Abstract: In the present article the author reveals the high academic value of the method of comparative law, as well as the necessity of its application in the study of a wide range of environmental relations. The main emphasis is on the methodological aspects of comparative legal analysis not only as a private-scientific method, but also as a science. The works of leading domestic and foreign legal scholars who have made a significant contribution to the development of modern comparative law are analyzed. Well-founded conclusions about the need for comparative legal model for the study of modern environmental law as the youngest and fastest growing industries in the Russian law are made. The basic performance levels of comparative law – international and national are studied. Macro and micro levels of practice-application usage patterns of comparative studies in the field of modern environmental law and legislation are pointed out.The need to examine the environmental and natural resource foreign law and legislation, which is intended to both cognitive and empirical components is underlined. Certain techniques of organizing and conducting of comparative legal studies are offered. Formed on the large-scale academic pursuits modern comparative paradigm allows us to conclude that the current comparative law is a fundamental basis for a wide range of ecological and legal studies lying in different planes of legal knowledge, a broad cross-sectoral nature of which is confirmed by the study of the characteristics of individual legal families, systems and branches of law, as well as their institutions.

Keywords: comparative law, methodology, techniques, private scientific methods, environmental law, environmental legislation, comparative studies, scientific trends, ecological and legal science, scientific paradigm, a comparative legal method.

Abstract: Religious abuse in the criminal law of ancient and early medieval Germany was paid the closest attention. This is due to the fact that the Frankish monarchy was established by church and at the same time the church in barbarian society was established by Frankish monarchy, and the Frankish kings helped to strengthen the church. This political, legal and social interpenetration was expressed in the fact that Christianity of Merovingian receives character of a "privileged enforcement agency" and belonging to it was not already a matter of free internal beliefs – it was the duty of citizens of the state. All religious crimes in early medieval Germany, as reflected in the first Ancient Germanic law, can be divided into two groups. The first could be considered as criminal acts that have become new laws from pagan times, but did not contradict the Christian laws, either in form or content. The second concerned crimes that infringe on the interests of the Christian religion and emerging in the Christian era. As laid down in the first Ancient Germanic law, religious crimes have not yet been clearly systematized, the more they encroach less on dogma, but rather on external ritual practices, but these standards was already quite stable and reliably defended the new object of criminal law protection in early medieval Germany – the foundations of the religious peace.

Keywords: early medieval Germany, religious crimes, ritual practices, the Christian dogma, criminal-law protection, idolatry, sorcery, strife in the church, blasphemy, perjury.

Abstract: The first one is the law of survival of more solid and stable formations. The history of law knows a great number of examples of collisions of great communities or families of law. The most dramatic one is the collapse of the socialist community of law destroyed under the pressure of more powerful western tradition of law. The second universal law is the preservation of the variety of life of nature and law. Despite any processes of globalization, law preserves not only the variety but a necessary balance of its forms. Law of modern world has been formed within the frames of different systems of religious or ethical legal visions of the world and preserves their main features. For instance, law of states of Europe and America develop in the main in the river-bed of Christian values of freedom and the law of the main part of the states of Western Asia and Northern Africa in accordance with Islamic commandments of social unity. In Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and some other states law develop in the system of Buddhist notions of righteous life and law of China on the basis of Confucian ideas of universal harmony. Such fundamental values of law function regardless of their acknowledgment by state, degree of their reflection in legislation or of the role church in the public life determining differences of communities of law of the modern world. Their total disappearance is impossible. When they are not preserved in legislation, they will act in other dimensions of law – in legal customs and traditions, in legal ideology and legal conscience. The third universal law is the ungovernability of elements born in nature and law. Laws rarely act as they were conceived by their authors. State and civil society, international communities, natural phenomenon change the life of laws proving short-sightedness or impotence of lawgivers. The fourth universal law is the constant evolution of nature and law, appearance of their new forms under the impact of numerous and varying factors of life. It is necessary to provide for the constant adaptation of legal systems and at the same time to preserve their stability in the competition for the legal space of the modern world.

Keywords: Universal laws of development of nature and law. Legal space of the world, communities of law, families of law, national legal systems, competition of communities and families of law, elements of law.

Abstract: Authors analyze in details the regime of religious exception that has been historically established in the Eastern France, in departments of Alsace-Moselle, where the Concordat of 1801, signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope Pius VII is still in force. The article shows the administrative organization of the four officially authorized confessions, as well as local legal features in the field of primary and secondary education and labor legislation. The authors describe the possibilities of efficient realization of the constitutional principle of secular state, then refine its correlation with the well known to the law theory regime of legal exceptions and also bring up the problem of limits to judicial interpretation of statutes on the example of France. Besides, this article clearly demonstrates the very important role of the Constitutional Council in the legal and political frame of the Fifth Republic in modern France. The scientific research, presented in this article, is based on dialectical method of cognition, which allows revealing the phenomenon of legal reality in unity of opposites. Also the article uses the legalistic approach, as well as historical and systematic approach. The originality of the analysis consists in the fact, that authors scrutinize the problem of interrelation between the tenet of secular state and officially authorized religions. This problem in general is little-known to Russian constitutional law. The choice of France as the matter of research in this area is determined by the almost total absence of scientific works, examining such topics, in Russian constitutional law studies. The main scientific conclusion, drawn by authors, is new and original and states that theoretical foundation for nonuse of secular state tenet in Alsace-Moselle can be understood through the concept of legal exceptions. It is known that these latter are often used in order to reconcile the national and regional interests.

Keywords: Alsace-Moselle, freedom of belief, secular state, concordat, Constitutional Council, legal regime of exceptions.

Abstract: The article deals with a range of topical legal and institutional problems arising during the interstate integration. Expanding the boundaries of comparative law allows different legal systems to enter into the orbit of research which differ by objectives, construction and regulatory mechanisms. There are national and international legal systems, reflecting the origins of the legal system of the national legislation and legal components which combine the strategic objectives. Their relationship resembles the "nested doll". At the intersection of different systems interstate associations arise, largely reflecting the system of national state and legal institutions. Such features of interstate associations, as the similarity of their institutions with the institutions of the member states of legal systems based on the aggregation of national legislation, mutual functional "connectivity", the presence of structures and procedures for the preparation and consistent decision-making are proved. Analysis of the experience of their development makes it possible to characterize the dynamics of their structures and legal controls on the basis of a combination of the principle of state sovereignty and the principles of international law. On the agenda – the recognition of the emerging integration law.

Keywords: interstate integration, integration law, comparative law methodology, combined legal regulators, legal environment, cross-border legal communication, legal sovereignty.

Abstract: The article investigates the issues of legal regulation of the Internet in the modern Chinese state. A comprehensive analysis of the current legislation of the PRC, which provisions affect the security issues of the Internet during its use by Chinese citizens is carried out. A strict policy of Chinese government designed to limitation of Internet content in cases of conflict of information in the applicable acts of law-making and political course of the state is pointed out. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of regulatory statutes of Chinese legislator, recognizing the right of the competent authorities of the state to shut down the content, attract Internet service provider to various types of legal liability, including criminal. The vagueness and imprecision of wordings enshrined in the regulations that provides ample opportunities to the Chinese law enforcers on the use of legal norms in the interests of the state and society. Chinese citizens' rights of access to information significantly limited in order to ensure national security and defense of the state against the negative influence from a foreign Internet space. The analysis allows to establish the seriousness of the authorities' approach to the regulation of the Internet sphere, use of strict measures to prevent falling into the network of information which undermine the foundations of the state system as well as a contrary to morality and ethics content.

Keywords: information security, law of China, the legal regulation, the legal system, legal liability, Internet, comparative law, block of sites, state security, crime.

Abstract: This paper investigates the concept of "legislative act", its relationship with the related concepts, aspects of the hierarchy of normative legal acts. Particular attention is paid to law introducing amendments and additions to the codes as separate types of laws. The inaccurate definition of "constitutional act" and different approaches to its understanding in the legal literature and the legislation of the countries of the CIS are pointed out. The value and role of the rulings of constitutional bodies and of the Supreme Court and in the national legal system are considered. The study carried out a comparative analysis of the legislation of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the Kyrgyz Republic. Recommendations for improving the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On normative legal acts" are given. In particular, the conclusions for excluding of the concept of "legislative act" from the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other laws of the development of criteria for the constitutional act on the definition of the place of the act amending the Code, in the hierarchy of normative legal acts are made.

Keywords: ruling, interpretation, regulation, constitution, constitutional act, hierarchy, law, legislation, parliament, the legal force.

Abstract: The subject of the article, suggested to readers, is a periodization of science of comparative law, the birth of which the author refers to the days of Roman law action. Particular attention is paid to the works of Sir Robert Wiseman, a prominent English lawyer, who considered Roman law as the highest achievement of legal science and is pointing it in his works. An example of this 17th-century scholar, the author shows that comparative law existed long before the 19th century, the middle of which is considered as the beginning of the birth of this science. The author of present research uses comparative legal method, showing the formation of Roman law and its subsequent impact on world legal systems. The author concludes that there is plenty of evidence of the existence of comparative law long before the mid-19th century (the official date of birth of the science), which had been ignored by scientists for a long time. But these "fragments" deserve the most attention. These scientists were pioneers of comparative jurisprudence, and because of them comparative law took its rightful place among other legal institutions.

Keywords: legislation harmonization, international law, the international contract, a trust, a confidential property, comparative jurisprudence, escrow, adaptation, the international private law, the Russian law.

Abstract: In the present article the history of occurrence and legislation development about good tempers in foreign laws and orders is investigated. The historical analysis shows that in the western countries under the influence of kind customs the professional and ethical standards of the behavior which have defined development of many modern legal institutes were generated. The acts defining functioning of modern legal systems are investigated. In research historical preconditions of formation of the doctrine of good tempers in foreign laws and orders are reflected. On an example of concrete acts seems influence of historically developed concept of good tempers on various branches of the legislation. It is represented in the conditions of political and economic instability good tempers are capable to render stabilizing influence on public and business life, to create steady regulators of social behavior in various law and order sphere.

Keywords: the civil legislation, the democratic rights, the constitution, moral ethical standards, responsibility, legislative restrictions, the right, civil turn, legal principles.

Abstract: The sources of municipal law in the legal systems of the states of the different legal systems, coming from different municipal-legal traditions, form of the political system, are characterized by numerous features. The important difference of this industry is a selection in qualities of source of regulations of territorial communities or so-called municipal charters. Thus with every year amount of international-right acts universal and regional, in particular European, levels in area of municipal right grows. On this basis, comparative-legal research of sources of municipal right is necessary.

Keywords: comparative law, municipal law, the sources, statutes, regulations, constitutions, laws, treaties, self-government, traditions

Abstract: Comparative legal studies and cross-cultural studies of law are two distinct types of legal research. They differ from each other in a research objectives, methods of organization, methodology of the study, the nature of the legal conclusions. Such differentiation is necessary to prevent erroneous scientific conclusions and inadequate attempts to transform social practice.

Keywords: comparative law, comparative law research, cross-cultural study of law, comparative legal method, genetic (historical narrative) method, the legal criterion of comparison, the methodology of comparative law study of the problem of the comparative legal studies, comparative law and legal geography as scientific specialty, tasks, cross-cultural study of law.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the biography and most valuable works of Eugène Lerminier (1803- 1857) — the chair of general and philosophic history of comparative legislations in the College de France (1831- 1849) — the first chair of the comparative jurisprudence character in the world. The author reconstructs the development of philosophical and historical approaches to the comprehension of law in the works of Eugène Lerminier and the formation of his comparative methodological approach, the methodic of comparative-legal investigation, the grounds of comparative legal history and elements of the philosophy of comparative jurisprudence, new conceptual vision of national law and interaction between legal systems. The author comes to the conclusion that Eugène Lerminier formulated comparative-legal approach around 1836 in the context of teaching the history of comparative legislations and the new system of legal sciences construction, proves that this approach is the original set of ideas and concepts, created on the ground of critical reassessment of historical school ideas as well as German and French legal philosophy trends of the early XIX century.

Keywords: comparative jurisprudence, comparative law, comparative legislation, comparative legal history, comparative approach, legal philosophy, institutionalization of comparative jurisprudence.

Abstract: The article discusses one of the key categories of French public law “general interest.” More than two hundred year history of the idea of general interest does not diminish its relevance in modern public law of the country. The genesis of the idea of universal interest, and its development, breaking in public law, the reasons for it were the subject of our analysis in this paper.

Keywords: general interest, public law, utilitarianism, voluntarism, democracy, liberalism, parliament, constitutional, administration.

Abstract: The article devotes to the basic difference in particulars of the modern Chinese legal system and legal systems of other countries. The specific views of the Chinese authorities and legislators on the problem of legal regulation of modern public relations are analyzed in the article. There are references to the Chinese current laws and opinions of the Russian and Chinese scientists.

Keywords: comparative law, legal system, legal science, Chinese law, legal liability, experimental law, "the cultural revolution".

Keywords: vybory, tipologiya

Keywords: unifikatsiya prava, statutnoe pravo, sistematizatsiya, obshchee pravo, pravilo pretsedenta, Svod zakonov SShA, sborniki pretsedentnykh reshenii, pravovaya sistema SShA.

Abstract: The article explores distinctive features of the Chinese legal system on different stages of its development, and focuses on the laws implemented in various periods of time, taking into consideration the corresponding political climate — the main factor in the development of the Chinese legal system. The article draws a conclusion regarding the importance of studying the Chinese experience by the Russian legal science in order to improve the quality of the Russian legal system reforms.

Keywords: comparative law, legal system of PRC, «the cultural revolution», «the policy of reform and opening», Chinese law, legal construction, the Chinese legal science, the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, economic legislation, lawmaking.

Abstract: Changing of Chapter V of Italian Constitution in 2001 led to radical reassessment of the traditional role of the local Statutes in the law and legislation source system. Statute autonomy receives constitutional recognition in new edition of Chapter 144 for the first time. Number of significant innovations were introduced in the process of constitutional reform. They were not only legislative, but regulatory and administrative measures that have had a complex effect on the entire system of autonomy and separation of jurisdiction. Changing in the levels of institutional management had an impact on activities and nature of local and regional regulatory sources. As a consequence, the position of these laws was changed in the hierarchy of law and legal source system.

Keywords: comparative law, local government, Italy, municipal law, municipal lawmaking the place of local statutes in the legislative system of Italy, local statutes in the system of source of law.

Abstract: Types, sources of the information and procedure of its use in the course of legal monitoring in the Russian Federation and Republic of Kazakhstan are analyzed in the article. The conclusion on absence of legal regulation of the procedures of gathering analysis and estimation of specified information is made on the basis of the research. Thereupon the author offers some recommendations in this sphere.

Keywords: legal monitoring, the information, methodical recommendations, legal acts, the legal statistics.

Abstract: Based on little-known documents of UNESCO and other materials the author reveals the back-story, specialties of the establishment and activities of the International Committee of Comparative Law and its successor — International Association of Legal Sciences. In this context, examined aspects of the international recognition of comparative law / comparative jurisprudence as a science, its heuristic and axiological potential, debates about its nature, its role in promoting international cooperation and in the system of legal education. The author concludes that the creation of the ICCL — IALS, on the one hand, reflected changes in the vision by the international community of role and place of legal sciences, on the other — had played significant role in shaping the modern paradigm of comparative jurisprudence.

Keywords: comparative jurisprudence, comparative law, international non-governmental organizations, international scientific organizations, value potential of science, law teaching, branch of legal science, scientific discipline, the institutionalization of science, a pluralistic mentality, peaceful coexistence, culture of peace.

Abstract: The author analyzes the criminal policy of Finland, stops at the problem of reducing the number of individuals who are in custody. The article provides extensive statistical material. The article is of great interest to readers.

Keywords: comparative law, criminal law, Finland, detention, prisoners, crime.

Abstract: The author considers the position of law in modern Japan, compares his role with the roles of morality and relig ion, and draws parallels with the regulatory functions of law in other countries, like France. Particular attention is paid to administration, as well as the application of the law in making judicial decisions, the freedom of judicial discretion.

Keywords: morality, religion, administrative law, litigation

Abstract: The author analyzes sacred texts of Hindu law and traces their impact on the Constitution and modern  legislative acts of India.

Keywords: India, hindu law, the veda, upanishads, legal tradition, Constitution, legislation.

Abstract: The author proves the thesis of the allocation of the legal systems of the Slavic states in a separate legal family with common roots, self-development and mutual influence for many centuries. For the family of Slavic law is characterized by such features as the desire for spiritual justification of law and social justice, participatory state in regulating economic, social and political relations, special legal status of natural resources and limiting private property rights, peculiarity of legal language, legal consciousness, style instruments

Keywords: Slavic law, the legal family, the spiritual support of law, social justice, the role of government, language rights, legal awareness, style instruments

Abstract: The article analyses such objects of comparative law as legal space of the world, major legal families, groups and communities of legal systems, forming legal communities, national legal systems, law of international community. The main lines breaking-up the legal space of the world are different religious traditions. There are families of Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, Judaic, Shintoist and Heathen legal traditions. The author singles out also the family which is built on the rejection of spiritual (ethical) values and which is in the main characteristic to the totalitarian states. Next lines breaking-up the legal space of the world into groups and communities of legal systems are predetermined by such factors, as general national and historic roots, structural and functional and style peculiarities of law. The author describes the processes of formation of new groups and communities of legal systems, specific features in the development of national legal systems, impact of international law on the legal space of the world and on the national legal systems. Key words: comparative law, legal space of the world, major legal families, groups and communities of legal systems, forming legal communities, national legal systems, law of international community

Abstract: The author gives an idea of applying of comparative method of investigation to civil and criminal procedure, arbitration etc., paying particular attention to internal integrity of procedural law. The author focuses on the significance of such analysis for the elaboration of theoretical standpoints of procedural law as well as of its practical leverage. Mutual penetration of different procedural rules (of civil and criminal procedure etc.) and the phenomenon of partial harmonization of procedural law are also touched upon. Key words: comparative law, civil procedure, criminal procedure, administrative justice, constitutional procedure, harmonization of procedural law, mutual applicability of procedural norms, theory of procedural law, method of comparative analyses

Abstract: The author describes the evolution of conservative approaches to legal reception starting from the second half of the XIX century. Many ideas which have put forward during this period may be used for enriching the general theory of legal reception.