Abstract: This article analyzes the data described in the most ancient Russian scribal book – Derevskaya Pyatina of Novgorod Land compiled in the early 1499 based on the land documentation of 1495/96 – 1496/97. The object of this research is the records on seigniorial revenue collected from two volosts – Mikhailovskaya Smerda and Berezayskaya Smerda. The choice of these volosts for analysis is explained by accurate dating in scribal books, as well as by the fact that the income of all villages in these two volosts was calculated by general norm. The subject of this research is the correspondence of the description of revenue by villages to the results calculated by the scriber, as well as correlation between the amount of payment collected from the village and the economic indicators of this village. The novelty of this work lies in the analysis of statistical data taking into account that the scribal book of the XV century contains the records of different times: the composition of households and impost of villages were recorded at the time of the scribal description, while the revenue was calculated a little bit later. This explains certain discrepancies between the payment rate applied to the village and its economic characteristics. Special attention is given to verification of statistical record of scribal book for errors, such as miscount. The author suggests that the criterion for defining the rate of return for the village was not an abstract value – taxation in “obzha”, but the number of households that could be easily determined without special competency of the observer. This hypothesis can be tested only in terms of using the proposed methodology for analyzing other lands according to the scribal books of the XV – XVI centuries.

Keywords: payment rate, multilayered historical source, accounting history, source studies of the manuscript, seignorial income, the economy of a medieval village, Novgorod cadaster books, abnormal payment size, account errors, peasant budget

References:
Sergeevich V. I. Drevnosti russkogo prava. T. 3. M, 2007. 497 s.
Zagorskiy V. F. Istoriya zemlevladeniya Shelonskoy pyatiny v kontse XV i XVI vekakh // Zhurnal Ministerstva yustitsii. 1909. ¹9. S. 292-334.
Kolmogorov A. N. Novgorodskoe zemlevladenie XV veka. M., Izd. firma "Fiziko-matematicheskaya literatura, VO «Nauka», 1994. 127 s.
Agrarnaya istoriya Severo-Zapada Rossii. T. 1: vtoraya polovina XV – nachalo XVI v. / Otv. red. A. L. Shapiro. L., Izdatel'stvo «Nauka», Leningradskoe otdelenie. 1971. 404 s.
Kolycheva E. I. Denezhnaya renta v monastyrskom khozyaystve XVI v. // Feodalizm v Rossii. Sb. st. i vospominaniy, posvyashchennyy pamyati akademika L. V. Cherepnina / Otv. red. V. L. Yanin. M., Nauka, 1987. S. 142–149.
Bassalygo L. A. Kommentariy k pistsovym knigam Shelonskoy pyatiny // Kolmogorov A. N. Novgorodskoe zemlevladenie XV veka. M., Izd. firma "Fiziko-matematicheskaya literatura, VO «Nauka», 1994. S. 85–126.
Frolov A.A. Novgorodskie pistsovye knigi: istochniki i metody issledovaniya. M; SPb., Al'yans-Arkheo, 2017. 648

Abstract: This article explores the peculiarities of application of compositional pattern of the enthroned goddess in the coroplast of the European part of Bosporus. A number of figurines of the East Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve of such iconography is published for the first time, including the discarded coroplast products dating back to the IV century BC. The article reviews the emergence of iconography, its origins in the Neolithic cultures of Anatolia, and proliferation. The following sections are dedicated to the analysis of Bosporan terracotta of the enthroned goddess of the archaic and classical periods. The research methodology employs iconographic and semantic analysis, which implies the interpretation of religious representations reflected in the image of deity. A peculiarity Bosporan coroplast lies in popularity of the composition of enthroned goddess from the archaic period, which indicates a special role of the high status goddesses with a variety of features, such as Demeter, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Hecate in the beliefs of Bosporans. Terracotta complexes of the classical period demonstrate diversity of this iconographic type, as well as mark the emergence of characteristic attributes that allow identifying the image of deity. Coroplast data testify to the growing popularity of the goddess of Phrygian origin Cybele in the IV century BC. A hypothesis is advanced on the existence of a prototype of the number of figurines – the local cult statue of Cybele.

Keywords: terracottas, Scythians, Pantikapaeum, Bosporus, Hacilar, Chatal-Hoyuk, enthroned goddess, coroplasty, Demeter, Cybele

References:
Roller L. In Search of God the Mother. The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999. 380 p.
Nakamura C., Meskell L. Articulate Bodies: Forms and Figures at Catalhoyuk//Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 2009. ¹ 16 (3). P. 205-230.
Mellaart J. Catal Huyuk. A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1967. 232 p.
Mellaart J. Excavations at Hacilar. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970. 525 p.
Hodder I. Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Catalhoyuk as a Case Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 360 p.
Jones R. E. Greek and Cypriot Pottery. A Review of Scientific Studies. Athens: Mitsialis, 1986. 938 p.
Higgins R. A. Greek Terracottas. London: Methuen and Co LTD, 1967. 169 P.
Dexter M. Ancient Felines and the Great Goddess in Anatolia: Kubaba and Cybele// Proceedings of the 20th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. Bremen: Hempen Verlag, 2009. P. 53-68.
Boardman J. Greek Art (Fifth Edition). Londo

Abstract: The subject of this article is the project of the “Russian Historical and Cultural Reference Institute” proposed by the philologist and historian of the Russian booklore P. K. Simoni for consideration by the Academic Council of the Russian Historical Museum in May 1917. The October Revolution triggered the major changes in the infrastructure of historical science. Dozens of scientific and cultural establishments were restructured or ceased their activity, and dozens opened up. The project of P. K. Simoni was one of many in this series of transformations. It was developed by a practicing scholar in the humanities, who knew firsthand about all the difficulties of research work, which defines the uniqueness of this project. This fact makes this document a valuable historical source on the history of the Russian humanities in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Although the project of P. K. Simoni has been previously mentioned in the special literature, this is the first detailed analysis on the topic. The conducted analysis allowed revealing the challenge faced by scholars in the humanities of the late XIX – early XX centuries in their research activity, as well as outlining the possibilities for establishment of a new institution to resolve them. The author described the similar in their concept projects, which inspired P. K. Simoni in his work, as well as determined the similarities and differences of the proposed solutions. The conclusion was made that the Russian scientific community requires an institution that would solve the tasks of information support for the humanities, since the 1820s. Such need was formulated, clarified and modified over time, and yet does not fully meet the demands.

Keywords: scientific archive of the humanities, infrastructure of science, information support of science, history of science, museum collections, State Historical Museum, Pavel Konstantinovich Simoni, scientist archive, history of the humanities, humanities infrastructure

References:
Adelung F.P. Predlozhenie ob uchrezhdenii russkogo natsional'nogo muzeya // Syn otechestva. 1817. Ch.37. S. 54-75.
Bogdanova E.S. Lichnyy fond professora Moskovskogo i Oksfordskogo universitetov akademika P.G. Vinogradova // Traditsii istoricheskoy mysli: Materialy nauchnogo seminara pamyati V.I. Zlobina. M., 2009, S. 112-118
Borodkin L.I., Vorontsova E.A., Mironenko S.V. Rol' bibliotek v informatsionnom obespechenii istoricheskoy nauki// Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya . 2013. ¹ 6. S. 572-577. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1972.2013.6.11513
Demirova N.I., Milenko A.A., Naumova G.R. Arkhiv istorika kak laboratoriya issledovatelya // Klio. 2020, ¹1. S. 39-43
Doroshevich A.V. P.K. Simoni kak istorik knizhnoy torgovli //Knizhnaya torgovlya. Opyt, problemy, issledovaniya. Vyp.13. M., Kniga: 1984. S.212-230
Kalenov N.E. Biblioteki i informatsionnoe obespechenie nauki v sovremennykh usloviyakh// Informatsionnye resury Rossii. 2008. ¹1. S.12-15.;
Katamadze N.Sh., Naumova G.R. Arkhiv professora. // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Se

Abstract: The subject of this article is the content of the foreign electronic archival documents of U.S. departments dedicated to the analysis of situation in the Soviet Union. The goal consists in carrying out a historiographical analysis of foreign documentary heritage of the United States within the framework of comprehension of historical experience of the development of the Soviet Union in the 1970s – 1989. The object this research is the published materials of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Historical Sector of the U.S. Department of State, which contain records on the analysis of development of the Soviet Union during this period. Relevance of this topic is substantiated by increased of the publically available foreign electronic archival materials, which requires their analysis, description, determination of information capacity, as well as assessment of information contained therein for further utilization in the historical (humanities) research on the contemporary history of Russia. The novelty is defined by the fact that this article is first based on interpretation of foreign historical sources to describe the capabilities and limitations of different types of published intelligence documents of the CIA and the U.S. Department of State that characterize the development of the Soviet Union in various spheres. Introduced into the scientific discourse documents allow concluding on the prospects of using the heritage of the U.S. electronic archives in the scientific research, as well as assessing their veracity and reliability. The authors note that these materials contain valuable information on the U.S. policy with regards to the USSR, and analytical awareness on socioeconomic development of the Soviet Union during the 1970s – 1980s. It is established that in many cases publication of the foreign archival documents is often of tendentious nature.

Keywords: Cold War, sanctions, Afghanistan, digital archive, foreign relations, source studies analyses, sources, CIA, Soviet Union, détente

References:
Zorin A.V. M. S. Gorbachev v analiticheskikh obzorakh TsRU (1982–1987 gg.) // Vestnik Vyatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2016. ¹8. S. 46–51; Sennikov A.I. Kurdskiy vopros v blizhnevostochnoy politike administratsii Dzh. Kartera v 1977–1978 gg. // Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N.I. Lobachevskogo. 2018. ¹1. S. 41–46; Pashin V.P., Bogdanov S.V., Bogdanova Yu.S. Antialkogol'naya kompaniya 1985-1987 v SSSR po sovetskim arkhivnym dokumentam i rassekrechennym materialam TsRU // Vestnik arkhivista. 2011. ¹ 4. S. 182-194.
East-West Economic Policy. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Clark) to President Reagan. Washington, October 15, 1982 // Soviet Union. January 1981–January 1983 // Foreign Relations of the United States. 1981–1988. Volume III. Washington, United States Government Publishing Office, 2016. P. 757.
Pipeline Sanctions. Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting. Washington, September 22, 1982 // Soviet Union. January 1981–January 1983 // Foreign Relations of

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problem of formation of national style in the architecture of French Renaissance. The indicated problem is the topic of intense discussion within the historiography of Renaissance. Leaning the concept of J. Burckhardt, who describes Renaissance as a specifically Italian phenomenon, a number of scholars identity French Renaissance with “Italianism”. On the other hand, there is a contradictory historiographical trend that acclaims national medieval tradition that views the revival of classical antiquity as a foreign and shallow phenomenon. An attempt is made to examine the problem from the perspective Renaissance itself, relying on the reasoning and assessments expressed by the three theoreticians of architecture: Sebastian Serlio, Philibert de l'Orme, and Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau. The conclusion is made that the theoreticians of French Renaissance were not prone to contrapose the shapes borrowed from antiquity to national tradition. They perceived antiquity as the common past of the entire contemporary to them culture. They did not see any preponderance of Italian Renaissance over the national culture. The contradiction between antiquity and Gothicism was interpreted as a contradiction between the ancient and the new, rather than foreign and native. In creation of the style of Renaissance architecture they resorted to synthesizing heritage of the antiquity with national medieval tradition.

Keywords: Philibert De l'Orme, series of prints, collections of drawings, architectural treatises, antiquity, Gothic, Renaissance, architecture, Sebastiano Serlio, Jacques Androuet du Cerceau the Elder

References:
Ferguson W. K. The Renaissance in Historical Thought: Five Centuries of Interpretation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948. 429 p.
Pérouse de Montclos J.-M. L’architecture à la française XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Picard, 1982. 352 p.
Serlio S. Il sesto libro delle habitationi di tutti gradi degli homini... // MS München, Bayrische Staatsbiblioteck. Codex Icon. 189.
Serlio S. Il settimo libro d’architettura... Architecturæ liber septimus... Francfurt-am-Main: A. Wechel & J. Strada, 1575. 243 p.
Kübbacher S. Il problema di Ancy-le-Franc. //Sebastiano Serlio. Sesto Seminario Internazionale di Storia dell’Architectura. Milano: Electa, 1989. P.79–91.
Carpo M. Metodo ed ordini nella teoria architectonica del primi moderni: Alberti, Raffaello, Serlio e Camillo. Geneve : Droz, 1993.
Camillo Delminio G. Dve Trattati Dell'Eccellentissimo M. Ivlio Camillo: l’uno delle materie che possono venire sotto lo stile dell'eloquente, d’altro della Imitazio

Abstract: The object of this research is the historical role of academic community in cognition and development of northern Russian territories. The subject of this research is the information value of the Arctic diaries of microbiologist B. L. Isachenko in the context of scientific development of Arctic territories in the early XX century. Detailed analysis is conducted B. L. Isachenko;s Artic diary, written in 1930 in the course of expedition in the ice-breaker “Georgiy Sedov”, and its potential scientific application. The authors not only assessed the content of the diary note, but also pursued correlation with the historical context of expedition work in the Arctic during the late XIX – early XX centuries. The conducted analysis is of great interest to the historians of science, as it allows viewing the key milestones of life and creative path of the academician, as well as his contribution to the development of the Arctic. Systemic approach is used analyzing B. L. Isachenko’s Arctic diary in the context of history of Arctic development, as well as political and academic objectives of the country in 1930s. The author examines the field diary of the scholar based on then formation approach for understanding the essence of the document through its informational nature and determining its role in the social and personal space. The novelty of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the unique archival document, as well as in detailed analysis and citation of the personal diary of B. L. Isachenko, written in 1930 during the Arctic expedition in the ice-breaker “Georgiy Sedov”. The content and emphasis of the document appeared to be more extensive than the scientific tasks solved by academicians in the course of expedition. The conclusion is made that diary of B. L. Isachenko clearly traces two thematic lines: records of external occurrences, and description of the ideas and concerns of the author. There are several factors that define information value of the source (scientific component; detailed breakdown of expedition rout and observations; description of daily routine during the expedition). The author demonstrates the ability to “walk” the Arctic route using diary notes, follow the impressions of the participant, and determine the scientific tasks set by the academician during the expedition.

Keywords: history of science, Arctic exploration, icebreaker George Sedov, microbiology, arctic expedition, The Diary, Isachenko Boris Lavrentievich, information potential, personal space, collective memory

References:
Amalitskiy V.P. Po Ledovitomu okeanu i Pechore. Putevye vpechatleniya. – Varshava, 1903. – 105 s.
Vagner N.P. Predvaritel'nyy otchet professora Vagnera o poezdke na Beloe more, letom 1876 g. // Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskogo obshchestva estestvoispytateley. – 1877. – T. 8. – S. 63–67.
Deryugin K.M. Murmanskaya biologicheskaya stantsiya. 1899–1905. – SPb., 1906. – 227 s. – (Otd. ottisk iz «Trudov Imperatorskogo Sankt-Peterburgskogo o-va estestvoispytateley», t. XXXVII, vyp.
Kastren M.A. Puteshestvie Aleksandra Kastrena po Laplandii, severnoy Rossii i Sibiri (1838–1844, 1845–1849). – M.: tip. A. Semena, 1860. – 495 s.
Rudnev D.D. Materialy k izucheniyu Severnogo morskogo puti iz Evropy v Ob' i Enisey – Pg: tip. A.E. Kollins, 1915. – 127 s.
Shrenk A.I. Puteshestvie k severo-vostoku Evropeyskoy Rossii cherez tundry samoedov k severnym Ural'skim goram, predprinyatoe po vysochayshemu poveleniyu v 1837 godu Aleksandrom Shrenkom; Per. s nem. yaz. – SPb.: tip. G. Trusova, 1855 g. – 665 s.
Kolchinskiy E.I. Pervaya mirovaya voyna i mo

Abstract: The article takes a look at the works of various porcelain manufactories: Italian Docchia, German Meissen and Nymphenburg, Viennese and French Sèvres. These works are subject to allegorical interpretation and symbolic meaning. This content feature is one of the characteristic features of Baroque and Rococo art. The author pays particular attention to the identification of allegorical attributes and specific elements of form and decor that carry symbolic meaning. Porcelain artifacts, the authors of which are prominent European masters (Soldani, Kändler, Eberlein, Bustelli, Niedermeier and Fournier), are examined in detail. These kinds of decorative and applied arts reflected the unique worldview of a person living in the 18th century - the period of Enlightenment. The following methods of art history laid the foundation for this study: the formal-stylistic and iconological analyses of porcelain artifacts, which enabled the author to identify the semantic content of examined images. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian art studies, a comprehensive study of the works of 18th-century porcelain crafts from different countries was carried out in order to identify their symbolic meanings. A detailed study of these works gives the author reason to conclude that bestowing artifacts with symbolic content is characteristic of Baroque and Rococo art, and that these works reflected one of the features of the figurative art system of the 18th century.

Keywords: Kändler, Soldani, Sèvres, Vienna, Nymphenburg, Meissen, Doccia, porcelain, Eberlein, Bustelli

References:
Hofmann F.H. Das Porzellan der europaischen Manufakturen in XVIII. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Propyläen-verlag, 1932. 537 S.
Soloveychik R.S. Zapadnoevropeyskiy farfor XVII – XVIII vekov. M.: Iskusstvo, 1956. 76 s.
Fine European Ceramics and Glass. Sothbys, London, 8 july 1997.
Divis J. Larte della porcelana in Europa. Milano : Fratelli Melita Editori, 1990, 232 p.
Meier G. Porzellan aus der Meissner Manufaktur. Berlin : Henschelverlag, 1981, 206 S.
Walcha O. Meissner Porzellan. Dresden : VEB Verlag der Kunst, 443 S.
Mrazek W., Neuwirth W. Wiener Porzellan. 1718–1864. Wien: Österreichisches Museum für Angewandte Kunst, 1971. 186 p.
Mitchell L. Meissen: Collectors Catalogue. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors Club, 2004. 263 p.
Verlet P., Grandjean S., Brunet M. Sevres. P.: Le Prat, 1954. 240 p.
Ennes P. Un defi au goit: 50 ans de creation a la manufacture regale de Sevres (1740–1793). Catalogue de lexposition. P.: Musee du Louvre, 1997. 192 p.
Biryukova N. Yu. Frantsuzskaya farf

Abstract: The article discusses the information potential of some of the sources discovered in the State Archives of the Altai Krai, specifically, their possible contribution to the study of income and property inequality among the population in the south of Western Siberia. The chronological framework of the article includes the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The authors note the high and constantly growing relevance of the topic related to the study of property inequality and differentiation by income in populations, including in the historical field. At the same time, the study of the regional aspects of this problem is also gaining importance, especially in such a large territory as Russia. Methodologically, the article focuses on archival search and archival heuristics. A fairly small number of studies, where the question of property inequality in the population of Siberia was discussed and resolved, determine the main research issues in the formation of a source base for this study. The article describes and evaluates, from the point of view of the information potential for the study of incomes and property inequality among the Siberian population in the designated chronological period, the sources stored in the State Archive of Altai Krai. The article's general conclusion is that, despite the difficulties in finding large amounts of data, the information potential of the sources allows us to pose and solve issues related to income and property inequality.

Keywords: wealth inequality, income, document, source, fund, archive, information potential, tax, money, enterprise

References:
Milanovich B. Global'noe neravenstvo. Novyy podkhod dlya epokhi globalizatsii. – M., Izd-vo Instituta Gaydara. – 2017. – 336 s.
Borodkin L. I. Neravenstvo dokhodov v Rossii v XIX – nachale KhKh vv.: sravnitel'nyy analiz istoriograficheskikh otsenok // Istoricheskie vyzovy i ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii: materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem. Ekaterinburg, 25–26 sentyabrya 2019 g. – Ekaterinburg: OOO Universal'naya tipografiya «Al'faPrint», 2019. – S. 19–24.
Mironov B.N. Rossiyskaya imperiya: ot traditsii k modernu: v 3 t. – T.1. – SPb., 2014. – 893 s.
Demograficheskaya istoriya Zapadnoy Sibiri (konets XIX – XX v.) / A. A. Burmatov, O. B. Dashinamzhilov, V. A. Zverev, V. A. Isupov, V. A. Lamin, V. B. Laperdin, N. S. Korobeynikova, M. A. Semenov; otv. red. V. A. Isupov. – Novosibirsk: In-t istorii SO RAN, Apostrof, 2017. – 350 s.
Skubnevskiy V.A., Goncharov Yu.M. Goroda Zapadnoy Sibiri vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX v.: Naselenie. Ekonomika. Zastroyka i blagoustroystvo: Monografiya / V.A. Sku

Abstract: By centering the deesis row and locating it above the Royal Gates, the image of the Savior in Power (Pantocrator) - a Russian version of the image of the Savior in Glory accompanied by the four living Beings - became the semantic and compositional dominant of the Russian high iconostasis and, thus, its main icon. The examination of the meaning and sources of this image is fundamental in solving the issue of the origin and design of the entire high iconostasis as a whole, which, in turn, is one of the key icons in the history and theory of Christian art. It is believed that the earliest icons of the Savior in Power are in the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, in the row of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir and in the iconostasis of the Trinity Cathedral of the St. Sergius Lavra. Another image of the Savior in Power, considered early, is depicted in a miniature of the "Pereyaslavsky Gospel"; some scholars believe that it is the oldest preserved image of this icon and that it lies at the origins of this iconography. The miniature contains rudiments of more ancient compositions that supposedly are its source. If this is so, then this miniature should be considered one of the most important monuments of Old Russian visual art and deserves our closest attention. This article is focused on this monument and on the analysis of the evidence that supports the claim of it antiquity: the author describes the features of the miniature codex and identifies previously unknown or erroneously interpreted particularities of the miniature's composition of the Savior; additionally, the author introduces new material that is important for solving a number of attribution problems and theoretical issues. The author concludes that the features of the Pereyaslavsky miniature are the result of its later alterations.

Keywords: Majestas Domini, overpainting, manuscript miniatures, correction of miniatures, mandorla, the winged wheels, iconography, Saviour in Powers, Russian icon painting, Pereslavl Gospel

References:
Khlebnikov D. V. «Spas v Silakh» i Zapad: «Majestas Domini», videnie proroka Iezekiilya, kolesa // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 8. Istoriya. 2018. ¹ 1. S. 104–129.
Khlebnikov D. V. Spas v Silakh: k voprosu interpretatsii ikonografii. Zamechaniya ob istochnikakh i parallelyakh na Vostoke i Zapade // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2018. 9. S. 86–114.
Turilov A. A. Zinoviy // Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya. T. 20. M.: Tserkovno-nauchnyy tsentr «Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya», 2009. S. 156–157.
Uspenskiy A. I. Ocherki po istorii russkogo iskusstva. Iz lektsiy, chitannykh v Moskovskom Arkheologicheskom institute v 1908/9 akad. godu. T. 1. Russkaya zhivopis' do XV veka vklyuchitel'no. M.: Pechatnya A. Snegirevoy, 1910. – VI, 471, LXXI c., 114 l. il.
Shchennikova L. A. Deisusnyy chin so «Spasom v silakh» (istoki ikonografii) // Blagoveshchenskiy sobor Moskovskogo Kremlya: Materialy i issledovaniya. M.: Gos. ist.-kul't. muz.-zapov. Moskovskiy Kreml', 1999. S. 54–86.
Tsentral'nyy muzey drevnerusskoy kul'tury i iskusstva imeni Andreya Rubleva. Katalo

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the documentary sources covering the process of integrating Crimean Tatar women into the socio-political, cultural and educational life of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1920 and 1930s, preserved in the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (SARC). The aim of this study is to draw an overview of the documentary and statistical sources located by the author in the SARC that contain information concerning the history of the integration of Crimean Tatar women in the socio-political and cultural-educational life of Crimea in the 1920s and 1930s. The author applies analysis, the descriptive method and synthesis in order to describe the given circle of documentary sources. The issue of integrating Crimean Muslims into the new Soviet society has remained little-studied. We do not know of any comprehensive studies examining the role of Crimean Tatar women in the socio-political, cultural and educational life of the peninsula, which is why the analysis of documents stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea is so important. In the course of this research, the author was able to determine that this topic is well represented in unpublished documents preserved in this archive.

Keywords: Crimean ASSR, social and political life, cultural and educational life, Crimean tatar women, document, archival fund, State archive of the RC, SARC, archive, women

References:
Churlu M. Yarkiy stil' krymskikh vyshivok // Golos Kryma. – 2005. – 4 noyabrya. – S.7.
Shem'i-zade Aydyn. Zhenshchiny v krymskotatarskoy revolyutsii nachala KhKh veka // Poluostrov. - 2010. – 16-22 aprelya. – S. 4.
Chubukchieva L.Z. Deyatel'nost' pervogo muftiya Kryma N.Chelebidzhikhana v podderzhku zhenskogo obshchestvennogo dvizheniya/ L.Z. Chubukchieva // Literatura i kul'tura Polissya. Vip.69. – Nizhin, 2012. – S. 173-182.
Chubukchieva L.Z. Zhenskiy vopros na Vserossiyskom musul'manskom s'ezde v Moskve: po materialam lichnogo arkhiva Shefiki Gasprinskoy / L.Z. Chubukchieva // Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional'nogo universiteta im. V.I. Vernadskogo. Seriya «Istoricheskie nauki». – T. 25 (64). – ¹1. – 2012. – S. 199-208.
Chubukchieva L.Z. Zhenskoe obrazovanie v tyurko-musul'manskom obshchestve v kontse XIX – nachale KhKh v. / L.Z.Chubukchieva // Bakhchisarayskiy istoriko-arkheologicheskiy sbornik / Red.sost. Yu.M. Mogarichev. – Simferopol': Antikva, 2008. – S. 346-350.
Chubukchieva L.Z. K voprosu o stanovlenii zhenskogo politicheskogo dvizheniya v Rossii v

Abstract: The research subject of this article is Russian religious education as a moderate direction in the broad ideological course of the Age of Enlightenment. The research object is the church sermons of the historian and bibliographer, member of one and a half dozen universities and academic scientific societies, Metropolitan Bishop of Kiev and Galicia Evgeny (Bolkhovitinov) (1767–1837) as a source for studying his enlightenment views. The aim of this article is to identify the most significant educational ideas and concepts that have been implemented in church sermons by a prominent representative of learned monasticism at the end of the 18th – first third of the 19th centuries. The study is based on the principles of historicism in their neoclassical interpretation. The author applied the method of source study analysis in combination with the historical and biographical method, which has revealed the ideological potential of this little-studied historical source - church sermons. The novelty of this research lies in its study of the whole body of church sermons by Metropolitan Evgeny (Bolkhovitinov). The author has classified 174 sermons on a thematic basis; based on archival information, which is introduced for the first time into scientific circulation, their dating has been partially established. Focusing on an enlightened listener, Metropolitan Evgeny addressed in his sermons the events and ideas relevant to his contemporaries. The author reveals the most characteristic methods of interpreting the Metropolitan Evgeny's educational concepts of rationalism, deism, natural religion, the theory of social contract, public good, equality. The author comes to the conclusion that Metropolitan Evgeny (Bolkhovitinov), as an activist for Russian religious enlightenment, promoted through his church sermons the dissemination of ideas and cultural models of the Enlightenment in the most appropriate moral interpretation for his listeners.

Keywords: historical source, Eugene Bolkhovitinov, the scholarly monasticism, church sermon, the Russian religious enlightenment, The Age of Enlightenment, rationalism, deism, natural religion, equality

References:
Mir Prosveshcheniya. Istoricheskiy slovar'/Pod red. Vinchentso Ferrone i Danielya Rosha/Per. s ital. N. Yu. Plavinskoy pod red. S. Ya. Karpa. M.: Pamyatniki istoricheskoy mysli, 2003. S. 88—97.
Kant I. Otvet na vopros: chto takoe Prosveshchenie? (1784) // Sobr. soch. v 6-ti t./Pod obshchey red. V. F. Asmusa, A. V. Gulygi, T. I. Oyzermana. T. 6. M.: Mysl', 1966. S. 25.
Rukav³tsina-Gordz³ºvs'ka ª. V. Ki¿vs'kiy mitropolit ªvgen³y (ª. O. Bolkhov³t³nov). B³ob³bl³ograf³ya. B³bl³oteka. Arkh³v. Ki¿v: Nats. akad. nauk Ukra¿ni, Nats. b-ka Ukra¿ni im. V. I. Vernad'skogo. 2010. S. 717—719.
Shmurlo E. F. Bibliograficheskiy spisok literaturnykh trudov Kievskogo mitropolita Evgeniya Bolkhovitinova. Vyp. 1. SPb.: Tip. Yu. N. Erlikh. S. 20, 21, 32, 35—36, 49.
NII SPb II RAN. F. 238. Kollektsiya N. P. Likhacheva. Op. 2. D. 136/1. L. 1—29 ob.
Sobranie obraztsovykh russkikh sochineniy i perevodov v proze, izdannoe Obshchestvom lyubiteley otechestvennoy slovesnosti. Ch. 1. SPb.: V Meditsinskoy tip. 1815. S. 214—226.
[Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov), mitr.] Slovo na den

Abstract: The article addresses the only study to date that is focused entirely on the iconography of full-figured Deesis and analyzes the theses presented in it.The author's attention is focused mainly on the theses regarding the models and their copies by icon painters; the images revealed through modifications; the extent of their prevalence and relationship of modifications and their “lists”. The author, stating his adherence to the textological research method, analyzes genealogical studies on particular icons and iconographic types. The author examines the conclusions regarding the icons of the iconostasis of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral as “the only archetype” for Russian Deesis icons, as well as the simplification of this “archetype” by subsequent icon painters, leading to the appearance of new imagery.The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the collation of icon images using the contours of their drawing, which allows to visually present the discussed images with all their details, as well as to compare a significant number of icons at the same time. As a result of the verification of the theses from the work under review, carried out using extensive additional material (the author considered more than one and a half hundred Deesis iconostases and their fragments), the following conclusions were made:1) the icons of the Annunciation Cathedral were not the iconographical source of Russian Deesis icons;2) in Russian icons there is no simplification of the drawing compared with the icons of the Annunciation iconostasis;3) the author did not observe any universal or compulsory copying;4) in some cases perhaps several models were used at the same time, which makes Deesis icons almost closed for genealogical research;5) the number and variety of image versions that are part of the Deesis far exceed those described in the literature.

Keywords: the Vasil'evsky Deesis Row, textual criticism, copying, archetype, the Blagoveschensky Deesis Row, stemma, icon-tracing, iconography, the Deesis, labor saving

References:
Wolter V.M. Zwischen Himmel und Erde. Moskauer Ikonen und Buchmalerei des 14.–16. Jahrhunderts. Ostfildern-Ruit: Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1997. 272 S.
Tkáč Š. Ikony zo 16.–19. storočia na severovýchodnom slovensku. Bratislava: Tatran, 1982. 275 s.
Rácz I. Suomen ortodoksisen kirkon taideaarteita. Kuopion ortodoksisessa kirkkomuseossa. Helsinki: Otava, 1971. 131 s.
Rόżycka-Bryzek A. Byzantińsko-ruskie malowidła w kaplicy zamku lubelskiego. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1983. 176 s.
Medieval pictorial embroidery. Byzantium. Balkans. Russia. Catalogue of the Exhibition. M., 1991. 80 p.
Miliaueva L. The Ukrainian Icon. St Petersburg: Aurora Art Publishers, 1996. 239 p.
Pucko M.N., Pucko V.G. Zwei Denkmäler der rostover Ikonenmalerei // Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 21. Berlin: Harrassowitz, 1975. S. 7–16.
-letie russkoy khudozhestvennoy kul'tury. Katalog vystavki. M.: [b. i.], 1988. 448 s.
Laourina V. Les icon

Abstract: The article examines the works of porcelain sculptures, made at manufactories in Meissen, Doccia, Sevres, Chelsea and Derby. The creators of these compositions were the leading masters of this artform in the 18th century: Permozer, Kendler, Kirchner, Soldani, Willems. These artists are united by their common use of Christian themes and iconography, which are rarely seen in the secular decorative and applied art of this era. At the same time, on the example of the works of various artists and manufactories, certain general patterns characteristic of this genre of porcelain sculptures can be traced. On the basis of a comparative formal stylistic analysis, the author of this article aims to identify the main figurative features of the examined artifacts, as well as the specific features and characteristics inherent to various manufactories and craftsmen. As a result of a formal analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that all these works clearly show Baroque style features, demonstrated through the expression and external exaltation of the figure, the desire of the masters to accurately convey the complex emotional state of the depicted characters, the artists' metaphorical thinking, and the combination of the mystical and the real.

Keywords: Doccia, Meissen, expression, Christian themes, sculpture, barocco, porcelain, Sevres, Chelsea, Derby

References:
Menzhausen I. Alt-Meissner Porzellan in Dresden. Berlin: Hoffmann und Campe, 1988. 212 S.
Shveytser A. Iogann Sebast'yan Bakh. M.: Klassika XXI, 2004. 814 s.
Gröger H. Johann Joachim Kaendler, der Meister des Porzellans. Dresden: Wolfgang Jess, 1956. 214 S.
Coutts H. The Art of Ceramics: European Ceramic Design 1500–1830. NewYork: Yale University Press, 2001. 256 p.
Handt I., Rakebrand H. Meissner Porzellan des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1710–1750. Dresden: VEB Verlag Der Kunst, 1956. 47 S.
Tyazhelov V.N. Gosudarstvennyy muzey izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv im. A.S.Pushkina. M.: Konstanta, 1998. 352 c.
Lane A. English porcelain figures of the 18th century. London: Faber and Faber, 1961. 148 p.
Butler K.S. Meysenskaya farforovaya plastika XVIII veka v sobranii Ermitazha. L.: Avrora, 1977. 379 c.
Sotheby’s. Fine European Ceramics and Glass. London, Sotheby’s, 8 July 1997. 99 p.
Walcha O. Meissner Porzellan. Dresden: VEB Verlag der Kunst, 1973. 518 S.
Weisbach W. Die Kunst des Barock in Italien

Abstract: The aim of the presented study is to determine the main functions of the visual attributes of military monuments erected during the period between 1881 - 1917 in the formation of the image of the events of the past and their heroes. The subject of this study is the commemoration of war, while the object is the visual features of the military monuments created between 1881 - 1917 and tied to the events of the Russian Empire's military history and its heroes: triumphant victories, heroic defensive actions, victims of military events and outstanding military figures. All indicated monuments are directly related to the commemoration of war, they possess a number of visual attributes, the main function of which is the creation and development of certain emotions and ideas regarding military history in the viewer and, consequently, of the subsequent generations. This article uses the interdisciplinary approach since the analysis of military monuments requires recourse to the history of art and cultural geography. Additionally, the historical-comparative method was used in order to determine the common and distinct features among the analyzed monuments. Turning to the typological method has allowed the author to identify certain groups of symbols, artistic and visual means, common features and differences among the considered monuments. In Russian historiography, military monuments have never been considered as individual and independent components of the process of forming historical memory. However, a partial study of this topic in modern historical science and the popularity of studies in the field of memory studies highlight its interdisciplinary nature and its clear current relevance. The visual features of military monuments had a number of functions: the formation of the cultural landscape, the establishment of the topographical and historical fixation, the formation of the scale and importance of the event, the symbolic presence of the empire and its participation in a particular event, the formation of the image of the enemy.

Keywords: double eagle, symbols, military monuments, comemmoration, Russia, visual qualities, monuments, height, memory, memory studies

References:
Gradostroitel'stvo Rossii serediny XIX – nachala KhKh veka. Kniga tret'ya. Pod obshchey redaktsiey E. I. Kirichenko. M., 2010. 560 s.
Sokol, K. G. Monumenty imperii. M., 2001. 456 s.
Les lieux de memoire. Sous la direction de Pierre Nora. Paris, 1984
Turchin, V. S. Monumenty i goroda. Vzaimosvyaz' khudozhestvennykh form monumentov i gorodskoy sredy. M., 1982. 160 s.
Yan Assman. Kul'turnaya pamyat'. Pis'mo, pamyat' o proshlom i politicheskaya identichnost' v vysokikh kul'turakh drevnosti. M. 2004 g.
Khal'bvaks, M. Sotsial'nye ramki pamyati. M., 2007; Halbwachs, M. La mémoire collective. Paris, 1997
Fedotova M.S. Sevastopol'skaya oborona v kul'turnoy pamyati dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii: dis. … kand. istoricheskikh nauk. SPb., 2012.
Savel'eva I.M. Kontseptsiya "istoricheskoy pamyati": istoki i itogi // Istoricheskaya pamyat' i obshchestvo v Rossiyskoy imperii i Sovetskom Soyuze (Konets XIX – nachalo KhKh veka). SPb., 2007; Savel'eva I.M., Poletaev A.V. Znanie o proshlom: teoriya i istoriya: V 2 t. – SPb., 2003; Repina L.P. Kul'turnaya pamya

Abstract: The subject of this article is the 17th-20th-century sources containing biographical information on Wenhai Fuju (1685-1765), the seventh patriarch of the Qianhua school of Vinaya in China. The revival of the Vinaya school in China in the shape of the “Qianhua school” (“the Thousand Flowers School” or “the Mount Baohua school”) constituted the main change in the structure of Buddhist schools in China during the late Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) as compared to the era of Yuan (1271-1368) and most of the Ming Dynasty. It was precisely Wenhai Fuju who strengthened the Qianhua school, which through his help began to claim to be the only proper school of Vinaya in China. All this motivates the interest in researching the figure of the seventh Qianhua patriarch. By means of researching the contents of sources and their authors, the sources are subdivided according to the chronology of their creation and the fullness of information concerning Wenhai Fuju they contain. The novelty of this article is that it reveals the main sources for conducting a biographical research on Wenhai Fuju based on the fullness and authenticity of their content. At the next stage of research the author offers a comparative analysis and critical review of these sources in order to construct an integral biographical account of the seventh Vinaya Qianhua patriarch.

Keywords: China, Buddhism, Vinaya, sources, genealogies, chronicles, Qing dynasty, Wenhai Fuju, Baohua, Qianhua

References:
Shi Shenkay. Min-mo Tsin-chu lyuytszun de chuan'bo tsinkuan yuy tedyan' – i «Nan'shan' tszuntun» yuy «Lyuytszun denpu» vey chzhunsin' [释圣凯。明末清初律宗的传播情况与特点——以《南山宗统》与《律宗灯谱》为中心] Khod i osobennosti rasprostraneniya shkoly Vinai v kontse dinastii Min – nachale dinastii Tsin – na osnove «Svoda shkoly Nan'shan'» i «Genealogii svetil'nika shkoly Vinai». – Shitsze tszuntszyao yan'tszyu, 2014, ¹5. – s. 35-42.
Shi Tan'syuy. Inchen' khueyi lu [倓虚。影尘回忆录] Zapis' vospominaniy o tenyakh i pyli. T.1. Tayvan'. Khueymin, 2002. 272 s.
Shi Dachu. Tszyansu ditsyuy lyuysyue yuy lyuetszun khunchuan' shilyue syuypyan' [释大初。江苏地区律学与律宗弘传史略续篇] Prodolzhenie kratkoy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the localization of Orthodox shrines in Constantinople. This city was not only a place abounding in symbols, but also a sacred space confined within city walls. The heiropotia of Constantinople developed and grew as relics arrived that came from all corners of the Oikomena. Russian pilgrims went there even before Moscow was pronounced to be the Third Rome. The journeys of the Russian pilgrims are the main source for the identification of the location of shrines, relics, objects of worship, pilgrim routes. The study's author reconstructs the topography of churches, localizes relics and pilgrim routes in Constantinople. On the basis of the study of medieval journeys of Russian pilgrims, the author drew maps of reconstructions, which reflect the topography of the places of worship in the shrines of Constantinople. The main contribution of the author to the study of the given topic is the examination of the topography of Orthodox shrines in Constantinople as a complex. The work's novelty lies in its visualization of the location of relics in the city's churches. The author's proposed reconstruction of the location of relics in the church of Hagia Sofia is particularly significant. The author's reconstructions reflect the close spiritual connection between Byzantium and Rus.

Keywords: Hagia Sofia, Orthodoxy, miracle-working icons, holy relics, relics, hills of Constantinople, journeys, shrines, pilgrims, Constantinople

References:
Anonimnoe khozhenie v Tsar'grad (XIV v.) // Maleto E. I. Antologiya khozheniy russkikh puteshestvennikov. XII—XV. Issledovanie. Teksty. Kommentarii. M.: Nauka, 2005. 438 s. S. 236—245.
Iz stranstviya Stefana Novgorodtsa. Ot strannika Stefanova Novgorodtsa (1348—1349 gg.) // Maleto E. I. Antologiya khozheniy russkikh puteshestvennikov. XII—XV. Issledovanie. Teksty. Kommentarii. M.: Nauka, 2005. 438 s. S. 253—259.
Khozhenie Zosimy v Tsar'grad, Afon i Palestinu. Kniga, glagolemaya ksenos, sirech' strannik, spisannyy Zosimom diakonom o russkom puti do Tsarya grada i ot Tsarya grada do Ierusalima. Blagoslovi, otche // Maleto E. I. Antologiya khozheniy russkikh puteshestvennikov. XII—XV. Issledovanie. Teksty. Kommentarii. M.: Nauka, 2005. 438 s. S. 296 — 310.
Khozhenie d'yaka Aleksandra (1391—1396/1397 gg.). O Tsar'grade // Maleto E. I. Antologiya khozheniy russkikh puteshestvennikov. XII—XV. Issledovanie. Teksty. Kommentarii. M.: Nauka, 2005. 438 s. S. 293—294.
Khozhenie Ignatiya Smol'nyanina v Tsar'grad (1389 g.) // Maleto E. I. Antologiya khozh