Abstract: The article examines the process of formation and evolution of the investment policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan during the period of the market reforms of the 1990s and the modernization transit of the early 21st century. The subject of this research is the formation of the regional investment legislation and the interaction principles of the executive authorities of Bashkortostan with the subjects of investment activities within the context of the contemporary phase of the socio-economic history of Bashkortostan. The author focuses attention on such aspects of the named topic as Bashkortostan hosting international exhibitions and investment forums, the establishment of a banking business center in Ufa, the construction of technology parks, and the creation of territories of advanced socio-economic development (TOSER). The study's aim is to identify the key features and results of the investment strategy of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the 1990s - 2010s. The study's research methodology was determined by the modernization paradigm of the historical process in question, taking into consideration the variation of civilizational and regional development models. The author carried out his research on the basis of the systematic approach, using the special methods of retrospection, actualization, comparative historical, and other methods. The article's novelty lies in its identification and synthesis of the factual material that thus permits to recreate a scientifically objective picture of the formation of the investment strategy of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The presented periodization of the investment process in Bashkortostan is derived from the development of the legislative framework of the region's investment policy and the dynamics of the quantitative indicators and target vectors of attracting investment capital to the regional economy in the 1990s, 2000–2011, 2012–2017. The author comes to the conclusion that the contemporary history of the Republic of Bashkortostan clearly demonstrates the possibilities and prospects of its investment policy as an effective mechanism for the development and modernization of the economic, technological and socio-cultural space of the Russian regions.

Keywords: oil and gas forums, oil and gas exhibitions, banking business, investments, investment policy, Russian modernization, history of the Republic of Bashkortostan, contemporary history of Russia, industrial clusters, science and technology parks

References:
Strategiya investitsionnogo razvitiya Respubliki Bashkortostan do 2020 goda. Utverzhdena Postanovleniem Pravitel'stva Respubliki Bashkortostan ot 18.04.2014 N 188 // Kodeks: Elektronnyy fond pravovoy i normativno-tekhnicheskoy dokumentatsii. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/463515039 (data obrashcheniya: 22.08.2018)
Investitsionnaya deklaratsiya Respubliki Bashkortostan. Utverzhdena Ukazom Prezidenta Respubliki Bashkortostan ot 03.12.2012 № UP-508 «Ob Investitsionnoy deklaratsii Respubliki Bashkortostan» // Kodeks: Elektronnyy fond pravovoy i normativno-tekhnicheskoy dokumentatsii. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/463500191(data obrashcheniya 22.08.2018)
Zakon Respubliki Bashkortostan ot 31.10.2011 № 454-z «Ob ustanovlenii ponizhennoy nalogovoy stavki naloga na pribyl' organiz tsiy investoram, osushchestvlyayushchim investitsionnuyu deyatel'nost' v forme kapital'nykh vlozheniy v Respublike Bashkortostan». (S izmeneniyami na 30.11.2017) Prinyat Gosudarstvennym Sobraniem – Kurultaem Respubliki Bashkortostan 20.10.2011. Kodeks: Elektronnyy fond pravov

Abstract: The article's research is focused on the reforms to the US National Security Council (NSC) carried out in the late 1960s by President Nixon's National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. The author allocates special attention to the organization's role in the development of the United States' foregin policy, as well as its place in the consulting structure of the White House. The article examines in detail the changes made to the National Security Council's structure, introduced at the turn of the 1960s-1970s, with the aim of improving its efficiency. The methodological basis for this study is the historical-genetic approach and the descriptive method, which allow to describe in detail the history of the establishment and development of the National Security Council, as well as its reform under H. Kissinger. The study's novelty lies in its detailed analysis of the structural changes made to the National Security Council, undertaken by the United States' authorities at the turn of the 1960s-1970s. The article for the first time in Russian historiography clearly shows the establishment of the Council as the main consulting mechanism of the White House and its subsequent decrease in importance due to the increase in H. Kissinger's personal contribution to the development of the United States' foreign policy.

Keywords: United States of America, Cold War, Foreign Policy, Council, National Security, Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, White House, Modernization, President

References:
National Security Act of 1947. Sec. 104, P. 30. The United States Select Committee on Intelligence // http://intelligence.senate.gov.
National Security Act of 1947. Sec. 101, P. 8. The United States Select Committee on Intelligence // http://intelligence.senate.gov.
Marshburn A. Henry Kissinger`s Path to the RN White House // Richard Nixon Foundation. https://www.nixonfoundation.org.
Morris R. Uncertain Greatness. Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. N.Y., 1977. P. 64.
Kissinger H. White House Years. N. Y., 1979.
Siniver A. Nixon, Kissinger and U.S. Foreign Policy. The Machinery of Crisis. Cambridge, 2008.
Kissinger to Nixon, 27 November 1968. ‘Memorandum on a New NSC System’ // White House Central Files. Nixon Presidential Material Staff. Folder 1. EX FG6-6. Box 1.
Henry Kissinger to Richard Nixon, n.d. (January 1969) // White House Central Files. Nixon Presidential Material Staff. Henry Kissinger Office Files. NSC Papers. Box 2.
Kissinger to Nixon, Memorandum on a New NSC S

Abstract: The article is focused on the study of one of the lesser-known Emergency Commissions of the Civil War period: the Cheka (the All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage) on the Czechoslovak front. On the basis of previously unstudied documents from the State Archive of the Kirov Oblast, the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Kirov Oblast and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the author examined the conflict between the uyezd party workers and the chairman of the Vyatka branch of the Cheka at the Council of People's Commissars, revealed its causes and demonstrated the work of the local authorities. The article describes in detail the polemics of the Urzhum Bolsheviks on the issue of interacting with the emergency structure. In solving this study's research questions, the main approach used was the historical-typological method, and as auxiliary ones: the comparative-historical and the historical-systemic methods. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the author introduces into scientific circulation previously unknown archival materials. One of the work's main conclusions is that the conflict between party workers and representatives of the Emergency Commission in the Urzhum Uyezd of the Vyatka Governorate was provoked, mainly, by a material factor.

Keywords: Red Terror, emergency justice, establishment of Soviet power, conflict, crime in office, Urzhum Uyezd, Civil War, Czechoslovak front, Emergency Commission, Vyatka Governorate

References:
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 78 (ob.).
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 84.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 5. L. 13.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op.1. D. 22. L. 32.
GASPIKO. F. 45. Op. 1. D. 147. L. 57.
Lubyanka: organy VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB. 1917-1991. Spravochnik. / Pod red. A.N. Yakovleva. M.: MFD. 2003. S. 317.
GASPIKO. F. 14, Op. 1. D .4. L. 21 (ob).
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 29.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 30.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 51 (ob.).
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 36.
GASPIKO. F. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 35
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 33.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 30.
GASPIKO. F. 12. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 28.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoy istorii Kirovskoy oblasti (dalee – GASPIKO). F. 12. Op.1. D. 3. L. 22 (ob.), 23.
GAKO. F. R-3454. Op. 1. D. 73. L. 13.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Kirovskoy oblasti (dalee – GAKO). F. R-3474. Op. 1. D. 72. L. 80.
GAKO. F. R-3454. Op. 1. D. 73. L. 7.
GAKO. F. R-3454. Op. 1. D. 73. L. 8.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the evolution of the anti-missile defense concepts in the United States of America during the 1950s-1960s. The author examines in detail the origin of the very idea of protecting the US territories from strategic weapons with the help of missile defense complexes, as well as the implementation of the main programs of the Pentagon in this field. Particular attention is paid to the anti-missile systems developed by the national defense industry during this period. The author examines in detail the transition from abstract anti-missile defense concepts to specific projects for its realization. The author extensively applies the historical-systematic method, which has allowed to trace in detail the origin and evolution of the idea of anti-missile construction in the United States in the early stages of the Cold War. The novelty of this work consists in its investigation of the origins of the American anti-missile defense system and its influence on the formation of the US strategic forces during the period of the "cold" war, which has not been given much attention to previously in Russian historiography. The author pays special attention to the process of financing the anti-missile defense and demonstrates the transition of the US military leadership from the abstract idea of protecting the territory of the entire country to the defense of particular sites that are of key importance for national security.

Keywords: Cold War, USA, national security, anti-missile defense, Sentinel, Pentagon, strategic weapons, development, projects, missiles

References:
History of ABM Development // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
ABM Defense Requirements // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
System Study, NIKE-ZEUS Guided Missile System. Bell Laboratories Report. March 1. 1957.
Results of NIKE II Study // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
AICBM Development Contract – NIKE II/NIKE-ZEUS // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
Field Testing the NIKE-ZEUS System // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
NIKE-X R&D System // ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History. Bell Labs. 1975.
Rockets, Communications and Deploying Ballistic Missile Defense, 1958-1975 // Seize the High Ground by the US Department of Army. N.Y., 2010.
Nth Country Threat // ABM Research and Development at Bell Labora

Abstract: The subject of this article is the evolution of the migration legislation of Northern European countries, which were initially monoethnic in the composition of their population. In the 20th - early 21st centuries, due to the high level of development of the social sphere and the lenient migration legislation, the countries of the named region became the final destination on the route of numerous settlers coming from both the EU member states and from outside of Europe. This process, because of the growing inflow of migrants in the context of the migration crisis of 2014-2016, led to the modernization and tightening of the migration policies of Northern European countries. The article's research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, while the methodological base of the study is the historical-genetic method, which allows to trace the successive evolution of the attitude towards migrants and migration legislation in the countries of Northern Europe. The article summarizes the information concerning the changing attitude towards migrants and migration legislation in Northern European countries. The author notes the current trends in migration processes in this region. The main conclusions of the conducted study can be attributed to the assertion that the migration legislation of Northern European countries had the tendency to tighten in a number of states already before the outbreak of the migration crisis. The remoteness of the region's countries from the main routes of illegal migration did not guarantee their safety from the excessive influx of immigrants who penetrated into the countries of Northern Europe both through the territory of the European Union and through the North-Western region of Russia, which acted as a transit territory and was the so-called Northern route for refugees headed for the European Union.

Keywords: migration, European Union, Northern Europe, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Baltic region, migration crisis, refugees

References:
Eurostat. Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/MIGR_ASYAPPCTZA (data obrashcheniya: 30.11.2017).
Från massutvandring till rekordinvandring URL: http://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/manniskorna-i-sverige/in-och-utvandring/ (data obrashcheniya: 29.12.2017).
Frontex. Risk Analysis for 2017. Warsaw, 2017. – 60 p.
Finlyandiya zapretila peresekat' granitsu s Rossiey na velosipede. URL: http://www.interfax.ru/world/487368 (data obrashcheniya: 29.12.2017).
Norvegiya budet vozvrashchat' "migrantov-velosipedistov" v Rossiyu na avtobusakh. URL: http://www.interfax.ru/world/489686 (data obrashcheniya: 29.12.2017).
Plevako N. S. Shvedskaya model': proshloe i nastoyashchee // Severnaya Evropa: problemy istorii. Vyp. 8. M.: Nauka, 2015. S. 5 – 20.
Ryabichenko A. V. Natsionalisticheskaya partiya Shvedskie demokraty – novyy igrok na politicheskom pole Shvetsii // Severnaya Evropa: problemy istorii. Vyp. 8. M.: Nauka, 2015. S. 21 – 41.
Is

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the socio-economic, socio-political and historical-judicial conditions surrounding the establishment and development of global constitutionalism as a social concept during its main chronological stages: at the stage of forming the social concept of a global constitutionalism, determining its pillar features and formulation of global democratic values; at the stage of creating international and supranational political-judicial institutions acting as unified managerial centers of regulation and control; at the modern stage of developing the social concept of global constitutionalism including a forced exportation of constitutional democratic values on a planetary scale. The article uses a series of methods for its scientific inquiry: epistemological, ontological, formal-logical, dialectical, statistical, comparative-legal, abstract-idealistic, and concrete-historical. This article is focused on the study of the socio-historical conditions behind the emergence and development of global constitutionalism as a social concept. The author sees global constitutionalism as a social concept mediated by specific socio-historical circumstances in occurrence and development (socio-economic, socio-political and historical-legal), which in their interrelation and interdependence formed the main requirements towards the named social concept, as well determined the direction of its development.

Keywords: concept, global constitutionalism, social, typology, neoliberalism, neoconservatism, neomarxism, power, ideology, national government

References:
Bek U. Chto takoe globalizatsiya? M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2001. S. 26.
Uoters M. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://mybiblioteka.su/4-111842.html (data obrashcheniya: 24.09.2016).
Robertson R. Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London: SAGE Publications., 1992. P. 8.
Frank A.G. The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? 1993. P. 17, 23-29, 40.
Zyuganov G.A. Global'noe poraboshchenie Rossii ili globalizatsiya po-amerikanski [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.plam.ru/polit/globalnoe_poraboshenie_rossii_ili_globalizacija_po_ amerikanski/index.php (data obrashcheniya: 24.09.2016).
Bol'shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://slovari.bibliofond.ru/bse_word (data obrashcheniya: 24.09.2016).
Philosophy, Oxford Un-ty Press, 1995. r. 119.-Tsitiruetsya v perevode Goncharova V.V.
Encyclopedia Britannica [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.britannica.com (data obrashcheniya: 24.09.2016).-Tsitir