Abstract: The article concerns the norms of Russian law of late XV – early XVI centuries on definition and forms of manifestation of treason against the Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia. The author analyzes the texts of the treaties among the Princes and the cross-kissing writs. Special attention is paid to the obligations, the failure to fulfill which was regarded as treason against the Sovereign Ruler of all the Russia”. It is noted that the treaties provided for the following obligations “not to be friends and not to correspond with the enemies of the Sovereign Ruler”, wish him good, “not to gather and compromise” with anyone “for harm” to the Ruler, to inform the Ruler on everything concerning him “for bad or for good”, to follow the land rights of the Grand Prince, not to offend, not to limit by any trickery. The cross-kissing writs also provide for the obligations not to immigrate, to serve the Prince, the Princess and their children for truth without any trickery, not to think or do any evil to them, and to inform the Ruler of any coming threat. The general conditions for all of the forms of treason was the matter characterizing the method of committing the crime, which was the failure to fulfill the obligations taken under oath and abuse of trust as well as violation of the oath. Violation of obligations to the sovereign of all the Russia given with the cross-kissing oath in the early XVI century was regarded as more than just treason against a specific Prince, but rather a treason against the entire Moscow state, as personified by the Grand Prince, and such a treason was condemned by the church.

Keywords: history of law, the Grand Princedom of Moscow, the Sovereign Ruler of all the Russia, the treaties among the Princes, the cross-kissing writes, the religious oath, treason against the sovereign ruler, bail writs, condemnation writ, treason cases.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the development of the Russian copyright law, and to the amendments to the Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation within the framework of negotiations on the Russian membership in the WTO, as well as to the obligations of the Russian Federation to amend its legislation on the issues of copyright and allied rights, as well as the rights for the industrial property. The author notes the important vector of the TRIPS Agreement, as an inalienable part of the packet of the WTO treaties. The author comes to the conclusion that the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement should be applied directly, including the cases when the state uptakes an obligation to adapt it into the national legislation The article includes detailed analysis of the issues, which were objects for the discussion of the working group regarding membership of Russia in the WTO and the position of the representatives of Russia. The problems of correlation of the Russian legislation with the TRIPS Agreement provision touch upon the issues of exclusive rights, specific features of property rights to some copyright objects, as well as to the closed information, which is protected in case of sale and registration of the pharmaceutical and agro-chemical projects.

Keywords: jurisprudence, copyright, the TRIPS, the Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, amendments, the accession report, protection, faire use, agreement of the author, exclusive rights.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of improvement of legal regulation of the foreign economic activities in the Russian Federation, considering its membership in the WTO. The article includes analysis of the key conditions for Russian Federation in the WTO in the different spheres of its economy, such as metallurgy, agriculture, natural resources, car industry, and services, copyright. The author also evaluates various spheres of Russian legislation, where the amendments took place during the negotiations on Russia entering the WTO. The important role of the principles of WTO, such as national regime and freedom of international transit, are noted. Special attention is paid to the correlation of the norms of the Customs Union with the WTO law. The author analyzed the nature of legal norms of the Customs Union and other trade agreements, including the WTO agreements, and he makes the conclusion on the international legal character of the latter ones, which in the point of view of the author, may provide for the possibility of their direct application under part 4 of the Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the formation of the relevant legal systems.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the WTO law, the WTO principles, the international transit, the foreign economic activity, foreign trade, the GATT, the conditions for joining, obligations, the Customs Union.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the key organizational legal forms of legal entities, which are t ypically used for the commercial activities in the offshore zones and jurisdictions, allowing to use beneficial tax, financial, information, and legal conditions for entrepreneurs. The author provides a critical evaluation of the utilitarian approaches to the studies of commercial structures in the offshore schemes of business. Attention is paid to the lack of the necessary terminological unity and system in this sphere. The author points out the civil law nature of the organizational legal form of a legal entity. From this standpoint, the author studies various classifications of the offshore organizations, the key legal models for the collective entrepreneurial activities in the common law states and the continental European states. The author also singles out the differences between the types of organizational legal forms of legal entities and the various offshore types within the same form. The author uses the civil law approach to analyze the correlation of the classic organizational legal forms of legal entities and the similar legal constructions, which are used in the offshore activities, then she compares them with the new entrepreneurial models, which function within the framework of basic mechanisms of private law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, offshore, company, organization, corporation, partnership, companionship, foreign, commercial, taxation.