023)
Guliev S.A., Rzaev R.G. — Refusal to Recognize and Enforce Decisions of international Commercial Arbitrations on the Basis of Contradiction to Public Policy (š8, 2022)
Kripinevich S.S. — Civil and criminal procedural approaches to the definition of individual judicial regulation (š7, 2022)
Titova I.A. — Legal regulation of the distribution of cases in courts: content, implementation, problems and areas of improvement (š7, 2022)
Kripinevich S.S. — Signs of individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings and its definition (š6, 2022)
Vasilev D. — Productivity and efficiency in the evaluation of judicial activity (š3, 2022)
Gaponov M.D. — Consideration of the nature of the case in which a foreign court decision has been rendered, subject to recognition and enforcement in the Russian Federation (š2, 2022)
Burdina E.V., Kapustin O.A. — Online reconciliation as a means of improving the access to justice (š12, 2021)
Chirninov A.M. — Constitutional and judicial argumentation and the transformation models of normative legal regulation (š9, 2021)
Vasilev D. — Indicators of judicial statistics as criteria for assessing judicial activity (š3, 2021)
Bol'shakova V.M. — Genesis of establishment and development of the judicial system of the Russian Federation in the late XX early XXI centuries: institutional and normative characteristics (š3, 2021)
Vasilev D. — Judicial statistics and corporate structure of the Russian courts (š12, 2020)
Golubev F.A. — Criminalistic characteristic of investigation of undue influence upon critical information structure of the Russian Federation (š10, 2020)
Byval'tseva S.G., Kovalev A.A. — Submission of prosecutorial decision in a civil procedure (š7, 2020)
Kovalev A.A. — Status of the prosecutor in the arbitration proceedings (š6, 2020)
Topilina T. — Right of access to justice as a principle of criminal process (š4, 2020)
Abdulvaliev A.F. — Geography of the appellate courts of general jurisdiction in Russia: problems of providing access to justice in revision of criminal cases (š4, 2020)
Chuklina E. — Case law on criminal cases in accordance with Article 205.1 and 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (on materials of the Southern District Military Court) (š12, 2019)
Ermakov K.V. — To the question of unification of the requirements for the candidacy of the court administrator in the courts of general jurisdiction (š11, 2019)
Cherepanov M.M., Bezrukov Y.I. — To the question of prosecutors involvement in examination of criminal cases by the judge and with participation of members of the jury (š6, 2019)
Skoblik K.V. — The impact of technologies upon decision-making in criminal procedure: foreign research review (š5, 2019)
Shakhbazyan S.V. — Judicial change to the category of crime: for and against (š11, 2018)
Topilina T. — Validity of the expert testimony in criminal procedure (š8, 2018)
Kripinevich S.S. — Preparation for hearing of motion on investigative procedure in the criminal procedural law of the Russian Federation (š6, 2018)
Ivanova I.A. — Subjective interest in administrative judicial procedure: problems of law enforcement (š6, 2018)
Chirninov A.M. — Evaluation of proof in the constitutional judicial procedure of Russia and United States: arbitrary assessment of evidence or standards of proof? (š2, 2018)
Kripinevich S.S. — Institution of preparation for trial in the Russian criminal procedure law and prospects of its development (š1, 2018)
Timoshina E.V. — Methodology of judicial interpretation: genesis and evolution of realistic approach (š12, 2017)
Belikova K.M. — Some aspects of marriage and family relations of India from the position of the courts (š9, 2017)
Belikova K.M. — The role of judicial interpretations in development of matrimonial law in the Peoples Republic of China (certain aspects) (š7, 2017)
Bagautdinov R.R. — Complex approach towards unification of the norms of civil and arbitrary procedures (š3, 2017)
Danielyan A.S. — Role and importance of the Supreme Court of Israel in organization and functioning of the national legal system (š3, 2017)
Reshetnyak V.I. — E-justice in Australias civil process (š12, 2016)
Papina M.A. — Implementation of the Articles 12, 75, and 225 of the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation by the arbitration courts: certain issues (š11, 2016)
Idirov E.I. — On some issues of improving the work of a magistrate in the Republic of Kazakhstan (š10, 2016)
Brezhnev O.V. — Establishment and research of the factual circumstances at the constitutional legal proceedings: theoretical and practical issues (š9, 2016)
Lichidov A.A. — Claim on recognition of real right as non-existent in disputes on the rights to real estate (š9, 2016)
Zheldybina T.A. — Judicial practice and legal precedent: acceptance as the source of law in light of modernization of lawmaking in Russia (š8, 2016)
Panokin A.M. — Examination of new evidence in the court of appeals (š7, 2016)
Filimonov I.A., Filimonov A.A. — Theory and practice of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities (š6, 2016)
Yarovenko V.V. — Participation of attesting witnesses in an investigation (š6, 2016)
Kurza N.V. — Problems of judicial interpretation of the provisions of administrative regulations in implementation of administrative procedure (š5, 2016)
Abdulin R.S. — The place and role of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (RSFSR) and Russian Federation within judicial administration (š5, 2016)
Baryshev E.O. — The case of ŤFurman v. Georgiať and its influence on the advancement of the institution of the death penalty in the USA. (š3, 2016)
Nasonov S.A. — Disagreement with the guilty jury verdict: comparative law and theoretical methods. (š2, 2016)
Belikova K.M. — Some issues of labor dispute-settlement with participation of a foreign element within the BRICS countries: the example of Brazil and China (š1, 2016)
Karasev R.E. — Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: problems of execution (š12, 2015)
Gulemin A.N. — Towards e-government: foreign and international experience in e-justice (š12, 2015)
Brezhnev O.V. — Authority of the constitutional (charter) courts of the constituents of the Russian Federation associated with the abstract normative control: general and special within legal legislation (š11, 2015)
Nasonov S.A. — Continental model of jury trial proceedings: genesis and particularities of the procedure (š11, 2015)
Shakhbazyan S.V. — Courts discretion to demote a charge to a lesser category of crime (š11, 2015)
Vinokurov A.Yu. — Ruling No. 2-P of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation from February 17, 2015 and the importance of its resolutive part for the theory and practice of prosecutors supervision (š10, 2015)
Stukonog I.V. — The limits of judicial control over the adherence to the principle of reasonable term for pretrial stages of criminal procedure (š8, 2015)
Ponazhev Yu.O. — The problems resulting from dissolution of a loan agreement (š6, 2015)
Gerasimova A.E. — The history and modernity of the principle of equal protection of the laws in the United States (on the example of overcoming racial discrimination) (š6, 2015)
Rerikht A.A. — The legal institution of independence of the judiciary within Russian legal doctrine: determination of the concepts, functions, status and place within the legal system (š5, 2015)
Popov E.A. — Sociologist as an expert: expanding the boundaries of law enforcement (š3, 2015)
Burdin D.A. — Modern models of selection and appointment of the judiciary in foreign countries (š3, 2015)
Sychev D.A. — Some questions of classification of criminal procedural functions in the Russian criminal trial (š3, 2015)
Karasev R.E. — Constitutional (charter) courts of the constituent members of the Russian Federation: cooperation with other judicial branches in the sphere of protection of human and citizens rights and liberties (š1, 2015)
Vasilieva T.Y. — On the need to establish an institution of examining magistrates within the framework of the policy of the Russian Federation on improving the national judicial system (š1, 2015)
Klimova Y.A. — The problems of expanding the procedural autonomy of investigators (š12, 2014)
Koss A.V., Gerasimova E.V. — The problems of the reasonableness of the duration of criminal procedure at the processing stage due to new or newly discovered circumstances in light of the rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court for Human Rights (š12, 2014)
Brezhnev, O.V. — Law On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: novel features of 2014 and problems of their implementation (š9, 2014)
Karasev, R.E. — The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: forms of interaction with the judicial bodies in the process of protection of human rights (š9, 2014)
Rotar, A.I. — Function of the victim in criminal process in Russia (š8, 2014)
Zhelonkin, V.S. — On the goals of cassation proceedings in the Russian criminal process at its current stage of development (š7, 2014)
Karastelev, V.E. — Problems of formation of the institution of representatives of the general public in the qualifi cation boards of judges in Russia (š7, 2014)
Milchakova, O.V. — Law and politics in the activities of the Constitutional Court of Croatia (š5, 2014)
Karasev, R.E. — The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: means of protection of basic rights and freedoms of individual and citizen (š4, 2014)
Milchakova, O.V. — The modern models for the judicial constitutional control in the former Yugoslavia states (š3, 2014)
Sokolov, T.V. — Constitutional judicial procedure: the mechanism for the implementation of judicial power?! (š3, 2014)
Eseva, E.Y. — Freedom of judicial power in the modern Russia (š3, 2014)
Zagrivko D.S. — Guidelines for the implementation of administrative proceedings in the Russian Federation (š2, 2014)
Milchakova O.V. — The limits of intervention of the European Court of Human Rights in the work of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (š2, 2014)
Primakov, D.Ya. — The Israeli model of judicial activism (š1, 2014)
Kalyak, A.M. — Implementation of the bases of the constitutional order in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (š13, 2013)
Ageev, V.N. — Limitations to basic rights and freedoms of state servants in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (š13, 2013)
Sokolov, T.V. — Decisions and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: nature, types and correlation (š12, 2013)
Nitsenko, R.A. — Mitigation and aggravation of sentence in Russian criminal law (š12, 2013)
Milchakova, O.V. — On the issue of stages of constitutional judicial process (š12, 2013)
Karasev, R. E. — Judicial protection of rights: concept, defi nition, and place in the framework of protecting the rights and liberties of the man and the citizen (š11, 2013)
Bozrov, V. M. — Judicial independence and academic doctrinal-legal opinion (š11, 2013)
Sokolov, T.V. — Interrelation between constitutional and criminal judicial procedures: the current situation (š10, 2013)
Brezhnev, O.V. — Institution of revision of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court of the constituent subject of the Russian Federation: theoretical and practical problems (š9, 2013)
Lyubchenko, M.Y. — On the issue on the value of the Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (š8, 2013)
Ratushnaya B. P. — The Problems of Motivation of Judicial Decisions in the Ukraine (š6, 2013)
Eseva, E.Y. — Freedom of judiciary in the modern Russia (š5, 2013)
Eseva, E.Y. — Challenge of a judge in a civil process. Reality or fiction? (š4, 2013)
Tsaliev, A.M. — On the need for the further decentralization and democratization of the judicial branch of power in Russia (š4, 2013)
Konovalov, A.O. — Some problems related to the implementation of right for access to information on the activities of the courts in Russia (based on the materials from the Siberian Federal District). (š3, 2013)
Abdulvaliev, A.F. — The prerequisites and perspectives of the introduction of an electronic form of the criminal case file into the activities of the judicial bodies. (š1, 2013)
Brezhnev, O.V. — The plenipotentiary on human rights as a participant of the constitutional judicial procedure: problems, tendencies and perspectives. (š12, 2012)
Nikiforova, A.V. — Judicial system: Influence of the acts by the constitutional justice bodies on the development of the municipal law. (š10, 2012)
Ulyanov, V.G. — Is it necessary to involve the attesting witnesses for investigation activities? (š6, 2012)
Popova, I.Y. — On qualifi cation of the abuse of procedural rights. (š5, 2012)
Kozhevnikov, O.A. — Some problems related to distinguishing the jurisdiction over cases of courts of general jurisdiction and the cases of the Constitutional (Ustav) courts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federations, as well as the ways to solve these problems. (š5, 2012)
Deryabin, I.V. — Forms and some perspectives of improvement of participation of the prosecutor in the civil process in the cases, arising from housing relations. (š4, 2012)

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Reference:

Berestennikov A.G.. To the question of the perception of legal logic by jurors (from the position of the prosecution) // Law and Politics. – 2023. – š 11. – P. 81-90.

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Abstract: The subject of the study of this article is the peculiarities of reflection in the minds of jurors taking part in the administration of justice, the legal logic that underlies both the criminal process and the charges brought against the defendant. Considering this problem through the prism of the procedural role of the public prosecutor, the author turns to presumptions, fictions and stable expressions, that is, professional cliches that are accepted in the legal community, but may not be understandable to jurors. The article provides examples of such presumptions, fictions and cliches and reveals the difficulty of understanding their logic on the part of an ordinary person. The main conclusions of the study are reduced to the need for the public prosecutor to use preventive thinking when making an introductory statement, when forming a question sheet and during a speech in the debate of the parties. The public prosecutor should not only know the materials of the criminal case perfectly, but also be able to bring them to the attention of jurors in an accessible way. Preliminary work with the text should play an important role: presumptions, fictions and professional stamps should be excluded from it, if possible; if it is impossible to do this, it is necessary to explain their essence to the members of the board who administer justice.

Keywords: criminal process, jurors, legal logic, fictions, presumptions, professional stamps, opening statement, public prosecutor, question paper, debate between the parties

References:
Shestak, V.A. (2019). Psychological features of interaction between parties to criminal proceedings and jurors. World judge, 8, 16-20.
Gulevich, O.A. (1996). Gentlemen of the jury: Reflections of a psychologis. Social sciences and modernity, 5, 101-106.
Reshetova, N.Yu., & Razinkina, A.N. (2017). Participation of the prosecutor in the consideration of criminal cases by district courts, garrison military courts with the participation of jurors: a manual. Moscow: General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation.
Belyaev, M.V. (2017). On some ways to influence jurors’ perception of procedural information. Russian judge, 5, 23-27.
Shestak, V.A. (2017). Support by military prosecutors of state prosecution in criminal cases considered by military courts with the participation of jurors. Russian investigator, 16, 19-23.
Aleksova, A.V. (2014). Features of the speech of the public prosecutor in the debate between the parti

Reference:

Kripinevich S.S.. Judicial practice and its unity: problems of definition and ways of their solution // Law and Politics. – 2023. – š 11. – P. 11-21.

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Abstract: Emphasizing the importance of judicial practice, the author notes that based on the results of the assessment of various aspects of judicial practice, conclusions are drawn about trends in judicial activity, about the effectiveness of procedural legislation, legislation defining the rules for the formation and functioning of the judicial system, as well as other legal acts, about the level of legality in judicial activity, as well as in the activities of pre-trial proceedings (for example, in the field of criminal justice), ensuring the rights of the individual and on many other issues. Particular attention is paid in the article to the definition of the very concept of "judicial practice", based on the identified characteristic features that allowed to reveal its essence and formulate a definition. The study also draws a correlation between "general applicability" and such concepts as "unity of judicial practice" and "uniformity of judicial practice".
In his research , the author comes to the following conclusions:
1. Judicial practice is a set of any procedural acts created in the course or as a result of judicial activity. Judicial practice should include both court decisions (final or interim) and protocols of judicial actions, as well as other documents that may become the basis for the occurrence of legally important consequences.
2. General applicability is considered as the possibility of using the results of one judicial body by other courts in their procedural activities.
3. The unity of judicial practice is considered as a property that is not inherent in judicial practice by definition, but it is a necessary quality that is subject to formation in judicial practice by taking appropriate measures on the part of the authorized judicial body.

Keywords: general applicability, criminal proceedings, uniformity, judicial practice, law enforcement, unity judicial practice, Criminal proceedings, interpretation, application rules law, rules law

References:
Large Legal Dictionary. (2006). Edited by A.Ya. Sukharev. – 3rd ed., reprint. and add. Moscow: INFRA-M.
Boshno, S.V. (2001). Judicial practice: source or form of law? Russian judge, 2, 24-27.
Ivanova, T.V. (2010). The concepts of "judicial precedent" and "judicial practice": their interpretation and definitions. Vesnik DBU. Gray 3, History. Filasofiya. Psychalogy. Palitalogia. Satsyalogiya. Ekanomika. Rights, 1, 90-93.
Alekseev, S.S. (1972). Problems of the theory of law. A course of lectures in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Sverdlovsk.
Tsikhotsky, A.V. (1997). Theoretical problems of the effectiveness of justice in civil cases: dis. ... cand. jurid. sciences'. Novosibirsk.
Kolbenev, A. A. (2006). Judicial practice in civil cases: concepts and types. Problems of development of legal science and Russian legislation : Abstracts of the anniversary scientific conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Perm State University and the Faculty of Law, Perm

Reference:

Maksimova T., Markova T.. Questioning or reading out the testimony of a minor in Russian criminal procedure // Law and Politics. – 2023. – š 4. – P. 1-13.

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Abstract: The article examines the right of the court not to summon a minor victim or witness to a court session for questioning and the possibility of announcing his testimony, which was previously given during the preliminary investigation, if technical means of recording his production were used during the interrogation with the help of video recording or filming. This problem is investigated in the context of the relationship between the immediacy of the trial, the right of the accused to defense, and above all the right of the accused to personally interrogate witnesses against him, as well as the need to protect minor victims and witnesses, providing them with additional guarantees. The subject of the study is not only the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, but also international legal acts. The article for the first time examines the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which establish additional criteria for assessing the legality and validity of the disclosure of the testimony of minor victims and witnesses, including the conduct of a confrontation between these persons and the accused; the presence of legal representatives and a psychologist during the interrogation of minors; video recording of the interrogation at the preliminary investigation. The article formulates proposals for improving the norms of criminal procedure legislation, taking into account the balance of interests of the parties and the rights of minor participants in the process. In particular, it is proposed to conduct an interrogation of a minor in court in the absence of the defendant by his defender.

Keywords: legal positions of the courts, testimony, immediacy of the trial, right to protection, video recording, confrontation, interrogation, minors, material violation of the law, improvement of the law

References:
Neryakhin, A. I. (2022). Ěĺćäóíŕđîäíűĺ č çŕđóáĺćíűĺ ŕńďĺęňű îáĺńďĺ÷ĺíč˙ ďđŕâŕ íŕ çŕůčňó ďđč óďđîůĺíčč ďđîöĺńńóŕëüíîé ôîđěű ďî óăîëîâíîěó äĺëó [International and foreign aspects of ensuring the right to defense while simplifying the procedural form in a criminal case]. Magistrate, 6, 24-27.
Grishina, E. P. (2022). Ę âîďđîńó î çíŕ÷ĺíčč ěĺćäóíŕđîäíűő íîđěŕňčâíűő ŕęňîâ č ďîçčöčé Ĺâđîďĺéńęîăî ńóäŕ ďî ďđŕâŕě ÷ĺëîâĺęŕ äë˙ ńîâĺđřĺíńňâîâŕíč˙ çŕęîíîäŕňĺëüńňâŕ č ďđŕęňčęč äîďđîńŕ ńâčäĺňĺë˙ çŕůčňű â ńóäĺ [On the issue of the significance of international normative acts and positions of the European Court of Human Rights for improving the legislation and practice of interrogating a defense witness in court]. Magistrate, 8, 25-29.
Zaitseva, E. A. (2016). Äîďîëíĺíč˙ ńň. 281 ÓĎĘ: î÷ĺđĺäíŕ˙ ďîďűňęŕ äîńňč÷ü đŕçóěíîăî áŕëŕíńŕ â ńîńň˙çŕňĺëüíîě óăîëîâíîě ńóäîďđîčçâîäńňâĺ [Supplement Art. 281 Code of Criminal Procedure: Another Attempt to Achieve a Reasonable Balance in Adversarial Criminal Proceedings]. Legality, 5, 51-54.

Reference:

Guliev S.A., Rzaev R.G.. Refusal to Recognize and Enforce Decisions of international Commercial Arbitrations on the Basis of Contradiction to Public Policy // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 8. – P. 37-50.

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Abstract: The relevance of this study is that due to the conditions of the globalization of the world economy and the development of international commercial turnover, the importance of international commercial arbitration is rapidly increasing. There is also complexity and ambiguity in understanding the legal category of "public order" because this institution is not a definitively regulated area of law enforcement in the modern legal order. This articles research object is the social relations arising through the activities of arbitration courts in international commercial turnover. This work aims to identify the procedures, mechanisms, and features of applying the public policy clause in recognizing and enforcing international commercial arbitration decisions. When writing this article, both general scientific research methods, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction, and special methods of cognition, such as comparative legal and descriptive methods, were used. One of the main methods in this work is comparative law, as it helps identify the similarities and differences of the legal systems under consideration, which are the subject of the study. The novelty lies in consideration of the correlation of issues concerning the legal nature of "public order," as well as the analysis of cases related to the procedure of refusal to recognize and enforce decisions of international commercial arbitration in the territory of a foreign state based on contradiction to public order.
In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made. The complex problems that have formed in this area are almost impossible to solve by signing and putting into effect a single normative legal act at an international level. The list of cases applying this legal category in arbitration activities is non-exhaustive. The public policy clause is one of the most important components of the institutions of private international law. The institution of public order has an extraordinary character in the decisions of international commercial arbitration.

Keywords: international relations, right, private law, commercial law, the civil code, Russia, arbitration court, arbitration, public law, international law

References:
Von Savigny, F. C. (1849). System des heutigen Römischen Rechts. Foreign Literature, pp. 188–189. Access mode: http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/savigny_system
Levitin, A. B. (2017). Issues of public policy in private international law. In L. A. Luntz (Ed.), Problems of private international law (p.12). All-Union Institute of Legal Sciences: Publishing house of the Institute of International Relations.
Yaroshenko, K. B. & Marysheva, N. I. (Eds.). (2004). Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part three (item-by-article). p. 390.
Lebedev, S. N. (1979). Unification of legal regulation of international economic relations: some general issues. In Legal aspects of foreign economic relations. p. 15–43.
Lebedev, S. N. & Kabatova, E. V. (2011). International private law: in 2 volumes: Textbook (vol. 1). Statute: p. 156.
Komarov, A. S. (2008). International commercial arbitration and arbitration

Reference:

Kripinevich S.S.. Civil and criminal procedural approaches to the definition of individual judicial regulation // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 7. – P. 34-42.

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Abstract: In legal science, such a direction of research as individual legal regulation has become widespread. On its basis, types are distinguished, including individual judicial regulation. This concept is of particular importance for criminal proceedings and its study can lead to new theoretically and practically significant results. Considering that the study of individual judicial regulation has been conducted for many years in the general theory of law, in civil law, the purpose of this work was to generalize their individual results (in terms of the main features of individual judicial regulation) and to develop the main directions of their application in the field of criminal proceedings. The object of the study was relations in the field of judicial criminal procedural activity.
Methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparative legal, formal legal, modeling were used in the study. The main results were expressed in the identification of knowledge useful for the science of the criminal process, obtained by scientists in the field of theory of law (V.V. Ershov, V.M. Gorshnev, S.S. Alekseev, etc.), civil law (V.V. Kulakov, A.D. Koretsky, V.V. Gruzdev, etc.) and determining their significance for conducting research of individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings.
The author's conclusion based on the results of the study is the need to develop scientific research in relation to individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings as a potentially effective means of resolving criminal law conflicts, taking into account the developing trends of procedural contracts, agreements and other vectors that increase the level of individuality of decisions made by the court.

Keywords: criminal procedural activity, civics, participants in criminal proceedings, legal relations, legal regulation, criminal proceedings, judicial regulation, individual legal regulation, individual judicial regulation, theory of law

References:
Gorshenev, V.M. (1966). The concept of the method of legal regulation and its varieties. Collection of scientific works. Issue. 5. Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. book. publishing house, pp. 388415.
Alekseev S.S. (1974). Soviet law as a system: Methodological principles of research. Soviet state and law, 7, đ. 1617.
Ershov, V.V. (1986). Individual judicial regulation. News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence, 6. đ. 917.
Krasnoyaruzhsky, S.G. (1990). Individual legal regulation in the Soviet society: (questions of theory and practice): author. dis. ... cand. legal Sciences. M., 22 p.
Morandier, L.Zh. (1958). French civil law. In 3 volumes / Per. from French and intro. Art. E.A. Fleischitz. M.: Izd-vo inostr. lit., vol. 1, p. 40, p. 4547.
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Baturi

Reference:

Titova I.A.. Legal regulation of the distribution of cases in courts: content, implementation, problems and areas of improvement // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 7. – P. 43-50.

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Abstract: The subject of the research of this article is the legal norms regulating the features of the use of automated systems for the distribution of cases in courts, as well as law enforcement practice for the organization of such activities.
The object of the research is procedural relations arising during the use of this system in the judicial proceedings of the Russian Federation.
The author reveals the contradictions that arise between theoretically fixed normative provisions and their practical implementation. The features and problems of the activity of courts in the application of the mechanism of automated distribution of court cases are identified. The author substantiates that it is necessary to improve legislative acts aimed at court using an electronically automated system for the distribution of court cases. Author talks about the problems of legalizing organizational rules that fix the automated procedure for the distribution of cases in courts and the distribution of the judicial burden.
Considers it necessary to create a fullfledged procedural and legal mechanism for the automated distribution of cases in courts to supplement the norms of the current legislation in the relevant part with cases of impossibility of using automated equipment, as well as rules of a different order of distribution of cases.
The result of the work is the original author's suggestions and recommendations that form the novelty of the work. In particular, the adoption of the Federal Law "On Judicial Workload" has been proposed, proposals have been developed in the form of draft articles on amendments and additions to the procedural codes of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of promising directions for the formation of the composition of the court using an electronically automated system for the distribution of court cases having a "flexible" nature. Modeling which the author used the formal legal method, analytical, logical and other methods of scientific cognition.

Keywords: composition of the court, objective distribution of cases, legal regulation, impartiality, independence of judges, procedural legislation, digital technologies, informatization of courts, digitalization, legal proceedings

References:
The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12 Dec. 1993: with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru [Official Internet portal of legal information] (accessed 30.06.2022).
Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (ed. of 11.06.2022) (with amendments and additions, intro. effective from 06/22/2022) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru [Official Internet portal of legal information] (accessed 30.06.2022).
The Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ (ed. of 11.06.2022) (with amendments and additions, intro. effective from 06/22/2022) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru [Official Internet portal of Legal information] (accessed 30.06.2022).
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Reference:

Kripinevich S.S.. Signs of individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings and its definition // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 6. – P. 11-20.

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Abstract: Criminal proceedings are the sphere of mandatory regulation. However, its development and modern achievements of the entire legal science as a whole make it possible to make relevant clarifications to its content (legislation and activities). The purpose of the work is to identify the most significant features of individual judicial regulation in the field of criminal proceedings and offer them to the general scientific community for discussion.
The main subject of this study was the theoretical concept of "individual judicial regulation" and its features in criminal proceedings. In criminal proceedings to date, such studies have been fragmentary, whereas in the theory of law, civil sciences, this area is represented by large-scale and fundamental works. It seems that the scale of the research and its long history should be realized not only in civil proceedings, civil and administrative law, but also in criminal proceedings. One of the first in this series should be the definition of the concept of "individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings".

In the course of the research, traditional scientific methodology was used: including general scientific methods (dialectics, analysis, synthesis, generalization, etc.), as well as private scientific methods - comparative legal and formal legal. The applied methods of scientific research allowed us to gain new knowledge concerning the essential features of individual judicial regulation and their use in defining this concept.
The result was the author's definition of individual judicial regulation in criminal proceedings. The application of the results is possible in the field of ongoing scientific research, in terms of improving criminal procedure legislation and the practice of its application. The main conclusion of the author is the need to introduce the concept of individual judicial regulation into criminal proceedings at the level of its theoretical provisions and into the legislative framework.

Keywords: participants in criminal proceedings, legal regulation, legal relations, criminal proceedings, the main signs, the concept, individual judicial regulation, judicial power, court decisions, procedural form

References:
Berova, D.M. (2010). Functions of the court in criminal proceedings. Society and law, 5 (32), 176184.
Kachalova, O.V. (2014). Functions of the court in modern Russian criminal proceedings. Russian judge, 1, 810.
Sementsov, V.A. (2011). Judicial control in pre-trial proceedings. Law and justice: theory, history, practice: Sat. scientific articles. In 3 volumes. Krasnodar: Russian acad. justice, Sev.-Kavkazsky fil., V. 2., 159165.
Gromova, A.V. (2020). The special role of the court as a subject of proof in criminal proceedings. Young scientist, 50 (340), 181184.
Dikarev, I.S. (2020). On the role of the court in proving in criminal cases considered in accordance with Chapter 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. Bulletin of Military Law, 2, 3438.
Astafiev, A.Yu. (2012). The effectiveness of judicial activity: the concept and evaluation criteria. Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law, 1, 123133.
Vasiliev, D.S. (2021). Indicators of judicial

Reference:

Vasilev D.. Productivity and efficiency in the evaluation of judicial activity // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 3. – P. 49-79.

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Abstract: The article raises the question of whether it is correct to use the term "efficiency" when evaluating judicial activity using quantitative indicators of judicial statistics. These indicators are focused on the departmental needs of a closed-in judicial system. The article shows that in relation to the assessment of the activity of courts according to judicial statistics, it is correct to use the term "productivity". The thesis of the article is that when evaluating the work of courts and judges, to distinguish productivity from efficiency. It is noted that the productivity of ships and their efficiency are not directly dependent. Particular attention is paid to determining what constitutes the effectiveness of judicial activity. The author comes to the conclusion that the effectiveness of judicial work can be investigated by studying the assessments of courts and judges by their "clients" - litigants, other persons involved in the case, society as a whole. Courts act effectively if their "reputation capital" increases in the eyes of society. The currently used indicators of judicial statistics should be replaced by an assessment of the effectiveness of justice based on a sociological study of the reputation of the judiciary. The judiciary should have its own structures to monitor changes in public opinion regarding the reputation of the courts. When considering a possible methodology for assessing the reputation of courts and judges, it is noted that it is not expressed in quantitative data. Shifting the emphasis in the evaluation of judicial activity to the study of efficiency will provide feedback to the judicial system with its "clients", will form additional motivation for judges to take care of their own reputation in the eyes of public opinion.

Keywords: stability of judicial acts, ship performance, corporate culture of courts, evaluation of judicial activity, judicial statistics, efficiency of courts, the quality of the judge's work, reputation of the court, number of court cases, procedural deadlines

References:
Colbran S. A comparative analysis of judicial performance evaluation programmes // Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education. Taylor & Francis. 2006. š 4. 35-67 p.
European Commission. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Quality of Public Administration. A Toolbox for Practitioners. Theme 6: Strengthening the quality of judicial systems // Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 2015. 339-397 p.
Thomas of Cwmgiedd R.J. The Position of the Judiciaries of the United Kingdom in the Constitutional changes. Address to the Scottish sheriffs association Peebles. 8 march 2008. [ýëĺęňđîííűé đĺńóđń] // URL: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ljt_address_to_scottish_sheriffs.pdf. (Date of the application: 20.01.2022).
Buksha K.S. Business reputation management. Russian and foreign PR-practice // M.: Williams Publishing House. 2007.-133 p.
Vasilev D.S. Indicators of judicial statistics as criteria for evaluating judicial activity // Law

Reference:

Gaponov M.D.. Consideration of the nature of the case in which a foreign court decision has been rendered, subject to recognition and enforcement in the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2022. – š 2. – P. 40-51.

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Abstract: The subject of the study is the legal specifics of the recognition of decisions made by foreign justice institutions and their subsequent execution by the nature of the case. The presented aspects are an integral component of effective modern cross-border legal interaction, and also provide practical guarantees for the protection of the rights of its direct participants. In the context of a specific mechanism of legal regulation of the international turnover of variable judicial acts, the most significant point is the establishment of the object of the recognition in question and subsequent execution. Within the framework of our state, the specifics of recognition and enforcement are provided for by the provisions of relevant international treaties, as well as the norms of current domestic federal legislation â in cases where it is a question of recognizing decisions for which there is no need for enforcement. The provisions of the Minsk Convention of the CIS countries, the Kiev Agreement of the CIS countries, the variable bilateral treaties of our state establishing the rules of legal assistance, other international treaties, the norms of which fix the procedure for recognition and subsequent enforcement of decisions taken by foreign justice institutions, the norms of current domestic legislation and current accumulated law enforcement practice. The author focuses on the analysis of current trends in the regulation of these relations, including through the use of relevant materials of the development of the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Cases, which indicates the novelty of the study. The main conclusion of the study is to identify the variable directions of determining the range of foreign court decisions that are recognized and enforced, while taking into account the features of judicial acts and relevant proceedings that determine their formation. When analyzing a foreign court decision as a specific object of appropriate recognition and enforcement, several aspects are subject to consideration, first of all, we are talking about the nature of the individual case in connection with which the decision in question was made.

Keywords: object of recognition, recognition of foreign decisions, enforcement of decisions, court decision, court, the nature of the court case, categories of civil cases, international civil procedure, execution of foreign decisions, foreign court decision

References:
Barten E. Foundations of private international law under French law and jurisprudence. M.: Statute, 2019. T. I. p. 559
Branovitskiy K. L. Convergence (harmonization) of civil procedure law in the European Union and the former Soviet Union (comparative legal aspect). M.: Statute, 2018. 399 p.
Branovitskiy K. L. Convergence of civil procedural law in the European Union and the former Soviet Union (relatively-Pravovoy aspekt): Avtoref. dis. ... d.Yu.n. Yekaterinburg, 2019. 30 sec.
Branovitsky K.L., Alenkina N.B. The legal regime of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Eurasian Economic Union // Bulletin of Civil procedure. 2018. N 6. pp. 168-192.
Wolf M. International private law. Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign Lit., 1948. 702 p.
Voronov A.F. Recognition and enforcement of foreign judicial decisions in the USSR: Abstract. dis. ... Candidate of Law, 1987. 21 p .
Ginzburg I.V., Agrasheva O.E. Execution of foreign judgments: theory and practice // Collection of materi

Reference:

Burdina E.V., Kapustin O.A.. Online reconciliation as a means of improving the access to justice // Law and Politics. – 2021. – š 12. – P. 29-45.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of improving the effectiveness of conciliation procedures, their relevance to the citizens, and increasing the role and importance of the forms of pacific settlement of the dispute within the Russian system of justice in the conditions of digitalization of judicial activity. The goal of this article is to prove online reconciliation as a method for improving access to justice, as well as substantiate the integrated model of reconciliation in judicial activity using digital services and platforms. Leaning on the works of the Russian and foreign researchers (V. M. Zhuykov, S. K. Zagaynova, V. V. Yarkov, and others), the conclusion is made that the institution of reconciliation, including mediation, is historically built around the judicial system. Hindsight analysis of the judicial and non-judicial forms of dispute settlement indicates their coherent development. The implementation of the digital platform “Justice Online” in judicial activity allows improving citizens’ access to dispute resolution in or without judicial proceedings using pacific means. In the current context, reconciliation is viewed within the structure of judicial activity and consists in implementation of reconciliation procedures, including online reconciliation, in the courthouse or with the involvement of court, or via digital judicial platforms. The application of comparative legal analysis substantiates the integrated mod el of reconciliation, which has the following characteristics: access to mediation services in the courthouse; granting authorities to the court staff for elucidation of the possible methods of dispute settlement; accretion of power of reconciliation judges; integration of technological services of online reconciliation with the digital judicial platform; merger between the website of the court and the websites of mediation organizations.

Keywords: integrated model of reconciliation, online reconciliation, digital platforms, mediation, justice, access to justice, judicial workload, institution of reconciliation, judicial activity, website

References:
Polozhenie o realizatsii pilotnogo proekta po vnedreniyu dosudebnogo uregulirovaniya sporov (konfliktov) po otdel'nym kategoriyam sporov v poryadke mediatsii, utv. rasporyazheniem Predsedatelya Verkhovnogo Suda Respubliki Kazakhstan 27 yanvarya 2017 g. š 6001-1-17-7-4/16. URL:https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=38794675 (data obrashcheniya: 09.04.2021).
Verkhovnyi Sud Respubliki Kazakhstan: [sait]. URL: https://sud.gov.kz/rus/news/v-sudebnom-kabinete-vnedrena-funkciya-onlayn-primireniya (data obrashcheniya: 01.10.2021).
Sander F.E. A. Varieties of Dispute Proceeding. Federal Rules Decisions. 1976. Vol. 70. P. 111-131.
Civil Resolution Tribunal: [sait]. URL: https://civilresolutionbc.ca/how-the-crt-works/tribunal-process/ (data obrashcheniya: 17.11.2021).
Onlain-platforma posrednichestva v sporakh: [sait]. URL: https://tiaojie.netcourt.gov.cn/ (data obrashcheniya: 21.11.2021).
Consumidor.gov.br.: [sait]. URL: https://consumidor.gov.br/pages/conteudo/sobre-servico (data obrashcheniya:

Reference:

Chirninov A.M.. Constitutional and judicial argumentation and the transformation models of normative legal regulation // Law and Politics. – 2021. – š 9. – P. 39-57.

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Abstract: This article examines the correlation between constitutional argumentation and the models of transformation of legal rules occurring under the influence of constitutional judgments. With references to the case law of the Russian Constitutional Court, the German Constitutional Court, and the United States Supreme Court, the author analyzes argumentative patterns that arise when dealing with specific options for legislative correction. This article focuses on such measures as striking down a legal provision, formulating an exception to a general rule, correcting the hypothesis, disposition, and sanction of a legal norm, clarifying the mechanisms of legal regulation in terms of time, territory, and persons affected, filling legislative gaps and providing additional safeguards. The article makes an original contribution to scholarship because it explores constitutional argumentation instrumentally. Having shown that argumentation serves a supplementary function to judicial review, the author identifies the argumentative patterns prevailing in constitutional discourse and analyzes the mechanism of constructing arguments. It is argued that constitutional reasoning reflects the critical assessment of lex lata and portrays its constitutional deficiencies with a simultaneous projection of normative models that meet constitutional requirements. The article concludes that constitutional argumentation aims to demonstrate constitutionally acceptable legislative decisions and explain why, how, and in what part a challenged law is to be amended.

Keywords: argumentative pattern, constitutional justice, normative correction, legal regulation, constitutionality, constitutional review, argumentation schemes, constitutional court, reasoning, legal argumentation

References:
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 9 iyulya 2021 goda š 34-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2003. š 30. St. 3102.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 8 aprelya 2021 goda š 11-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2021. š 16 (Chast' III). St. 2874.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 27 maya 2021 goda š 23-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2021. š 23. St. 417.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 30 marta 2021 goda š 9-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2021. š 15 (chast' IV). St. 2658.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 9 iyulya 2020 goda š 34-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2020. š 29. St. 4735.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 16 iyulya 2020 goda š 37-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2020. š 30. St. 5000.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii ot 23 iyunya 2020 goda š 28-P // Sobranie zakonodatel'

Reference:

Vasilev D.. Indicators of judicial statistics as criteria for assessing judicial activity // Law and Politics. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 79-100.

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Abstract: The implementation of the constitutional principle of judicial independence directly correlates with the criteria by which their activity is being assessed. Russian courts use judicial statistics for assessing the performance of judges. This article analyzes the applicability of statistical indicators as direct indicators of the performance of judges. The hypothesis advanced that with sufficient pressure and absence of artificial manipulations, the statistical probability of maximum indicators of “quality” and “terms” tends to zero. Statistical values are determined by a range of factors, including those that do not depend on the judges. Their objective and direct imputation to judges misinforms and distorts the reality. The assessment of mental work of the judges in exact figures is pointless. The conclusion is made that the achievement of the maximum statistical indicators cannot be a value orientation of the judicial system. The simplicity of their use is deceptive. In reality, the assessment of judges by “quality”, “quantity” and “terms” is imbalanced, inconsistent, and non-functional. Statistical indicators can be used for assessing the performance of judges only as indirect indicators. In this case, it is feasible to use the “red flags” method, which means that only significant departure from the norm should be taken in account in assessing judicial activity.

Keywords: appeal practice rate, quality of work of a judge, race for statistics, judicial statistics, evaluation of judicial activity, judicial burden, judgement mistake, stability of judicial acts, number of cases, procedural terms

References:
Evropeiskii sud po pravam cheloveka. Reshenie po voprosu o priemlemosti po delu ŤSmadikov (Smadikov) protiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, no.10810/15, ECHR 2017.
Druker P. Zadachi menedzhmenta v XXI veke // M.: Izdatel'skii dom "Vil'yams", 2004.-272 s.
Druker P., Mak'yarello D. Menedzhment// M.: OOO ŤI.D.Vil'yamsť. 2010. 704 s.
Gorbuz A.K., Krasnov M.A., Mishina E.A., Satarov G.A. Transformatsiya rossiiskoi sudebnoi vlasti. Opyt kompleksnogo analiza // M.-Spb.: Norma. 2010. 477 s.
Vasil'ev D.S. Sudebnaya statistika i korporativnaya kul'tura rossiiskikh sudov // Pravo i politika. 2021. š . S. .
Bocharov T.Yu., Volkov V.V., Voskobitova L.A., Dmitrieva A.V., Smola A.A., Titaev K.D., Tsvetkov I.V. Predlozheniya po sovershenstvovaniyu sudebnoi sistemy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii i izmeneniya normativnykh aktov v tselyakh ikh realizatsii / Evropeiskii universitet v Sankt-Peterburge, Tsentr strategicheskikh razrabotok // M: 2018.-116 s.
Bernam U. Pravovaya sistema SShA // M.: Novaya yustitsiya. 2007.

Reference:

Bol'shakova V.M.. Genesis of establishment and development of the judicial system of the Russian Federation in the late XX early XXI centuries: institutional and normative characteristics // Law and Politics. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 26-36.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the evolution of the structure of judicial system of the Russian Federation in the late XX – early XXI centuries. Description is given to the changes undergone by the Russian judicial system after dissolution of the Soviet Union. The author follows the dynamics of the normative legal changes that regulate judicial proceedings, as well as reveals the institutional framework of the modern structure of judicial system of the Russian Federation. The article illustrates the institutional and normative changes within the structure of judicial system of the Russian Federation in the late XX – early XXI centuries based on application of the comparative-legal and systemic methods of research. The novelty and the main conclusions lie in the following: it is established that the Russian Federation has issued the normative legal acts that contribute to the strengthening and unification of the Russian judicial system, uniformity of social guarantees and compensations set for judges. Currently, the judicial system of the Russian Federation is founded on the principle of combining administrative-territorial and district organization. It is determined that the judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of 1) the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; 2) the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; 3) federal courts of general jurisdiction; 4) arbitration courts; 5) magistrates’ courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is noted that since January 1, 2023, the Constitutional (statutory) courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation will be abolished.

Keywords: courts of general jurisdiction, judicial institute, the judicial system, judicial branch, judicial system, structure, judicial reform, magistrates' courts, arbitration courts, jurors

References:
Popov P.A. Funktsii sovremennogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2005. S. 88.
Averchenko D. G. Spetsializirovannye sudy v sisteme organov sudebnoi vlasti (teoretiko-pravovoe issledovanie): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2002. 172 s.
Demichev A.A., Isaenkova O.V. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie problemy izucheniya rossiiskogo suda prisyazhnykh: monografiya. N. Novgorod: NF MGEI, 2005. S. 17.
Bol'shakova V.M. Konstitutsionnaya osnova strategicheskikh zadach munitsipal'noi sluzhby // Vlast'. 2018. T. 26. š 9. S. 48-50.
Popova, A.D. Femida v epokhu preobrazovanii: sudebnye reformy 1864 g. i rubezha KhKh-XXI vv. v kontekste modernizatsii / A.D. Popova. M.: Novyi khronograf, 2009. 360 s.
Kolokolov, N.A. Evolyutsiya sudebnoi vlasti v Rossii: istoriko-pravovoi aspekt / N.A. Kolokolov // Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal konstitutsionnogo i gosudarstvennogo prava. 2016. š 2. S. 7-15.
Mikhin, A.V. Genezis arbitrazhnykh sudov: uchebnoe posobie / A.V. Mikhin. Nizhnii Novgo

Reference:

Vasilev D.. Judicial statistics and corporate structure of the Russian courts // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 12. – P. 34-49.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the impact of assessment of judicial performance in accordance with the indicators of judicial statistics upon the organization of culture of the Russian court, which incorporates the shared by majority of judges informal rules of conduct, traditions, and values. The article describes such criteria for assessment of judicial performance as “quality”, “quantity”, and “terms”. In studying the historical origin of judicial performance assessment based on judicial statistics, it is demonstrated that the tradition of such assessment was founded in the 1930s, when political leadership who carried out repressive policy instigated “socialistic competition” between the courts and the judges. The article analyzes the impact of the “struggle for statistics” upon conduct of judges. Such circumstance that in consideration of cases the judges take into account judicial statistics violate the requirement of procedural fairness. There is a contradiction between the Russian legislation, which for the most part complies with the universally recognized international principles, and conservative organizational culture of the Russian courts. Mechanism of reproduction of the latter is the inertia of the “struggle for statistics”. In order to bring into compliance the representations of Russian judges on the acceptable conduct with the values of democratic justice, the system of assessment of judicial performance requires revision.

Keywords: stability of judicial acts, appeal practice rate, quality of work of a judge, race for statistics, judicial statistics, evaluation of judicial activity, corporate culture of judges, judiciary, number of cases, procedural terms

References:
Abramova S.G., Kostenchuk I.A. O ponyatii Ťkorporativnaya kul'turať // Organizatsionnoe konsul'tirovanie kak resurs razvitiya obshchestva, gosudarstva, politiki i biznesa: tezisy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. M. 1995.-S.29-33.
Hamming Richard W. The Art of Doing Science and Engineering. Learning to learn // Gordon and Breach, 1997. 218 p.
Andryushechkina I.N. Analiz osnovnykh pokazateley deyatel'nosti sudov obshchey yurisdiktsii // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2007. š 3. S. 65-71.
Bocharov T.Yu., Volkov V.V., Voskobitova L.A., Dmitrieva A.V., Smola A.A., Titaev K.D., Tsvetkov I.V. Predlozheniya po sovershenstvovaniyu sudebnoy sistemy v Rossiyskoy Federatsii i izmeneniya normativnykh aktov v tselyakh ikh realizatsii // Evropeyskiy universitet v Sankt-Peterburge, Tsentr strategicheskikh razrabotok. M: 2018.-116 s.
VTsIOM (OAO). Otchet po rezul'tatam obshcherossiyskogo massovogo oprosa grazhdan Rossii po teme: ŤOtsenka deyatel'nosti sudov v Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť. M.2007// [Elektronnyy resurs]-URL: https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=228 (13.08.2020).

Reference:

Golubev F.A.. Criminalistic characteristic of investigation of undue influence upon critical information structure of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 10. – P. 50-59.

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Abstract: This article provides comprehensive description of the crime established by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the crimes in the area of information technologies and their circumstances set by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as comprehensive characteristic of criminal impact upon the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The subject of research also includes the concept of the object of infringement – the critical information structure of the Russian Federation, isolated circumstances of the instance of crime that determine the nature and dynamics of criminal activity thereof, classification and criminalistic characteristic of the objects of crime, essential evidence of unfavorable consequences of undue influence upon critical information structure of the Russian Federation. Definition is given to the concept of the object of infringement – the critical information structure of the Russian Federation. The author examines isolated circumstances the instance of crime that determine the nature and dynamics of criminal activity thereof. Classification and criminalistic characteristic are given to the objects of crime; essential evidence of unfavorable consequences of undue influence upon the critical information structure of the Russian Federation is identified and analyzed. The author concludes that taking into consideration the fact that currently there is no practice, guidelines, recommendations on investigation and detection of crimes established by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the crimes that fall under the indicated category have even grater latency compared to other crimes of the Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which necessitates the development of guidelines, recommendations, normative legal and local acts on detection, investigation and prevention of crimes in the area of computer technologies.

Keywords: effects of crime, subjects of the crime, dynamics of criminal activity, criminal event, information structure of Russia, critical information infrastructure, information crimes, criminalistic and criminal law characteristics, the concept of the object of encroachment, cybercrime

References:
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 30 noyabrya 2017 g. N 4 ŤO sudebnoy praktike po delam o moshennichestve, prisvoenii i rastrateť [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71723288/ (data obrashcheniya: 09.09.2020).
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Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 09 fevralya 2012 g. N 1 ŤO nekotorykh voprosakh sudebnoy praktiki po ugolovnym delam o prestupleniyakh terroristicheskoy napravlennostiť [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: https://base.garant.ru/70137188/ (data obrashcheniya: 09.09.2020).
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (red. ot 31.07.2020) // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF.-17.06.1996.-N 25.-st. 2954.
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Reference:

Byval'tseva S.G., Kovalev A.A.. Submission of prosecutorial decision in a civil procedure // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 7. – P. 114-123.

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Abstract: The object of this research is the public relations arising when the prosecutor is involved in court hearing of civil cases by intervening into a case for delivering an opinion in the appellate, cassation and supervisory bodies, as well as problematic aspects of the application of his powers to deliver an opinion in the aforementioned bodies. The subject of this research is the materials of prosecutorial law enforcement and judicial practice, norms of civil procedural legislation of the Russian Federation that regulation these public relations, as well as positions formulated on the matter. Despite the fact, that the scientific literature paid attention to the separate aspects of submission of prosecutorial decision, the questions of submission of prosecutorial decision in the retrial of civil cases did not receive due coverage. Such situation led to a contradictory approach towards the question on possibility of delivering an opinion by the prosecutor in retrial of civil cases in the theory and case law. Therefore, based on the conducted research, the author makes recommendation with regards to exercising prosecutorial powers in submission of decision in retrial of civil cases by the courts, as well as the changes in current legislation that would bring certainty into these legal relations and contribute to elimination of the emerged contradictions.

Keywords: first Instance, civil procedure, retrial, submission, conclusion of the prosecutor, the entry, prosecutor, acts of response, legal means, eliminate Violations

References:
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 19.06.2012 N 13 "O primenenii sudami norm grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo zakonodatel'stva, reglamentiruyushchikh proizvodstvo v sude apellyatsionnoy instantsii" // Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. 2012. N 9.
Byval'tseva S. G. Zaklyuchenie prokurora v grazhdanskom protsesse // Zakonnost'. 2010. N 5. S. 56 60.
Tetyuev S. V. Zaklyuchenie prokurora v grazhdanskom protsesse // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2018. N 12. S. 27 28.
Isaenkova O. V., Grigor'ev A. N. Uchastie prokurora v iskovom proizvodstve // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. 2008. N 3. S. 12 15.
Alikov V. R. Razvitie zakonodatel'stva ob uchastii prokurora v grazhdanskom protsesse Rossii XVIII XX vekov: dis. kand. yur. nauk / V.R. Alikov. M., 2001. S. 19.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Suda Khanty-Mansiyskogo avtonomnogo okruga-Yugry ot 14.02.2012 po delu N 33758/2012.
Opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po grazhdanskim delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 03.07.2018 N 5KGPR18128.
Ergashev E. R. Predstavlenie kak nadzornyy akt prokur

Reference:

Kovalev A.A.. Status of the prosecutor in the arbitration proceedings // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 6. – P. 74-83.

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Abstract: The object of this research is the questions of determination of legal status of the prosecutor participating in arbitration proceedings, and problematic aspects pertaining to exercise of his powers in reference to arbitration with a claim, as well as entering the proceedings in accordance with Part 5 of the Article 52 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the materials of prosecutorial law enforcement practice and case law, as well as the norms of arbitration procedure and civil procedure legislation. The following methods were applied in the course of this work: formal-logical, comparative analysis, comparison, analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural analysis for the purpose of studying separate elements of the legal status of the prosecutor. The author conducted a comprehensive research of the legal status of the prosecutor who participates in arbitration proceedings. A conclusion is drawn that the prosecutor’s status can be defined as a government representative in his participation in the proceeding upon the initiative, or in entering the proceedings in accordance with Part 5 of the Article 52 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. In order to determine the legal status of the prosecutor, the author analyzed the powers assigned by the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, as well as describes separated aspects that ate not regulated by the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are given on the improvement of legislation that establishes the mechanism of exercising powers of the prosecutor in the arbitration proceedings.

Keywords: applicant, civil proceeding, state representative, introduction, the prosecutor's conclusion, settlement agreement, powers of the prosecutor, arbitration proceeding, prosecutor, the prosecutor's office

References:
Shamshurin L. Ob uchastii prokurora v razbiratel'stve grazhdanskikh del: voprosy teorii i praktiki // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. 2009. N 3. S. 11.
Ferents-Sorotskiy A. A. Prokuror v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 1992. N 4. S. 91-95.
Rozhkova M. A. Primenenie v kommercheskom oborote mirovoy sdelki. M.: Statut, 2004. S. 64.
Polyanskiy N. N., Strogovich M. S., Savitskiy V. M., Mel'nikov A. A. Problemy sudebnogo prava: M., 1983. S. 49 51.
Otcheskaya T. I. Protsessual'nye aspekty uchastiya prokurora v arbitrazhnom protsesse // Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava. 2018. N 2. S. 122-131.
Luk'yanova E. G. Teoriya protsessual'nogo prava. M.: 2003. S. 124 125.
Koval'chuk L. K voprosu ob osoboy prirode zashchishchaemykh arbitrazhnym sudom pravootnosheniy. // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. 2006. N 2. S.6.
Zinchenko A. I. Mirovoe soglashenie v sudoproizvodstve: avtoref.dis. na soiskanie uch.st. kand. yur. nauk. Saratov, 1981. S.10.
Zagaynova S. K. Sootnoshenie m

Reference:

Topilina T.. Right of access to justice as a principle of criminal process // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 4. – P. 49-58.

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Abstract: This article analyzes the controversial issues of attributing the right of access to justice to the principles of criminal process. The author meticulously examines the origin of the right of access to justice in the Article 52 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the norms of Russian and foreign legislation regulating the right of access to justice in criminal process. The object is the legal relations emerging in implementation of the right of access to justice. The article explores regulation of the right of access to justice in legislation of the Russian Federation and CIS member-states. It is demonstrated that the right of access to justice possesses certain characteristics that allow attributing it to the principles of criminal process: it represents an objective legal category that reflects the dominant in society political, legal and ethical ideas, and is most common legal provision in relation to other norms of law. A conclusion is substantiated that absence of the right of access to justice in criminal procedural legislation is a unique case of a gap in the principle of law.

Keywords: principles of criminal justice, principles of justice, gaps in law, criminal process, principle of law, access to justice, stages of the criminal process, criminal procedure law, constitutional law, criminal proceedings

References:
Postanovlenie ESPCh ot 21.02.1975 ŤGolder (Golder) protiv Soedinennogo Korolevstvať, zhaloba š 4451/70 // Evropeyskiy sud po pravam cheloveka. Izbrannye resheniya. T. 1.-M.: Norma, 2000. S. 39-80.
Voskobitova L.A. Mekhanizm realizatsii sudebnoy vlasti posredstvom ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2004. S. 20.;
Volodina L.M. Pravo na dostup k pravosudiyu // Byulleten' Ural'skogo otdeleniya Mezhdunarodnoy assotsiatsii sodeystviya pravosudiyu. 2010. š 1 (3). S. 35.
Ivanov V.V. Problemy realizatsii i protsessual'nye garantii konstitutsionnogo prava poterpevshego na dostup k pravosudiyu i sudebnuyu zashchitu: dis. kand. yurid. nauk. Samara. 2004. S. 8.
Baranov I.V. Problemy realizatsii i protsessual'nye garantii konstitutsionnogo prava poterpevshego na dostup k pravosudiyu i sudebnuyu zashchitu: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Samara, 2004. S. 7.
Borisova V.F. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnykh i natsional'nykh pravovykh kategoriy v sfere dostupnosti pravosudiya // Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. Seriya Politicheskie nauki i

Reference:

Abdulvaliev A.F.. Geography of the appellate courts of general jurisdiction in Russia: problems of providing access to justice in revision of criminal cases // Law and Politics. – 2020. – š 4. – P. 59-69.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the study of the work of appellate courts of general jurisdiction on revision of criminal cases in higher jurisdiction courts based on the position of their of their geographical location on the territory of the Russian Federation. The five newly formed appellate courts of general jurisdiction do not fully contribute to realization of such principle of criminal procedure as independence of judges, as well as adherence to the requirements on directness and oral nature of judicial proceedings. The goal of this article is to examine the positions of the current appellate courts of general jurisdiction from geographical perspective. For a deeper examination of the appellate peculiarity, the scientific research into this problem was carried out with consideration of the geographical specificity of the territory of Russia and its regions, and thus the level of development of logistical infrastructure in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty consists in the original proposal for creation of twelve appellate courts of general jurisdiction throughout the territory of the Russian Federation with their permanent placement in cities not currently handled by other judicial institutions of higher jurisdiction. Such new approach should fully the citizens’ right to access justice, and also ensure the principle of independence of judges.

Keywords: territorial remoteness, geographical factor, access to justice, judicial district, court proceedings, criminal procedure, court of appeal, judicial reform, transport accessibility, videoconference

References:
Zaklyuchenie na proekt federal'nogo konstitutsionnogo zakona š 374020 7 "Oťvnesenii izmeneniy v federal'nye konstitutsionnye zakony v svyazi s sozdaniem kassatsionnykh sudov obshchey yurisdiktsii i apellyatsionnykh sudov obshchey yurisdiktsiiť // Ofitsial'nyy sayt Gosudarstvennoy Dumy Federal'nogo sobraniya RF. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/374020-7 (data obrashcheniya: 28.02.2020).
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 25.06.2019 š19 ŤO primenenii norm glavy 471 Ugolovno-protsessual'nogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii, reguliruyushchikh proizvodstvoť // Ofitsial'nyy sayt Verkhovnogo Suda RF. URL: www.vsrf.ru. (Data obrashcheniya: 28 02 2020).
Momotov. V. V. Sudebnaya reforma v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: kontseptsiya, tseli, soderzhanie (chast' 1) // Zhurnal Rossiyskogo prava. 2018. š10. s. 134-146.
Platova A. S., Shumov P. V. K voprosu o sozdanii apellyatsionnykh i kassatsionnykh sudov obshchey yurisdiktsii // Byulleten' nauki i praktiki. 2019. T.5. š 8. s. 114-119.
Khaliulin. A. G. Problemy peresmotra prigovorov apellyatsionnymi i kassatsionnymi sudami

Reference:

Chuklina E.. Case law on criminal cases in accordance with Article 205.1 and 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (on materials of the Southern District Military Court) // Law and Politics. – 2019. – š 12. – P. 82-93.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the specificity of the case law on criminal cases on involvement in terrorist activity, public calls to action of terrorist activity and propaganda of terrorism. The choice for the subject is justified by the unfolding discussion in the scientific community regarding the reasonableness of introduction of these norms. Analysis of the rulings allows establishing the following parameters, characterizing the current case law on crimes in accordance with Article 205.1 and 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CCRF): socio-demographic characteristics of the convict, prior charges, nature of crime, multiple counts, and sentence. Establishing these parameters can in turn be used to determine the existing problems of qualification of the studied crimes and development of solutions. The main conclusions of the conducted research consists in confirmation of the reasonableness of introduction into the Special Part of the CCRF of norms established by the Article 205.1 and 205.2 of the CCRF, since this legislative solution filled the previously existing gap in the part of arraignment for fruitless involvement and commission of crimes of terrorist nature, as well as material support of terrorist organizations.

Keywords: terrorism financing, terrorism propaganda, justification of terrorism, public appeals, implication, public instigation, terrorist activity, judicial practice, sentencing, prevention

References:
Federal'nyy zakon ot 22.07.2006 š 153-FZ (red. ot 06.07.2016) ŤO vnesenii izmeneniy v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v svyazi s prinyatiem Federal'nogo zakona "O ratifikatsii konventsii soveta Evropy o preduprezhdenii terrorizma" i Federal'nogo zakona "O protivodeystvii terrorizmu"ť // Rossiyskaya gazeta. š 165. 29.07.2006;
Shankhayskaya konventsiya o bor'be s terrorizmom, separatizmom i ekstremizmom 2001 g. // Byulleten' mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov. 2004. š 1;
Khartiya OBSE o preduprezhdenii terrorizma i bor'be s nim 2002 g. // [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.legislationline.org/ (data obrashcheniya: 12.07.2018);
Konventsiya Soveta Evropy o preduprezhdenii terrorizma 2005 g. // Byulleten' mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov. 2009. š 9;
Tendentsii prestupnosti, ee organizovannosti, zakon i opyt bor'by s terrorizmom / pod obshchey red. A.I. Dolgovoy. M., Rossiyskaya kriminologicheskaya assotsiatsiya. 2006. 143 s.;
Federal'nyy zakon ot 06.03.2006 š 35-FZ (red. ot 18.04.2018) ŤO protivodeystvii terrorizmuť

Reference:

Ermakov K.V.. To the question of unification of the requirements for the candidacy of the court administrator in the courts of general jurisdiction // Law and Politics. – 2019. – š 11. – P. 76-83.

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Abstract: This article explores the question of unification of the current legal norms that establish the requirements for the candidacy of the court administrator in the courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation and administrators of district courts. The author examines the current normative requirements of the Russian Federation for candidates seeking the position of court administrator of the subject of the Russian Federation and district courts. Research is also conducted on the legal status of court administrators regardless of the department within the legal system in which they perform their duties. The research is based on the comparative legal analysis of the requirements for the candidates seeking the position of court administrator of the subjects of the Russian Federation and district courts, with concretization of their official duties. The author substantiates the idea, according to which the absence of the legal requirements for the position of district court administrator with qualifying experience for the position of state civil service that would be presented to a candidate for the court of the subject of the Russian Federation, with both positions having practically identical work and function description, testifies to the absence of sufficient unified legal regulation that would eliminate legal indecision.

Keywords: state civil service, experience, requirements, courts, management, judge, the court administrator, authority, activity organization, control

References:
Interv'yu s nachal'nikom Glavnogo upravleniya organizatsionno-pravovogo obespecheniya deyatel'nosti sudov Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiyskoy Federatsii E.V. Goloshumovym // Administrator suda. 2013. š1 S.2-5.
ŤSobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť, 12 yanvarya 1998 goda, š2, st. 223.
ŤRossiyskaya gazetať, š6 ot 14 yanvarya 1998 goda, š80 ot 24 aprelya 1998 goda.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma Soveta Sudey Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 29 noyabrya 2010 goda š250 ŤO khode sovershenstvovaniya deyatel'nosti administratorov federal'nykh sudov obshchey yurisdiktsiiť // SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya: 16 oktyabrya 2019 goda).
SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya: 17 oktyabrya 2019 goda).
ŤByulleten' aktov po sudebnoy sistemeť, š4, aprel', 2017 god.
Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 31 dekabrya 2005 goda š1574 ŤO reestre dolzhnostey federal'noy gosudarstvennoy grazhdanskoy sluzhbyť (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya: 17 oktyabrya 2019 goda).
Mironov A.A. Kommentari

Reference:

Cherepanov M.M., Bezrukov Y.I.. To the question of prosecutors involvement in examination of criminal cases by the judge and with participation of members of the jury // Law and Politics. – 2019. – š 6. – P. 42-49.

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Abstract: The object of this research is some relevant problems of prosecutor’s involvements in examination of criminal cases by the courts. The subject of this research is the materials of prosecutorial and judicial practice, as well as the existing legislation of the Russian Federation. Currently, the participation of prosecutors in examination of criminal cases cannot be referred to as the absolute duty in the work of the National Prosecutor's Office. Therefore, the autho0r determines the problems of subjective and objective character. Human factor can be regarded as the first group: the inappropriate organization of work of the prosecutor’s office or its structural department on ensuring prosecutors’ participation in examination of criminal cases by the courts, as well as the insufficient experience of prosecutors and neglectful attitude to their duties. The second group implies the inadequacies of certain provisions of the existing Federal Law “On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation”, including those contradicting the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. The author underlines the urgent need for their solution, as well as proposes the original methods to overcome them. Special attention is given to education and self-education of the prosecutors, and bringing the provisions of the Articles 36 – 38 of the Federal Law On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation” in compliance with the norms of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: imperfections of legislation, criminal case, the jury, public prosecutor, prosecutor, prosecutor's office, judge, the court, problems, solutions

References:
Aleksandrov A., Belov S., Kukhta A. Reforma predvaritel'nogo rassledovaniya // Ugolovnoe pravo. 2007. š 5. S. 66.
Andrianov M. S. Psikhologicheskie aspekty upravleniya v organakh prokuratury: posobie / M. S. Andrianov, M. V. Kroz, I. Yu. Mikhaylova; Akad. Gen. Prokuratury Ros. Federatsii. M., 2015. S. 41 43.
Izgagina T. Yu. Aktual'nye voprosy otkaza transportnymi prokurorami ot gosudarstvennogo obvineniya v ugolovnom protsesse // Problemy povysheniya effektivnosti deyatel'nosti transportnykh prokuratur: sb. st. (Akad. Gen. prokuratury Ros. Federatsii / avt. kol. T. A. Dikanova i dr.: M., Akad. Gen. prokuratury Ros. Federatsii, 2010. S. 107 114.
Isaenko V. N. Struktura chastnoy metodiki podderzhaniya gosudarstvennogo obvineniya // Zakonnost'. 2016. š 1. S. 27 30.
Golovko I. I. Voprosy teorii i praktiki obucheniya prokurorskikh rabotnikov // Obrazovanie v sisteme prokuratury Rossii: sostoyanie i perspektivy. Vtorye Volzheninskie chteniya: materialy vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Sankt-Peterburgskiy yuridicheskiy in-t (filial

Reference:

Skoblik K.V.. The impact of technologies upon decision-making in criminal procedure: foreign research review // Law and Politics. – 2019. – š 5. – P. 56-64.

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Abstract: In a systematized manner, this article addresses the most interesting from the author’s perspective findings of foreign scientists, emerged at the interface of technologies and criminal justice. The research covers the questions of selecting pre-trial restrictions, anticipation of committing crime, rapid response upon its commitment, and others. The unifying concept of the review is the theory of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Interpretation of the translated information is accompanied by the author’s analytics, connecting the ideas of foreign researchers and certain theories of national advocates of processualism. The following conclusions were made in the course of this study: 1) it is possible to combine computer aided learning with the patterns of selecting pre-trial restrictions proposed by the Russian scholars; 2) concentration of efforts on comprehension of technological innovations in penal sphere may lead to the creation of “Technological Model of the Criminal Process”.

Keywords: algorithm, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Models of the Criminal Process, machine learning, big data, decision-making, criminal process, predictive decision, cognitive decision, pretrial detention

References:
Barabash, A.S. Osnovnoy, dopolnitel'nyy i vspomogatel'nye protsessy dokazyvaniya v stadiyakh predvaritel'nogo rassledovaniya i sudebnogo razbiratel'stva / A. S. Barabash. Moskva : Yurlitinform, 2017. 272 s.
Barabash, A.S. Publichnoe nachalo rossiyskogo ugolovnogo protsessa / A. S. Barabash. Sankt-Peterburg : Izdatel'stvo R. Aslanova ŤYuridicheskiy tsentr Pressť, 2009. 420 s.
Brester, A. A. Kriterii, lezhashchie v osnove prinyatiya resheniya o nakazanii: empiricheskiy analiz pravoprimenitel'noy praktiki / A. A. Brester, E. A. Yurishina // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2018. š 9(4). S. 535-553.
Brester, A. A. O ponyatii Ťmodel' ugolovnogo protsessať / A. A. Brester // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Pravovedenie. 2010. š 5. S. 215-220.
Andrea, D. M. A Formal Definition of Big Data Based on its Essential Features / D. M. Andrea, M. Greco, M. Grimaldi // Library Review. 2016. š 65(3). P. 122-135.
Baldwin, R. Law and Uncertainty: Risks and Legal Processes / R. Baldwin,

Reference:

Shakhbazyan S.V.. Judicial change to the category of crime: for and against // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 11. – P. 31-40.

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Abstract: This article discusses the controversial questions emerging in the context of judicial implementation of the Part 6 of the Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on changing the grade of the crime for a less grave. The author identifies certain problems in legislative regulation pertinent to the transformation of the category of crime, and suggests the ways for their elimination. Part 6 of the Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is viewed through the prism of liberalization and humanization of the criminal legislation. The author notes that the declared vector of liberalization and humanization of the criminal legislation can be realized via introducing the corresponding amendments into the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion of this research lies in the fact that the enforcement of the Part 6 of the Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation leads to a number of the criminal legal and criminal procedural issues that contribute to the accomplishment of objectives of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author underlines that the ambiguity of the legislative formulation casts a doubt on its unambiguous application. In case of revealing contradictions between the criminal and criminal procedure legislations, the priority should take the norms of substantive law, i.e. the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, while the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation should be brought into accord with the criminal law.

Keywords: nature of public danger, criminal policy, liberalization of legislation, humanization of legislation, judicial discretion, category of the crime, degree of public danger, practice of the court, crime, doctrine of criminal law

References:
Lopatina T.M. Sudeyskoe usmotrenie: teoriya i praktika regional'nogo primeneniya. Rezhim dostupa: SPS ŤKonsul'tantPlyusť. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/. (data obrashcheniya: 01.10.2018).
Khaydarov A.A. Pravo suda izmenit' kategoriyu prestupleniya na menee tyazhkuyu. Rezhim dostupa: SPS ŤKonsul'tantPlyusť. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/. (data obrashcheniya: 01.10.2018).
Obobshchenie sudebnoy praktiki po primeneniyu sudami Sverdlovskoy oblasti polozheniy ch. b st. 15 UK RF, reguliruyushchey izmenenie kategoriy prestupleniy, utv. Prezidiumom Sverdlovskogo oblastnogo suda ot 11.03.2015. Rezhim dostupa: Ofitsial'nyy sayt Sverdlovskogo oblastnogo suda. URL: oblsud.svd.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=docum_sud&id=211 (data obrashcheniya: 01.10.2018).
Trofimova G.A. Printsip sudebnogo usmotreniya: rasshirenie granits pravoprimeneniya. Rezhim dostupa: SPS ŤKonsul'tantPlyusť. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/. (data obrashcheniya: 01.10.2018).
Apellyatsionnoe postanovlenie

Reference:

Topilina T.. Validity of the expert testimony in criminal procedure // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 8. – P. 13-27.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the norms of the Russian and foreign legislation that regulate the validity of expert testimony in criminal procedure. The object of this research is the legal relations emerging in the course of verification and assessment of expert testimony from the perspective of its validity in criminal procedure. The author carefully examines the criteria of validity of expert testimony in the Russian Federation and the United States. Special attention is given to the criterion of general recognition of expert methodology. The author also reviews the question of the use of specialist opinion for contesting the expert testimony from the standpoint of validity. Based on the conducted analysis, the author states that unlike the U. S. legislation, the Russian legislation does not contain the requirements for validity of the expert testimony, which results in the absence of any competition between the criminal case experts. The author’s main contribution to the research of this topic consists in analyzing the criterion of the general recognition of methodology for settling the question of validity of the expert testimony in criminal procedure.

Keywords: EXPERT, THE RELIABILITY OF THE EXPERT TECHNIQUE, THE USE OF EXPERT METHODS, THE EVALUATION OF THE EXPERT, EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF EVIDENCE, JUDICIAL EXAMINATION, SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE, LEGAL EXPERTISE, EXPERTISE, EXPERT OPINION

References:
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 13 iyunya 1996 g. N 63-FZ (red. ot 13.07.2015) // SZ RF. 1996. 17 iyunya. N 25. st. 2954.
Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 18.12.2001 š 174-FZ (red. ot 13.07.2015) // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2001. 22 dekabrya. š 249.
Federal'nyy zakon ot 31.05.2001 š 73-FZ (red. ot 08.03.2015) ŤO gosudarstvennoy sudebno-ekspertnoy deyatel'nosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť // Parlamentskaya gazeta. š 100. 02.06.2001.
Ob advokatskoy deyatel'nosti i advokature v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Federal'nogo zakona ot 31 maya 2002 g. š 63-FZ (red. ot 13.07.2015) // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2002. 5 iyunya. š 100 St.2.
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 21.12.2010 š 28 "O sudebnoy ekspertize po ugolovnym delam" // Rossiyskaya gazeta. š 296. 30.12.2010.
Prikaz MVD Rossii ot 29.06.2005 N 511 (red. ot 18.01.2017) ŤVoprosy organizatsii proizvodstva sudebnykh ekspertiz v ekspertno-kriminalisticheskikh podrazdeleniyakh organov vnutrennikh del Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť (vmeste s ŤInstruktsiey po organi

Reference:

Kripinevich S.S.. Preparation for hearing of motion on investigative procedure in the criminal procedural law of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 6. – P. 1-7.

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Abstract: The object of this research is the criminal procedural relations forming in the course of preparation for trial within pretrial procedure on criminal cases, including hearing of motions on investigation. The author points out that certain aspects of judicial activity in such legal and social significance remain without proper attention from the legislator. The subject of the research is the institution of trial preparation. Its most interesting aspect is the differentiation of this institution, consequences of this process and its manifestation in the criminal procedural legislation. The author formulates proposals that would allow organizing the procedural work of the judge and other parties in the trial at the pretrial stage of the criminal procedure, including hearing of motions on investigation. Original proposals are devised and substantiated by the author pertaining to the form of realization of the pretrial preparation institution for hearing motions on investigation during pretrial in criminal cases.

Keywords: regulation, norm, branch of law, criminal procedural law, solicitation, lex, jurisprudence, classification of legal institutions, law, investigative actions

References:
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Rossinskiy S.B. Ugolovnyy protsess: uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2009. S. 3435.
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Ugolovno-protsessual'noe pravo: uchebnik dlya vuzov / Pod red. P.A. Lupinskoy. M., 1997. S. 3031.
Borodinova T.G. Institut peresmotra prigovorov v sovremennom ugolovno-protsessual'nom prave Rossiyskoy Federatsii: dis. d-ra yurid. nauk. Krasnodar, 2016. S. 49. 493 s.
Izvlechenie iz spravki Rostovskogo oblastnogo suda o rezul'tatakh provedennogo izucheniya i analiza sudebnoy praktiki polucheniya razresheniya na proizvodstvo sledstvennykh deystviy (stat'ya 165 U

Reference:

Ivanova I.A.. Subjective interest in administrative judicial procedure: problems of law enforcement // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 6. – P. 50-55.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the category of subjective interest in administrative judicial procedure. The article analyzes the regulation of the Article 128 (Section 3, Part 1) of the Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure of the Russian Federation that stipulates refusal in accepting an administrative statement of claim in determining by the court the lack of legal interest of an administrative plaintiff. The author considers the scientific positions and the practice of superior courts on the question of establishing by the court of legal interest of an administrative plaintiff in the absence of partied, as well as analyzes the question of interpretation of the concept of subjective interest of an administrative plaintiff, including in legal relations on environmental protection. The following conclusions were made in the course of this work: the question on subjective interest in administrative judicial procedure can be a separate object of dispute, and a plaintiff must be afforded an opportunity to adduce evidence in order to substantiate the presence of interest. The court refusal in accepting administrative statement of claim is inadmissible in case of potential violation of the socially important interests, which can affect the interests of an administrative plaintiff. The author’s special contribution lies in conclusion on the need for adopting clarifications by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federations on the extensive interpretation of the Article 11 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”.

Keywords: Supreme Court's case-law, environmental, preventive claim, Constitutional Court's case-law, administrative procedure Code of the Russian Federation, subjective right, personal interest, Administrative judicial procedure, challenging regulations, subject of law

References:
Tumanov D. A. O prave grazhdan na obrashchenie v sud s iskom o preduprezhdenii i presechenii prichineniya vreda okruzhayushchey srede // Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. 2017. š 9. S. 57 62.
Il'in A. V. Iski, napravlennye na predotvrashchenie prichineniya vreda okruzhayushchey srede, v kontekste ucheniya o sub'ektivnoy zainteresovannosti // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. 2016. š 10. S. 14 18
Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii // SZ RF. š 31. 04.08.2014. St. 4398.
Federal'nyy zakon ot 10.01.2002 š 7FZ ŤOb okhrane okruzhayushchey sredyť // SZ RF. š2. 14.01.2002. St. 133.
Yarkov V., Bonner A., Nikitin S., Tumanova L., Tay Yu., Arkhipov D., Ovcharova E., Golubok S., Chumakov A., Podoksenov M., Gavrilov E., Bulanov M., Shcherbakov N., Pleshanova O. Kodeks administrativnogo sudoproizvodstva: ozhidaniya i perspektivy // Zakon. 2015. š9 S. 18 32.
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 08.07.2004 š 238O ŤPo zhalobe grazhdanina Timonina Dmitriya Viktorovicha na narushenie ego konstitutsionnykh prav punktom 1

Reference:

Chirninov A.M.. Evaluation of proof in the constitutional judicial procedure of Russia and United States: arbitrary assessment of evidence or standards of proof? // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 2. – P. 1-8.

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Abstract: The article examines approaches to the assessment of evidence used by Russian and American courts. The main purpose of the paper was to identify the distinctive features of judicial review of legislation that a lawmaker should take into account while selecting optimal rules for the assessment of evidence in constitutional litigation. The author pays particular attention to the epistemological foundations and procedural aspects of a direct perception of evidence that leads to a conclusion on whether or not facts at issue exist. Using methods of comparative law and analyzing in detail the rules on the assessment of evidence, he determines the historical reasons why Russia adopted the concept of free evaluation of evidence, whereas the United States opted for the objective standards of proof, such as Ťpreponderance of the evidenceť, Ťclear and convincing evidenceť, and Ťbeyond a reasonable doubtť. The article demonstrates that rules on the assessment of evidence should take into consideration the structural properties inherent to constitutional litigation, including the consequences of the constitutional decision-making process, the necessity to decide constitutional cases on a probabilistic basis, and the generalized nature of facts affecting the constitutionality of laws.

Keywords: constitutional justice, inquisitorial system of justice, adversarial system of justice, standards of proof, free evaluation of evidence, constitutional litigation, assessment of evidence, legislative fact, probability, relevance of evidence

References:
Sward E.E. Values, Ideology, and the Evolution of the Adversary system // Indiana Law Journal. Vol. 64. 1989. No. 2. P. 301355.
Oliver-Lalana D. Due Post-legislative Process? On the Lawmakers Constitutional Duties of Monitoring and Revision // Rational Lawmaking under Review: Legisprudence According to the German Federal Constitutional Court / ed. by K. Meßerschmidt and D. Oliver-Lalana. Switzerland : Springer, 2016. P. 257294.
Pardo M. S. The Nature and Purpose of Evidence Theory // Vanderbilt Law Review. Vol. 66. 2013. No. 2. P. 547613.
McNaughton J. T. Burden of Production of Evidence: A Function of a Burden of Persuasion // Harvard Law Review. Vol. 68. 1955. No. 8. P. 13821391.
Larsen A. O. Confronting Supreme Court Fact Finding // Virginia Law Review. Vol. 98. 2012. No. 6. P. 12551312.
Hashimoto D.M. Science as Mythology in Constitutional Law // Oregon Law Review. Vol. 76. 1997. No. 1. P. 111153.
Langbein J. H. Historical Foundations of the Law of Evidence: A View from the R

Reference:

Kripinevich S.S.. Institution of preparation for trial in the Russian criminal procedure law and prospects of its development // Law and Politics. – 2018. – š 1. – P. 48-55.

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Abstract: The institution of preparation of criminal cases for trial is defined by the order of procedural actions and procedural decisions at the time of transfer of the criminal case from the prosecutor’s office to the court. The results of the corresponding criminal procedure work of the authorized subjects are defined by the efficiency of trial of the criminal case in court, including such aspect as speediness of trial of the criminal case. The importance of the procedural tasks before the institution of preparation of criminal cases, the need for optimization of the ways and means of their solution actualizes the academic research on the corresponding issues. One of the factors contributing to current increase of academic interest towards this institution is the development of judicial work at the pretrial stages, which seems to require advancement and normative formalization of the precepts of preparation for trial in cases submitted to court by the parties of the criminal justice according to the Article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, recommendation of the branch of preliminary investigation on detective work, execution of preventative measures, etc.

Keywords: Pretrial, Legal norms, Trial, Jurisprudence, Law, Judicial process, Court session, Preparation, Institution, Criminal procedure law

References:
O praktike rassmotreniya sudami khodataystv o proizvodstve sledstvennykh deystviy, svyazannykh s ogranicheniem konstitutsionnykh prav grazhdan (stat'ya 165 UPK RF): postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 1 iyunya 2017 g. š 19 // Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. š 7. 2017.
Yakovleva L.V., Kharchenko I.R. Ugolovnyy protsess. Chast' obshchaya. Kurs lektsiy. Krasnodar: KrU MVD Rossii, 2009. S. 22. 268 s.
Kobylinskaya S.V. Barannikov A.A. Stadiya podgotovki dela k sudeb-nomu zasedaniyu v sovremennom rossiyskom ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve // Politematicheskiy sete-voy elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal Kubanskogo gos. agrarnogo un-ta. 2014.
Dolgushin D.A. Advokat i ego deyatel'nost' v protsesse izbraniya mery presecheniya v vide domashnego aresta i zaklyucheniya pod strazhu // Obshchestvo i pravo. 2009. š 1 (23). S. 259-262.
Gus'kova A.P. UPK RF novoe soderzhanie, novaya protsessual'naya forma // Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2004. š 3. S.4-8.
Obzor sudebnoy statistiki o deyatel'nosti federal'nykh sudov obshchey yurisdiktsii i mirov

Reference:

Timoshina E.V.. Methodology of judicial interpretation: genesis and evolution of realistic approach // Law and Politics. – 2017. – š 12. – P. 1-13.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the processes and genesis of the evolution of realistic approach towards the methodology of judicial interpretation in comparison to formalistic style of judicial interpretation. Based on the references of the works of the representatives of the school of free will, American and Scandinavian legal realism, as well as modern neorealism, the author determines the key characteristics of the genesis and evolution of realism as a style of judicial interpretation, expounds the trends of its development, answers the question of causes for the leading position of this approach in the modern legal doctrine, primarily in other countries, as well as the policy of judicial interpretation. The novelty of the conducted research consists in determining the trends of evolution of the realistic approach, which evolved (1) from recognition of ambiguity of the meaning of the legal text as the object of interpretation – to the thesis on excessiveness of text for execution of the act of interpretation; (2) from recognition of allowability of textual substitution of interpretation – to establishing the exclusivity of creative interpretation as a specific function of the court; (3) from recognition of limitation of the cognitive function of interpretation – to establishing voluntaristic nature of the act of interpretation; (4) from recognition of institutional limitations, placed on the courts by the principle of delegation of power – to establishment of judicial authority as a new subject of sovereignty.

Keywords: judicial law-making, the school of free law, judicial formalism, the neorealist theory of interpretation, legal realism, methodology of judicial interpretation, creative interpretation, legal positivism, revived natural law, constitutional justice

References:
Perelman Ch., Olbrechts-Tyteca L. The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation / Transl. by J. Wilkinson and P. Weaver. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. 1969. 566 rp.
Llewellyn K. N. The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown, 1960. 565 rp.
Muller I. Hitler's Justice. The Courts of the Third Reich / transl. by D. L. Schneider. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994. 349 rp.
Llewellyn K. N. Jurisprudence: Realism in Theory and Practice. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962. viii, 531 rp.
Kelsen H. Legal Formalism and the Pure Theory of Law // Weimar: a Jurisprudence of Crisis / ed. by Arthur J. Jacobson and Berhnard Schlink, transl. by Belinda Cooper with Peter C. Caldwell [et al.]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. P. 7683.
Erlikh O. Osnovopolozhenie sotsiologii prava / per. s nem. M. V. Antonova; pod red. V. G. Grafskogo, Yu. I. Grevtsova. SPb.: Izd. dom S.-Peterb. gos. un-ta, 2011. 704 s.
Shmitt K. Fyur

Reference:

Belikova K.M.. Some aspects of marriage and family relations of India from the position of the courts // Law and Politics. – 2017. – š 9. – P. 52-61.

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Abstract: The subject matter of this article comprises legal aspects of marriage and divorce relations of India - one of the biggest partners of Russia – from the position of Indian courts to the questions of procedural resolution of such relations. Marriage and family are the most traditional legal institutions, but even they have changed over time. The article covers the most important facets of the functionality of marriage and family relations – marriage and divorce. The author comes from the subjective-objective orientation processes and phenomena in the surrounding world. From this position, the author uses general scientific methods (system analysis and synthesis of normative and practical materials, etc.) and special legal methods of legal research (comparative, of interpretation of legal norms, etc.). The main conclusions of the research are that approaches vary depending on the personal status of spousal approaches to several issues in the field of marriage and family relations: alimony, consideration of needs of one of the divorcing spouses (usually women), etc. These differentiated approaches provide obstacles to the creation of a uniform regime of such relationship while the case law follows life, filling norms with content that is adequate to life, in order to give full protection to the rights of the spouse receiving support. The results presented in this article are the source of relevant and up to date information about the existing law of one of the fastest growing countries in the world, and thus can be useful for practitioners with ties to India, as well as law enforcement bodies in Russia. It also serves as a source of valuable information that enriches the domestic private law.

Keywords: alimony, property, courts, personal status, legal precedent, divorce, family, marriage, India, children

References:
V Indii razvedennye zhenshchiny ne poluchat alimentov, esli vstupyat v svyaz' s novym muzhchinoy. 20 avg 2015. URL: https://www.pravda.ru/news/world/20-08-2015/1271731-indian-0/ (data obrashcheniya: 19.07.2017)
Akhmadova M.A. Nekotorye usloviya truda v prave Indii. // Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya pamyati V.K. Puchinskogo ŤSravnitel'no-pravovye aspekty pravootnosheniy grazhdanskogo oborota v sovremennom mireť 14 oktyabrya 2016: Sbornik statey.-M.: RUDN, 2016. S. 107-113 (420 s.
Pinky Anand. Family law in India: overview. 01-May-2015. URL: http://ca.practicallaw.com/6-581-5985 (21.06.2017)
AIR 2001 SC 3958. URL: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/410660/ (data obrashcheniya: 22.06.2017)
(2011) 7 Scale 741. URL: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/328578/ (data obrashcheniya: 22.06.2017)
Krasheninnikova N. A. Indusskoe pravo: istoriya i sovremennost'. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1982.-S. 79.
Mozolin V.P. Lichnost', pravo, ekonomika sovremennoy Indii-M.: Nauka, 1979.-S. 81.
Badaeva N.V. Veshchnoe pravo stran BRIKS: natsional'nye osob

Reference:

Belikova K.M.. The role of judicial interpretations in development of matrimonial law in the Peoples Republic of China (certain aspects) // Law and Politics. – 2017. – š 7. – P. 48-55.

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Abstract: The subject of this article is the legal aspects of matrimonial relations in of the largest partners of Russia – China, from the perspective of determining the role of judicial interpretation in evolution of the procedural practice in this sphere. The traditional family law is considered a legal branch that is less affected by changes; however, the changes take place. The author covers the most essential aspects of functionality of the matrimonial relations – since the conclusion of marriage up until divorce. Special attention is given to the question of appraisal of judicial interpretation by the citizens of People’s Republic of China. The author leans on the subjective-objective set of the processes and phenomena in the surrounding world. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in the position that under the conditions of ambiguity and contradiction of the approaches of legislation and judicial practice, people themselves take on the protection of their rights. Results of the work serve as a source of relevant information on the acting law of one of the dynamically developing countries of the world, and thus, can be valuable for the practitioners who maintain ties with China, as well as the law enforcement agencies in Russia; it also enriches the science of the national private law.

Keywords: property jointly owned, spouses, judicial Interpretations, litigation, divorce, family, marriage, China, personal property, community property

References:
Li Sh. Rossiysko-kitayskie otnosheniya na sovremennom etape // Molodoy uche-nyy. 2016. š15. S. 355-357.
Zakon prinyat na 3-y sessii Vsekitayskogo sobraniya narodnykh predstaviteley 5-go sozyva 10 sentyabrya 1980 g.; v Zakon vneseny izmeneniya v sootvetstvii s Resheniem ŤO vnesenii izmeneniy v Zakon KNR ŤO brakeť na 21-m zasedanii Postoyannogo komiteta VSNP 9-go sozyva 28 aprelya 2001 g. URL: http://chinahelp.me/registry-office/zakon-knr-o-brake (data obrashcheniya: 21.06.2017)
Interpretation No. I of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues in the Application of Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, which were adopted at the 1202nd Meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on December 24, 2001, are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of December 27, 2001. URL: http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?cgid=38081&lib=law (data obrashcheniya: 26.05.2017)
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Appli-cation of the Marriage Law of the People's

Reference:

Bagautdinov R.R.. Complex approach towards unification of the norms of civil and arbitrary procedures // Law and Politics. – 2017. – š 3. – P. 30-36.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the application of complex approach towards unification of the norms of civil and arbitrary procedures, as well as consideration of the international experience, successful, implementation of civil law institutions within one group of countries that are unique to these countries, results of scientific examination, historical experience, and account of the established judicial practice in their combination and interconnection as the single complex of conditions necessary for exclusion of the conflicts in unification of the norms of civil and arbitrary procedures in the Russian Federation. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in the following: there is a need for taking into account the cross-sectoral vector of development and improvement of law, and because the norms of substantive law are closely related to the norms of procedural law, as well as are mutually complementing, emerges the demand in organization of the lawmaking process, considering a specific doctrine. The author suggest systematization of the scientific examination on unification of the norms of civil and arbitrary procedures according to the doctrinal affiliation for the appropriate understanding of applicability of the context of solution, proposed by the result of the research.

Keywords: paradigm of civil procedure , concept of the Unified Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, context of solutions, complex approach, systematic approach, systematization, harmonization of procedural law, civil procedure law, reform of the civil law, codification

References:
Gabov A.V., Ganicheva E.S., Glazkova M.E., Zhuykov V.M., Kovtkov D.I., Lesnitskaya L.F., Marysheva N.I., Shelyutto M.L. Kontseptsiya edinogo Grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo kodeksa: predlozheniya Instituta zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya pri Pravitel'stve RF // Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava. 2015. š 5. S. 5-25.
Demichev A.A., Isaenkova O.V. Netraditsionnye istochniki grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo prava Rossii // EZh-Yurist. 2006. š 33. S. 9.
Murad'yan E.M. Sudebnoe pravo. SPb., 2007. S. 60.
Vorontsova I.V. Normy mezhdunarodnogo prava kak istochnik grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo prava. Diss. .. d-ra yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2015. S. 35.
Tsivilisticheskiy protsess sovremennoy Rossii: problemy i perspektivy: monografiya / A.T. Bonner, N.A. Gromoshina, T.V. Dokuchaeva [i dr.]; pod red. N.A. Gromoshinoy. M.: Prospekt, 2017. S. 33.
Ryazanovskiy V.A. Edinstvo protsessa. M. 2005. S. 79.
Nefed'ev E.A. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva. 3-e izd. M., 1908. S. 5-7.
Sherstyuk V.M. Perekhod kolichestva v kachestvo v grazhdan

Reference:

Danielyan A.S.. Role and importance of the Supreme Court of Israel in organization and functioning of the national legal system // Law and Politics. – 2017. – š 3. – P. 86-95.

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Abstract: This article describes the evolution of cultural and legal views of the Supreme Court, which served as a starting point in formation and maintenance of the constitutional rights and freedoms in the Israeli society. The author examines the main stages of the Israeli Supreme Court, as well as provides a description of the main elements that influenced the formation of modern image of the Supreme Court and its role in establishing the legal culture of Israeli society. Particular attention is given to the transformation that took place in the work of the highest judicial authority of the State of Israel over the period of 1980-1990, which consists in transition towards the policy of judicial activism. The goal of the research lies in examination of activities of the Supreme Court of Israel, the analysis of the Court's role in the national legal system and its impact on the legal culture of the Israeli society. Based on the result of this work, the author concludes that the Supreme Court of Israel has played an important role in establishing and ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms to Israeli society, and until present day, is the founder of legal innovations in the country.

Keywords: legal convergence, case law, common law, mixed jurisdiction, Supreme Court, Israeli legal system, Israel, legal environment, judicial branch, judicial activism

References:
Barak, A. Some Reflections on the Israeli Legal System and its Judiciary / A. Barak // Electronic Journal of Comparative Law. 2002. Vol. 6.1. April. P. 1-10.
Chen, Albert H.Y. Pathways of Western Liberal Constitutional Development in Asia: A Comparative Study of Five Major Nations / A.H.Y. Chen // International Journal of Constitutional Law.-2010.-Vol. 8.-š.4.-P. 849884.
David, R. Major Legal Systems in the World Today / R. David, J. E. C. Brierley. 3rd ed. London : Stevens & Sons, 1985. 650 p.
Edelman, M. Israel. / M. Edelman // The Global Expansion of Judicial Power / eds. by N. Tate, T. Vallinder. New York : New York University Press, 1995.-P.403-415.
Goldstein, S. Israel Report. / S. Goldstein / Mixed Jurisdictions Worldwide: The Third Legal Family / ed. by Palmer Vernon V.-New York : Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 448-468.
Guinier, L. Courting the People: Demosprudence and the Law/Politics Divide / L. Guinier // Boston University Law Review.-2009.-89.-P. 539561.

Reference:

Reshetnyak V.I.. E-justice in Australias civil process // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 12. – P. 1513-1517.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the examination of the use of information technologies in judicial system of Australia. For implementation of the new ways of handling cases, improvement of the access to the system of justice and increase of its efficiency, Australias judicial system develops the e-court strategy, which is called to encourage the achievement of goals of procedures, as well as provides multiple new opportunities, for example: informing citizens and lawyers about the work of courts in its various manifestations; ensuring accessibility of court rulings in civil cases for broad range of public; electronic data maintenance; electronic court filing; online court proceedings; system of case management; communication and circulation of documents between the court and the participants of the process or parties in the judicial procedure; substantiation by the parties of their position, creation of factual material, and provision of evidence to the court in the course of the legal case. The author demonstrates that the use of information technologies allows reducing the time required to conclude the case, decrease the cost of the procedure, simplify the process, as well as ensure the openness and accessibility of the court, increase efficiency of justice on civil cases. The conclusion is made that under the current conditions, the improvement of judicial system, including Russian, is associated with the development of information and communication technologies and their impactful use in the legal field.

Keywords: Parties, Court case, Australias judicial system, Russias legal system, System of electronic filing, Openness of the court, Efficiency of justice, E-justice, Information technologies, Civil process

References:
Abdulvaliev A.F. Predposylki i perspektivy vnedreniya elektronnoy formy ugolovnogo dela v deyatel'nost' sudebnykh organov // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 5. - C. 150 - 164. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2013.5.345. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_345.html
Khaliullin A.I. Vnedrenie elektronnogo dokumentooborota v deyatel'nost' pravookhranitel'nykh organov gosudarstv Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv // Kibernetika i programmirovanie. - 2013. - 6. - C. 12 - 16. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4196.2013.6.10279. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/kp/article_10279.html
Bogdan V.V. Nekotorye osobennosti realizatsii prava potrebiteley na sudebnuyu zashchitu // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2015. - 2. - C. 40 - 58. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2015.2.14074. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_14074.html
Ofitsial'nyy sayt Federal'nogo suda Avstralii //URL:http://www.fedcourt.gov.au
Fedoseeva N. N., Chaykovskaya M. A. Elektronnoe pravosudie v Rossii i v mire // Administrator suda. 2011. š 3.
Sbo

Reference:

Papina M.A.. Implementation of the Articles 12, 75, and 225 of the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation by the arbitration courts: certain issues // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 11. – P. 1346-1350.

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Abstract: This article represents an attempt to determine the existing gaps in legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as suggests the ways for their solution within the framework of protection of rights of the Russian and foreign citizens and legal entities. The goal of this research is the comprehensive reconstruction of the process of implementation of the international treaties of the Russian Federation and national legislation, using translation of the written evidence by arbitration courts in Russia. Generalizations and conclusions contained in this work can be applied in development of the course of lectures regarding the issues of the international private law; delivering lectures of the arbitration procedure guidelines; preparation of textbooks on international private law and arbitration procedure in the Russian Federation; and further scientific formulation of the topic. The article is written based on generalization of the extensive judicial practice of the arbitration courts, comparative-contrastive analysis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, corresponding bilateral, regional, and multilateral agreements and conventions. The topic of the use of the documents comprised by the courts in foreign languages has always been of great interest for the Russian science. However, only individual chapters of textbooks or articles were dedicated to this problematic. At the same time, the emerging questions were usually examined in the context of separate scientific disciplines (arbitration procedure, international private law, etc.). Relevant issues such as forwarding of the court decisions in address of the foreign courts and execution of the instructions from foreign courts, as well as recognition of foreign documents by a court of the Russian Federation that reviews certain arbitration cases, require detailed examination. The results of the research fulfil the lack of information pertaining to the role of the interpreter in practice of the arbitration courts of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to pass the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On State Interpreters”. The solution of the stated problem will allow ensuring legal support of the citizens of Russia in the constantly changing market circumstances.

Keywords: Diploma, State civil service, Legal aid, Written evidence, Notary, Interpreter, Judicial system, Foreign entity, Legislation, International treaties of the Russian Federation

References:
E. V. Tokareva. Ponyatie publichnogo interesa v tsivilisticheskom protsesse // Pravo i politika. 2011. š 8. S. 104-107.
D. B. Lopatin. Problemy vybora i primeneniya prava v mezhdunarodnom kommercheskom arbitrazhe // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2011. š 5.
Vinnikov A.V.. Politseiskii i sudebnyi perevod. Slovo v zashchitu rossiiskogo zakonodatel'stva // Politseiskaya deyatel'nost'. 2012. š 4. S. 104-107.
Kustova M.V.. Pravovye problemy platy za uslugi, neobkhodimye i obyazatel'nye dlya predostavleniya uslug organami publichnoi vlasti // Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie. 2014. š 1. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2310-0508.2014.1.9887.
Nesmelov P.V.. K voprosu o konfidentsial'noi informatsii v administrativnom prave // Politseiskaya deyatel'nost'. 2012. š 4. S. 104-107
Grigor'eva O.G. Razrabotka sposobov vneshnikh snoshenii Sovetskogo Soyuza po voprosam okazaniya mezhdunarodnoi pravovoi pomoshchi po grazhdanskim delam // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. - 2013. - 1. - C. 171

Reference:

Idirov E.I.. On some issues of improving the work of a magistrate in the Republic of Kazakhstan // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 10. – P. 1313-1317.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the procedural work of magistrates introduced into the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan from the beginning of 2015. The author draws attention to the fact that the scope of authority of the new procedural figure is not sufficient for proper and independent execution of judicial control at the pretrial stage of criminal process. Portion of authority by the new Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan was also part of the competency of the court. Based on this fact, the author proposes a comprehensive solution to the issues of improving the work of the magistrate. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research are the proposals for improvements to the work of magistrates, which are not completely verified from the perspective of scientific substantiation and practical implementation, but have the goal to attempt to examine the benefits and flaws of the new institution to ensure protection of citizens, improvement of the quality of the pretrial investigation, and judicial control at the pretrial stage of the judicial process.

Keywords: Control over investigation, Justice, Sanctioning, Judicial control, Pretrial process, Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakh, Criminal procedure, Magistrate, Judge, Court

References:
Idirov E.I. Pravovoy status sledstvennogo sud'i v Respublike Kazakhstan // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2016. - 9. - C. 53 - 57. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2016.9.19996. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_19996.html
Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 4 iyulya 2014 goda š 231-V ZRK. "Kazakhstanskaya pravda" ot 10.07.2014 š 133(27754).
Dos'e ITS na proekt Ugolovno-protsessual'nogo kodeksa Respubliki Kazakhstan. http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31122244 (data obrashcheniya 08.09.2016 goda.
Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 13 dekabrya 1997 goda š 206. Utratil silu Kodeksom Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 4 iyulya 2014 goda š 231.
Golovko L.V. Sledstvennye sud'i ili ocherednoy raund Ťamerikanizatsiiť rossiyskogo ugolovnogo protsessa? Sbornik ŤApparat vlasti sledstvennoyť / Pod obshch. red. N.A. Kolokolova. M.: Yurlitinform. S. 319-324.
Kovtun N.N. Institut spetsializirovannykh sledstvennykh sudey: k diskussii o vektorakh zakonodatel'noy voli

Reference:

Brezhnev O.V.. Establishment and research of the factual circumstances at the constitutional legal proceedings: theoretical and practical issues // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 9. – P. 1155-1161.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal relations, arising in the sphere of constitutional legal proceedings in establishing and researching the factual circumstances of the case. In comparative terms the author shows the amount of the factual circumstances, researched at various stages of the constitutional justice, and reveals the procedural specifics of their establishment, depending on the organizational form of constitutional legal proceedings and features of the concrete power of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Emphasis is made on the difference between the constitutional legal proceedings in respect to the establishment and research of the factual circumstances and other procedural forms of the judicial power. Based on an analysis of the legislation and judicial practice the author determines an auxiliary and subsidiary role of the factual circumstances in the course of the proceedings, subordinate to the Constitutional Court. Taking into account the prospects of development of justice in Russia the author demonstrates the procedural means for the establishment of these circumstances, highlights the most significant current trends regarding the impact of the need to research the factual circumstances to determine the competence of the body of constitutional control.

Keywords: justice, powers, norm, constitution, inquiry, legislation, factual circumstances, court, proceedings, process

References:
Mokoseeva M.A. Resheniya organov konstitutsionnoi yustitsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii:norma prava ili yuridicheskaya formal'nost' // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2015. š 9. C. 967 - 977. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2015.9.16194.
Sokolov T.V. Sushchnost' konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva v kontekste doktriny sudebnogo prava // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2014. š 2. C. 206 - 219. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.2.11171.
Brezhnev O.V. Kodeks administrativnogo sudoproizvodstva Rossiiskoi Federatsii o razgranichenii podvedomstvennosti i osobennostyakh vzaimodeistviya mezhdu sudami obshchei yurisdiktsii i organami konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2015. š 6. C. 626 - 633. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2015.6.15389.
Sergevnin S.L. Konstitutsionnyi normokontrol' i otdel'nye obshcheteoreticheskie problemy sudebnogo pravotvorchestva // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2009. š 22. S. 6-10.
Taribo E.V. K voprosu ob ustanovlenii i issledovanii fakticheskikh obstoyatel'stv v ko

Reference:

Lichidov A.A.. Claim on recognition of real right as non-existent in disputes on the rights to real estate // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 9. – P. 1149-1154.

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Abstract: This article examines the problematic issues pertaining to means of defense of civil rights. The author explores the possibility of defense against violation of rights through the means unlisted in the Russian Civil legislation, as well as the practice of their application in arbitration courts. Analysis is conducted on the points of views that exist in legal literature regarding the discussion on applicability of the norms on laches towards the demand for recognition of the right to ownership and claim to recognition absence of the real right. This work raises the issue of the possibility of application of claim to recognize the absence of real right in liability dispute. The author also examines the issue of implementation of the term of laches on claims to recognize the absence of real right, as well as the justification of the possibility to apply this term in a claim. A comparison is made between the declaratory judgment and nugatory claim.

Keywords: Real estate, Laches, Dispute, Real right, Real action, Claim, Declaratory judgment, Court, Civil law, right

References:
S. 49-56. Vitryanskiy V.V., Braginskiy M.I. Dogovornoe pravo. kniga pervaya. M.: Statut, 2012.-847 c. Krasnova S.A. Teoreticheskie osnovy klassifikatsii grazhdansko-pravovykh sposobov zashchity // Rossiyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2011. š
S. 170-176. Podshivalov T.P. Pravovaya priroda iska ob osparivanii zaregistrirovannogo prava na nedvizhimost' // Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava. 2014. š 5. S. 76-83. Podshivalov T.P. Opredelenie nadlezhashchego sposoba zashchity veshchnykh prav v arbitrazhnoy praktike // Vestnik arbitrazhnoy praktiki. 2013. š 1. S. 13-17

Reference:

Zheldybina T.A.. Judicial practice and legal precedent: acceptance as the source of law in light of modernization of lawmaking in Russia // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 8. – P. 1060-1067.

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Abstract: The problem of judicial lawmaking is one of the relevant for the modern legal science. The subject of this research is judicial practice and legal precedent as the possible, acceptable, and valid sources of Russian law. The goal of this work consists in development of the theoretical positions, which contain substantiation of the importance of the official recognition of judicial practice and legal precedent as the sources of law in the conditions of promotion of the judicial reform along with the work on harmonization of legislation. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to examine a complex of questions pertaining to inclusion of the judicial practice and legal precedent into the ranks of the sources of law in light of modernization of the Russian lawmaking. The author suggests theoretical positions and practical recommendations which allow developing the doctrine of judicial practice and legal precedent in Russia.

Keywords: Internationalization of legislation, Globalization of law, Judicial authority, Law enforcement, Judicial legal provisions, Sources of law, Lawmaking, Prejudice, Legal precedent, Judicial practice

References:
Usanov V.E. Sudebnyi pretsedent: problemy konvergentsii v rossiiskuyu pravovuyu sistemu // Aktual'nye problemy rossiiskogo prava. 2008. š 2(7).
Smirnova M.G. Pravopolozheniya sudebnoi praktiki kak netipichnyi istochnik prava // Leningradskii yuridicheskii zhurnal.2006. š 1.
Neshataeva T.N. K voprosu ob istochnikakh prava sudebnom pretsedente i doktrine // Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2000. š 5 (90).
Marchenko M.N. Sudebnyi pretsedent: raznoobrazie ponyatii i mnogoobrazie form proyavleniya // Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2006. š 6.
Marchenko M.N. Sudebnoe pravotvorchestvo i sudeiskoe pravo. M.: TK Velbi, Izd-vo Prospekt, 2008.
Malyshev Kr. Kurs obshchego grazhdanskogo prava Rossii. T.1. SPb., 1880.
Lazarev V.V. Normativnaya priroda sudebnogo pretsedenta // Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2012. š 4.
Krasina E.N. Mezhdunarodnyi sudebnyi pretsedent kak element modernizatsii pravovoi sistemy Rossii // Uchenye trudy Rossiiskoi Akademii advokatury i notariata.2011

Reference:

Panokin A.M.. Examination of new evidence in the court of appeals // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 7. – P. 902-909.

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Abstract: This work studies the issues of proof in the court of appeals, namely the questions of examination of new evidence, which received the assessment of the court of first instance, examinations on file that were not examined by the court of first instance, as well as examinations by the same rules of new evidence presented by the parties. An important place belongs to the analysis of the normative legal regulations and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and courts of appeal of a number of the constituents of the Russian Federation on the issue of examination of new evidence in the courts of appeal. The author makes a conclusion on the need to overcome the current practice of hearing of a case in a court of appeals without examination of evidence, which does not allow to increase the level of legal protection of rights, freedoms, and legal interests of citizens and organizations involved in the sphere of criminal procedure that are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Keywords: Proof, Verification of evidence, Examination of evidence, Additional materials, Cassation, New evidence, Evidence, Court of appeals, Court of first instance, Appeal

References:
Solov'eva N. A., Trishina N. T. Yuridiko-fakticheskaya proverka prigovora v apellyatsionnom proizvodstve: monografiya. M., 2013. 184 S.
Shmeleva E. S. Pravovoe regulirovanie apellyatsionnogo proizvodstva v sovremennom rossiyskom ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: monografiya. Orenburg, 2009. 322 S
Chervotkin A. S. Apellyatsiya i kassatsiya: posobie dlya sudey. M., 2013. 336 S.
Smirnov A. V. Reforma poryadka peresmotra sudebnykh resheniy po ugolovnym delam: apellyatsiya//SPS ŤKonsul'tantPlyusť. 2011.
Potapov V. D. Osnovnye nachala proverki sudebnykh resheniy v kontrol'no-proverochnykh stadiyakh i proizvodstvakh ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva Rossii: monografiya//red.: Zaytsev O. A. M., 2012. 376 S.
Panokin A. M. Poryadok rassmotreniya soobshcheniya o prestuplenii v ugolovnom protsesse//Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava. 2013. š 11 (36). S. 1461-1465.
Petrukhin I. L. Zapret povorota k khudshemu v rossiyskom ugolovnom protsesse//Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2006. š 3. S. 46-53.
Panokin A. M. Zaderz

Reference:

Filimonov I.A., Filimonov A.A.. Theory and practice of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 6. – P. 754-760.

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Abstract: The authors consider the law enforcement aspects of the sentencing in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities as a punishment for certain crimes. In the course of the investigation the authors used the formal-logical method, systemic analysis, comparative law, questionnaires, surveys and statistical method. The authors draw attention to the need to increase the application of the penalty of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities as an additional punishment in cases of corruption offenses. It is noted that in a number of articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code specifies commission of a crime by a person using his official position is an aggravating circumstance, but the penalties do not list the aforementioned method of punishment. The authors substantiate the feasibility of introducing sanctions in a number of articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code the penalty of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities as a mandatory additional penalty. Proposals are made to appointment of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities of punishment by restricting the scope of the prohibition, in particular by reference to the performance of specific powers (for example, healthcare workers).

Keywords: imposition of sentence, criminal penalties, crime, officer, work, title, deprivation of rights, sentence, official authority, legal precedent

References:
Ramazanov A.Zh. Nakazaniya, ne svyazannye s lisheniem svobody (voprosy teorii i praktiki): Ucheb. posobie / Pod obshch. red. E.V. Seredy.-SPb.: Izd-vo yurid. in-ta, 2002. S 79.
Gorelik I.I., Tishkevich I.S. Voprosy ugolovnogo prava v praktike Verkhovnogo Suda BSSR. Minsk, 1973. S. 162.
Grigonis E.P., Leont'ev O.V. Otvetstvennost' za prestupleniya, sovershennye medrabotnikami. SPb., 2008. S. 76.
Osnovy meditsinskogo prava Rossii / Pod red. Yu.D. Sergeeva. M., 2007. S. 54
Glashev A.A. Meditsinskoe pravo: Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlya yuristov i medikov. M., 2004. S. 51.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma Khabarovskogo kraevogo suda ot 14.03.2011 š 44-u-63/2011 // SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť. Prigovor po delu o sluzhebnom podloge i poluchenii dolzhnostnym litsom vzyatki za nezakonnye deistviya izmenen: utochneno naznachennoe osuzhdennoi dopolnitel'noe nakazanie kak lishenie prava zanimat'sya vrachebnoi deyatel'nost'yu, svyazannoi s osushchestvleniem organizatsionno-rasporyaditel'nykh i khozyaistvennykh

Reference:

Yarovenko V.V.. Participation of attesting witnesses in an investigation // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 6. – P. 746-753.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal regulation of the participation of the attesting witnesses in investigations. The author gives attention to the legislative changes of the institution of attesting witnesses in Russia, which prompted a discussion among both, scholars and legal professionals. The article explores various opinions of scholars and the investigative-legal practice of investigative work involving attesting witnesses. An undefined, and an important from the practical point of view factor, is the questioning of the attesting witness on the witness stand and acceptance of their statement as proof. The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need for changes in the participation of attesting witnesses in investigations with consideration of the realities of today. A guarantee of the validity of evidence will in time be ensured by use of technological means of recording of facts used by the investigators and specialists, rather than by participation of attesting witness in investigations. In order to exclude the problem of validity of the recording of evidence via technological means, it is necessary to implement Part 2 of the Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes responsibility of the detectives and investigators for falsification of evidence.

Keywords: Testimony, Investigation, Evidence, Attesting witness, Protection, Recording, Technological means, Court, Investigator, Inquiry

References:
Glushchenko O.P. Razvitie ugolovno-protsessual'nogo zakonodatel'stva o privlechenii ponyatykh dlya uchastiya v sledstvennykh deistviyakh // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2015. š 6. C. 787-792. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2015.6.15593.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie VS RF ot 19.04.2011 delo š 80-011-7
Ryabtseva E.V. Zloupotreblenie pravom v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstva. M., 2013. S. 43.
Sergeich P. Iskusstvo rechi na sude. M., 1988. S. 122.
Tomin V.T. Ostrye ugly ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1991. S. 193-194.
Yarovenko V.V. Tekhniko-kriminalisticheskoe obespechenie fiksatsii khoda i rezul'tatov sledstvennogo deistviya // Sbornik nauchnykh trudov SWorld. Vyp. 3. T. 32. Odessa: KUPRIENKO SV, 2013. S. 47-50.
Federal'nyi zakon ot 4 marta 2013 g. N 23-FZ "O vnesenii izmenenii v stat'i 62 i 303 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Ugolovno-protsessual'nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii" (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // Sistema GARANT: http://base.garant.ru/70326874/#ixzz3d

Reference:

Kurza N.V.. Problems of judicial interpretation of the provisions of administrative regulations in implementation of administrative procedure // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 626-631.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the judicial practice in cases that challenge the provisions of administrative regulations. In connection with the entry into force of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Russian Federation the practice is in its infancy, and we can see the transformation of the judicial interpretation of disputes in cases arising from public relations. Administrative Regulations establish the procedures for the implementation of certain types of state control, and as such, may limit the rights and legal interests of citizens and organizations. The object of this research is public relations arising in the sphere of protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in the courts. The author carefully examines the features of the administrative regulations as regulatory legal acts. The scientific novelty of this research is substantiated by the author's approach to the establishment of the legal nature of administrative regulations, as well as identification of the prerequisites for increasing the quality of these legal regulations. Summarizing the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court, the author makes a number of proposals aimed at optimization of overcoming gaps in administrative regulations by means of judicial interpretation. Key findings of the study concern the issues of increase of efficiency of the administrative proceedings.

Keywords: constitutional control, legal certainty, administrative jurisdiction, court, administrative regulations, legal regulation, normative legal act, judicial interpretation, administrative claim, public service

References:
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 17.11.1997 š 17-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti postanovlenii Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federal'nogo sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 21 iyulya 1995 g. š 1090-1 GD ŤO nekotorykh voprosakh primeneniya Federal'nogo zakona ŤO vnesenii izmenenii i dopolnenii v Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii ŤO statuse sudei v Rossiiskoi Federatsiiťť i ot 11 oktyabrya 1996 g. š 682-II GD ŤO poryadke primeneniya punkta 2 stat'i 855 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsiiťť // Ros. gaz. 1997. 22 noyab.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 31.03.2015 š 6-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti punkta 1 chasti 4 stat'i 2 Federal'nogo konstitutsionnogo zakona ŤO Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť i abzatsa tret'ego podpunkta 1 punkta 1 stat'i 342 Nalogovogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii v svyazi s zhaloboi otkrytogo aktsionernogo obshchestva ŤGazprom-neft'ť // Ros. gaz. 2015. 3 apr.
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 29.11.2007 š 48 ŤO praktike rassmot

Reference:

Abdulin R.S.. The place and role of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (RSFSR) and Russian Federation within judicial administration // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 619-625.

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Abstract: This article is dedicated to the place and role of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (RSFSR) and Russian Federation within judicial administration and internal systemic administration of the modern judicial authority. The author raises the question about the legal nature of the ruling positions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (RSFSR) and Russian Federation, since there is no concurrence on this matter and the issue continues to remain controversial. The author comes to the conclusion that the status of the rulings of the of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (RSFSR) and Russian Federation is not correctly formulated within legislative acts. The competency of the Plenum de jure is the interpretation and clarification of the acting legislation, while de facto is practically the current authority of judicial administration, which combines various branches of cognition and administration. The scientific novelty is established by the very posing of the question and by the fact that the goals and tasks in this article have not yet been approached from this perspective within Russian juridical science. The author makes an attempt to understand the process of activity of this collegial branch within judicial administration during the Soviet era and the internal systemic administration of the present time.

Keywords: judicial community, modern era, Soviet, systemic administration, judicial administration, Plenum, Supreme court, juridical nature, interpretation and clarification, administrative body

References:
Gusev A., Koldin V. Aktual'nye problemy informatizatsii sudov // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2002. š 3. S. 2.
Gur'ev A.A. Ob ustroenii verkhovnogo upravleniya v Rossii. SPb., 1893. S. 71.
Cherkasov K.V. K voprosu o soderzhanii ponyatiya Ťgosudarstvennoe upravlenieť v rossiyskoy yuridicheskoy nauke // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2008. š 11.
Zinov'ev A.A. Logicheskaya sotsiologiya. M., 2008. S. 102.
Gusev S.I. Rukovodyashchie raz'yasneniya Plenumov Verkhovnykh Sudov vazhnoe sredstvo ukrepleniya sotsialisticheskoy zakonnosti// Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR. 1984. š5. S.23.
Smirnov L.N. 50 let Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR // Verkhovnyy Sud SSSR. M., 1970. S. 9.
Sheynin Kh. B. Rukovodyashchie raz'yasneniya Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR vazhnoe sredstvo ukrepleniya sotsialisticheskoy zakonnosti // Verkhovnyy Sud SSSR / pod red. L.N. Smirnova, V.V. Kulikova, B.S. Nikiforova. M., 1974. S. 142. Mneniyu
Livshits R.Z. Sudebnaya praktika kak istochnik prava // Sudebnaya praktika kak istochni

Reference:

Baryshev E.O.. The case of ŤFurman v. Georgiať and its influence on the advancement of the institution of the death penalty in the USA. // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 3. – P. 380-387.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is a review of the legal aspects of cases of ŤFurman v. Georgiať, ŤGregg v. Georgiať and other significant cases having influenced the development of the institution of the death penalty in the United States of America in the second half of the XX century. The author elaborates the history of the case of ŤFurman v. Georgiať, discusses social and legal prerequisites for the imposition of a moratorium on the death penalty in 1972 and its abolition in 1976. A special attention is paid to the analysis of positions of judges of the Supreme Court of the United States and post-Furman trends. The main methods of the research are formal-legal and comparative-legal. The work is based on the analysis of the key cases of the Supreme Court of the United States. Significant emphasis is given to consideration of the evolution of the issue by using the historical method. The main conclusions of the research are the following: 1) the introduction of a temporary moratorium on the death penalty in the USA was a necessary stage in the legal evolution; 2) the pause was necessary for the reforming of criminal procedure legislation, solving urgent socio-legal problems connected with the death penalty. The novelty of this research consists of the fact that previously in Russian literature the issue of imposition and subsequent abolition of the moratorium on the death penalty in the United States has not been studied comprehensively. The author concludes that it is unlikely that in the future the question of the constitutionality of the death penalty in the US will come under the question, as there is a trend of improvement of legal procedure was set in the second half of the XXth century.

Keywords: Furman v. Georgia, Miranda warning, Amendments to Constitution, U. S. Constitution, U. S. Supreme Court, Moratorium, Verdict, Death penalty, The United State of America, Gregg v. Georgia, Gregg v. Georgia, Furman v. Georgia, Miranda Warning, Amendments to Constitution, United States Constitution, Supreme Court, Moratorium, Sentence, Capital punishment, The United States

References:
Baze v. Rees (No. 075439), 553 U.S. 35 (2008). URL: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-5439.ZS.html (data obrashcheniya: 5.05.2014 g.).
Brown v. Board of Education (No. 1), 347 U.S. 483 (1954). URL: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=347&invol=483 (data obrashcheniya: 8.05.2014 g.).
Coker v. Georgia (No. 755444), 433 U.S. 584 (1977). URL: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=433&page=584 (data obrashcheniya: 5.05.2014 g.).
Furman v. Georgia (No. 695003), 408 U.S. 238 (1972). URL: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=capital%20or%20death%20and%20penalty&url=/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC4.html (data obrashcheniya: 110.02.2014 g.).
Glass v. Louisiana (No. 846030), 471 U.S. 1080 (1985). URL: http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/1080/ (data obrashcheniya: 5.05.2014 g.).
Gregg v. Georgia (No. 746257), 428 U.S. 153 (1976). URL: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na

Reference:

Nasonov S.A.. Disagreement with the guilty jury verdict: comparative law and theoretical methods. // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 2. – P. 248-253.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to possibilities of the disagreement of the professional judge (or a chamber) with a guilty verdict of the jury and procedural mechanisms of realization of such disagreement.The article discusses three procedural models of realization of disagreement of the professional judge with a guilty verdict of the jury: the abolishment of the verdict by a chief judge (or a chamber); the adherence of a chamber of professional judges to the minority of jurors; the annulment of the verdict in the Court of Appeal.The first model is characterized by the ability of a chief judge to cancel the jury's verdict and give a sentence contrary to it (the Anglo-American procedure in the jury trial) or discharge the jury and begin the process again (continental process).The second model is enshrined in Belgian legislation and alleges the possibility of summing up votes of professional judges with the minority of jurors (who voted for acquit) and give an acquittal verdict by a simple majority of votes. The author believes that this procedure is a guarantee following from the presumption of innocence.The third model of a disagreement with a guilty verdict of the jury arises from specifics of an appeal in countries with Anglo-Saxon type of criminal proceeding, allowing the abolition of a guilty verdict on certain foundations. The author examines the legislative regulation of the possibility of disagreement of the presiding judge with a guilty verdict according to the CPC of the Russian Federation and certain problems arising in the judicial practice.

Keywords: jurors, jury verdict, incontestability of the verdict, chief judge, sentence, acquittal verdict, guilty verdict, acquittal sentence, abolishment of the verdict, judgment

References:
UPK Bel'gii (poslednee poseshchenie 1 fevralya 2016 g.).
Sud prisyazhnykh: Nauchno-prakticheskiy sbornik / Pod red. L.S. Khaldeeva. M.: Rossiyskaya pravovaya akademiya MYu RF, 1994. S. 41.
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 13 oktyabrya 2009 g. N 1096-O-O // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus.
Nasonov S.A. Norvezhskaya model' proizvodstva v sude prisyazhnykh// Voprosy sovremennoy yurisprudentsii. 2015. š 45-46. S. 43.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 17 noyabrya 2010 g. š 93-O10-16sp // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 7 oktyabrya 2010 g. š 93-O10-16sp // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 25 avgusta 2010 g. š 30-O10-5SP // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus.
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoy kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 22 maya 2008 g. š 68-O08-1sp // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus.<

Reference:

Belikova K.M.. Some issues of labor dispute-settlement with participation of a foreign element within the BRICS countries: the example of Brazil and China // Law and Politics. – 2016. – š 1. – P. 107-115.

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Abstract: The article touches upon certain issues of labor dispute-settlement with participation of a foreign element within the BRICS countries on the example of Brazil and China two countries that have diametrically opposite views on the approaches to such a settlement, while reaching, at times, similar results. The author's attention is concentrated on the litigation and conciliation-arbitration methods of resolving disputes in the context of the courtbased and out-of-court (prejudicial) forms of settlement, as well as subjective-objective predetermination of any processes. Scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that this work is essentially the first comprehensive and systematic study of the problems of legal framework of labor relations complicated by a foreign element within the BRICS countries in modern conditions. The problems of Russia and foreign member-states of the BRICS - Brazil, India, China and South Africa have been recently attracting the attention of economists, scientists, and politicians. However, the article contains the results of solving fundamentally different tasks, thus current scientific material and labor laws two of the five BRICS countries have been collected and analyzed in the context of labor dispute-settlement within their legal orders.

Keywords: out-of-court settlement, BRICS, Brazil, China, Labor law, Foreign element, labor disputes settlement, settlement in court, ILO Conventions, adjudication

References:
Zakon KNR ot 29.12.2007 g. ŤO mediatsii i arbitrazhe trudovykh sporovť. // Zako-nodatel'stvo Kitaya. Sotsial'noe pravo. URL: http://chinalawinfo.ru/social_law/law_labour_dispute_mediation_arbitration (data obrashcheniya: 05.05.2015) i Law of the People's Republic of China on Labor-dispute Mediation and Arbitration (Adopted at the 31st Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China on December 29, 2007 and promulgated by Order of the Presi-dent of the Peoples Republic of China No.80 on May 1, 2008). URL: http://www.cietac.org/index/references/Laws/47607b5418c9657f001.cms (data obrashcheniya: 05.05.2015)
Razreshenie trudovykh sporov v KNR. URL: http://sbf-group.com/articles/china/labour_disputes_resolution/ (data obrashcheniya: 05.05.2015)
Rudenko V.N. Kitai. // Uchastie grazhdan v otpravlenii pravosudiya v sovremennom mire. Kitai. URL: http://www.ifp.uran.ru/netcat_files/multifile/789/Kitay.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 20.09.2015)
Vystorop

Reference:

Karasev R.E.. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: problems of execution // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 12. – P. 1719-1727.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the public relations pertaining to executions of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The article examines the questions of juridical power of the decisions of the Constitutions Court of the Russian Federation, their direct effect, the legal mechanism of the execution of the decisions of the branches of constitutional review, including the duties of the competent branches on amendments to the legislation in accord with the legal positions of the Constitutional Court, as well as the questions of responsibility for failure to carry out the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that the current legislation does not provide the order of implementation of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, but does hold responsible the government branches and officials for execution of the normative legal acts in accordance with the Constitution and the legal position of the Constitutional Court that are ruled by the court as unconstitutional. Due to this fact, there is a need for correction of the current legislation that regulates the questions of execution of the decisions of the Constitutional Court.

Keywords: Rights, Responsibility, Constitution, Constitutional Court, Judicial system, Constitutional review, Judicial authority, Efficiency, Execution, Liberties

References:
Federal'nyi zakon ot 02.10.2007 š 229-FZ (red. ot 29.06.2015) ŤOb ispolnitel'nom proizvodstveť // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF. 08.10.2007. š 41. St. 4849. Dostup iz SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya: 15.11.2015).
Bondar' N. S. Normativno-doktrinal'naya priroda reshenii Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF kak istochnikov prava // Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2007. š 4.
Kokotov A. N. Ispolnenie reshenii Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii // Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2013. š 5. S. 90101. Dostup iz SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya: 15.11.2015).
Petrov A. A. Pravovaya osnova organizatsii i deyatel'nosti Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii: tendentsii i perspektivy modernizatsii // Konstitutsionnoe pravo i politika: Sb. materialov mezhdunar. nauch. konf.: Yuridicheskii fakul'tet MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosova, 2830 marta 2012 g. / S. A. Avak'yan, D. S. Agapov, N. I. Akuev i dr.; otv. red. S. A. Avak'yan. M.: Yurist, 2012. Dostup iz SPS ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť (data obrashcheniya:

Reference:

Gulemin A.N.. Towards e-government: foreign and international experience in e-justice // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 12. – P. 1714-1718.

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Abstract: This article presents the generalized analysis of the e-justice systems implemented and operating in the foreign countries, which characterize main trends of development of this process in the world. The author examines the most successful projects of e-justice systems on Singapore, Turkey, Croatia, and Belgium. The key principles of functioning of this systems, as well as characteristic features of each system are being determined. It is ascertained that the development of e-justice systems in foreign countries is taking place within the framework of such large projects as e-management, and complies with the general goal of simplification of cooperation between the citizens and government authorities. In the course of this research, the author indicates the positive, as well as the negative aspects of implementation of the e-justice system. In terms of using the e-justice, professional lawyers become practically the necessary intermediaries between the citizens and the judicial authority, which can hinder the access to justice and increase the court costs of both sides. The implementation of such systems in impossible not only without introduction of changes into the current procedural codes, but also without a thorough analysis on all levels of threats to an individual, society, and the state from spread of such conduct of court proceedings.

Keywords: civil proceedings, arbitration proceedings, information society, e-management, information systems, court proceedings, e-government, e-justice, information law, justice

References:
The Electronic Filing System in Singapore Tackling the ŤHumanť Elements // [Elektronnyy istochnik] http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNPAN031797.pdf
Turkish e‐justice project ŤUYAPť // [Elektronnyy istochnik] https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files_epractice/sites/Turkish eJustice project 'UYAP'.pdf
Ali Rıza Çam. Turkish IT project UYAP // [Elektronnyy istochnik] http://www.ccbe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/document/E-Justice_Portal/17-18_02_2009/Abstracts/13_Abstract_-_Turkish_IT_project_UYAP-_Ali_Rza_Cam.pdf
[Elektronnyy istochnik] http://www.e-hrvatska.hr/sdu/en/ProgramEHrvatska/Provebda/e-Pravosudje.html
E-government in Belgium. eGovernment factsheets. Dokument Evropeyskoy komissii. 2007 // [Elektronnyy istochnik] http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/egovo
Alea Fairchild, Bruno de Vuyst. The Phenix project: a case study of e-justice in Belgium. // [Elektronnyy istochnik] http://www.researchgate.net/publication/
E-Justice in Europe: The cro

Reference:

Brezhnev O.V.. Authority of the constitutional (charter) courts of the constituents of the Russian Federation associated with the abstract normative control: general and special within legal legislation // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 11. – P. 1558-1566.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal norms of the constituents of the Russian Federation regulating the authority of the constitutional (charter) courts pertaining to abstracts normative control and order of their implementation. In a comparative sense the author demonstrates the general and special aspects characteristic to such regulation, as well as the problems that arise in the work of regional branches of the constitutional justice in implementation of corresponding norms. The work reveals the influence of the positions of the Federal Constitutional Law On Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation upon the legal regulation of this authority of the judicial branches of the constitutional (charter) control of the constituents of the Federation. Taking into consideration the prospects of development of the constitutional justice in Russia and the need to solve the issues of judicial reform, the author demonstrates the positive and problematic aspects of the legislative regulation of the competency of the constitutional (charter) courts of the constituents of the Federation, and notes the most significant trends emerging in the modern approaches towards the content of this institution.

Keywords: justice, authority, norm, constitution, inquiry, legislation, Abstract normative control, court, proceedings, charter

References:
Bazoev M.M. Konstitutsionnyy sudebnyy normokontrol' v RF // Pravo: teoriya i praktika. 2009.-š 5. S. 11-14.
Bezrukov A.V., Kazantsev A.O. O neobkhodimosti sozdaniya i sovershenstvovaniya kompetentsii konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya.-2012.-š 2. S. 28-34.
Zykova I.V. Opredelenie polnomochiy konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2012.-š 10. S. 44-48.
Kazantsev A.O. Nekotorye voprosy kompetentsii konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2012.-š 4.-S. 63-66.
Kachanov R.E. Sudebnyy normokontrol' v sisteme mekhanizmov Ťstrategicheskogo pravosudiyať // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2008.-š 9. S. 46-50.
Klepikova O.S. Sudebnyy normokontrol' kak sposob obespecheniya zakonnosti v sfere publichnogo upravleniya // Vestnik Voronezhskogo universiteta. 2011.-š 2. S. 206-214.

Reference:

Nasonov S.A.. Continental model of jury trial proceedings: genesis and particularities of the procedure // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 11. – P. 1567-1572.

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Abstract: This article examines the genesis and evolution of the continental model of jury trial proceedings. The first historical form of continental model of jury trial emerged at the end of the XVIII century in France, after which it spread throughout virtually all of Europe in the XIX century. The work reveals the particularities of the continental model emerging throughout the stages of court trials and arguments; in the system of questions faced by the jury; jury verdicts. The author notes that the subject of court trial and arguments in the continental model were extremely broad; information about the identity of the defendant was examined with participation of the jury. The continental model of jury trial had an unbalanced defense and prosecution bases: the prosecutor possessed significantly greater rights that the defense, while the court had discretional authority in the area of evidence. At the same time, the jurors had a broad arsenal of rights in the criminal procedure and were allowed to take the evidence into the deliberation room. The author makes a conclusion that the research of the historical experience of the continental model of the court proceedings involving jury is important for the search of ways to improve this form of procedure in modern Russia.

Keywords: verdict, jurors, pleadings, judicial enquiry, continental model, jury trial, question list, competitiveness, questioning, witness

References:
Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva Frantsii. Perev. N. Neklyudova. SPb, 1860 g.
Foynitskiy I.Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: V 2 t. Pereizd. SPb.: Al'fa, 1996. T. 2.
Rozin N.N. Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. SPb. 1914.
Sluchevskiy V.K. Uchebnik russkogo ugolovnogo protsessa. Sudoustroystvo sudoproizvodstvo. 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. SPb., 1913.
Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva dlya Germanskoy imperii s zakonom o vvedenii ego v deystvie 1 fevralya 1877 goda. Perev. Iv. Soboleva. SPb., 1878.
Radutnaya N.V. Sud prisyazhnykh v kontinental'noy sisteme prava // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 1995. š 1.
Nasonov S.A. Evropeyskie modeli proizvodstva v sude prisyazhnykh: sud prisyazhnykh v Ispanii (sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie). Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava. 2015. š 8.
Mikhaylov P.L. Sud prisyazhnykh vo Frantsii. SPb.: Izd-vo R. Aslanova, 2004.
Mittermayer K.Zh.A. Evropeyskie i amerikanskie sudy prisyazhnykh, ikh deyatel'nost', dostoinstva, nedostatki i sredstva k ustraneniy

Reference:

Shakhbazyan S.V.. Courts discretion to demote a charge to a lesser category of crime // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 11. – P. 1573-1576.

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Abstract: This article examines the positions of Part 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CCRF) on authority of the courts to lower the category of a crime, as well as the grounds and conditions for such decision. The author gives attention to the wide boundaries of the courts discretion in making a decision in accordance with the Part 6 of Article 15, and analyzes law enforcement practice and clarification of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on this issue. This work presents criticism on the Federal Law No. 420-FZ regarding the amendment it made to the Part 6 of Article 15, which contains corruptogenic factors and contradicts Article 10 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to attract the attention of scientists and practicians to the problematic issues emerging in relation to the application of Part 6 of the Article 15, particularly: which procedural document should reflect the courts decision to lower the category of a crime, and which juridical consequences could follow the courts decision to change the category of a committed crime.

Keywords: aggravating circumstances, mitigating circumstances, separation of powers, court decision, conciliation of parties, factual circumstances, conditions and grounds, crime category, categorization of crime, interpretation

References:
Kolokolov N. A. Kategoriya prestupleniya-velichina peremennaya? Mirovoi sud'ya. 2012. N 7.
Dyad'kin D. S. Ugolovno-pravovye problemy primeneniya ch. 6 st. UK RF. SPS "Konsul'tantPlyus"
Tolkachenko A. A. Izmenenie sudom kategorii prestupleniya na osnovanii ch. 6 st. 15 UK RF. URL: http://livelawyer.m/ugolovnyj-protsess/pravosudie/item/654-izmenenie-sudom-kategorii-prestupleniya-na-osnovanii-ch-6-st-15-uk-rf (data obrashcheniya: 23.10.2015).
Epikhin A. Yu. Rasshirenie polnomochii suda na ponizhenie kategorii prestupleniya: ugolovno-pravovoi i ugolovno-protsessual'nyi aspekty. Yuridicheskaya nauka i pravookhranitel'naya praktika, 2012. N 2.
Malkov V. Pravo suda na izmenenie kategorii prestupleniya. Zakonnost'. 2013. N 11.
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Nikulin S.

Reference:

Vinokurov A.Yu.. Ruling No. 2-P of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation from February 17, 2015 and the importance of its resolutive part for the theory and practice of prosecutors supervision // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 10. – P. 1427-1432.

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Abstract: The subject of this study is the positions of the resolutive part of the ruling No. 2-P of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which, upon examination of complaints and results of a session, rendered a number of important positions, called to define the vectors of development of science in prosecution for the foreseeable future, as well as influence the correction of law enforcement practice in the work of prosecutors carrying out the oversight of law obedience. In the process of studying the key positions of the resolutive part of the examined ruling, the author compares the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation with the current law enforcement practice, as well as the theoretical views within prosecution. The main conclusions of the conducted research come to the fact the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in its ruling confirmed the legality of a number of current behavioral models of prosecutors in carrying out oversight of law obedience, and in some instances even exceeded expectations.

Keywords: Lawfulness, Law obedience, Constitutional Court, Prosecutors office, Prosecutors power, Ruling, Legal position, Inspection, Prosecutor, Prosecutors supervision

References:
SZ RF. 2015. š 9. St. 1389.
SZ RF. 1995. š 47. St. 4472 (s posled. izmeneniyami).
Vinokurov A.Yu. Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 17.02.2015 š 2-P i znachimost' ego opisatel'noy chasti dlya teorii i praktiki proku-rorskogo nadzora //
SZ RF. 1994. š 13. St. 1447 (s posled. izmeneniyami).
Punkt 15 prikaza General'nogo prokurora RF ot 07.12.2007 š 195 ŤOb organiza-tsii prokurorskogo nadzora za ispolneniem zakonov, soblyudeniem prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdaninať // Zakonnost'. 2008. š 3 (s posled. izmeneniyami).
Vinokurov A.Yu. Faktor sderzhivaniya v nadzornoy deyatel'nosti prokurora // Zako-ny Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. 2011. š 3.
SZ RF. 2015. š 10. St. 1391.
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Reference:

Stukonog I.V.. The limits of judicial control over the adherence to the principle of reasonable term for pretrial stages of criminal procedure // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 8. – P. 1134-1140.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the institution of judicial control over the adherence to the reasonable term for pretrial stages of criminal procedure. The object of this research is the principle of reasonable term for criminal procedure, its definition and criteria set by the legislation, as well as judicial control as one of the acting mechanisms of its realization. The author gives a detailed review of such aspects of this topic as efficiency of the rules on reasonableness of the term for criminal procedure, and sufficiency of the enacted criteria of said principle of the procedure. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the theses on insufficient normative regulation of the limitations of judicial control over the adherence to the reasonableness of terms for pretrial stages of criminal procedure, including during review of complaints of violation of the procedural terms, the need for additional examination of the forming judicial practice even by the highest judicial branch on criminal cases.

Keywords: Reasonable term, Criminal procedure, Judicial control, Procedural terms, Pretrial stage, Review of complaints, Participants of the criminal procedure, Court, Term of examination, Term of preliminary investigation

References:
O vnesenii izmeneniy v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v svyazi s prinyatiem Federal'nogo zakona "O kompensatsii za narushenie prava na sudoproizvodstvo v razumnyy srok ili prava na ispolnenie sudebnogo akta v razumnyy srok" kompensatsii za narushenie prava na sudoproizvodstvo v razumnyy srok ili prava na ispolnenie sudebnogo akta v razumnyy srok: feder. zakon Ros. Federatsii ot 30 apr. 2010 g. š 69-FZ ť // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF. 2010. š 18. St. 2145.
Ob obzhalovanii v sud deystviy i resheniy, narushayushchikh prava i svobody grazhdan: feder. zakon Ros. Federatsii ot 27 apr. 1993 g. š 4866-1-FZ ť // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 1993. š 89. 12 maya.
O praktike rassmotreniya sudami zhalob v poryadke stat'i 125 Ugolovno-protsessual'nogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii: postanovlenie Plenuma Verkh. Suda Ros. federatsii ot 10 fev. 2009 g. š 1// Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. 2009. š 4.
Kommentariy k Ugolovno-protsessual'nomu kodeksu Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 6-e izdanie, pererabotannoe

Reference:

Ponazhev Yu.O.. The problems resulting from dissolution of a loan agreement // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 6. – P. 843-847.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal consequences resulting from dissolution of a loan agreement. The author examines the main methods of dissolving a loan agreement. This research presents an analysis of issues that emerge in legal precedent due to dissolution of loan agreements, including the information on which violations of a loan agreement can serve as sufficient grounds to request the dissolution, while the loan agreement can be dissolved as a result of significant changes in the circumstances. The article presents legal precedent on each of the means of dissolving a loan agreement. The author proposes criteria for allowing dissolution of a loan agreement due to significant violations of the agreement or changes in the circumstances. The author concludes that there are three main ways of dissolving a loan agreement, and states that the permissibility of dissolution of the credit agreement in each specific case can only be resolved by analyzing the legal precedent.

Keywords: Legal relations, Loan agreement, Dissolution of a loan agreement, Termination of contract, Breach of contract, Change of circumstances, Early payoff, Unilateral refusal, Reimbursement of losses, Extending credit

References:
Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Chast' pervaya. Federal'nyy zakon ot 30 noyabrya 1994 goda š 51-FZ.
Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Chast' vtoraya. Federal'nyy zakon ot 26 yanvarya 1996 goda š 14-FZ.
Grishaev S. P. Kreditnyy dogovor: soderzhanie, vidy, ispolnenie. // ŤBibliotechka ŤRossiyskoy gazetyť. Vypusk š8. 2011.
Danilenko S.A., Komissarova M.V. Bankovskoe potrebitel'skoe kreditovanie: uchebno-prakticheskoe posobie.-M.: Yustitsinform, 2011.
Informatsionnoe pis'mo Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 29 dekabrya 2001 goda š 65 ŤObzor praktiki razresheniya sporov, svyazannykh s prekrashcheniem obyazatel'stv zachetom vstrechnykh odnorodnykh trebovaniyť
Informatsionnoe pis'mo Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 13 sentyabrya 2011 goda š 147 ŤObzor sudebnoy praktiki razresheniya sporov, svyazannykh s primeneniem polozheniy Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii o kreditnom dogovoreť
Opredelenie Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 8 noyabrya 2011 goda š 46-V11-20
Opredelenie Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 2

Reference:

Gerasimova A.E.. The history and modernity of the principle of equal protection of the laws in the United States (on the example of overcoming racial discrimination) // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 6. – P. 840-842.

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Abstract: This article examines the issues associated with the history of emergence of the principle of equal protection of the laws throughout the period since the introduction of the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution until present time. Through the prism of legal precedent, the author analyzes such phenomena as discrimination and positive discrimination, the positive measures policy of the US government, and mechanisms of verification of presence or absence of signs of discrimination within any given act of the branches of government. The author makes a conclusion on the existence of two types of discrimination of African-American population: direct discrimination and positive discrimination. As a mechanism for deterring discrimination, the author examines the method of strict scrutiny formed by the legal precedent of the Supreme Court of the United States. This mechanism could be used to prevent discrimination in other social areas, thus its application could also enrich the Russian legal science and practice.

Keywords: U.S. Constitution, USA, 14th Amendment, Supreme court of the United States, positive discrimination, discrimination, equal protection, public interest, 5th Amendment, Strict scrutiny

References:
Strander v. West Virginia (1880)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)
Brawn v. Board of Education (1954)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
A.A. Mishin, V.A. Vlasikhin. Konstitutsiya SShA: politiko-pravovoy kommentariy. M. 1985. S. 296-298.
Stephen A. Siegel. The Origin of the Compelling State Interest Test and Strict Scrutiny. American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 48. š. 4. 2006. P. 393 394

Reference:

Rerikht A.A.. The legal institution of independence of the judiciary within Russian legal doctrine: determination of the concepts, functions, status and place within the legal system // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 5. – P. 690-696.

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Abstract: The article states the goals and content of the legal construct of independence of the judicial authority/court/judges recognized as an independent legal institution. The author defines the original concepts, and lists the subjects of judicial independence, i.e. the judicial authority, courts and judges, determines their status and influence according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation. A separate analysis is conducted on the concept of independence by the Russian and German doctrines, as well as the notions of independence of the judiciary, and independence of judicial authority. The article gives the classification of the norms that regulate the independence of the judiciary. The author proposes to introduce into discourse (first and foremost into scientific) the notion of the zone of independence of the judiciary and explains its content, meaning, and prospects for implementation in legal comparative research and improvements to the Russian legislation.

Keywords: Law, Court, Judge, Independence, Guarantees, Legal institution, Judicial authority, Russia, Comparison of regulations, Procedural law

References:
Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. M.: Prospekt, 2008.
Baranov V.M. Tekhnika pravotvorchestva. Priroda. Osnovnye priemy. Znachenie. M.: Yuniti-Dana, Zakon i pravo, 2010.
Satarov G.A., Rimskiy V.L., Blagoveshchenskiy Yu.N. ŤSotsiologicheskoe issledovanie rossiyskoy sudebnoy vlastiť
Stroginovich M.S. Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo protsessa. M.: Izd-va AN SSSR, 1958. S. 111

Reference:

Popov E.A.. Sociologist as an expert: expanding the boundaries of law enforcement // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 3. – P. 373-377.

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Abstract: This article is dedicated to the various aspects of sociologists participation in the judicial sociological investigation. It reveals the difficulties and problem areas within the development of social knowledge as a whole and sociology in particular, which can affect the quality of forensic science within the framework of a specific criminal investigation. The author presents certain methods of raising the level of forensic examination by involving professional sociologists. Expansion of the boundaries of law enforcement allows a sociologist to participate in a wide spectrum of forensic examinations. The following are some of the main conclusions made in this research: the addition of new complex multivariable notions within criminal law justifies the need for involvement into forensic investigations of professionals such as sociologists; the level of success of forensic sociological investigation depends not only on the professional competency of the expert sociologist, but also on their knowledge of the legal environment.

Keywords: Society, sociology, forensic science, expert, social group, sociological investigation, commune, law enforcement, legal environment, legal norm

References:
Zaryanov E.P. Teoreticheskie sotsial'no-politicheskie osnovy kontsepta Ťmyagkoy silyť // Sotsiodinamika.-2014.-7.-C. 19-41. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2014.7.12730. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_12730.html
Kabanov P.A. Obshchestvennaya ekspertiza kak forma obshchestvennogo kontrolya za deyatel'nost'yu organov publichnoy vlasti v sfere protivodeystviya korruptsii: teoretiko-pravovoy analiz // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2014.-10.-C. 1168-1183. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.10.12978.
Aleynikov A.V. Sistemnye konflikty v Rossii: kontseptual'nye osnovaniya analiza. Stat'ya 1. // Sotsiodinamika.-2013.-7.-C. 94-140. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2013.7.2306. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_2306.html
Kabanov P.A. Nekotorye formy vzaimodeystviya institutov grazhdanskogo obshchestva s organami mestnogo samoupravleniya v oblasti protivodeystviya korruptsii // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo.-2012.-5.-C. 5-8.
Vlasova N.V., Rafalyuk E.E. Yuridicheskaya nauka v poiske pravovykh mekhaniz

Reference:

Burdin D.A.. Modern models of selection and appointment of the judiciary in foreign countries // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 3. – P. 368-372.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the modern foreign systems of formation of the judiciary. The national models of recruitment of judges differ in their methods, criteria and the stages of selection of candidates for vacant judicial posts. Their features were formed as a result of historical development, and depending on the constitutional order, the territorial structure of the country, socio-cultural and economic context. Political, legal and scientific challenge is to identify the most perfect system of selection and appointment of judges, which would ensure the appointment of judges from the best available candidates. This work deals with the classification of modern models of recruitment of judicial personnel. As a classification attribute, the author examines the established system of methods of selection and appointment of judges. Among the conclusions is the fact that the merit selection is the predominant type of formation of the judiciary in the modern period compared with the election of judges. The paper traces the evolution of methods of formation of the judiciary in the United States. It is argued that most European countries use a system of competitive selection of judges on the basis of merit. An analysis of existing practices identified a number of problematic issues that require further modification of competitive selection models, including those associated with the definition of competitive selection criteria and processes for their expert evaluation.

Keywords: best practices, models, candidate for the post of judge, criteria for selection, method, formation of the judiciary, merit selection, competitive selection, election of judges, appointment of judges

References:
Van Chzhikhua, Fokov A. P. Sudebnaya vlast' v Kitayskoy Respublike // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. 2012. š 6.
David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti / per. s fr. V. A. Tumanova. M., 2009.
Kleandrov M. I. Mezhdunarodnye ob'edineniya sudey // Rossiyskoe pravosudie. 2013. š 5.
Modernizatsiya statusa sud'i: sovremennye mezhdunarodnye podkhody / otv. red. T.N. Neshataeva. M., 2011.
Sudebnaya vlast' / pod red. I. L. Petrukhina. M., 2003.
Celeste, Mary A. The Debate over the Selection and Retention of Judges: How Judges Can Ride the Wave // Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association. 2010. Vol. 46.
Kiley D. Merit selection of California judges / University of the Pacific. McGeorge School of Law. Institute for Legislative Practice. March 2, 1999.
Michael R. Dimino. The Futile Quest for a System of Judicial Merit Selection, 67 ALB. L. REV. 803, 803 n.3 (2004).
Patricia Noonan. Salīdzinošais ziņojums: Tiesne#

Reference:

Sychev D.A.. Some questions of classification of criminal procedural functions in the Russian criminal trial // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 3. – P. 357-367.

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Abstract: This article discusses and analyzes the different approaches to the determination of the number of criminal procedural functions in the Russian criminal trial. It is concluded that the joint criminal process associated with more than three main functions of criminal procedure. It is determined that there are three main features of criminal procedure specific to criminal proceedings in Russia. The author highlights the key arguments in favor of the qualitative differentiation of procedural functions of organs and persons in criminal proceedings and the main functions of criminal procedure as qualitative characteristics of the process. The author gives classification of criminal procedural functions. General scientific methods of gaining new scientific knowledge, in particular, systemic analysis and systemic theory, formal logical and other methods that would allow examining the correlation in legal relations in the sphere of criminal proceedings, as well as private methods - historical, comparative legal. The author determines the number by the number of criminal procedural functions inherent in the Russian criminal trial, as well as proposes an original classification. The author gives criteria of differentiation of criminal procedural functions from the functions of organs and persons, as well as the division of procedural functions into basic and advanced. The non-functional activity of the subjects of domestic criminal proceedings is being exposed.

Keywords: system of functions, procedural features, competitiveness, the functions of the subjects, detective work, man functions, Criminal procedural functions, additional functions, criminal consequences, investigation

References:
Bozh'ev V. Sostyazatel'nost' na predvaritel'nom sledstvii // Zakonnost'. 2004. š 1. S. 4 6.
Bezlepkin B.T. Ugolovnyi protsess Rossii. 6 e izdanie. M: KNORUS, 2010. 496 s.
http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=440058 6
Azarov V.A., Revenko N.I., Kuzembaeva M.M. Funktsiya predvaritel'nogo rassledovaniya v istorii, teorii i praktike ugolovnogo protsessa Rossii. Monografiya.-Omsk: Izd-vo OmGU, 2006. 560 s.
http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?base=LAW&n=148711&req=doc
Rezepkin A.M. Razdelenie osnovnykh ugolovno protsessual'nykh funktsii kak element printsipa sostyazatel'nosti storon // Trudy Orenburgskogo instituta (filiala) MGYuA. Vypusk dvenadtsatyi. Orenburg, 2010. 369 s. S. 149151.
Kachalov V.I. Ugolovno protsessual'nye funktsii // Ugolovno protsessual'noe pravo. Pod obshch. red. prof. V.M. Lebedeva. M., 2012. S. 49 52.
Shpilev V.M. Uchastniki ugolovnogo protsessa. Minsk, 1970. 176 s.
Khaliulin A.G. Ugolovnoe presledovan

Reference:

Karasev R.E.. Constitutional (charter) courts of the constituent members of the Russian Federation: cooperation with other judicial branches in the sphere of protection of human and citizens rights and liberties // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 1. – P. 89-93.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the constitutional (charter) courts of the Russian Federation and their cooperation with the other judicial branches in the sphere of protection of human rights and liberties. The article touches on the issues of competency of the constitutional (charter) courts of the Russian Federation as compared to other judicial branches. A special attention is given to the establishing of a unified system of branches of constitutional justice by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the constitutional control of the constituents of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty consists in the authors conclusion on the need to provide constructive cooperation between the constitutional (charter) courts of the constituent members of the Russian Federation and other judicial branches. This would be an important part of improving the system of protection of human and citizens rights and liberties within Russia and the next step in the building of a legal state and civil society.

Keywords: Constitution, Constitutional Court, statute, constituents of the Russian Federation, authority, rights and liberties, advocacy, civil society.

References:
Federal'nyy konstitutsionnyy zakon ot 31.12.1996 š 1-FKZ (red. ot 05.02.2014) ŤO sudebnoy sisteme Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Ebzeev, B.S. Konstitutsionnyy (ustavnoy) sud sub'ekta RF: yuridicheskaya priroda i mesto v sisteme razdeleniya vlastey // Vestnik Ustavnogo suda Kaliningradskoy oblasti. 2003-2004. š 1-2.
Kryazhkov, B.A. O nekotorykh voprosakh funktsionirovaniya regional'noy konstitutsionnoy yustitsii // Vestnik-Ustavnogo Suda Kaliningradskoy oblasti. 2003-2004. š 1-2.
Zykova I.V. Opredelenie polnomochiy konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2012. š 10. S. 44-48. // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Vitruk V.N. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie v Rossii (1991-2001 gody). M., 2001.
Kleandrov M.I. O modeli edinogo ustavnogo suda dlya slozhnoustroennogo sub'ekta RF // Problemy obrazovaniya i deyatel'nosti konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov RF: Materialy Vserossi

Reference:

Vasilieva T.Y.. On the need to establish an institution of examining magistrates within the framework of the policy of the Russian Federation on improving the national judicial system // Law and Politics. – 2015. – š 1. – P. 84-88.

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Abstract: The main direction of development of the judicial system of the Russian Federation is the strengthening of the constitutional protection of citizens right for legal defense. In authors opinion, one of the ways of realizing this concept would be the establishing of an institution of examining magistrates specializing in reviewing the problems on election of the measures of restraint in the form of detaining, prolonging the term of detention, conducting additional investigative actions that limit the constitutional rights of the citizens, as well as reviewing the complaints about the activities of members of law enforcement. Establishing the institution of examining magistrates would provide the following benefits within the criminal procedure: ease the load on the courts of general jurisdiction; contribute to a more thorough and objective court review of the complaints filed in accordance with the article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on the law enforcement officials conducting the investigation; eliminate the forming of an accusatory trend in reviewing a criminal case and therefore, would ensure following the adversarial principle in execution of judicial control over the procedural activity of the investigative branches.

Keywords: Examining magistrate, legal defense, constitutional guarantees, judicial control, measures of restraint, procedural actions, Criminal Procedure Code.

References:
Olimpiev A.Yu. O sub'ektakh predvaritel'nogo sledstviya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii//Politseyskaya deyatle'nost'. š
Mil'chakova O.V. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie na strazhe prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina// Politika i obshchestvo. š 12. 2013. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10446
Erpyleva N.Yu., Klevchenkova M.N. Unifikatsiya norm o mezhdunarodnoy sudebnoy yurisdiktsii v mezhdunarodnom protsessual'nom prave//Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii/International law and international organizations. š 3. 2013. DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.3.8984
Beregovaya E.V. Mirovaya yustitsiya v rossiyskoy politicheskoy sisteme (po materialam sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya)//Politika i obshchestvo. š 8. 2013. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.8.908
Karasev R.E. Sudebnaya zashchita: ponyatie, znachenie, mesto v sisteme zashchity prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina//Pravo i politika. š 12. 2013 DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.10147
Sevryukov D.S. Organizatsionno-pravovoy mekhanizm nadel

Reference:

Klimova Y.A.. The problems of expanding the procedural autonomy of investigators // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 12. – P. 1893-1895.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the complex of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation that regulate the legal status of an investigator, their competence and authority. The author also analyses the problems associated with expansion of the procedural autonomy of investigators in light of the reading of a Federal Bill No. 555400-6 On amendments to the Criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation in the part of giving the investigator the right to appeal certain decisions of the Prosecutor in a criminal case, made by indictment or indictments decree. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this work researches the problematic aspects of the normative regulation of the procedural autonomy of investigators, taking into account the recent changes to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and a bill that is currently being reviewed by the State Duma. The author makes a conclusion about the need of a complex organizational approach to the solution of the problem of legal regulation of the procedural autonomy of investigators, in order to create optimal conditions for a timely investigation of crimes and forwarding the case to the prosecutor on one hand, and ensuring protection of the rights and legal interests of victims, defendants, and other involved parties on the other.

Keywords: Procedural autonomy, investigator, bill, changes, appeal of a decision, prosecutor, reform, preliminary investigation, indictment, indictment decree.

References:
Federal'nyi zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 23 iyulya 2010 g. N 172-FZ ŤO vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovno-protsessual'nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť [Elektronnyi resurs]. URL: http://www.rg.ru/2010/07/27/upk-dok.html (data obrashcheniya 24.10.2014).
Federal'nyi zakon ot 04.03.2013 š 23-FZ ŤO vnesenii izmenenii v stat'i 62 i 303 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RF i Ugolovno-protsessual'nyi kodeks RFť [Elektronnyi resurs]. URL: http://base.garant.ru/70326874/(data obrashcheniya 24.10.2014).
G. S. Zarovneva Problemy differentsiatsii form predvaritel'nogo rassledovaniya // Pravo i politika.-2012.-7.-C. 1219-1226.
Lodkin A. E. Sovershenstvovanie deyatel'nosti organov doznaniya v RF: dis. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2009. 209 s.
Federal'nyi zakon ot 5 iyunya 2007 g. š 87-FZ ŤO vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovno-protsessual'nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Federal'nyi zakon ŤO prokurature Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť [Elektronnyi resurs]. URL: http://www.rg.ru/2007/06/08/genprokuratura-doc.html (data obrashcheniya 24.10.201

Reference:

Koss A.V., Gerasimova E.V.. The problems of the reasonableness of the duration of criminal procedure at the processing stage due to new or newly discovered circumstances in light of the rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court for Human Rights // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 12. – P. 1896-1902.

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Abstract: The parties involved in the criminal procedure, as well as other persons whose rights or interests are being affected by the investigation are often faced with a lengthy process, which inevitably carries violations of their rights. The problems of defining the term of a criminal procedure are the subject of the research in criminal process and constitutional law of the Russian Federation. This article raises questions of uncertainty and indefiniteness of the term of procedure of criminal cases due to new and newly discovered circumstances. In order to resolve the issue of indefiniteness of the duration of the procedure the authors analyze approaches to the definition of reasonableness of the length of time formulated within court proceedings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court for Human Rights. Taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court for Human Rights on the reasonableness of the duration of court proceedings the authors propose using the general term of proceedings of preliminary investigation (article 162 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). This term should commence on the day of the beginning of investigation and end on the day that the prosecutor compiles his findings and submits them to the court, or on the day of announcing the drop of investigation.

Keywords: Reasonable term of investigation, criminal procedure, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, European Court for Human Rights, new evidence, legal protection of rights, European Convention, fair trial, court proceedings.

References:
Reshenie Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka ŤNikitin protiv Rossiiť (Application no. 50178/99) ot 20 iyulya 2004 g.URL: http://www.espch.ru/content/view/31/25/ (data obrashcheniya 03.10.2014)
Postanovlenie Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka ot 15.01.2009 g. "Delo "Oblov (Oblov) protiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii" (zhaloba N 22674/02) // "Byulleten' Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka".-2009.-š 12.
Postanovlenie Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka ot 11.07.2013 g. po delu "Aleksandr Novikov (Aleksandr Novikov) protiv Rossii" (zhaloba N 7087/04) [Elektron.resurs]. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoi sistemy ŤKonsul'tantPlyusť.
Postanovlenie Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka po delu ŤKlyakhin protiv Rossiiť (Klyakhin v. Russia). ot 30 noyabrya 2004 g. (zhaloba N 46082/99).URL: http://europeancourt.ru/resheniya-evropejskogo-suda-na-russkom-yazyke/klyaxin-protiv-rossii-postanovlenie-evropejskogo-suda/ (data obrashcheniya 03.10.2014)
Postanovlenie Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka ot 25.11.2003

Reference:

Brezhnev, O.V.. Law On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: novel features of 2014 and problems of their implementation // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 9. – P. 1405-1414.

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Abstract: The article concerns the complex of legislative decisions taken in 2014, which were aimed at the reform of the federal constitutional justice. These decisions concern the competence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, organization of its activities, status of the judges and the procedures for the constitutional judicial procedure (changes in the grounds for refusal to accept the claim, clarification on the periods for various procedural actions, strengthening of written elements in judicial proceedings, etc.). Special attention is paid to the analysis of the issues directly influencing the procedural status of a citizen as a participant of constitutional judicial proceedings providing for the possibility to protect his rights via implementation of this form of judicial power. In the process of studies the author used general scientific (dialectic, systemic) and special (comparative legal, formal legal) methods, allowing to single out the key problems related to the current stage of reform of the constitutional justice and to establish the possible solutions. The article discusses the main directions in the development of legislative regulation of the Russian constitutional justice: guaranteeing it accessibility for the people in order to guarantee protection of their basic rights and freedoms, improvements in the procedural form of implementation of the competence in the sphere of judicial constitutional control, formation of the mechanism for overcoming possible conflicts between the decision of international bodies on human rights and acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author points out the defects of the current legislation in this sphere (incomplete and unclear norms, possibilities for their ambiguous interpretation, lack of coordination between some legal provisions. And the author offers some legislative measures in order to deal with these defects.

Keywords: Sonstitutional control, justice, claim, court, reform, status, procedure, request, legislation, norm.

References:
Stanskikh S.N., Mityukov M.A. Pis'mennoe razbiratel'stvo v konstitutsionnom sudoproizvodstve: Rossiya i opyt zarubezhnykh stran // Gosudarstvo i pravo.-2005.-š 10.-S. 5-13.
Salikov M.S. Novelly konstitutsionnogo sudebnogo protsessa // Rossiiskii yuridicheskii zhurnal.-2011.-š 4.-S. 7-13.
Narutto S.V. Obrashchenie grazhdan v Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii.-M.: Norma, 2011.
Kryazhkov V.A., Mityukov M.A. Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii: razvitie konstitutsionno-pravovogo statusa // Gosudarstvo i pravo.-2011.-š 10.-S. 12-28.
Kryazhkov V.A. Rossiiskaya model' konstitutsionnoi zhaloby // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo.-2012.-š 5.-S. 65-71.
Elinskii A.V. Netipichnye osnovaniya otkaza v prinyatii konstitutsionnoi zhaloby k rassmotreniyu: praktika Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossii // Rossiiskii sledovatel'.-2010.-š 18.-S. 5-8.
Gadzhiev G.A. Zakon ŤO Konstitutsionnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť: novelly konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva 2010 g. // Zhurnal rossiiskogo

Reference:

Karasev, R.E.. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: forms of interaction with the judicial bodies in the process of protection of human rights // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 9. – P. 1415-1424.

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Abstract: The object of studies in this article involves the interaction between the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the judicial bodies in the process of protection of basic rights and freedoms. The author evaluates the definition of forms of interaction within two aspects: as an activity for the implementation of the specific area of competence, causing legal consequences for the party to such an interaction (indirect relations) and as means of organization of joint activities of parties within the framework of competence established by law for the purpose of protection of basic human rights and freedoms (direct relations). The article concern two basic forms of interaction between the Constitutional Court and the judicial bodies: decision of the Constitutional Court and constitutional request. The article also concerns the issues of protection of basic human rights and freedoms in the Constitutional Court before the proceedings on a case are completed, as well as the problems regarding contradictions in the positions of the supreme courts. In the process of studies the author employs general and specific scientific methods, such as comparative legal studies, scientific analysis, synthesis. Using these methods, the author made a conclusion that in order to improve efficiency of protection of human rights and freedoms at the stage before the proceedings in a case are completed by the court of general jurisdiction or an arbitration court, there is need to stimulate the court for the use of constitutional request via the relevant motion. The article provides recommendation regarding the contents of such a motion. The author also offers his own option for the solution of the problem regarding contradictions in the positions of the supreme courts via the institution of interaction.

Keywords: The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court, justice, constitutional request, constitutional claim, human rights activities, rights and freedoms, judicial protection, decision of the Constitutional Court, supreme courts.

References:
Federal'nyi konstitutsionnyi zakon ot 05.02.2014 š 4-FKZ ŤO vnesenii izmenenii v Federal'nyi konstitutsionnyi zakon ŤO sudebnoi sisteme Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Federal'nyi konstitutsionnyi zakon ot 05.02.2014 š 3-FKZ ŤO Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsiiť // Rossiiskaya gazeta. 07.02.2014. š 27.
Postanovlenie FAS Tsentral'nogo okruga ot 26.03.2014 po delu N A54-6996/2009 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 04.02.2014 N 16291/10 po delu N A40-91883/08-61-820 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Postanovlenie FAS Zapadno-Sibirskogo okruga ot 04.02.2012 po delu š A70-3375/2010 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 02.12.2003 N 11406/03 po delu N A40-46957/02-27-481 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema ŤKonsul'tant Plyusť.
Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 31.10.1995 š 8 (red. ot 16.04.2013) ŤO nekotorykh voprosak

Reference:

Rotar, A.I.. Function of the victim in criminal process in Russia // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 8. – P. 1217-1223.

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Abstract: The object of studies involves norms of international criminal legislation of Russia, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, regulating procedural position of a victim in the criminal process of Russia, including analysis of role of victim among other participants, implemented function in the course of criminal judicial proceedings, correlation of the legal categories of accusation and criminal prosecution, specific features of implementation of specific directions of activities, as well as theoretical developments in this sphere, including scientific articles, dissertation studies and monographs of renowned procedural scholars. The methodological basis includes general scientific methods, such as a analysis and synthesis, method of systemic approach, as well as main conceptual provisions of the modern doctrine of international criminal law. The studies show that some authors call the function of a victim accusation, and others refer to criminal prosecution. The author analyzes the correlation of these categories drawing a conclusion that criminal prosecution should be regarded as part of accusation. The analysis of accusation as a function has allowed to draw a conclusion on its contents: criminal prosecution, formulation (presenting) an accusation, support of accusation in court. These directions of activities should be regarded as sub-functions of the main function of accusation. Specific features of procedural status of a victim allows to single out his capabilities in the sphere of said types of procedural activity. As a result a conclusion is made that while being the main participant of criminal judicial proceedings, the victim is one of the key participants of a trial, the official bodies and officers implement an obligation on protection and restoration of violated or limited rights, being obliged to initiate a criminal case, establish an accused person and support prosecution in trial. The article also offers a new text of Art. 22 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, the author considers that its title and contents should conform to other norms of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and the legal understanding of function of accusation as provided for in this article.

Keywords: Victim, functions, sub-functions, interest, public prosecution, criminal prosecution, criminal judicial proceedings, procedural status, supporting prosecution.

References:
O. A. Tarnavskiy, O. S. Akulin Otdel'nye problemnye voprosy otnositel'no protsessual'noy figury poterpevshego v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve Rossii // Pravo i politika.-2011.-12.-C. 2053-2056.
Yagofarov, F. M. Mekhanizm realizatsii funktsii obvineniya pri rassmotrenii dela sudom pervoy instantsii [Tekst] : dis. kand. yurid. nauk / F. M. Yagofarov. 12.00.09. Orenburg, 2003. 150 s.
Fedotov, A. V. Ugolovnoe presledovanie vinovnogo kak garantiya okhrany prav i zakonnykh interesov lits, poterpevshikh ot prestupleniya [Tekst] / A. V. Fedotov // Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. 2009. N 3. S. 14-18.
Po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti chasti 2.1 st. 399 UPK RF v svyazi s zaprosom Ketovskogo rayonnogo suda Kurganskoy oblasti [Tekst] : [Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo suda RF ot 18 marta 2014 g. š 5-P] // SZ RF. 2014.-š 13. St. 1526. S. 3297-3304.
Po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti polozheniy chasti pervoy stat'i 237 Ugolovno-protsessual'nogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii v svyazi s zh

Reference:

Zhelonkin, V.S.. On the goals of cassation proceedings in the Russian criminal process at its current stage of development // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 7. – P. 1017-1023.

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Abstract: On January 1, 2013 the Federal Law of December 12, 2010 N. 433-FZ On Amendments to the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and Loss of Effect of Some Legislative Acts (Provisions of Legislative Acts) of the Russian Federation came into force, and it changed the very basis of understanding of nature, contents and object of cassation procedure, influencing the goals of review of the judgments, which have already entered into force. Taking into account the new interpretation of the object of cassation proceedings by the legislator, the understanding of the goals of revision of the judgments, which have already entered into force also needs to be revised. The methodological basis for the article is formed with the dialectic method of cognition. It also involved special scientific research methods, such as systemic-structural, specific sociological, comparative legal methods. The article substantiates the conclusion that the analysis of legislative novelties involving revision of the judgments, which are already in force show the tendency of bringing the Russian criminal procedural legislation closer to the legislations of the states of the continental legal system. It is manifested by the range and contents of goals of cassation proceedings. They include guaranteeing lawfulness of a judgment, methodological supervision of judicial practice, guaranteeing the uniformity of judicial practice, guaranteeing stability of judgments on criminal cases.

Keywords: Criminal judicial proceedings, revision of judgment, cassation proceedings, supervisory proceedings, object of cassation proceedings, goals of cassation proceedings, lawfulness of a judgment, stability of a judgment, grounded judgment, fair judgment.

References:
Sivolova A.A. K voprosu o spravedlivosti kak trebovanii, pred'yav-lyaemom k prigovoru suda po ugolovnomu delu. URL: // http://www.ksc67.ru/poleznye-materialy/spravedlivost-prigovora.html (6.04.2013).
Osnovnye printsipy nezavisimosti sudebnykh organov (prinyaty v g. Milane 26.08.1985-06.09.1985) // Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe pravo. Sbornik dokumentov. T. 2. M., 1996.
Osmanov T.S. Aktual'nye problemy sovershenstvovaniya deyatel'nosti suda nadzornoy instantsii. Diss... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.
Perlov I.D. Nadzornoe proizvodstvo v ugolovnom protsesse. M., 1974.
Makarova Z.V. Glasnost' ugolovnogo protsessa. Chelyabinsk, 1993.
Mizulina E.B. Priroda nadzornogo proizvodstva po ugolovnym delam. Diss... kand. yurid. nauk. Yaroslavl', 1983.
Lupinskaya P.A. Resheniya v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: teoriya, zako-nodatel'stvo, praktika. M., 2010.
Idrisov O.R. Polnomochiya kassatsionnoy instantsii po vyyavleniyu i ustraneniyu sudebnykh oshibok v ugolovnom protsesse Rossii. Avtoref. diss.... kan

Reference:

Karastelev, V.E.. Problems of formation of the institution of representatives of the general public in the qualifi cation boards of judges in Russia // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 7. – P. 1005-1016.

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Abstract: The author studies the institution of representative of general public in the qualification boards of judges (QBJ) in Russia. Throughout the period of its existence this institution did not mange to become the platform for the civil participation and the instrument for the protection of the rights of citizens, it just became an imitating substitute. What is the real situation, and how may the imitation problem be solved? This article attempts to provide the answers to these questions. Reorganization of the institution of the representative of the general public in the QBJ mostly involves the normative approach, when the object of amendment involves legal norms. However, this approach can hardly be expected to cardinally change the existing negative practice. The author used sociological approach for gaining data, normative method for analysis of legal acts and actor method for development of the criteria for the civil participation. The institution of the representative of the general public in the QBJ is hardly sufficiently studied. The article provides the data on cadres and legal fundamentals for the work in the dynamics from 2010 to 2014. The said institution is public based upon its functions and it serves as an instrument of public (civil) control. In fact, it is a closed, non-public, and non-influential actor in the judicial community. The goals of expressing the interests of the judges prevail over the expression of interests of the people. The implemented policy involves working with convenient organizations, mostly, higher education institutions and businesses, and not the real civil organizations, which was facilitated by the broad interpretation of the term representative of the general public and the existing practice. And due attention to the significant changes in the list of cadres for the candidates is necessary for the change. The author offers the criteria for the choice of the representatives of the general public. Since participation of the representatives in the QBJ is one of the types of public control, by supporting rotation of cadres from civil NGOs cultivating such practice, it may be possible to solve the problem of simulation of the civil participation in the activities of the judicial community.

Keywords: Representative of the general public, qualification board of judges, civil participation, public control, institution, public organization, civil control, judicial community, justice, human rights.

References:
Belyaeva N.Yu., Karastelev V.E. Formy grazhdanskogo uchastiya grazhdanskikh ob'edineniy v publichnoy politike // Sbornik statey po itogam XII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii po problemam razvitiya ekonomiki i obshchestva Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki, 2012. C. 302310.
Petrov N. Substituty institutov // Zolotoy lev, 2007. š151-152. URL: http://www.zlev.ru/151/151_31.htm. (data obrashcheniya 19.05.2014).
Sud'i v obshchestve svoikh. V sudebnuyu sistemu ne puskayut obshchestvennost' // Gazeta.ru : ezhedn. internet-izd. 2011. 9 noyab. URL: http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2011/11/09/3828110.shtml (data obrashcheniya 19.05.2014).
Vperedi chetyre goda raboty // Sud'ya, 2012. š6. URL: http://www.zhurnalsudya.ru/archive/2012/6/?article=1057 (data obrashcheniya 19.05.2014).
Mosgorduma ne smogla obespechit' poyavlenie novykh lits v KKS Moskvy // Pravo.ru : ezhedn. internet-izd. 2012. 10 okt. URL: http://pravo.ru/news/view/78476/ (data obrashcheniya 19.05.2014).
Valeriy Zor'kin. Konstitutsionno-pravovye

Reference:

Milchakova, O.V.. Law and politics in the activities of the Constitutional Court of Croatia // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 5. – P. 684-694.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the topical current issues: correlation of law and politics in the activities of the Constitutional Court of Croatia. The studies of various aspects of the relevant problems is based upon the studies of the constitutional legal status and practice of the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Croatia. Croatia joined the European Union just recently (from July 1, 2013). The date when the mandates of half of the judges of the Constitutional Court of Croatia expires (2015) is drawing near, and the legislation allows the parliament to elect the same persons for the positions of constitutional judges for a new term. In such a situation, it is quite interesting to follow the practical activities of the Constitutional Court in order to establish whether the Court is capable of being sufficiently independent of politics dealing solely with legal matters in the process of constitutional control. In the course of the analysis of constitutional legal status and practice of the Constitutional Court the author mostly used formal legal, comparative legal and statistical methods. The article provides a complex evaluation of the legislative constructions provided in Croatia, which on the one hand are aimed at guaranteeing political neutrality of the Constitutional Court, while on the other hand providing the Court with the possibility to directly interfere in the political discussions. The author drew her conclusions on the correlation between law and politics in the activities of the Constitutional Court based on a number of headline-making cases, such as On Sexual Education, On Obligatory Vaccination, On Medical Fertilization, On Prohibition of Same-Sex Marriages.

Keywords: Constitutional Court, Croatia, constitutional justice, constitutional control, constitutionality of medical conception, constitutionality of medical fertilization, constitutionality of obligatory vaccination, prohibition of same-sex marriages, discretion of the Constitutional Court, political issue doctrine, political character of constitutional justice.

References:
Mil'chakova O.V.. Sovremennye modeli sudebnogo konstitutsionnogo kontrolya v stranakh byvshei Yugoslavii // Pravo i politika. 2014. š 3. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.3.1132
Eseva E.Yu.. Svoboda sudebnoi vlasti v sovremennoi Rossii. // Pravo i politika. 2014. š 3. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.3.5635
Shinkaretskaya G.G.. Mezhdunarodnyi ugolovnyi sud: popytka otsenki // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. 2014. š 1. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2014.1.11593
Sokolov T.V.. Sushchnost' konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva v kontekste doktriny sudebnogo prava // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2014. š 2. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.2.11171
Gorelova O.A.. Problemy privlecheniya sudei k distsiplinarnoi otvetstvennosti v sovremennom zakonodatel'stve i praktike kvalifikatsionnykh kollegii sudei // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2014. š 2. S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.2.11179

Reference:

Karasev, R.E.. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: means of protection of basic rights and freedoms of individual and citizen // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 4. – P. 486-492.

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Abstract: The object of studies in this article involves the means of protection of basic rights and freedoms of individual and citizen in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, their distinctive and characteristic features, as well as the problems regarding use of these means. The author singles out and evaluates three main means of protection of rights and freedoms within the procedures of competitive and abstract constitutional control: filing a constitutional claim, sending a constitutional request by a court, sending a constitutional request by a public body or a public official. In the process of studies the author used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as special legal methods: comparative legal method, method of interpretation of law. Scientific novelty is due to the specification and systematization of the mechanism of protection of rights and freedoms of individual and citizen within the framework of the constitutional judicial proceedings, conclusions of the author regarding the need to change the existing criteria for admissibility of a constitutional complaint, as well as the conclusions regarding mediated character of protection of basic rights and freedoms when examining of constitutional requests of courts and public bodies and officials. The results of studies may be used in the further studies in the sphere of problems of protection of basic rights and freedoms of individual and citizen.

Keywords: the Constitutional Court, the Constitution, constitutional control, judicial power, judicial power, rights and freedoms, judicial protection, complaint, request, judicial proceedings, law-protection activity.

References:
Mil'chakova O.V. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie na strazhe prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2013.-12.-C. 1528-1536. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.12.10446.
Ageev V.N. Pravomernost' ogranicheniya prav i svobod gosudarstvennykh sluzhashchikh v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: pravovaya otsenka Konstitutsionnogo Suda // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-1.-C. 166-189. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.1.394. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_394.html
Shcherbanyuk O.V. Suverenitet naroda kak garantiya prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-10.-C. 131-148. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.10.9610. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_9610.html
V.D. Zor'kin. Kommentariy k Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii (postateynyy) (2-e izdanie, peresmotrennoe) (pod red. V.D. Zor'kina) M.: ŤNormať, ŤInfra-Mť, 2011.
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsionnyy Sud Rossiyskoy Federatsii: neodnoznachnye zakonodatel'nye novelly // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pra

Reference:

Milchakova, O.V.. The modern models for the judicial constitutional control in the former Yugoslavia states // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 3. – P. 326-336.

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Abstract: The article concerns the models of judicial constitutional control in the states currently existing at the territory of the Former Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro). These states have a history of Socialistic past, which is similar to Russia, and their experience is especially interest, since their tradition was continuous for more than half a century. The author provides consecutive analysis of the similarities and differences in the process of formation, competence, procedures of the constitutional courts in the former Yugoslavian states, their places within the systems of state government bodies. The author used mostly historical and formal legal method for the analysis, and also comparative legal method. The results of study allow to state that these states have an European model of judicial constitutional control. Finally, the author draws a conclusion that in all of the Former Yugoslavia states the constitutional courts are regarded as independent state bodies, which are not included into any branches of state power, while they de facto implement judicial power, their proceedings are de facto part of judiciary.

Keywords: former Yugoslavia states, constitutional control, constitutional court, American model, European model, Constitution, constitutional proceedings, judicial power, constitutionality, actio popularis.

References:
A. D. Kerimov, E. V. Khalipova Pravomerno li vydelenie lish' trekh vetvei gosudarstvennoi vlasti? // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-3.-C. 42-48.
Naumovski B. Constitutional Judiciary in the Republic of Macedonia (Development, Competence, Experience, Challenges and Perspectives). // Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie. 3(53)11. S. 166-167.
Nuriev G. Kh. Evropeiskaya model' konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva. M., 2012.-224 s.
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Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnyi kontrol' v stranakh byvshei Yugoslavii. M., 2014.-308 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya v Khorvatii: stanovlenie, razvitie, osnovy organizatsii. Monografiya. M., 2013.-174 s.
Mesich S. Kak razvalilas' Yugoslaviya. M., 2013.-394 s.
Mezhdunarodnyi tribunal po byvshei Yugoslavii: Deyatel'nost', rezul'taty, effektivnost'. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Moskva, 22 23 aprelya 2009 g.) / Otv. red. E. Yu. Gus'kova

Reference:

Sokolov, T.V.. Constitutional judicial procedure: the mechanism for the implementation of judicial power?! // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 3. – P. 313-325.

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Abstract: Procedural (justice) function of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional (Ustav) Courts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation is challenged in the scholarly writings, these bodies are not recognized as classical courts, and their activities are not recognized as part of national justice. The causes for such doctrinal views include the differences between the procedural forms of constitutional judicial process and other types of judicial process, as well as the absence of doctrinal attempts of procedural evaluation of the phenomenon of the Russian constitutional justice. The article is devoted to the studies of the activities of the constitutional courts as a part of national justice system, uncovering and analysis of its ties with the institution of judicial power. The methodology of the procedural evaluation of constitutional judicial procedure chosen by the author includes the doctrine of judicial law, which is the general theory of judicial law and is currently undergoing a Renaissance, since its interdisciplinary dimension allows for interdisciplinary studies in the sphere of justice, and for the evaluation of the novel legal institutions, such as the constitutional judicial procedure is within the framework of the Russian procedural science. The constitutional judicial procedure is viewed through the prism of the implementation of the mechanism of judicial power via judicial proceedings, the structure of which is offered by L.A. Voskobitova, and the positions of the Court in accordance with the Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. As a result, it is stated that it is a type of mechanism for the implementation of judicial power in the special sphere of material legal relation, and it is a constituent element of the national justice.

Keywords: the Constitutional Court, constitutional judicial process, constitutional judicial proceedings, judicial law, doctrine of judicial law, judicial power, mechanism for the implementation of power, fair judicial proceedings, revising judicial decisions, the European context.

References:
A. D. Kerimov, E. V. Khalipova Pravomerno li vydelenie lish' trekh
vetvey gosudarstvennoy vlasti? // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2012. - 3. - C. 42 - 48.
Nikiforova A.V. Pravovye pozitsii organov konstitutsionnoy yustitsii po voprosam territorial'noy organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2012. - 1. - C. 69 - 91. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_29.html
Razumov Yu.A. Nekotorye konstitutsionno-pravovoye osobennosti realizatsii norm mezhdunarodnogo prava v voennoy sfere v zarubezhnykh stranakh // NB: Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. - 2013. - 1. - C. 171 - 183. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2013.1.684. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_684.html
Sokolov T.V. Vzaimosvyaz' konstitutsionnogo i ugolovnogo
sudoproizvodstv: sovremennoe sostoyanie // Pravo i politika. - 2013. - 10. - C. 1350 - 1372. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.10.9496.
S. I. Balabkin Ob okonchatel'nosti resheniy
Konstitutsionnogo suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Pravo i politika. - 2012. - 4. - C

Reference:

Eseva, E.Y.. Freedom of judicial power in the modern Russia // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 3. – P. 307-312.

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Abstract: The article concerns the problem of implementation of the principle of separation of powers in Russia at the current stage of development. The author analyzes the current Russian legislation regarding the position of the judiciary and the judges, providing evaluation of the practical work of judicial system, showing the defects in the legal field on this issue. Currently the judicial power does not fulfill its main function to limit the legislative and executive branches of government, to implement legal control over their activities, and there is need to amend the Russian legislation based upon the generally recognized principles of law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, separation of powers, independence, irremovability, reform, democracy, influence, direct elections, disciplinary judgment seat, ruling political forces.

References:
Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (prinyata vsenarodnym golosovaniem 12.12.1993)// Rossiyskaya gazeta. 1993. š 237.
Lazarev V.V. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii, M., 1998. S. 151, 170.
Sangadzhiev B.V. Sudebnaya vlast' kak institut zashchity prav cheloveka v Rossii. Monografiya. ŤYurkompaniť, 2011 g.//Sistema Garant.
Postanovlenie Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR ŤO Kontseptsii sudebnoy reformy v RSFSRť// Vedomosti SND i VS RSFSR. 1991. š 44. St. 1435.
Zakon RF ot 26 iyunya 1992 g. š 3132-1 ŤO statuse sudey v Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť// Vedomosti SND i VS RF. 1992. š 30. St. 1792.
SZ RF. 2001. š 49. St. 4623.
SZ RF. 2001. š 49. St. 4623.
Osipyan B.A. Vozmozhnosti ukrepleniya pravovykh osnov rossiyskogo gosudarstva organami konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya-M.: Yurlitinform, 2009. S 288.
Zhuykov V.M. Sudebnaya zashchita prav grazhdan i yuridicheskikh lits.-M.: Yurid. Byuro ŤGorodetsť, 1997. S 89.
Zhdanov A.F., Didikin A.B. Aktual'nye problemy sudebnoy reformy v Rossii // Grazhdanin i p

Reference:

Zagrivko D.S.. Guidelines for the implementation of administrative proceedings in the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 2. – P. 181-186.

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Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the principles of the implementation of administrative justice in Russia. Under the principles of administrative law refers to the main ideas, requirements, regulations, expressing its essence and determining the content of administrative and legal regulations. It should be noted that each branch of law has a set of General principles, characteristic for all its branches, and their own, giving her uniqueness. In essence, the principles are the fundamentals of the industry, a kind of quintessence of its norms. One of the fundamental principles of any branch of law is a competition of parties, which did not find their legislative ref lection of the Code of administrative offences.

Keywords: Jurisprudence, principles, competitiveness, proving, the administrative process, equality, the right to defense, the prosecution, justice, administrative responsibility.

References:
Konventsiya o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnykh svobod (zaklyuchennaya v g. Rime) ot 04.11.1950 // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Mezhdunarodnyy pakt o grazhdanskikh i politicheskikh pravakh ot 16.12.1966 // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Vseobshchaya deklaratsiya prav cheloveka ot 10.12.1948 // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Konstitutsiya RF: (prinyata vsenarodnym golosovaniem 12.12.1993) (s uchetom popravok, vnesennykh Zakonami RF o popravkakh k Konstitutsii RF ot 30.12.2008 š 6-FKZ, ot 30.12.2008 š 7-FKZ // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniyakh: federal'nyy zakon ot 30.12.2001 š 195-FZ (red. 08.12.2011) // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Ugolovnyy kodeks RF: federal'nyy zakon ot 13.06.1996 š 63-FZ (red. 05.06.2012) // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 27.04.2001 š 7-P // SPS Konsul'tantPlyus. 2011.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 24.06.2009 š 11-P, vmeste s osobym mneniem sud'i Konst

Reference:

Milchakova O.V.. The limits of intervention of the European Court of Human Rights in the work of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 2. – P. 171-180.

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Abstract: The article concerns the peculiarities of relationship between the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and national constitutional courts. In order to identify the specifics of this relationship, the author turns to Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the third part of the Constitutional Court of which is appointed directly by the Chairman of the ECHR. Based on the analysis of foreign law, the case law of the ECHR and the Constitutional Court of BiH, as well as specific historical facts and political developments, the article reflects different aspects of the relationship of these courts, including problems related to the implementation of the ECHR decisions. In conducting the research of the specified subjects, the author mainly used legalistic and historical methods. The results of study led the author to the conclusion that there are virtually no limits to ECHR intervention in the activities of the Constitutional Court of BiH; the latter seems to be more independent from the national authorities than from the ECHR. However, other countries and international and supranational institutions and organizations often use both political and financial levers of influence on BiH in order to force it to fulfill ECHR decisions until the constitutional reform takes place.

Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslavia, the Constitutional Court, the Constitution, the Constitutional control, the European Court, the ECHR, the European Convention, Conventional control, access to the court.

References:
G. G. Shinkaretskaya Evropeyskiy soyuz i Evropeyskaya konventsiya o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnykh svobod // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations.-2012.-1.-C. 54-64.
Iodkovskiy E.V. Sootnoshenie yurisdiktsiy Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Evropeyskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka i ikh vliyanie na grazhdanskoe sudoproizvodstvo // Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava.-2012.-1.-C. 196-205.
Sultanov A. R. Evropeyskie pravovye standarty, uroki istorii i pravoprimenitel'naya praktika. M., 2012.-335 s.
Kuzmanovich R. Traktaty o konstitutsionno-pravovom polozhenii Respubliki Serbskoy: monografiya. M., 2013.-463 s.
Ponomareva E. G. Novye gosudarstva na Balkanakh: Monografiya. M., 2010.-252 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v stranakh byvshey Yugoslavii. M., 2014.-308 s.
Mil'chakova O. V. Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya v Khorvatii: stanovlenie, razvitie, osnovy organizatsii. Monografiya. M., 2013.

Reference:

Primakov, D.Ya.. The Israeli model of judicial activism // Law and Politics. – 2014. – š 1. – P. 57-63.

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Abstract: The active part of the Supreme Court and a special position of the judiciary system in the structure of the distribution of powers played a special role in the formation of the Israeli right. Historically, a special place of the court in Jewish law and culture is due to the fact that in a certain sense, the judge in the community level was the only law enforcement official; moreover, he often performed functions in the role of a legislator. The article examines the formation stages of the Supreme Court of Israel and the acquisition of its independence. Also, we can see here the concerns that declare that with the new President of the Supreme Court, this body will become less independent.

Keywords: jurisprudence, judge, the Israeli right, activism, Barak, discretion, basic laws, executive branch and Knesset.

References:
Barak A. Sudeyskoe usmotrenie.M., 1999
Rubenstein A., Shoftei-Eretz: Le-Rishoto ve-le-Dmuto shel Beit Mishpat Ha-Elion ba-Israel, (1988)
Mizrakhi Sh., Meydani A. Sotsial'naya politika: mezhdu obshchestvom i pravom. Ierusalim, 2006. (ivrit)
Vorob'eva V.E. Verkhovnyy Sud v konstitutsionno-pravovoy sisteme gosudarstva Izrail'. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. Spetsial'nost' 12.00.02-Konstitutsionnoe pravo; munitsipal'noe pravo / Nauch. ruk. Yu.I.Leybo.-M., 2008.
Barak A. The Judge in a Democracy. Princeton, 2006.
Vorob'ev V.P., Vorob'eva E.V. Verkhovnyy sud v konstitutsionno-pravovoy sisteme Gosudarstva Izrail'. M. : MGIMO, 2008.
Likhovsky A. Law and Identity in Mandate Palestine. Northern Carolina, 2006.
Sumina A.M. ŤPost prezidenta kak sostavnaya chast' gosudarstvenno-politicheskogo mekhanizma Izrailyať, Blizhniy Vostok i Sovremennost' (Institut Izucheniya Izrailya i Blizhnego Vostoka), š7 (1999), S.137-152.
Green G., An Int

Reference:

Kalyak, A.M.. Implementation of the bases of the constitutional order in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 13. – P. 1813-1817.

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Abstract: The traditional scheme for the logical syllogism, as used when making judicial decisions is changed in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. A substantial prerequisite is not some specific norm, but rather a system of the bases of the constitutional order, forming the boundaries of legislative activities on certain issues. Since most of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Constitutional Order are abstract, constitutional norm control includes evaluation of political viability of the norms in the acts in question.

Keywords: jurisprudence, constitutionalism, politics, interpretation, implementation, constitution, fundamentals, order, syllogism, change.

References:
Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii (prinyata vsenarodnym golosovaniem 12.12.1993 g.) (s uchetom popravok, vnesennykh Zakonami RF o popravkakh k Konstitutsii RF ot 30.12.2008 g. š 6-FKZ, ot 30.12.2008 7. š 7-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya gazeta.-1993.-23 dekabrya; 2009.-21 yanvarya.
Postanovlenie ot 20.12.1995 g. š 17-P ŤPo delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti ryada polozheniy punkta Ťať stat'i 64 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RSFSR v svyazi s zhaloboy grazhdanina V.A. Smirnovať // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF.-1996.-š 1.-St. 54.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 09.01.1998 g. š 1-P ŤPo delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti Lesnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF.-1998.-š 3.-St. 429;
Postanovlenie ot 10.06.1998 g. š 17-P ŤPo delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti polozheniy punkta 6 stat'i 4, podpunkta Ťať punkta 3 i punkta 4 stat'i 13, punkta 3 stat'i 19 i punkta 2 stat'i 58 Federal'nogo zakona ot 19 sentyabrya 1997 goda ŤOb osnovnykh garantiyakh izbiratel'nykh prav i prava na uchastie v

Reference:

Ageev, V.N.. Limitations to basic rights and freedoms of state servants in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 13. – P. 1818-1824.

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Abstract: The article contains references to the fact that the state is allowed to establish some limitations to human rights and basic freedoms of individuals and citizens in order to achieve the purpose which is set for it by the society, that is, to guarantee security of citizens and state. The author formulates a definition for the limitations to basic human rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens. He analyzes the issues of limitations of rights and freedoms of persons in state service in the Russian Federation, noting that limitations for the persons joining state service serves the purpose of guaranteeing efficient professional activities in the spheres of competence of state bodies, and precludes possible abuse of rights by the servants, as well as, serves as one of the means of fighting corruption. The author analyzes the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the lawfulness of limitations of rights and freedoms of state servants, and formulates an universal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on this issue, under which the limitations and prohibitions for the state servants due to their state service are acceptable for constitutionally valuable goals.

Keywords: jurisprudence, rights, freedoms, limitations of rights and freedoms, fighting corruption, state service, state servant, Constitutional Court, judicial power, legal positions.

References:
Avak'yan S.A. Konstitutsiya Rossii : priroda, evolyutsiya, sovremennost' / S.A. Avak'yan. M. : Ros. yurid. izd. dom, 1997.
Ageev V. N. Konstitutsionnye ogranicheniya osnovnykh prav i svobod lichnosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: teoriya, istoriya, praktika / V.N. Ageev. Kazan' : Izd-vo KGU, 2006.
Kommentariy k Federal'nomu zakonu ŤO gosudarstvennoy grazhdanskoy sluzhbe Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť i zakonodatel'stvu o grazhdanskoy sluzhbe zarubezhnykh gosudarstv / otv. red. A. F. Nozdrachev. M. : MTsFER, 2005.
Lomakina L. A. Vliyanie pravovykh pozitsiy Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF na razvitie zakonodatel'stva ob administrativnoy otvetstvennosti / L. A. Lomakina // Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava. 2012. š 2.
Mal'ko A. V. Stimuly i ogranicheniya v prave / A. V. Mal'ko. M. : Yurist', 2004.
Marchenko M. N. Sudebnoe pravotvorchestvo i sudeyskoe pravo / M. N. Marchenko. M. : Prospekt, 2011.
Podmarev A. A. Konstitutsionnye osnovy ogranicheniya prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina v Rossiyskoy Fed

Reference:

Sokolov, T.V.. Decisions and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: nature, types and correlation // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 12. – P. 1707-1719.

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Abstract: The article provides a novel differentiated approach towards the nature of decisions and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Depending on the presence of general conclusions author offers to distinguish among the decisions the normative enforcement (no conclusions regarding the status of legal norm); normative interpretation (conclusion on actual contents of the norm); normative correction (changing the contents of a legal norm due to a constitutional defect of a legal norm). Accordingly, these decisions serve as acts of legal enforcement, legal interpretation, and sources of law. The legal positions of the Court, which are conclusions of the court on the questions posed to them, are different from the decisions. Decisions and legal positions correlate as form and contents, part and whole. The author offers to distinguish normative and doctrinal legal positions, negative and positive legal positions, temporary and permanent legal positions. The author proves that the normative legal positions of the Court, as expressed in normatively correcting decisions of the Court serve as a specific source of law, which may not be included into any of the previously known groups of such sources, due to its unique legal qualities.

Keywords: the Constitutional Court, legal norm, legal position, correcting legal norms, interpreting legal norms, doctrine of the Constitutional Court, source of law, form of law, precedent, judicial law.

References:
Shinyaeva N. Sudy ne reagiruyut na opredeleniya KS s pozitivnym smyslom. URL: http://pravo.ru/review/view/85691
Sasov K.A. Spory o konstitutsionnosti nalogovykh zakonov6 polnomochiya Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Monografiya / Pod red. M.F. Ivlevoy. M.: Statut, 2006.
Petrova D.V. Pravovye pozitsii Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii po voprosam ego deyatel'nosti i konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva: Avtoref. dis. kand. yurid. nauk / 12.00.02. M., 2008.
Kommentariy k Federal'nomu konstitutsionnomu zakonu ŤO konstitutsionnom Sude Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť / Pod red. G.A. Gadzhieva. M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2012.
Kel'zen G. Sudebnaya garantiya Konstitutsii (konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya) (per. D.V. Danilenko) // Pravo i politika. 2006. š 8. S. 5-14; š 9. S. 5-18.
Zhuchkova E.V. Pravovye pozitsii Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii po voprosam ugolovnogo prava i ugolovnogo protsessa: Avtoref. dis. kand. yurid. nauk / 12.00.02. M., 2009.
Enikeev

Reference:

Nitsenko, R.A.. Mitigation and aggravation of sentence in Russian criminal law // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 12. – P. 1701-1706.

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Abstract: The article concerns the rules for assigning punishments for the crimes, which according to the law may be punished with death penalty or life sentence. The author analyzes the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, paying attention to the issues of mitigation of punishment in case when deprivation of freedom (term in prison) is assigned. The author also analyzes the issues of historic development of norms on mitigation and aggravation of punishment. The methodological basis for the study is formed by the combination of principles and methods of scientific analysis. The article uses dialectic and private law methods. The article includes an attempt of scientific analysis of the issues regarding obligatory mitigation of punishments under the provisions of p. 2-5 of Art. 62 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author defines the contents of the norms on obligatory mitigation and aggravation of punishment. In the process of study the author singles out the difficulties in understanding of the norms on obligatory mitigation and aggravation of sentence due to lack of clarity in their legislative formulae. The author also attempted to form propositions on the current situation and perspectives for the development of the rules for obligatory mitigation and aggravation of sentence taking into account the latest legislative amendments.

Keywords: attempted crime, recidivism, trial by jury, capital punishment, aggravating circumstances, mitigating circumstances, obligatory aggravation, obligatory mitigation, assigning punishment, conflict of laws.

References:
Inogamova-Khegai L. V., Komissarov V.S., Rarog A.I. Rossiiskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' / pod red. L.V.Inogamovoi-Khegai, Komissarova V.S., Raroga A.I. M., 2011. S. 396.
Zhumaev A.S. Spetsial'nye pravila naznacheniya nakazaniya za edinichnoe prestuplenie. Avtoref. diskand. yurid. nauk. M., 2009. S. 1, 5, 9 i dr. 4 Inogamova-Khegai L.V. Sovremennye problemy naznacheniya i osvobozhdeniya ot nakazaniya v rossiiskom ugolovnom prave // The fourth session of the international forum on crime and criminal law in the global era. Beiging China. 2012. S. 69. 5 Razumov S.A. Kommentarii k Ugolovnomu kodeksu Rossiiskoi Federatsii / otv. red. V.M. Lebedev (avtor S.A. Razumov). M., Yurait. 2004. S. 187.
Agapov P.V. Dosudebnoe soglashenie o sotrudnichestve kak sredstvo povysheniya effektivnosti protivodeistviya organizovannoi prestupnoi deyatel'nosti // ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke: materialy IX mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii (26-27 yanvarya 2012). M., 2012. S. 96

Reference:

Milchakova, O.V.. On the issue of stages of constitutional judicial process // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 12. – P. 1694-1700.

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Abstract: The article includes a novel approach to the stages of constitutional judicial process, which previously was not expressed within the science of constitutional law. The basis for the studies was formed by the procedures of the constitutional courts of the states formed in the territory of former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro), which are used in order to implement the functions of the constitutional justice bodies. Attention is paid to the specific features of initiating proceedings in the constitutional courts of the former Yugoslavia states, which is due to the right of the courts to initiate proceedings on constitutionality and lawfulness of acts by their own initiative. For the studies the author uses comparative and legal normative analysis. The author makes a conclusion that the stages of constitutional judicial process are very similar to the stages of classic judicial process, but they do have their specific features. At the same time, the author supports the position that the stage of formation of the grounds for initiation of the constitutional proceedings should be regarded as the first stage of constitutional judicial process, and the revision of the decision of a constitutional court should be regarded as the last stage.

Keywords: constitutional judicial process, constitutional court, stages of the process, constitutionality, lawfulness, former Yugoslavia states, constitutional proceedings, constitutional justice, constitutional control, Constitution.

References:
S.V. Narutto Konstitutsionnyy sudebnyy protsess: ponyatie, priznaki, osobennosti // Pravo i politika. - 2013. - 5. - C. 708 - 713. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.05.15.
N.S. Bondar' Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie i razvitie konstitutsionnoy yurisprudentsii v Rossii: teoriya i praktika. // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya.-2011.-4.-C. 6-15.
Kasatkina N.M. Konstitutsionnyy kontrol' v zarubezhnykh gosudarstvakh (tendentsii razvitiya) // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya.-2012.-5.-C. 13-20.
S. I. Balabkin Ob okonchatel'nosti resheniy Konstitutsionnogo suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Pravo i politika.-2012.-4.-C. 689-695.
Shakhray S.M. Rol' resheniy Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii v stanovlenii konstitutsionnoy modeli rossiyskogo federalizma // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya.-2012.-2.-C. 27-36.
S.V. Lomakina Rol' pravovykh pozitsiy Konstitutsionnogo suda Rossiyskoy Federat

Reference:

Karasev, R. E.. Judicial protection of rights: concept, defi nition, and place in the framework of protecting the rights and liberties of the man and the citizen // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 11. – P. 1511-1519.

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Abstract: In the twenty years since the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian state and its society have continued to develop. The effectiveness of the protection of the rights and liberties of the man and the citizen is a current issue. This article examines terms such as legal protection, state protection, and judicial protection as they apply to the rights and liberties of the man and the citizen, and considers their correlation. Comparative legal research results in the conclusion that legal protection is a category most closely related to state and judicial protection. Particular attention is given to judicial protection, and its inherent characteristics are outlined. Judicial protection is considered in two ways: from the perspective of parties applying to the courts for protection, and from the perspective of the judiciary exercising their powers in the administration of justice. As a result of this analysis, and by using the formal legal research method, the author presents a definition for the idea of judicial protection of the rights and freedoms of the man and the citizen. The article also addresses obstacles to the effective functioning of the courts and offers some solutions, as well as assessing government policy to reform the judicial system. This article can be used in the study of problems of judicial protection of constitutional rights and liberties of man and citizen in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, civil society, human rights, protection of rights, state protection, judicial protection, administration of justice, judicial bodies, court amalgamation, effectiveness of the administration of justice

References:
Khaliy I.A. Instituty grazhdanskogo obshchestva v sovremennoy Rossii. K metodologii izucheniya // Rossiya reformiruyushchayasya. Ezhegodnik / Otv. Red. M.K. Gorshkov.-Vyp.6.-M.: Institut sotsiologii RAN, 2007.
Stolyarova Yu. O. Sudebnaya zashchita prav grazhdan kak kompleksnyy politiko-pravovoy institut // Izvestiya Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena. 2008. š 69.
Smirnov A.P. Sootnoshenie ponyatiy Ťokhrana pravť i Ťzashchita pravť // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2010. š 331.
Sakhnova T.V. Kurs grazhdanskogo protsessa: teoreticheskie nachala i osnovnye instituty. M.: Volters Kluver. 2008.
Prokudina L.A. Sootnoshenie ponyatiy Ťdeyatel'nost' sudať i Ťotpravlenie pravosudiyať // Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. 2010. š 3.
Morshchakova T.G. Kriterii otsenki sudebnoy sistemy // Yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2007. š 1.
Malein N.S. Okhrana prav lichnosti sovetskim zakonodatel'stvom. M., 1985.
Montesk'e Sh. Izbrannye proizveden

Reference:

Bozrov, V. M.. Judicial independence and academic doctrinal-legal opinion // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 11. – P. 1508-1510.

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Abstract: This article explores doctrinal legal opinion vis-a-vis the principle of procedural independence of judges. It analyses the problem of the legal essence of the doctrinal-legal opinion of the academic a specialist in a particular area of law and the importance of such an opinion in deciding a criminal case correctly. The article identifies factors which prevent the widespread adoption of these opinions in judicial work. It is based on the results of a comparative analysis of the relevant case law of the Russian Constitutional Court, as well as that of a number of regional and provincial courts of the Ural Federal District. The research utilises techniques of observation, generalization, induction, analysis and synthesis, and comparative law as well as the empirical method. The articles academic novelty lies in its determining of the legal nature of doctrinal opinions and its justification for their role in the resolution of situational problems which arise in the administration of criminal justice.

Keywords: judge, doctrinally-legal opinion, independence of the judiciary, criminal justice, problems, disregard of knowledge, expert opinion, dynamism, validity of legal proceedings, judicial independence

References:
Eksarkhopulo A.A. Spetsial'nye poznaniya i ikh primenenie v issledovanii materialov ugolovnogo dela. M., 2005.
Kleandrov M.I. Status sud'i. M., 2008.
Telyatnikov V.I. Ubezhdenie sud'i. SPb., 2004.

Reference:

Sokolov, T.V.. Interrelation between constitutional and criminal judicial procedures: the current situation // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 10. – P. 1350-1372.

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Abstract: The article provides the authors concept of correlation between constitutional and criminal judicial procedures, aimed to guarantee efficient, realistic and timely judicial protection of rights and freedoms. The special legal methodology for the concept was the doctrine of judicial law, which is a currently reviving general legal universal theory of judicial power and procedural law, and from its standpoint the process in law (legal process) is judicial procedure, and the broad understanding of procedural law is wrongful. The nature of correlation among the various types of judicial procedure (inter-procedural connections) is due to the very nature of judicial procedure, which is regarded at the same time as a mechanism for implementation of judicial power, implementation of law and a complicated social system. The interrelation between various types of judicial procedure is mutual and direct influence of process and (or) results of two types of judicial procedure. It is due to material legal and procedural information prerequisites (factors). The study of correlation between types of judicial procedure is taken through the consistent characterizing of the forms of such interrelation. The article defines the structure for the interrelation, including vector of influence, basis, consequences and terms of interrelation. The article singles out and describes the forms of interrelation between constitutional and criminal judicial procedures, including initiating, preventive, prejudicial, normative correcting, normative interpretive, revision one, and the author defines the perspectives for the improvement of their legal regulation.

Keywords: judicial law, interrelation between types of judicial procedure, Constitutional Court, judicial process, correction of legal norms, interpretation of law, request by a court, claim by a citizen, renewing judicial procedure, prejudicial.

References:
Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: prinyata vsenarodnym golosovaniem 12 dekabrya 1993 goda; s uchetom popravok, vnesennykh Zakonami Rossiyskoy Federatsii o popravkakh k Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 30 dekabrya 2008 goda š 6-FKZ i ot 30 dekabrya 2008 godaš 7-FKZ // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2009. š 7 (21 yanvarya).
Federal'nyy konstitutsionnyy zakon ot 21 iyulya 1994 goda š 1-FKZ ŤO Konstitutsionnom Sude Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť (v redaktsii Federal'nogo konstitutsionnogo zakona ot 5 aprelya 2013 goda š 1-FKZ).
Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 18 dekabrya 2001 goda š 174-FZ (v redaktsii Federal'nogo zakona ot 23 iyulya 2013 goda š 245-FZ).
Federal'nyy zakon ot 30 aprelya 2010 goda š 68-FZ ŤO kompensatsii za narushenie prava na sudoproizvodstvo v razumnyy srok ili prava na ispolnenie sudebnogo akta v razumnyy srokť // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2010. š 94 (4 maya).
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda ot 16 iyunya 1998 goda š 19-P po delu o tolkovanii otdel'nykh polozhe

Reference:

Brezhnev, O.V.. Institution of revision of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court of the constituent subject of the Russian Federation: theoretical and practical problems // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 9. – P. 1151-1159.

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Abstract: The institution of revision of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court is provided for under the legislation of a number of constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. To which degree is it compatible with the specific features of constitutional judicial procedure, providing for the finality of all acts of constitutional justice bodies? The article contains an evaluation of theoretical provisions regarding roles and value of the institution of revision of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court as a guarantee of lawfulness in the sphere of constitutional judicial procedure. Based upon the methodology of theoretical analysis of the said institution, the author provides a comparison of key procedural models for the revision of decision of regional constitutional justice bodies from the standpoints of order of initiation of this procedure, its grounds, types of decisions subject to revision, range of participants of the judicial hearing, sphere of competence of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court. Taking into account the perspectives of development of the constitutional justice in Russia, as well as the need to achieve the goals of the current judicial reform, the author shows positive and negative elements of legal regulation in the sphere of review of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court of the constituent subject of the Russian Federation, reflecting the most important tendencies in the modern approaches to this subject. Based upon the study, the author draws conclusions on the need to provide more details into the procedure of review of decisions of a Constitutional (Ustav) Court of the constituent subject of the Russian Federation, including clear regulation of its bases and limitations of its use by preclusive term, which shall allow to conform to the principle of legal certainty in constitutional judicial procedure.

Keywords: jurisprudence, review, decision, constitutional, Ustav, court, judicial procedure, bases, competence.

References:
Borodin V.V., Borodina S.V., Ushakov V.I. Konstitutsionnaya yustitsiya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: ot teorii k praktike.-SPb.: GUAP, 2011.
Vedernikov N.T., Petrenko D.S. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie (isto-richeskie, teoreticheskie i organizatsionnye osnovy).-M.: Izd-vo RGTEU, 2009.
Vitruk N.V. Konstitutsionnoe pravosudie. Sudebnoe konstitutsionnoe pravo i protsess.-M.: Yurist, 2005.
Gavryusov Yu.V. Sudebnyy protsess v konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) su-dakh sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii: sredstva dokazyvaniya i pere-smotr resheniya konstitutsionnogo (ustavnogo) suda // Modeli konsti-tutsionnoy yustitsii v sovremennom mire. Mat-ly nauchn. konf. 25-26 maya 2006 g.-SPb.: Izd. dom S.-Peterb. gos. un-ta, 2007.-S. 23-32.
Ivanova E.A., Petrov A.A. Zakonodatel'noe regulirovanie organizatsii i deyatel'nosti konstitutsionnykh (ustavnykh) sudov sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii.-Irkutsk: Izd-vo Irkutsk. in-ta zak-va i prav. informatsii im. M.M. Speranskogo, 2010.
Kononova K. Vozmozhnost' peresmotra resheni

Reference:

Lyubchenko, M.Y.. On the issue on the value of the Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 8. – P. 1052-1061.

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Abstract: This article is devoted to the definition of the legal force of final decisions of the ECHR. The first part of the article provides for the definition of the practice of the EHCR, as well as distinction between the final decisions and other forms of objective activities of the ECHR. The second part or the article provides for the structural non-uniformity of the decisions of the ECHR, the author establishes the legal force of the positions on the fair compensation (a); interpretation of the norms of the European Convention on Human Rights (b); and on the established facts in a case (c).

Keywords: jurisprudence, ECHR, decision, interpretation, European Convention on Human Rights, res interpretata, precedent, interaction, reporting, res judicata

References:
O nekotorykh voprosakh, voznikshikh pri rassmotrenii del o prisuzhdenii kompensatsii za narushenie prava na sudoproizvodstvo v razumnyy srok ili prava na ispolnenie sudebnogo akta v razumnyy srok: Post. Plenuma VS RF š 30, Plenuma VAS RF š 64 ot 23 dek. 2010 g. // BVS RF. 2011. š 3
Avdyukov M.G. Printsip zakonnosti v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve. M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo un-ta, 1970; Yudel'son K. Konstitutsionnye printsipy sovetskogo grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo prava // Sovetskaya yustitsiya. 1978. š 16. S. 10; Grazhdanskiy protsess. Khrestomatiya: Uchebnoe posobie. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. / Pod red. prof. M.K. Treushnikova. M.: OAO Izdatel'skiy dom ŤGorodetsť, 2005. S. 180-184.
Arbitrazhnyy protsessual'nyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii: FZ RF ot 24 iyulya 2002 g. š 95-FZ (s posled. izm.) // SZ RF. 2002. š 30. St. 3012.
o prave mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov: zaklyuchena v Vene 23 maya 1969 g. // Sbornik mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov SSSR. 1988. Vypusk XLII.
Venskaya konventsiya
Glazkova M.E. Znachenie pretsedentnoy praktiki Evropeyskogo Suda

Reference:

Ratushnaya B. P.. The Problems of Motivation of Judicial Decisions in the Ukraine // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 6. – P. 798-802.

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Abstract: The article studies theoretical and legislative problems of motivation of judicial decisions in the Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the Ukrainian procedural legislation, theoretical researches on the matter and case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author proves that motivation of judicial decisions along with their legality and justification is one of the important requirements for the quality of judicial decisions. Observation of this requirement shows that the judicial procedure in general and the process of determination of actual circumstances of a case are just and fair. It has also been established that motivation of a judicial act also relates to description of motives as a result of thinking activity based on which the court has made certain decisions. It is stated that except for the Code of Criminal Procedure, Ukrainian court legislation does not have the legal enforcement of an independent demand to provide motivation of judicial decisions. In this respect, the author offers to make certain changes in the procedural legislation of the Ukraine except for the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Ukraine which already has all necessary provisions.

Keywords: Law studies, law enforcement, requirement, legality, justification, motivation, decision, practice, legislation, court.

References:
O sudebnom reshenii v grazhdanskom dele: postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda Ukrainy ot 18.12.2009 g. N 14. // http://zakon.rada.gov.ua.
Nikolaychenko O. O znachenii motivirovochnoy chasti sudebnogo resheniya / O. V. Nikolaychenko // Mezhdunarodnaya zaochnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya ŤVoprosy sovremennoy yurisprudentsii (Rossiya, g. Novosibirsk, 6 fevralya 2012g.) /http://sibac.info/index.php/
Manukyan V. Mezhdunarodnaya zashchita prav cheloveka: pravo, pretsedenty, komentarii: nauchno-praktichesoe posobie. / V. I. Manukyan K.: Istina, 2010. 477 s.
De Sal'via M. Pretsedenty Evropeyskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka. Rukovodyashchie printsipy sudebnoy praktiki, otnosyashchiesya k Evropeyskoy konventsii o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnikh svobod. Sudebnaya praktika s 1960 po 2002 g. / M. De Sal'via. SPb. : Izdatel'stvo ŤYuridicheskiy tsentr Pressť, 2004. 1240 s.
Sultanov A. O probleme motivirovannosti sudebnykh aktov, cherez prizmu Postanovleniy Evropeyskogo Suda po pravam

Reference:

Eseva, E.Y.. Freedom of judiciary in the modern Russia // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 5. – P. 661-666.

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Abstract: The problem of implementing the principle of separation of powers in Russia at the present stage of development. We analyze the current Russian legislation regulating the position of the judiciary and judges. The functioning of the judicial system considered in practice, identified gaps in the legal field on this issue. The point is that today the judiciary is clearly not doing its primary function containment and restriction of the legislative and executive authorities, the implementation of legal control over their activities and the need to change the legislation of Russia on the basis of universally recognized principles of international law.

Keywords: separation of powers, the judiciary, the independence, tenure of judges, the ruling political forces, judicial reform, democracy, constitution, the disciplinary court presence, influence on the judiciary, direct election of judges.

References:
Federal'nyy zakon ot 14 marta 2002 g. š 30-FZ ŤOb organakh sudeyskogo soobshchestva v Ros siy 2002 g. š 48.
Petrov A.A. Vidy resheniy Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii, prinimaemykh v khode osushchestvleniya konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva // Akademicheskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. 2010. š 1. S. 22-27.
Tret'yakov V.A. K voprosu o statuse sudey v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Yurist'-Pravoved'. 2009. š 6. S. 50-52.
Zhdanov A.F., Didikin A.B. Aktual'nye problemy sudebnoy reformy v Rossii // Grazhdanin i pravo. 2009. š 7. S. 30-34.
Adamova V.B. ŤBezuprechnaya professional'naya i moral'naya reputatsiya eto glavnoe, chto ya tsenyu v sud'yakhť // Zakon. 2009. š 9. S. 9-13.
SZ RF. 2001. š 49. St. 4623.
Osipyan B.A. Vozmozhnosti ukrepleniya pravovykh osnov rossiyskogo gosudarstva organami konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya M.: Yurlitinform, 2009. S 288.
Zhuykov V.M. Sudebnaya zashchita prav grazhdan i yuridicheskikh lits. M.: Yurid. Byuro ŤGorodetsť, 1997. S 89.
SZ RF. 2001. š 49. St. 4623.
Zakon RF ot 26 iyunya 1992 g. š 3132-1 Ť

Reference:

Eseva, E.Y.. Challenge of a judge in a civil process. Reality or fiction? // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 4. – P. 504-508.

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Abstract: The article deals with the problem of implementation of right of participants of a judicial process for challenging a particular judge in order to remove him from a process. The author analyzes the modern Russian legislation, which regulates the relations in the sphere of judicial protection of rights and freedoms of an individual, and for the hearing of his case by a just and impartial court. The institution of challenge to a judge is viewed from the point of view of its functional direction, not as a formal norm, but as legal means for correct and timely hearing and adjudication in a civil case. One should mention that this institution is neither logical, nor efficient in its current state in the civil procedure, and the legislation needs to be amended based on the globally recognized legal principles.

Keywords: jurisprudence, civil process, challenge, grounds for challenge, legislation, Roman law, objectivity, fairness, impartiality, Constitution.

References:
Dobrovol'skiy A.A. Iskovaya forma zashchity prava. M., 1965, S 180.
Bagautdinov F.N.Aktual'nye problemy otvoda sud'i v sovremennykh usloviyakh // Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava š 5, may 2009 g., S 9.
Zayavlenie i razreshenie povtornykh otvodov sudu (sud'e) na stadii sudebnogo razbiratel'stva // Advokat, š 10, oktyabr' 2009 g., S 3.
Muromtsev S.A., Grazhdanskoe pravo drevnego Rima, M., 1883 g. S. 20.
Ryzhakov A.P., Otvod sud'i, sekretarya sudebnogo zasedaniya, eksperta, perevodchika. Osnovannyy na sudebnoy praktike kommentariy k st. 23 APK RF.// Sistema Garant, 2009 g.
Ryzhakov A.P., Komentariy k st. 16 GPK RF: osnovaniya otvoda sud'i // Sistema Garant, 2009 g.
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 20 oktyabrya 2011 g. N 1364-O-O ŤOb otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhalob grazhdanina Abakumova Evgeniya Mikhaylovicha na narushenie ego konstitutsionnykh prav punktom 3 chasti pervoy stat'i 16, chastyami vtoroy, tret'ey i chetvertoy stat'i 17, chast'yu pervoy stat'i 19 i chast'yu pervoy, a

Reference:

Tsaliev, A.M.. On the need for the further decentralization and democratization of the judicial branch of power in Russia // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 4. – P. 499-503.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical problems of decentralization and democratization of the judicial branch of power in the Russian Federation. Based upon the analysis of federal and regional legislation, the author illustrates the positive dynamics in resolving these problems, such as introduction of the institution of non-judicial (preliminary to judicial) dispute regulation among the participants of civil law relations, the new Federal Law On alternative procedure of dispute resolution with the help of mediator (On Mediation), the Federal Law On Access to Information to the Court Activities in the Russian Federation, etc. Taking into account the positive experience of the foreign states, the author proposes to apply a number of efficient measures, which are aimed for the improvement of judicial structure and procedure in the Russian Federation. In particular, he finds it necessary to optimize the correlation of federal and regional judicial bodies, to provide legislative guarantees for the more active participation of people in the formation of the judicial corpus, to widen the scope of forms of participation of people in implementation of justice, to spread the practice of non-judicial and preliminary-to-judicial dispute resolution, etc.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the judicial power, the court, the judge, federalism, democracy, law, justice, judicial structure.

References:
Demidov V.N. Regional'noe konstitutsionnoe (ustavnoe) pravosudie kak faktor modernizatsii sub'ektov RF // V sb.: Aktual'nye problemy teorii i praktiki konstitutsionnogo sudoproizvodstva. Ryazan', 2011. S. 200.
Shkhagapsoev Z.L., Tkhabisimova L.A. Sudebnaya vlast' v sub'ektakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii i mirovye sud'i//Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2006. š 4. S. 17.
Magnusson P. Otbor sudey v SShA // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2003. š 11. S. 28.
Chirkin V.E. Konstitutsionnoe pravo zarubezhnykh stran. M., 1999. S. 322.
Kolokolov N.A. Formirovanie sudebnoy vlasti v samoopredelivshikhsya gosudarstvakh: osnovy upravleniya genezisom i evolyutsiey // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2010. š 9. S. 23.
Popova A.D. Sud prisyazhnykh kak atribut demokraticheskogo gosudarstva: istoriya i sovremennost' // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2010. š 5. S. 19.
Dmen I., Shvarts O. Rossiyskiy sud prisyazhnykh ozhidaet resheniya svoey sud'by // Konstitutsionnoe pravo: vostochnoevropeyskoe obozre

Reference:

Konovalov, A.O.. Some problems related to the implementation of right for access to information on the activities of the courts in Russia (based on the materials from the Siberian Federal District). // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 3. – P. 345-349.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of practice of implementation of the right for access to information in the activities of the courts in the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation within the Siberian Federal District. The author provides results of the study on such types of rights of access, as presence in an open judicial hearing, or provision of information upon the request of information user in the Siberian Federal District. The article also contains the conclusions of the author on the current situation in the sphere of open information on federal courts of general jurisdiction, arbitration courts and the Department for Administration of Justice in the Siberian Federal Districts. The author also provides suggestions on the improvement of the current legislation and legal practice in the sphere of access to information on the activities of the courts.

Keywords: jurisprudence, information on the activities of the courts, access to information, request for information, official website, refusal to provide information, photographing, video recording, audio recording, the Department for the Administration of Justice, Siberian Federal District, court.

References:
Anosova L.S. Sootnoshenie ponyatiy glasnosti, otkrytosti i transparentnosti sudoproizvodstva: konstitutsionno-pravovye aspekty // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2009. N 21. S. 25 29.
Kabyshev S.V. Otkrytost' pravosudiya v Rossii: problemy i perspektivy pravovogo regulirovaniya M. 2007. S. 6.
Pavlov I.Yu., Golubeva E.G., Institut razvitiya svo body informatsii. ŤOsobennosti pravovogo regulirovaniya voprosov dostupa k informatsii v federal'nykh zakonakh ŤOb obespechenii dostupa k informatsii o deyatel'nosti sudov v Rossiyskoy Federatsiiť i ŤO dostupe k informatsii o deyatel'nosti gosudarstvennykh organov i organov mestnogo samoupravleniyať // Pravo i bezopasnost'. M. 2009. š 3 (32). http://dpr.ru/pravo/pravo_28_14.htm.
Reshetnikova I.V. Protokol sudebnogo zasedaniya cherez prizmu dostupnosti sudebnoy zashchity // Problemy dostupnosti i effektivnosti pravosudiya v arbitrazhnom i grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve. M. 2001. S. 298
Khurgin V.M. O prave grazhdan na dostup k informatsii // N

Reference:

Abdulvaliev, A.F.. The prerequisites and perspectives of the introduction of an electronic form of the criminal case file into the activities of the judicial bodies. // Law and Politics. – 2013. – š 1. – P. 58-65.

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Abstract: A number of legal scholars and practicing lawyers prefer novel and progressive technologies in the criminal judicial procedure, including the electronic case file. Also, the federal programs on development of judicial system contain some prerequisites, which push the judicial system towards the introduction of the electronic case files. However, it seems more reasonable to develop federal programs for the pre-trial criminal procedures. The existing provisions for the modern technologies shall allow to introduce the electronic case files in the nearest decade, and it shall not require any considerable amendments in the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. However, it shall be necessary to provide legislative regulation for the application of this technology, to avoid barriers and problems, which may arise due to the introduction of an electronic form of criminal cases.

Keywords: jurisprudence, judicial procedure, criminal, process, court, technologies, electronic, carrier, information, program.

References:
Abdulvaliev A.F. O neobkhodimosti ispol'zovaniya Internet-saytov sudov obshchey yurisdiktsii s tsel'yu formirovaniya pravovoy kul'tury v molodezhnoy srede // Sovremennoe sostoyanie gosudarstvennoy molodezhnoy politiki: opyt i problemy: Materialy Regional'noy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii / pod red. Isupovoy E.A.-Nizhnevartovsk: Izd-vo NGGU, 2011. S.3-10.
Garifullina A.Kh., Sukhareva O.S. Elektronnyy protokol kak novyy vid dokazatel'stva i novyy element udostoveritel'nogo aspekta ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva // Vestnik Kazanskogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2012. š 9. S. 111-117.
Internet-konferentsiya General'nogo direktora Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiyskoy Federatsii Guseva Aleksandra Vladimirovicha ŤAktual'nye voprosy deyatel'nosti Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiyskoy Federatsii: problemy i perspektivyť. 10.08.2011. // URL: www.garant.ru (data obrashcheniya: 25.10.2012).
Nastol'naya kniga voennogo prokurora: posobie (pod obshch. red. zamestitelya

Reference:

Brezhnev, O.V.. The plenipotentiary on human rights as a participant of the constitutional judicial procedure: problems, tendencies and perspectives. // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 12. – P. 1995-2002.

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Abstract: The institution of the Plenipotentiary on Human Rights assists establishment of the guarantees of protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of persons. That is why, there is need for the Plenipotentiary in the Russian Federation to cooperate with the similar officials in the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation and other elements of mechanisms for the protection of human rights, such as the constitutional justice bodies. The article provides comparative analysis of possible models of such participation of the Plenipotentiary in the constitutional judicial process: as a party, as a person who has a right to take part in such procedure in the public legal goals, as an invited officer. Taking into consideration the perspectives of constitutional justice in Russia and the need to achieve the goals of judicial reform, the author points out positive aspects and topical issues in the sphere of legislative regulation of protection of human rights via the constitutional control. Then the author points out the tendencies in the procedural statuses of the Plenipotentiary on Human Rights as a participant of constitutional judicial process.

Keywords: jurisprudence, plenipotentiary, rights, freedoms, constitutional, justice, judicial procedure, status, complaint, procedure.

References:
Abramyan S.K. Zashchita prav lits, stradayushchikh psikhicheskimi rasstroystvami, upolnomochennymi po pravam cheloveka v Rossiyskoy Federa-tsii // Aktual'nye problemy prava i pravoprimenitel'noy deyatel'nosti na sovremennom etape. Mat-ly nauch.-prakt. konf. Krasnodar: Izd. Dom Yug, 2011. S. 385-388.
Avtonomov A.S. Prava cheloveka, pravozashchitnaya i pravookhranitel'naya deyatel'nost'. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Fond ŤLiberal'naya missiyať, 2009. 448 s.
Babich M.E. Nekotorye voprosy zashchity prav nesovershennoletnikh upolnomochennymi po pravam cheloveka // Konventsiya o pravakh rebenka: k 20-letiyu prinyatiya. Mat-ly nauch. konf. Stavropol': OOO ŤMir dannykhť, 2009. S. 7-10.
Kobzareva D.A. Sravnitel'no-pravovoy analiz zakonodatel'stva ob upolnomochennom po pravam cheloveka v nekotorykh sub'ektakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Prava cheloveka v innovatsionnom razvitii regiona: mat-ly kruglogo stola. Belgorod: NIU BGU, 2012. S. 243-252.
Nazarova E.A. Zashchita prav i svobod voennosluzhash

Reference:

Nikiforova, A.V.. Judicial system: Influence of the acts by the constitutional justice bodies on the development of the municipal law. // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 10. – P. 1680-1694.

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Abstract: In this article the author studies the development of the municipal law by the decisions of the constitutional justice bodies in the Russian Federation in the sphere of territorial organization of municipal government, institutions of direct democracy at the local level. As a result of these studies, the author comes to a conclusion that the municipal law (both as a branch of law, and as a branch of science) has been developing and improving, and it retained certain balance between the legislation on municipal self-government, the practice of its application and the theory of municipal law, which was to a considerable degree thanks to the decisions of the constitutional justice bodies. Namely, it was thanks to the conclusions in the resolution part of the decisions, which recognized as unconstitutional some legal provisions on municipal self-government, as well as to the recommendations to the federal, regional and local legislators on the need of legislative regulation of certain social relations in the sphere of municipal self-government in order to avoid collisions and Þ ll the gaps in the legislation on municipal self-government, as well as in order to protect the rights for municipal government. Generally, they helped to bring federal and regional legislations into accord. Not being limited to this role, the legal positions of the constitutional justice bodies also provided information and knowledge for the science of municipal law, showed the acceptable and correct application of the norms in the sphere of municipal self-government, facilitated the general understanding in the sphere of municipal law, which is necessary in order to involve the citizens into the implementation of municipal government.

Keywords: jurisprudence, understanding of law, decisions, science, application of law, inß uence, development, law, municipal, position.

References:
Akmalova A. A. Osobennosti pravovogo regulirovanie i organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: teoretiko-metodologicheskii aspekt. Avtoref. dis. dok. yur. nauk./ [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: http://www.dissercat.com/content/osobennosti-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-i-organizatsii-mestnogo-samoupravleniya-v-rossiiskoi-fe (data obrashcheniya 20.08.2012)
Bondar' N. S. Mestnoe samoupravlenie i konstitutsionnoe pravosudie. Konstitutsionalizatsiya munitsipal'noi demokratii v Rossii. - M.: Norma, 2008. - 278 s.
Kostyukov A. N. Munitsipal'noe pravo kak otrasl' rossiiskogo prava: predmet, printsipy, rezhimy, konstruktsii, sistema. Avtoref. dis. dok. yur. nauk./ [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: http://www.dissercat.com/content/munitsipalnoe-pravo-kak-otrasl-rossiiskogo-prava-predmet-printsipy-rezhimy-konstruktsii-sist (data obrashcheniya 20.08.2012)
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 10 aprelya 2002 goda š 92-O ŤOb otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zaprosa gruppy deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy

Reference:

Ulyanov, V.G.. Is it necessary to involve the attesting witnesses for investigation activities? // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 6. – P. 1093-1097.

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Abstract: The legislative draft on the amendments into Art. 62 and 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, as introduced into the Duma by the President of the Russian Federation, sets the new goals for the criminal procedural science. It is necessary to establish the expediency of the amendments, their potential infl uence on the effi ciency of criminal judicial procedure. The article contains the authors point of view on the various problems, which are related to removal of the institution of attesting witnesses from the criminal procedure, and the possible ways to solve them. The author formulates the amendments and changes into the presidential draft.

Keywords: jurisprudence, evidence, fi xation, falsifi cation, authentication, authenticity, inspection, investigation, legislative draft, attesting witness.

References:
Vladimirov L.S. Uchenie ob ugolovnykh dokazatel'stvakh. Tula: Izd-vo ŤAvto-grafTulať, 2000.
Zel'des I., Levi A.A. Organizatsiya sudebnykh ekspertiz: praktika SShA, proble-my Rossii // Rossiyskaya yus-
titsiya. 1996. š7.
Tomsinov V.A. Yuridicheskoe obrazovanie i yurisprudentsiya v Rossii vo vtoroy treti Kh1Kh veka. M.: Zertsalo-
M, 2010.
Khrestomatiya po istorii otechestvennogo gosudarstva i prava // Pod red. V.A. Tomsinova M.: Izd-vo Norma,
2004.

Reference:

Popova, I.Y.. On qualifi cation of the abuse of procedural rights. // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 5. – P. 902-908.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of nature of abuse of procedural rights, based on the analysis of the doctrinal views in the science of civil process. The author states that such actions can only be intended, and states that such actions related to the unfounded claims should be viewed as civil offences (Art. 10 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Keywords: jurisprudence, abuse of procedural rights, judicial discretion, implementation of procedural rights, adversary character, civil process, civil law, civil offence, court, abuse.

References:
Agarkov M.M. Problema zloupotrebleniya pravom v sovetskom grazhdanskom prave // Izvestiya AN SSSR. Otdelenie
ekonomiki i prava. 1946. š6. S.422436.
Vitruk N.V. Pravovoy status lichnosti v SSSR M., 1985.
Grel' Ya.V. Zloupotreblenie storon protsessual'nymi pravami v grazhdanskom i arbitrazhnom protsesse: Dis.
kand. yurid. nauk. Novosibirsk, 2006.
Gribanov V.P. Osushchestvlenie i zashchita grazhdanskikh prav. M., 1972. S.47. Podobnyy podkhod predstavlen i v upo-
minaemykh ranee uchebnikakh grazhdanskogo prava MGU i SPbU.
Gribanov V.P. Predely osushchestvleniya i zashchity grazhdanskikh prav. M., 1972. S.38.
Kommentariy k Arbitrazhnomu protsessual'nomu kodeksu Rossiyskoy Federatsii / Pod red. T.A. Zhilina. M.: OOO
TK Velbi, 2003. S. 277 - 278 (avtor kommentariya k glave 9 - I.A. Prikhod'ko).
Kulakov V.V. Obyazatel'stvo i oslozhneniya ego struktury v grazhdanskom prave. M.: Volters Kluver, 2010.
Kulakov V.V. Solidarnoe obyazatel'stvo: vse za odnogo? // EZh-Yurist. 20

Reference:

Kozhevnikov, O.A.. Some problems related to distinguishing the jurisdiction over cases of courts of general jurisdiction and the cases of the Constitutional (Ustav) courts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federations, as well as the ways to solve these problems. // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 5. – P. 897-901.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the practice of application of Art. 27 of the Federal Constitutional Law of 31.12.1996 N. 1-FKZ On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation. As part of this study, the author comes to a conclusion that the dispositive character of these provisions allows for the unfounded widening of the scope of discretion by the Constitutional (Ustav) Courts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation in the sphere of confl ict-resolution.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional (Ustav) Courts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, jurisdiction, judicial disputes, the courts of general jurisdiction, the judicial system of the Russian Federation, the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the law.

References:
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 07.10.2005 N 342-O.
Po zaprosu Gosudarstvennogo Sobraniya - Kurultaya Respubliki Bashkortostan o proverke konstitutsionnosti pun-
kta 1 stat'i 4 Federal'nogo zakona Ob advokatskoy deyatel'nosti i advokature v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // CPS
Konsul'tant Plyus.

Reference:

Deryabin, I.V.. Forms and some perspectives of improvement of participation of the prosecutor in the civil process in the cases, arising from housing relations. // Law and Politics. – 2012. – š 4. – P. 684-688.

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Abstract: This article includes classifi cation of forms of participation of the prosecutor in the civil process, and it includes some characteristics of perspectives of its improvement in civil cases arising from housing relations. The author points out that claims, which are brought to courts by prosecutors, can be characterized as the most effi cient form of implementation of powers of prosecution in the sphere of protection of citizens rights, including their housing rights. The author offers to improve the legislative basis, related to the participation of prosecutor in the civil process.

Keywords: jurisprudence, prosecutor, housing, legal relations, process, participation, rights, freedoms, citizen, status.

References:
Gureeva O.A. Problemy opredeleniya pravovogo statusa prokurora v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve //
Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. 2010. š8. S. 16-18.
Sergienko A.A. Uchastie prokurora v rassmotrenii grazhdanskikh del sudami obshchey yurisdiktsii: Avtoref.
dis. kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2005. S. 12.
Baykin I.M. Dacha zaklyucheniya prokurorom v grazhdanskom protsesse // Mirovoy sud'ya. 2010. š7. S. 18-21.
Zhilin G.A. Tseli grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva i ikh realizatsiya v sude pervoy instantsii. M., 2000. S. 214.
Baykin I.M. Voprosy ogranichennogo uchastiya prokurora v grazhdanskom protsesse // ŤArbitrazhnyy i grazh-
danskiy protsessť, 2008, š10.
Ukazanie Genprokuratury RF ot 14.05.2009 š160/8 ŤOb organizatsii raboty po primeneniyu ch. 1 st. 45 GPK
RFť // Zakonnost'. 2009. š7.

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