Abstract: The subject of the study is the regulatory and legal provisions of the Institute of surrogacy in the Russian Federation. The object of this research is the concept and essence of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technologies in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis is represented by a set of methods of scientific cognition of objective legal reality applied in the course of preparation and writing: comparative analysis (also known as the comparative legal method), as well as the formal legal method. In addition, the methods of scientific cognition of objective legal reality used by the author also include the logical method, system-structural analysis, and the method of legal modeling. The sharp drop in the birth rate in Russia in 2022 exacerbates the issue of the early legislative establishment of legal mechanisms that have not yet been used by the Russian state, but which are quite capable of assisting Russian citizens in the use of assisted reproductive technologies, overcoming infertility and, ultimately, in the exercise of their conventional and legal rights to create a family and procreation. The author conducted a sociological observation based on the materials of websites specializing in informing citizens about assisted reproductive technologies, identified the most typical problematic and conflict situations in the relationship of potential biological parents and potential surrogate mothers, made conclusions and suggestions to eliminate the identified problems from social practice. In particular, it is concluded that it is necessary to organize departments at maternity hospitals specializing in monitoring the condition of surrogate mothers and their implementation of medical recommendations, including compliance with the pregnancy preservation regime.

Keywords: the conclusion of the attending physician, medical regime, personal obligations, surrogacy agreement, personal freedom, potential biological mothers, surrogacy, potential biological parents, assisted reproductive technologies, infertility

References:
Admin. Russians have broken the anti-record of falling fertility. – Text: electronic / Admin // New news. – 08/11/2022. – URL: https://newvesti.info/2022/08/11/rossiyane-pobili-antirekord-padeniya-rozhdaemosti.html (accessed 22.11.2022)
Natural population movement in the context of the subjects of the Russian Federation for October 2022 // Rosstat: [website]. – URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_10-2022.htm (date of application: 11.12.2022)
The Ministry of Labor noted the difficult demographic situation in Russia. – Text: electronic // Interfax. – 06.12.2022.-URL: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/875544 (date of application: 11.12.2022)
Mkrtchyan T.M. Infertility in Russia and the world. – Text: electronic / T.M. Mkrtchyan // Reprobank: [website]. – URL: https://reprobank.ru/novosti/stati/besplodie-v-rossii?ysclid=lbigmms1kq8336683 (accessed: 11/25/2022)
Bill No. 41630-8. – Text: electronic // Legislative support system: [website]. – URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/41630-8?yscl

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of theoretical and legal understanding of legal relations. The subject of the study is bifurcated – the general attitudes of the post-Soviet mainstream discourse in this area are compared with the marginalized ideas of the Marxist theory of legal relations, supplemented by the ideas of the modern Marxist theory of society, which are significant for its concretization in modern conditions.

The article's main goal is to problematize the methodological foundations of the understanding of legal relations that prevails in the post–Soviet theory of law, and to draw attention to the potential of Marxist methodology. The methodological basis of the work is the authentic and early Soviet Marxist theory of law and the modern concept of a global class society.

Representatives of the post–Soviet mainstream theory failed to make a breakthrough in understanding legal relations and comprehend one of the most pressing problems of post-Soviet law and order - the gap between positive legal models of legal relations and the practice of their implementation. Theoretical understanding of legal relations has a chance to break out of the vicious positivist-neo-Kantian circle, within which legal relations are understood as a derivative of the norm of positive law, and thinking gets bogged down in the dichotomy of due and being, if the tools of Marxist theory, cleared of ideological layers, are restored.

An important role in the dialectical understanding of legal relations is played by the distinction between material and volitional relations, the understanding of legal relations as a type of volitional relations that simultaneously act as a form of other social relations, while the legal relations that are actually developing are understood as the most concrete form of law.

In modern conditions, the scientific understanding of legal relations requires distinguishing between different types of material and volitional relations – orthocapitalist and paracapitalist – within the framework of a global class society. Their difference explains the "gap" that has arisen in the post-Soviet space between positive legal models of legal relations, constructed largely on the model of orthocapitalist relations, and real legal relations, which by their nature are paracapitalist.

Keywords: paracapitalism, orthocapitalism, form of law, ideological social relations, material social relations, mainstream theory of law, positivism, marxism, legal relationship, post-Soviet law and order

References:
Nersesyants, V. S. (2005). Philosophy of Law. Moscow: Norma.
Maltsev, G. V. (2007). Social foundations of law. Moscow: Norma.
Gadzhiev, G. A. (2019). A contract as a general legal value (to the question of the genesis of legal epistemology). Journal of Russian Law, 1 (265), 5-18.
“The court institution is clearly lagging behind the demands of society”: an interview with Konstantin Sklovsky // Retrieved from https://zakon.ru/discussion/2020/5/8/institut_suda_yavno_otstaet_ot_trebovanij_obschestva__intervyu_s_konstantinom_sklovskym
Ivanov, A. A. (2015). The problem of primitivization of civil law in Russia. Law, 5, 58-64.
Marx, K. (1960). Capital. In K. Marx & F. Engels, Works. Vol. 23 (pp. 43-784). Moscow: Politizdat.
Marx, K. (1960). About Proudhon (Letter to I. B. Schweitzer). In K. Marx & F. Engels, Works. Vol. 16 (pp. 24-31). Moscow: Politizdat.
Lenin, V. I. (1967). What are “friends of the people” and how do they fight against the social democrats? In V. I. Lenin, Complete Wor

Abstract: The author of the article considers the problem of the correlation of such areas of legal science as criminal sociology, criminology and sociology of criminal law. There is still no consensus in the modern doctrine regarding the place in the system of legal science and the subject of these areas. Thus, some scientists identify criminal sociology with criminology, and others - with the sociology of criminal law. With the help of the historical and legal method, the author demonstrates the development of the sociological trend in Western and domestic legal thought, which took shape at the end of the XIX century in criminal sociology (in Western science - criminal sociology), or criminology.   Using logical and comparative methods, the author comes to the conclusion that the term "criminal sociology" is synonymous with criminology, which was used in Russian science at the end of the XIX century. The sociology of criminal law became the subject of scientific discussions already in the Soviet legal science in the 1970s and 1980s. The author joins the position of scientists that the sociology of criminal law serves as a section of criminal law, but states the absorption of criminology research issues included in the field of sociology of criminal law. The expediency of distinguishing the subject areas of criminology and sociology of criminal law is noted, leaving behind the latter the social conditionality and effectiveness of criminal norms, the improvement of criminal law and the practice of its application.

Keywords: criminological validity, social conditioning, the doctrine of crime, history of science, criminal law, sociology of criminal law, criminology, criminal sociology, subject of science, sociological methods

References:
Criminology: textbook / ed. V.N. Kudryavtseva and V.E. Eminova, 4th ed., revised. and add.-M.: Norma: Infra-M, 2010. P.59
Criminology: textbook / ed. ed. A.I. Dolgovoy. - 4th ed., revised. and add.–M.: Norm: Infra-M, 2010.S.480
Large legal dictionary. 3rd ed., add. and revised / ed. prof. AND I. Sukharev. – M.: INFRA-M, 2007. – VI. S. 779
Economics and law: dictionary-reference book / Comp. L.P. Kurakov, V.L. Kurakov, A.L. Kurakov. - Moscow: Higher education institution and school, 2004. / URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_economic_law/16600/CRIMINAL_SOCIOLOGY
Ferry E. Criminal Sociology. / Comp. and foreword. V.S. Obninsky. – M.: INFRA-M, 2005. – VIII, 658 p.
Criminal Sociology / E. Ferry; translation ed. S. V. Poznysheva. - Moscow: Ed. V. M. Sablina, 1908. - 625 p.
Ferry E. Criminal Sociology. / Comp. and foreword. V.S. Obninsky. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. - VIII, - 658 p.
Gilinsky Ya.I. Deviantology: sociology of crime, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide and other "deviation

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the features and patterns of the use of an interdisciplinary approach to modern scientific research in the field of law. The relevance of this problem and the need to study the patterns of using an interdisciplinary approach in the field of law is because, on the one hand, it is becoming increasingly widespread in the legal sciences. On the other hand, the "inept" use of an interdisciplinary approach in the field of law can lead to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of scientific research in the legal sciences and lead to difficulties in assessing the significance of the obtained research results. The purpose of this work is to identify the patterns of using this approach based on the analysis of the features of the interdisciplinary approach in modern scientific research in the field of legal sciences and to propose ways to use it most effectively in modern scientific research in the field of jurisprudence. В В В В В  The scientific novelty of the conducted research is as follows. During the analysis of the features and patterns of the use of an interdisciplinary approach in modern legal science, it was found that not all researchers understand the features (specifics) of the use of an interdisciplinary approach in legal research. The specificity of using an interdisciplinary approach in legal research is that an interdisciplinary approach allows us to identify common patterns of formation, development and functioning of state-legal phenomena as a variety of social phenomena. Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness of using an interdisciplinary approach in modern scientific research in the field of legal sciences, it is better to conduct research on the purely legal side of state-legal phenomena within the framework of a disciplinary approach and traditional legal methods, an interdisciplinary approach, in our opinion, should play the role of a kind of philosophical basis that does not allow the absolutization of knowledge and assumes the need for dialogue in in order to conduct scientific research more productively.

Keywords: usage, jurisprudence, problems, estimation, researches, effectiveness, patterns, interdisciplinary approach, right, philosophical basis

References:
Dolzhikov, A. V. (2020). The constitutional principle of proportionality: an interdisciplinary approach. Vestnik Permskogo UniversitetaJuridicheskie Nauki, (47), pp. 6–27. http://doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2020-47-6-27
Interdisciplinarity in the sciences and philosophy. (2010). M.: IFRAN. p. 205.
Khaydegger, M. (1998). The problem of man in Western philosophy. М.
Interdisciplinary Studies. (2014). In A. C. Michalos (ed). Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Dordrecht.
Lyall, C. (2019). Being an interdisciplinary academic. Dordrecht: Springer.
Yetiv, S. A. & James, P. (Eds). (2017). Advancing interdisciplinary approaches to international relations. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40823-1
g
Streib, H.& Gennerich, C. (2011). Jugend und religion. bestandsaufnahmen, analyses und fallstudten zur re g csitat jugendlktfier. VVeinheim & Munchen: Juventa.
Chestn

Abstract: The object of this research is justice and balance viewed as the paramount legal categories. The subject of this research is the interrelation between them reflected in the materials of law enforcement practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Research methodology leans on the systemic and axiological approaches; general scientific methods of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis; sociological method of content analysis used in studying the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; as well as statistical for quantitative processing of the acquired data. Special attention is given to the questions of fair coordination of the constitutionally protected values and balanced distribution of subjective rights and legal responsibilities among the parties to legal relations. The following conclusions determine the theoretical novelty of this research: 1) analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation demonstrated the semantic correlation between the legal categories of justice and balance; 2) it is admissible to consider the orientation towards achieving certain balance as one of the essential criteria of the principle of justice; 3) classification of the objects amenable to balancing in relation to each other is conducted in accordance with the requirements of the principle of justice; 4) such classification determines the two level of balance: the firs one implies coordination of the constitutionally protected values, while the second one suggest the coordination of rights and responsibilities of the parties to legal relations; 5) formulation is provided to the three general riles of balanced distribution of subjective rights and legal responsibilities within the specific legal relations; 6) an original definition is given to the legal balance, which largely reveals the content of the principle of justice.

Keywords: constitutionally protected values, claim to justice, Constitutional Court, legal principles, public interest, private interest, principle of justice, justice, common good, legal balance

References:
Alekseev S. S. Sobranie sochinenii. V 10 t. [+ Spravoch. tom]. Tom 3: Problemy teorii prava: Kurs lektsii. — M.: Statut, 2010. S. 21.
Aleksi R. Ponyatie i deistvitel'nost' prava (otvet yuridicheskomu pozitivizmu) ; per. s nem. / [A. Laptev, F. Kal'shoeir] ; [V. Bergmann, pred., sost.] ; [T. Yakovleva, nauch. red.]. — M. : Infotropik Mediya, 2011. S. 44.
Migacheva A. Yu. Filosofskaya kategoriya «spravedlivost'» i grazhdanskoe pravo // Vestnik KRU MVD Rossii. 2018. №3 (41). S. 133.
Yunusov S. A. Printsip spravedlivosti v ugolovno-ispolnitel'nom prave: voprosy teorii : avtoreferat dis. ... kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. Ryazan', 2014. S. 9.
Sidorov B. V. «Virus politikanstva» v rossiiskoi ugolovno-pravovoi sisteme // VEPS. 2012. №2. S. 141.
Kovalenko L. G. Politicheskaya modernizatsiya v kontekste sotsial'noi spravedlivosti // Izvestiya AltGU. 2011. №4-1. S. 247.
Balafendiev A. M. Printsip ravenstva i voprosy osvobozhdeniya ot ugolovnoi otvetstvennosti // Uchen. zap. Kazan. un-ta. Ser. Gu

Abstract: This article examines the admissibility of interpretation contra legem, which the courts resort to in specific legal cases. The author reveals the reasons for the ongoing debates on admissibility of interpretation of contra legem, presents arguments of the opponents of such interpretation, and conducts their critical analysis. Leaning on the doctrinal sources and judicial practice, the author determines the conditions that allow the courts resorting to the interpretation of contra legem, as well as offers its balanced model for reconciling the requirements of legal certainty and justice. The relevance of this research lies in the lack of theoretical development of the problematic of interpretation of contra legem which is commonly applies in practice of the highest courts of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is drawn that the admissibility of interpretation of contra legem is predetermined by the recognition of nonidentity of law and normative act. However, due to the fact that the requirement of legal certainty is one of the aspects of justice, the courts may resort to the interpretation of contra legem in determination of the teleological gaps in the normative act (when literal compliance with its prescriptions leads to unjust and unreasonable decision), eliminating them based on the principles of law (both general legal and sectoral). The theoretical conclusions are supported by the examples from the practice of the highest courts of the Russian Federation – the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Arbitration Court. The use of the balances model of interpretation of contra legem can be traces in the decisions of these courts.

Keywords: Supreme Commercial Court of Russia, Supreme Court of Russia, Constitutional Court of Russia, legal certainty, justice, human rights, judicial discretion, judicial legislation, contra legem, interpetation

References:
Sdelki, predstavitel'stvo, iskovaya davnost': postateinyi kommentarii k stat'yam 153–208 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Otv. red. A. G. Karapetov. M.: M-Logos, 2018. S. 701. Avtor kommentariya – R. S. Bevzenko
Lazarev V. V. Filosofiya pragmatizma i realizma kak metodologiya sudebnogo pravotvorchestva i usmotreniya // Sudebnye doktriny v rossiiskom prave: teoriya i praktika: monografiya / otv. red. V. V. Lazarev, Kh. I. Gadzhiev. Moskva: IZiSP: Norma: INFRA-M, 2020. S. 149.
Polyakov S. B. Legal'nye i real'nye printsipy prava // Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2018. № 9. S. 21.
Gambaryan A. S. Vnesistemnye kollizii i vnutrisistemnye konflikty printsipov prava: doktrina, praktika, tekhnika. Yuridicheskaya tekhnika. 2020. № 14. S. 39.
Berg L. N. Sudebnoe usmotrenie i ego predely (obshcheteoreticheskii aspekt): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2008. S. 160.
Osnovnye polozheniya grazhdanskogo prava: postateinyi kommentarii k stat'yam 1–16.1 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Fede

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the legal issues of protection of the rights of individuals who have concluded civil transactions under psychological duress, namely hypnosis. The object of this research is civil law relations that emerge in conclusion of transaction by individuals. The subject of this research is the person’s will and its characteristics in deciding to conclude a transaction under psychological coercion unrelated to physical violence, as well as legal consequences of concluding such transactions. The author examines the factors that contribute to conclusion of transactions under psychological coercion and possible reasons for psychological coercion. The article examines civil and criminal law methods of protection of the rights of citizens who concluded transactions with a defect of volition, but are legally capable and aware of their actions. The conclusion is made that the only effective way to protect the individual from concluding such transaction lies in cultivation of the will. It is noted that the key evidence in challenging such transactions is forensic psychiatry evaluation; however, its commission depends solely on the judge’s decision on a particular dispute. The author assumes that the implementation of punitive measures for coercing into conclusion of such transactions is improbable, since the law enforcement authorities would refuse to initiate a criminal case due to civil nature of the dispute. The scientific novelty of consists in carrying out a comprehensive analysis of both, civil and criminal law methods of protection of the rights of citizens who have concluded transactions with the defect of volition, and the possibility of their practical implementation.

Keywords: expertise, invalidity of the transaction, violence, coercion, hypnosis, transaction, will, extortion, freedom, victim

References:
Slovar' russkogo yazyka: Ok. 57 000 slov/pod red. dokt. filol. nauk, prof. N.Yu. Shvedovoi – 14-e izd., stereotip. – M.: Rus.yaz, 1983, S. 86.
Apellyatsionnoe opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda ot 24 iyunya 2019 g. po delu № 33-23812/2019, apellyatsionnoe opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda ot 14 yanvarya 2020 g. po delu № 33-187/2020, apellyatsionnoe opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda po delu № 33-19723/2020, 2-4853/2019 [Elektronnyi resurs]: Dostup iz sprav.– pravovoi sistemy «Konsul'tant plyus».
Apellyatsionnoe opredelenie Saratovskogo oblastnogo suda ot 26 aprelya 2016 g. po delu № 33-2988/2016 [Elektronnyi resurs]: Dostup iz sprav. – pravovoi sistemy «Konsul'tant plyus».
Rubinshtein S.L. Osnovy obshchei psikhologii. – SPb.: Piter, 2019, S. 605.
Postateinyi kommentarii k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Chast' pervaya. // Grishaev S.P., Bogacheva T.V., Svit Yu.P. Podgotovlen dlya sistemy Konsul'tantPlyus. 2019.
Byulleten' Verkhovnogo Suda RF. № 10, oktyabr' 20

Abstract: This article analyzes the emergence of the phenomenon of suicidal communities in the Russian cyberspace from the perspective of the widespread in modern criminology theory of routine actions. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that despite a variety of studies dedicated to “death groups”, the problems associated with encouraging or assisting suicide using the Internet platforms are not fully covered in the view of criminological science. At the same time, there is urgent need for criminological research of this phenomenon due to the qualitative transformation of criminality – use of the Internet platforms for inflicting harm to human life and health without direct physical and psychological abuse is a distinguishing feature of the modern world. The subject of this research is the key concepts of the theory of routine actions (“motivated criminal”, “potential victim”, “no external control”) applicable to the problem under review. The author explores certain psychological and cultural aspects that characterize the modern younger generation (increased engagement in social media, more tolerant perception). It is concluded that criminalization of relationships developing between people in social media naturally increased criminality due to the emergence of new ways of communication in modern world. The author believes that the effective method to minimize the category of such type of crimes consists in promotion of the state policy aimed at improvement of psychological health of the population.

Keywords: death groups, theory of routine actions, assisted suicide, inclination to suicide, suicide, criminology, minors, criminal behavior, Internet, social networks

References:
Kurator «gruppy smerti»: «Sporim na lyam, chto za mnoi nikto ne pridet nikogda?». [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/02/16/71537-sporim-na-lyam-chto-za-mnoy-nikto-ne-pridet-nikogda (data obrashcheniya 03.07.2021).
Prigovorom Sobinskogo gorodskogo suda brat i sestra osuzhdeny za vovlechenie nesovershennoletnikh v internet-igru suitsidal'noi napravlennosti Elektronnyi resurs] URL: http://oblsud.wld.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=press_dep&op=1&did=1528 (data obrashcheniya: 15.07.2021).
Antonyan Yu.M., Kudryavtsev V.N., Eminov V.E. Lichnost' prestupnika. SPb., Izd.: «Yuridicheskii tsentr Press», 2004. S. 11.
Lawrence E. Felson M. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review Vol. 44, No. 4 (Aug., 1979), pp. 588-608. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2094589?seq=1 (data obrashcheniya: 02.07.2021).
Sledstvennyi komitet zakryl delo Riny Palenkovoi [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: https://iz.ru/599946/vladimir-zykov/sledstvennyi-komite

Abstract: The discussion on application to law of the principle of adherence to the rule formulated in the works of L. Wittgenstein and S. Kripke has been going in the foreign theory of law since the late 1980s, and now has been joined by the Russian researchers. The article conducts a theoretical analysis and assessment of the positions and arguments expressed by the participants of this discussion, and sums up the results. The author examines the content of the principle of adherence to the rule in the philosophy of language, describes the methods of interaction between jurisprudence and philosophy, and problematizes the link between the principle of adherence to the rule in the philosophy of language and the subject of discussion. The work employs a wide variety of sources and philosophical concepts. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the following: 1) substantiation of the absence of link between the practical application to law of the principle of adherence to the rule raised in the discussion and the content of the principle of adherence to the rule in the philosophy of language; 2) description and analysis of the method of interaction of legal dogma and philosophy of language, the determining role that it plays in structuring the arguments of the participants in the discussion, as well as its defining role for the main outcome of the discussion – refusal to address the problem of adherence to the rule in legal dogma and legal practice; 3) determination of the importance of the principle of adherence to rule for the theory of law in the context of the ontology of legal norm.

Keywords: normative legal thought, rationality, legal dogmatics, semantics, rule-following problem, philosophy of language, legal philosophy, legal theory, legal norm, interdisciplinarity

References:
Martinez G. A. The New Wittgensteinians and the End of Jurisprudence // Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 1996. Vol. 29. Iss. 2. P. 545–577
Lin P. Wittgenstein, Language, and Legal Theorizing: Toward a Non-Reductive Account of Law // University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review. 1989. Vol. 47. Iss. 3. P. 939–972.
Leiter B. Intellectual Voyeurism in Legal Scholarship // Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities. 1992. Vol 4. Iss. 1. P. 79–104.
Veber M. Khozyaistvo i obshchestvo: ocherki ponimayushchei sotsiologii. T. 3: Pravo. M.: Vysshaya shkola ekonomiki, 2018. 330 s.
Timoshina E. V. Kak vozmozhna teoriya prava? Epistemologicheskie osnovaniya teorii prava v interpretatsii L.I. Petrazhitskogo. M.: Yurlitinform, 2012. 296 c.
Krawietz W. Legal communication in modern law and legal systems // Law in philosophical perspectives. Dordrecht, Boston, 1999. P. 69–120.
Fish S. Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies. Duke University Pres

Abstract: This article explores the problem of freedom in its social context through the prism of N. N. Alekseev's legal theory – one of the founders of Eurasian philosophy and political science. Out of all Eurasians, he is the most considerable contributor to the development of legal matters. The Eurasian theory of state and law is a unique and highly demanded legal theory. This work focused on the typology of legal relations, rather than the theory as a whole. Such typology gives a new perspective on the problem of freedom in its connection with the value of solidarity; it allows revealing the concept of positive freedom as a balance between rights and responsibilities. If such a balance is achieved, personal freedom becomes the condition for the unity of society, and the unity of society is ensured through protection of personal freedom. At the same time; the unity cannot be understood mechanistically; only organic unity let the members of society develop, so the society remains a unified whole The organic balance between rights and responsibilities, or the universal harmony of legal duties, is an ideal benchmark, which although is not quite achievable in a specific lawmaking and law-enforcement activity, but in approaching it, the state improves itself in consonance with the principle of justice.

Keywords: ideal, conciliarity, eurasianism, solidarity, responsibility, freedom, law, right, legal relations, common good

References:
Alekseev N.N. Obyazannost' i pravo. «Russkii narod i gosudarstvo». M.: Agraf, 2003. S. 155-169.
Alekseev N.N. O garantiinom gosudarstve. «Russkii narod i gosudarstvo». M.: Agraf, 2003. S. 372-386.
Alekseev N.N. Russkii narod i gosudarstvo. «Russkii narod i gosudarstvo». M.: Agraf, 2003. S. 68-120.
Alekseev N.N. Estestvennoe pravo i istorizm. «Russkaya pravovaya i politicheskaya mysl': Antologiya». Red.-sost. S.L. Chizhkov. M.: Letnii sad, 2013. S.681-695.
Berdyaev N. A. Russkaya ideya. Spb., Azbuka, Azbuka-Atikus, 2012. 320 s.
Bulgakov S.N. Svet nevechernii. Samosozertsaniya i umozreniya. M.: Respublika, 1994. 415 s.
Gessen V.M. O pravovom gosudarstve. «Russkaya pravovaya i politicheskaya mysl': Antologiya». Red.-sost. S.L. Chizhkov. M.: Letnii sad, 2013. S.695-719.
Kireevskii I.V. Dukhovnye osnovy russkoi zhizni. M., Institut russkoi tsivilizatsii, 2007. 448 s.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Ob obshchestvennom ideale. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Pressa», 1991. 640 s. (s.59-60)
Sokolova R.I., Spi

Abstract: Theoretical and empirical data indicate that along with the philosophy and sociology of law, it is necessary to acknowledge the value and applicability of toolset of the political science of law. It is substantiated that determination of the scientific status of political science of law as an element of general theoretical science of law or an independent science at the initial stage of “testing” its methodological perspectives is not an end in itself. Based on the analysis of sociopolitical practice, national and foreign conceptual ideas, as well as provisions of the effective legislation of the Russian Federation and specifics of its application, the author concludes on the infiltration of politics into the structure of state-legal reality on a deeper level. For increasing the accuracy of the acquired results, the author employs dialectical approach and main logical methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, extrapolation, etc.), as well as referred to the basic general theoretical principles of jurisprudence, considering the peculiarities of political science knowledge. The author also expresses his opinion on the need for further research in the area of application of political science of law, as well as the prospects and desirable results of its implementation in legal research.

Keywords: jurisprudence, political science of law, political science, politics, law, impact of law, state-legal reality, humanitarian sciences, interdisciplinary research, methodology

References:
Gurvitch G. Die Grundzüge der Soziologie des Recht. München und Leipzig : Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1959. 410 p.
Problemy teorii prava i pravorealizatsii : uchebnik / otv. red. L.T. Bakulina. Moskva : Statut. 384 s. 21.
Gurvich G.D. Filosofiya i sotsiologiya prava: izbrannye sochineniya / per. M.V. Antonova, L.V. Voroninoi. Sankt-Peterburg : Izdatel'stvo yuridicheskogo fakul'teta Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2004. 848 s.
Pravovaya politika kak nauchnaya teoriya v istoriko-pravovykh issledovaniyakh / pod red. O.Yu. Rybakova. Moskva : Statut, 2011. 408 c.
Dialektika obshchego, osobennogo i edinichnogo v prave: teoretiko-pravovye i filosofsko-pravovye aspekty : monografiya / pod red. E.A. Kulikova. Barnaul : Izdatel'stvo Altaiskogo universiteta, 2000. 250 s.
Kashanina T.V. Proiskhozhdenie gosudarstva i prava : uchebnoe posobie. Moskva : Vysshaya shkola, 2004. 325 s.
Bueno S.F. Political Science and Law // Web-site of Media coalition of professional co

Abstract: The subject of this research is the  aggregate of philosophical ideas and methodological paradigms that underlie the concepts of the “first” legal (statist) positivism in England of the XIX century. The author traces the impact of certain philosophical trends and legal concepts of the XVIII – early XIX centuries upon the philosophical and methodological foundations of the positivist concepts of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The article describes the influence of social atomism, and exploratory rationality of Modern Age upon the “first” legal positivism of philosophical rationalism of the XVIII century. The impact of such philosophical and legal concepts as nominalism, the historical school of lawyers, and philosophical positivism of A. Comte upon the “first” legal positivism was reconstructed. The scientific novelty consists in reconstruction of the influence of an entire number of philosophical and legal ideas and concepts upon the development of “first” legal positivism. Correlation between the legal doctrine of J. Bentham, philosophical concepts of the XVIII century, and the legal teaching of T. Hobbes is underlined. The author draws the ideological parallels between the philosophical nominalism, logical paradox of D. Hume, and legal doctrines of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The author reveals the key “channels” of the impact of German Historical School upon legal positivism, describes the similarities and differences between the scientific positivism of A. Comte and the concepts of legal positivism of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The philosophical-methodological framework of the concepts of “first” legal positivism were subjected to a significant influence of the methodological paradigm of philosophical rationalism, social atomism, exploratory scientific rationality of Modern Age, and nominalism.

Keywords: Austin, Bentham, scentific positivism, historical school of law, investigative rationality, philosophical rationalism, philosophy of law, legal positivism, legal methodology, history of legal thought

References:
Syrykh V.M. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: uchebnik. M., 2012. 704 s.
Spektorskiy E.V. K stoletiyu istoricheskoy shkoly v pravovedenii // Yuridicheskiy Vestnik. M., 1914. Kn. 6 (2). S. 5 – 39.
Sotsiologiya Konta v izlozhenii Rigolazha. Vstupitel'nye lektsii v kurs polozhitel'noy filosofii Konta. SPb., 1898. 406 s.
Saydler G.A. Yuridicheskie doktriny imperializma. M., 1959. 142 s.
Sapel'nikov A.B., Chestnov I.L. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. SPb., 2006. 280 s.
Pyatkina S.A. Yuridicheskiy pozitivizm v Rossii. (Iz istorii russkoy burzhuaznoy pravovoy mysli). Avtoref. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 1965. 15 s.
Polyakov A.V., Timoshina E.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava. SPb., 2005. 472 s.
Polyakov A.V. Obshchaya teoriya prava: problemy interpretatsii v kontekste kommunikativnogo podkhoda. SPb., 2004. 864 s.
Obshchestvennye nauki za rubezhom. Referativnyy zhurnal. Ser. 4. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1987. № 5. S. 10 – 17.
Lloyd D. Ideya prava. Repressivnoe zlo ili sotsial'naya neobkhodimost'? M., 2002. 416 c.
Mal'tsev G.V. Poznanie prava: ot yu

Abstract: This article is dedicated to interdisciplinary, institutional and comparative analysis of the terminological construct of “constitutional politics”. Analysis is conducted on correlation between the legal and political components of constitutional politics. The author indicates the peculiarities of legalistic and macro-sociological approaches towards the essence of the phenomenon in question; determines key peculiarities of the American and European models of constitutional politics; as well as examines the correlation between constitutional politics and state (public) policy. The article presents an original definition and outlines the object field of the Russian constitutional politics as an interdisciplinary term. This work is first to apply the terminological inter-paradigm construct of “constitutional politics” in terms of the analysis of corresponding processes within the history of Russian legal and political science. to apply the terminological inter-paradigm construction "constitutional policy", widely spread in Western thought, to the analysis of relevant processes. A brief overview is presented on the European and American approaches towards constitutional politics is presented. The author draws conclusions on the prospects of the indicated interdisciplinary approach, and proposes the subject of research with regards to the Russian constitutional politics.

Keywords: constitutional reform, state policy, public policy, constitutional politics, constitutional and legal policy, legal policy, constitution, political system, subject of constitutional politics, Russian constitutional politics

References:
Chirkin V.E. (2018) Konstitutsionnaya terminologiya: monografiya. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 272 s.
Sulakshin S.S., Pogorelko M.Yu., Repin I.V. (2010) Istochniki i osnovaniya gosudarstvennykh politik v Rossii. Monografiya – M.: Nauchnyy ekspert, 224 s.
Smorgunov L.V. (2018) Publichnaya politika kak otrasl' nauki // Publichnaya politika: Instituty, tsifrovizatsiya, razvitie: Kollektivnaya monografiya / Pod red. L.V. Smorgunova. – M.: Aspekt Press, S. 14-27.
Rybakov O.Yu., Pryakhina T.M. (2003) Konstitutsionno-pravovaya politika // Rossiyskaya pravovaya politika: Kurs lektsiy / Pod red. d.yu.n., prof. N.I. Matuzova i d.yu.n., prof. A.V. Mal'ko. – M.: Izdatel'stvo NORMA, S. 223-242.
Mal'ko A.V. (2010) Konstitutsionnaya politika kak osobaya raznovidnost' pravovoy politiki // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. № 4. S. 2-5.
Konstitutsionno-pravovaya politika sovremennoy Rossii: idei, prioritety, tsennosti, napravleniya (2019): monografiya / P.P. Baranov, A.I. Ovchinnikov, A.Yu. Mamychev [i dr.]; pod red. P.P. Baranova, A.I. Ovchinnikova. – M.:

Abstract: The object of this research is the definition of the concept of civil responsibility of the board of directors in corporations. The subject of this research is the theoretical positions of different scholars that correlated with the object in question. The author believes that the topic of responsibility of the members of board of directors requires further examination, since case law on this problematic is relatively small, and essence of the topic carries practical, rather than theoretical character. Therefore, special relevance gains definition of the concept of civil responsibility applicable to responsibility of the members of board of directors in corporations. The author offers an original definition of civil responsibility of the members of board of directors in limited liability companies and joint-stock companies; as well as describes financial negative consequences of for violation of responsibilities imposed upon the members of board of directors by corporate legislation and articles of association. A conclusion is made that the definition of responsibility of the members of board of directors is not unique, as in essence similar by content definition can be used with regards to responsibility of any corporate body in the limited liability companies and joint-stock companies respectively.

Keywords: management body, JSC, LLC, supervisory board, corporation, Board of Directors, competence, liability, director, management

References:
Laptev V.A. Ponyatie i vidy korporativnoy otvetstvennosti // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2018. N 6. S. 11 – 14 // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Laptev V.A. Ponyatie i vidy korporativnoy otvetstvennosti // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2018. N 6. S. 11 – 14 // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 15.07.2009 N 13-P; Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 05.03.2019 N 14-P; Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 25.01.2018 N 58; Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 18.07.2017 N 1655-O; Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 19.07.2016 N 1580-O; Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 09.02.2016 N 221-O; Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 15.01.2016 N 4-O; Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 07.04.2015 N 7-P // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii (v red. ot 18.08.2019): Chast' pervaya – chetvertaya: [Prinyat Gos. Dumoy 23 aprelya 1994 goda, s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami po sostoyaniyu na 10 aprelya 2009 g. ] // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF. – 1994. – № 22. St. 2457.