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Reference:
Chudinov A.A.. Transformation of the principles of remuneration of workers and employees in the Soviet metallurgy during 1922 – 1928 period (based on collective agreements and tariff agreements of the Sickle and Hammer plant) // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – ¹ 5. – P. 57-74.
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Abstract: Solving the tasks of restoring Soviet industry during the NEP years was accompanied by the formation of a new system of labor relations and the search for effective forms of labor stimulation, among which wages were the main one. The main objective of the study was to identify and characterize the key principles of remuneration of workers and employees of the metallurgical industry, their changes and impact on wage differentiation in 1922-1928. On the basis of collective agreements and tariff agreements of the Sickle and Hammer plant, which in the period under review was experimental, new forms of remuneration were worked out. As a result, it was this company that had to demonstrate the effectiveness of the state's salary policy. Collective agreements during the NEP years reflected most aspects of labor activity. The duration of collective agreements gradually increased, they began to regulate a greater number of controversial issues in the field of remuneration. Due to high inflation, the terms and forms of salary payments were standardized. During the NEP period, there was an increase in wage differentiation at the Sickle and Hammer plant, both between different groups of workers and within them. However, this trend was partially offset by the actions of trade unions and the government aimed at equalizing earnings. Wages declined in the period 1923-1928, as workers faced tougher and more systematic requirements for defective products and their payment, with an increase in the production plan. Trends in time-based payment are determined mainly by the difference between tariff rates and minimum wages, which grew during the NEP period for all categories of workers. Bonus payments characterized the highest—paid group of factory workers - high-level employees. Their earnings were formed with the help of bonuses, earnings and the tariff rate, which made it consistently high.
Keywords: piecework wages, wage differentiation, labor relations, tariff schedule, collective agreement, metallurgical industry, wages, new economic policy, time wages, bonus payments
References:
Ivanov, A.B., & Demidov, P.G. (2015). Edification of labour laws and the labour code of RSFSR 1922. State and law, 1, 89-97.
Urazova, S.A., & Garbuz, G.V. (2017). Formation of principles and mechanisms of payment for labor in the NEP period. Historical, philosophical, political and law sciences, culturology and study of art. Issues of theory and practice, 10-2(84), 170-173.
Kobrin, N.A. (2005). Activity of state and trade union bodies on collective-contractual regulation of relations at private sector enterprises during the NEP period. Bulletin of State and law, 8-9, 60-69.
Lobok, D. (2006). The Soviet Russia's trade unions under the circumstances of the New Economic Policy (1921-1928). Bulletin of Saint-Petersburg University. History, 4, 155-168.
Borisova, L.V. (2007). “Soviet trade-unionism”: trade-unions and strikes during NEP. Otechestvennaja istorija, 6, 88-98.
Ilyukhov, A.A. (2010
Reference:
Shchetinina A.S.. Salaries of officials of the mining industry of the Altai Mining District in the 1860s: on the issue of income inequality // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – ¹ 4. – P. 185-200.
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Abstract: The subject of the study is a comparative characteristic of salaries of officials of the mining sector of the Altai Mining District in the 1860s. The study of salaries of officials is carried out in the context of consideration of income inequality issues. The annual salaries of officials of the V-th Department of the Altai Mining Board, Altai factories, mines with a class according to the Table of Ranks, as well as the salaries of lower ranks located outside it, are considered. A comparison of the salaries of officials in the pre-reform and post-reform periods is given. Attention is paid to the minimum and maximum sizes, and the average salaries of officials of both groups are compared: class officials and lower ranks. The novelty of the study is determined by the weak knowledge of the topic of salaries of Siberian officials in the 1860s, especially in the context of the study of income inequality. On the basis of archival sources, many of which have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation, as well as published staff schedules, the salaries of officials with a class according to the Table of Ranks and the so-called lower ranks have been revealed. The data on the minimum and maximum salaries, as well as the average values for both groups of officials are given. A comparative characteristic of the salaries of class officials and lower ranks of the mining industry of the Altai Mining District is given, as well as a comparison with the salaries of officials of European Russia in the studied period.
Keywords: wages, mining, income inequality, statistics, Siberia, Altai Okrug, officials, source, Table of Ranks, salary
References:
Mironov, B.N. (2014). Which road leads to revolution? Property inequality in Russia for three centuries, XVIII-early XXI century. (Article One). Sociological research, 8, 96-104.
Mironov, B.N. (2014). Which road leads to revolution? Property inequality in Russia for three centuries, XVIII-early XXI century. (Article Two). Sociological research, 11, 121-129.
Mironov, B.N. (2003). Social history of Russia in the period of the empire (XVIII-early XX century): Genesis of personality, democratic family, civil society and the rule of law. In 2 volumes. St. Petersburg: Dm. Bulanin.
Mironov, B.N. (2012). Welfare of the population and revolution in imperial Russia: XVIII-early XX century. 2nd edition. M: Publishing house "Ves Mir".
Nafziger, S. and Lindert, P.H. (2014). Russian Inequality on the Eve of Revolution. The Journal of Economic History, 74(03), 767-798. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w18383/w18383.pdf
Semevsky, V.I. (1898). Worke
Reference:
Kulakov A.A.. Customs war between Russia and Germany at the turn of the XIX-XX
centuries: periodization problem // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – ¹ 4. – P. 54-64.
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Abstract: The article considers the main approaches that exist in domestic and foreign historiography to the periodization of the customs war that unfolded between Russia and Germany at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The author draws attention to the difficulty of determining its chronological framework. Unlike an international armed conflict, a customs war is not characterized by the separation of the stages of declaration and end of war; the beginning of a customs war is often due to the defensive actions of the "victim of the attack"; it is difficult to identify the tariff and non-tariff measures being taken as "military operations". The author believes that the beginning of a customs war should be discussed only when restrictive measures are selective and applied to a single country or group of countries. On the basis of archival documents, the author made an attempt to cast doubt on the prevailing position that the trade agreement of 1894 put an end to the customs war between the Russian and German empires. The trade agreement of 1894 marked a truce in the customs war, periodically violated by one side or the other. The point of view is substantiated that the end of the protracted economic conflict is connected with the beginning of the First World War and the subsequent break in Russian-German trade relations. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author proposes his own approach to the periodization of the customs war between two empires.
Keywords: non-tariff measures, trade agreement, duty, conventional tariff, customs tariff, Russian Empire, Germany Empire, customs war, periodization, tariff rate
References:
Montesquieu, Sh.L. (2021). About the spirit of laws. Kharkov: "LITERA NOVA".
RGIA. F. 20. Op. 7. D. 13.
Kislovsky, Yu.G. (2004). History of customs business and customs policy of Russia. 3rd ed., add. In A.E. Zherikhov (Ed.). Moscow: RUSINA-PRESS.
Zavyalov D.A., Solomein A.Yu. (2017). Coverage by the Russian government press of the Russian-German customs war of 1892-1894, Scholarly notes St. Petersburg named after V.B. Bobkov branch of the Russian Customs Academy, 2(62), 125-129.
Northern Bulletin. (1892), 1.
Historical Bulletin. (1892), March.
RGIA. F. 40. Op. 1. D. 84.
History of diplomacy in 3 volumes: T. 2. (1945). In V.P. Potemkin (Ed.). Moscow: OGIZ State publishing house of political literature.
Kotov B.S. Russian-German trade relations at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. (on the example of grain trade). [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiysko-germanskie-torgovye-otnosheniya-na-r
Reference:
Akberdeeva D.I., Zagorodnyuk N.I.. The Network of Railway Settlements of the Tobolsk Province in the Late XIX - Early XX Century // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – ¹ 2. – P. 30-41.
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Abstract: Based on the analysis of mass sources – archival documents of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 and information published by the Tobolsk Provincial Statistical Committee for 1903 and 1909, the number, typical diversity, and population of settlements formed in the exclusion zone of the Perm-Tyumen and West Siberian railways on the territory of the Tobolsk province is determined.
A set of statistical methods was used to analyze the sources. A comprehensive interdisciplinary approach allows not only to identify the historical and genetic features of individual documents, but also to give a certain assessment of their representativeness and information potential for specific historical research.
Intensive construction of railways has led to the emergence of new types of settlements: stations, independent settlements at stations and on the railway line, barracks and semi-barracks, booths, barracks, guard houses, etc. In 1897, at least 128 railway settlements were functioning on the territory of the province, which was about 2.5% of the total number of all settlements in the studied region. More than two thousand people lived in them permanently and temporarily; on average, there were 18 people per settlement. The major settlements were the Tyumen and Kurgan stations. It is concluded that the primary materials of the 1897 census have the most complete information. In connection with the further construction of the Trans-Siberian railway at the beginning of the XX century, there is an increase in the population of stations and pier settlements, their merger, the emergence of new types of railway settlements.
Keywords: settlement, Population Census, dvornost settlements, population of settlements, the scale settlement network, the size of settlements, typical structure, railway, Tobolsk province, Network of railway settlements
References:
Belousov S.S. The influence of railways on the development of the settlement network in the Astrakhan province (the last quarter of the XIX-early XX centuries) // Bygone years. 2020 No. 57 (3). pp. 1264-1269.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I152. Op. 35. D. 841.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1360.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1361.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1362.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1363.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1364.
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HA in Tobolsk. f. I417. Op. 2. D. 1904.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1905.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1906.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1907.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1908.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1909.
HA in Tobolsk. F. I417. Op. 2. D. 1910.
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Reference:
Baydakov I.. Elaboration of the Yeltsin-Gaidar radical reform in the programs of the Government of the Russian Federation // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – ¹ 6. – P. 209-225.
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Abstract: This article is devoted to the two topics: priorities of the Russian Federation's socio-economic development through the plans of the Russian government from 1992 to 1997 and realization of the radical Yeltsin's economic reform.
During this period, the Russian Government approved three country's development programs – 1993, 1995 and 1997. The study showed that the first three medium-term development programs continued the vector set by Boris Yeltsin at the 5th Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR.
The last studied program of 1997, adopted by the Chernomyrdin government, stated the actual completion of Yeltsin-Gaidar's radical economic reform (privatization, liberalization and the end of the stabilization). By 1997, the economy was developing mainly under the influence of market rules, which suggests that the steps described in the government programs of the 90s led the country to the end of the transformational period and, as a consequence, the implementation of Gaidar's reforms.
Keywords: Creation of market eceonomy, Yeltsin, The collapse of USSR, Russian modernization, Russian economy development, transition to the market, transformational period, government programs, Gaidar's reforms, Yeltsin's radical reform
References:
Abalkin L.I. Unused chance: A year and a half in the government. M.: Politizdat, 1991. 304 p .
Bogdanova V.P., Rodionova S.D. Socio-economic transformations in Russia and the origins of Russian poverty // Fundamental Research. 2015. No. 2-17. pp. 3865-3870.
Election of the President of Russia: sociological monitoring // Political sociology. 1991. No. 6.
Gaidar E.T. Power and property: Troubles and institutions. The state and evolution. St. Petersburg: Norma, 2009. 336 p.
Gaidar E.T. The death of the Empire. M.: ROSSPEN, 2006. 439 p.
Gaidar E.T. For a long time. Russia in the world. Essays on economic history. Moscow: Delo, 2005. 656 p.
Gaidar E.T., Chubais A.B. Forks of the modern history of Russia. Moscow: OGI, 2011. 168 p.
Gershenkron A. Economic backwardness in historical perspective / scientific ed. A.A. Belykh. M.: Delo, 2015. 536 p.
Grigoriev L.M. Chronology of reforms. Preprint WP11/2006/01. Moscow: Higher School of Economics, 2006. 36 p.
Grinberg R.S. The Russian e
Reference:
Grigorev S.A.. Traditional Cattle Breeding Economy of the Kolyma Region of Yakutia in the Conditions of Socio-economic Transformations in the First Third of the Twentieth Century. // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – ¹ 6. – P. 32-40.
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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to characterize the development of traditional forms of Yakut farming – cattle breeding and horse breeding in the Kolyma region of Yakutia against the background of socio-political transformations in the first third of the twentieth century. It is noted that the geographical isolation of the region from the rest of Yakutia has led to its autonomous development and conservation of the local economic model of life activity focused primarily on transport animal husbandry, including horse breeding. It is revealed that in the twentieth century, priorities began to shift towards the development of cattle breeding and the transition from horse breeding as the main type of economic activity. The use of historical-comparative, historical-system and statistical methods became the methodological basis of the publication, which allowed analyzing socio-economic processes in the north-east of Yakutia. An important result of the study was the assumption that it was the movement of the rural population fleeing from the war from the central regions of Yakutia, where cattle breeding had long prevailed over horse breeding, to the quieter and previously inhabited north-eastern regions, that became the main reason for changes in the economic structure of the Kolyma district in the 1920s. As a result, the number of farms and the number of cattle has increased significantly, affecting the way of life and the structure of the local economy by expanding the area of northern cattle breeding in the Arctic region. Thus, the first third of the twentieth century in the Kolyma district became a time of impulsive transformations of the traditional way of life of the local population caused by the political and socio-economic crisis that followed the 1917 revolution.
Keywords: migration, circumpolar census, horse breeding, Arctic cattle breeding, traditional economy, indigenous peoples, Kolyma region, Yakutia, Arctic, Civil War
References:
Atlasov, S. V. (1992). The history of the development of cattle breeding and horse breeding in Yakutia (1917–1928). Yakutsk, Yakut. scientific center press.
Basharin, G. P. (1962). The history of animal husbandry in Yakutia in the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries. Yakutsk, Book publishing house.
Boyakova, S. I. (1995). Glavsevmorput in the development and development of the North of Yakutia (1932–June 1941). Novosibirsk, Nauka Publishing House.
Boyakova, S. I. (2001). The development of the Arctic and the peoples of the North-East of Asia (XIX century – 1917). Novosibirsk, Nauka Publishing House.
Vinokurova, L. I. (1993). Personnel of agriculture of Yakutia. 1961–1985. Yakutsk, Yakut. scientific center press.
Vinokurova, L. I. (2000). Aboriginal ethnic groups in a modernizing society. Ethno-social development of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): potential, trends, prospects. (pp. 163–188). Novosibirsk: Nauka Publishing House.
Gurvich, I. S. (1966). Ethnic history of the nort
Reference:
Aletkina E.Y.. The dynamics of differentiation of wages among the employees of oil and gas industry during the1950s – 1980s (on the example of the “Tatneft”) // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – ¹ 1. – P. 9-29.
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Abstract: The question of the evolution of industrial motivation is a relatively new area of modern research in economic history. Active research on this topic in Russia began in the 1990s, relying mostly on the sources that characterize social aspects of industrial development of the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia of the 1920s – 1930s. The evolution of industrial motivation at the Soviet enterprises did not receive due attention. This article examines one of the key factors of industrial motivation –differentiation of wages based on the archival and published materials of the large oil and gas company “Tatneft”. The subject of this research is the dynamics of wages among various categories of Tatneft employees over the period from 1950s to 1980s. Research methodology leans on the principles of systematicity and historicism, as well as historical-comparative method and statistical analysis. The novelty lies acquisition of new knowledge on one of the crucial factors of incentivization and motivation of employees, as well as in introduction of new archival sources into the scientific discourse. The author concludes on the tendency towards equalize "net" salaries of different categories of employees of the company; however, the analysis of the dynamics of total wages of Tatneft employees taking into account bonuses, indicates a noticeable discrepancy.
Keywords: soviet industry, USSR, labor incentives, wages, economic history, oil industry, labor motivation, Tatneft, statistical sources, social history
References:
Zakon o pyatiletnem plane vosstanovleniya i razvitiya narodnogo khozyaistva SSSR na 1946 – 1950 gg. M.: OGIZ, 1946. – 95 s.
Alekperov V.Yu. Neft' Rossii: proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee. M.: Kreativnaya ekonomika, 2011. – 432 s.
TsGA IPD RT. F.15. Op. 31. D. 4. L. 2-10. Dokument iz fonda muzeya nefti g. Leninogorska.
Lukassen Ya. Motivatsiya truda v istoricheskoi perspektive: nekotorye predvaritel'nye zametki po terminologii i printsipam klassifikatsii// Sotsial'naya istoriya. Ezhegodnik. 2000. M., 2000. S. 194-205.
Markevich A.M., Sokolov A.K. «Magnitka bliz Sadovogo kol'tsa»: Stimuly k rabote na Moskovskom zavode «Serp i molot», 1883–2001 gg. M., 2005. – 368 s.
Sagatelyan I.G. Sovetskaya promyshlennost': problema sorevnovaniya i motivatsii truda v 1960-e —1970-e gg. M., 2001. – 106 s.
Sagatelyan G.Sh., Dyadya S.A. Krizis sovetskoi sistemy motivatsii truda v 30–80-e gody XX veka [Elektronnyi resurs] // Vestnik Ryazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.A. Esenina. 2017. ¹2 (
Reference:
Erdokesko E.A.. The development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – ¹ 5. – P. 158-166.
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Abstract: The subject of this article is the tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author provides information on the amount of land allocated for tobacco cultivation, types of tobacco, tobacco plants and their owners, manufactured tobacco products, as well as retail of tobacco products. An overview is given to the factors that affected the demand for tobacco products in this historical period and uneven level of tobacco production. The article leans on the vast array of sources, including archival materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian State Historical Archive, statistical data, as well as reference material. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to give a broader picture of tobacco production in the territory of Tauride Province, as this topic did not receive due attention within the Russian historiography. The conclusion is made that the second half of the XIX century marks a breakthrough in the development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province, associated with the legislative acts on taxation, as well as construction of new transport routes. This turned tobacco cultivation into one of the leading segments of agriculture in Yalta, Simferopol and Feodosia Uyezds, which have the most favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of this industry. However, significant decline in the number of tobacco farmers was observed by the beginning of the XX century, as well as the acres of land allocated for tobacco cultivation. This was caused by unfavorable conditions for retail of tobacco products, decrease in yield capacity, quality of tobacco, as well as excess of supply over demand for tobacco products.
Keywords: Asia Minor tobacco, Mesaksudi tobacco factory, Stamboli tobacco factory, smokables, smoking tobacco, tobacco industry, tobacco cultivation, economy, Tauric province, American tobacco
References:
Zaytsev I. V. Tabak i kurenie v Krymu (XVII-XVIII vv.) // Istoriya i sovremennost'. ¹ 2. 2011. S. 13 – 34
Krym putevoditel'. Redaktsiya: Redaktsionnaya komissiya Krymskogo obshchestva estestvoispytateley v sostave: I. M. Voloshinova, prof. V. V. Lunkevicha, prof. I.I. Puzanova, A. O. Shtekera i Redaktsionno-izdatel'skiy otdel Krymgosizdata. Izdanie tret'e polnoe. Simferopol': Krymskoe gosudarstvennoe izdanie, 1928. 614 s.
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Reference:
Kovalenko M.I.. Foreign trade of Russia and the German states in 1815-1837 in the context of customs reforms // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 6. – P. 145-158.
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Abstract: The object of this research is the trade relations between Russia and the German states after the Congress of Vienna, established in the conditions of the large-scale customs reforms. Such changes were substantiated by the provisions of the Final Act and the need for renewal of trade systems in accordance with the relevant requirements. The article examines the stages of trade relations prior to the creation of the German Customs Union, which led to fundamental changes in trade situation in the German space. The author also analyzes trade in the initial years of existence of the German Customs Union for assessing its effectiveness and role in foreign trade relations between the German states and Russia. The main conclusion consists in confirmation of the thesis on sustainable trade relations with Prussia as the key trade partner of Russia in the German space. This conclusion was made due to the absence of evidence in the available sources and historiography on trade relations with other German states, except scarce information on the trade with Hanseatic League. After the establishment of the German Customs Union, Prussia is still in the picture of the Russian foreign trade statistics, which testifies to its crucial role in the new union and international disregard of the German Customs Union in the initial years of its existence. The article may be valuable for the audience studying the economic history of Russia and the German states in the first half of the XIX century.
Keywords: protectionism, free trade, Prussian history, Customs` history, Customs` reforms, German Zollunion, Economic history, German history, Foreign trade, custom rate
References:
Diomidova M.I. – Formirovanie Germanskogo tamozhennogo soyuza: na puti k «Dogovoru o tamozhennom ob'edinenii» 1833 g. // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2020. – ¹4. – S. 170-187. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33580
Diomidova M.I. Sozdanie Germanskogo tamozhennogo soyuza v otechestvennoy i zarubezhnoy istoriografii. // Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatel'nyy zhurnal Istoriya, Izdatel'stvo OOO Integratsiya: Obrazovanie i Nauka (Moskva), 2020.
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Reference:
Khairlapova M.M.. Organization of salt extraction on Lake Baskunchak of Astrakhan Governorate in f the XIX century // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 5. – P. 168-179.
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Abstract: The object of this research is the Baskunchak industry. The subject of this research is organization of salt extraction on Lake Baskunchak in the late XIX century. The chronological framework covers the period from the second half of the XIX century, i.e. from the beginning of regular state-ran salt extraction in the Baskunchak deposit until the abolishment of excise tax on salt, transfer of salt extraction to private Industrialists. The article provides detailed description of the methods of salt extraction on the lake, social composition of personnel engaged in the industry, transportation of salt on trucks and railways, statistical data on salt prices, salaries, and rent of salt plots by salt producers on Lake Baskunchak is given. The novelty of the research consist in comprehensive examination of the previously researched direction – development of salt industry on Lake Baskunchak in the late XIX century. As one of major salt deposits of Russia, Lake Baskunchak is of special value for the salt trade. In the second half of the XIX century Baskunchak was the large supplier of salt in Russia. The acquires materials can be used in educational process of the universities of Astrakhan Region in teaching general and specialized courses on the History of Russia.
Keywords: workers' pay, rent, Vladimirskaya pier, Astrakhan province, salt mining, salt miners, organization, Baskunchak, pood, price
References:
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Gornyy zhurnal. 1881 g. ¹9
Astrakhanskie gubernskie vedomosti 1884 g. ¹100
Gornyy zhurnal. 1884 g.
Reference:
Kovalenko M.I.. The establishment of German Customs Union: towards the “Customs Union Agreement” of 1833 // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 4. – P. 170-187.
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Abstract: This article presents an overview of economic situation and trade relations in Germany during the 1815 – 1820s, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The customs question was especially urgent due to the disparity of territories, and was being resolved in several German states simultaneously. The author examines the Prussian plan of customs union that was implemented in future, as well as the alternative regional projects. For detailed assessment of the indicated projects, analysis is conducted on the flow of import and export of various products on the German territories. This article is founded on the German sources, including maps of German territories and summary statistical tables, which did not previously received wide coverage within the Russian historiography. The topic of establishment of the German Customs Union was in the sidelines for a long time; therefore, this research is relevant for broad audience within the framework of studying the economic history and the history of Germany. The author determines that the period of formation of the German Customs Union was not subjected to comprehensive analysis; the alternative plans of customs unions were not sufficiently covered by the national and foreign historians, despite the extensive source base. The main conclusion consists in description of the actual alternatives to the Prussian plan of customs union, which have not been implemented due to political discrepancies between the members of the South and Middle German unions. Translation of the Customs Union Agreement into the Russian language has not been previously conducted; its provisions would be the subject of the author’s further research.
Keywords: Tax fees, Customs reforms, Prussian history, German history, customs history, foreign trade, economic history, German Zollverein, German Confederation, German states XIX
References:
Scharrer, J. Bemerkungen über den deutschen Zollverein und über die Wirkung hoher Zölle in nationalökonomischer Hinsicht. Nürnberg, 1828. S.54
Leshkov, V.N. Neskol'ko slov o nemetskom tamozhennom ili poshlinnom soyuze. B.m., b.g. Vyrezka. 18 iyunya 1841 goda. 487 c.
Ueber den deutschen Zollverein. Berlin, 1836. S. 74
Sick, P. Übersichtliche Geschichte der Entstehung des großen deutschen Zollvereins. Tübingen, 1843. S.61
List, F. Das nationale System der politischen Oekonomie. Stuttgart und Tübingen, 1844. S.225
Zollvereinigungsvertrag vom 22. März 1833. // http://verfassungen.de/de/de06-66/zollverein33.htm Huber E.R. Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte Band 1. Verlag Kohlhammer Düring/Rudolf, Texte zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Verlag C.H.Beck.
Bowring, J. Bericht über den deutschen Zoll-Verband an Lord Discount Palmerston. Aus dem Englischen überlegt von Dr. F. G. Buck. Berlin, 1840. S.128
Gesetz über den Zo
Reference:
Volodin S.F.. Financial incentives to motivate workers during the civil war (on the example of Tula Cartridge Plant) // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 3. – P. 144-159.
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Abstract: The subject of this research is the questions of motivating the workers of Tula Cartridge Plant during the civil war. Based on methodology of economic and social microhistory, the author analyzes the practice of using methods of war communism and monetary measures to encourage worker of Tula Cartridge Plant in accomplishment of strenuous government contracts. The research results can be valuable in training management professionals in the context of comprehension of the phenomenon of national economy through the prism of social practices, particular administrative experience in crisis conditions. Writing company’s history necessitates the inclusion of methodology of economic and social microhistory into the research process. Scientific analysis of life of the company as a holistic socioeconomic phenomenon allows determining corporate practices that are essential for understanding the functionality of national economy in a specific historical period. The conclusion is made that objectively, the differentiated plant production significantly adjusted to mobilization regime of war communism using special mechanisms. Among them is the unlimited efficiency wage, non-tariff ways of incentivizing skilled workers, and determination of the urgent work areas with accord wages. At the same time, the war communism method of mobilization of industrial production implemented specific measures of financial incentives for workers. It included the guaranteed minimum of means for each employee, bargain-collective forms of bonuses, and simultaneously, directive allocation of major operations and byworks with due remuneration. The contradictory combination of all these methods of financial incentives ensured a specific effectiveness criterion reflected in the material items of military consumption.
Keywords: labour productivity, bonus payment, material incentives for labor, red army ration, wage, civil war, war communism, Tula weapons factory, Tula cartridge plant, extraordinary Commissar
References:
Ostapenko, I. P. Uchastie rabochego klassa SSSR v upravlenii proizvodstvom: Proizvodstvennye soveshchaniya v promyshlennosti v 1921–1932 gg. / I. P. Ostapenko. — M.: Nauka, 1964. — 208 s.
Markevich, A. M. «Magnitka bliz Sadovogo kol'tsa»: Stimuly k rabote na moskovskom zavode «Serp i molot» / A. M. Markevich, A. K. Sokolov.– M.: Ros. polit. entsikl. (ROSSPEN), 2005.– 368 s.
Korolev, A.A. Iz istorii tul'skogo patronnogo zavoda (1880-1917 gg.) / A. A. Korolev // Rabochie oruzheynoy promyshlennosti v Rossii i russkie oruzheyniki v XIX – nachale XX v. L.: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1976.
Lenin i Tula. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. — Tula: Priokskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1969. — 384 s.
Lenin, V. I. Zametki na zasedanii komissii o patronakh / V. I. Lenin //Poln. sobr. soch. T. 54.
Kovalenko, D. A. Oboronnaya promyshlennost' Sovetskoy Rossii v 1918–1920 gg. / D. A. Kovalenko. — M.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1970. — 416 s.
Istoriya Tul'skogo oruzheynogo zavoda. 1712-1972. — M.: Mysl', 1973. 494 s.
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Reference:
Zykin I.. The Structure of Forest Management and the Role of the Soviet Union in the World Wood Industry During the Modernization Era at the End of the 1920s - 1930s // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 2. – P. 143-158.
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Abstract: In the late 1920s - 1930s, according to official figures, the Soviet Union significantly increased its volume of timber industry production. However, the statistics did not include the private harvesting and procurement of wood by the population, that is, for household consumption, which until about the mid-1930s and its almost complete cutback, reached impressive quantities. Historiography formed an incomplete picture of timber management in the Soviet Union during the modernization period, and part of the official indexes are still today used by researchers to prove a significant increase in the volume of timber production in the country during the late 1920s - 1930s. This has made currently very relevant the task of studying changes in the structure of forest management and of determining the country's place in the global timber industry using estimates of the total volume of forestry resources and the value of the gross output of the wood industry. The author reveals that in the first decades of the 20th century the most actively developed areas of forestry were logging and mechanical processing of wood, while the proportion of deep wood processing in the value structure of forest management has changed little and remained at a low level. The author identifies the principal systemic problems in the forest industry of the Soviet Union in the late 1920s - 1930s, which became the causes of imbalances in its structure. Additionally, the author conducted a comparative analysis of the indexes of the Soviet state and of other countries and regions - leaders in the global wood industry. The study's conclusions include the highlighting of the persistence of imbalances in the timber industry in the late 1920s - 1930s and the lagging of the Soviet Union from other countries - industry leaders in the most important areas of timber production.
Keywords: systemic problems, forest management structure, timber processing complex, modernization, Soviet Union, economic history, global timber industry, wood procurement, machining, deep processing
References:
Kholodnyy dom Rossii: dokumenty, issledovaniya, razmyshleniya o regional'nykh prioritetakh Evropeyskogo Severa / Red.-sost. S. I. Shubin. Arkhangel'sk: Izd-vo Pomorskogo ped. un-ta im. M. V. Lomonosova, 1996. 320 s.
Fanernaya promyshlennost' // Bol'shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. 2-e izd. T. 44. M.: Gos. nauch. izd-vo «Bol'shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya», 1957. S. 518–519.
Tkachenko M. E. Ratsionalizatsiya lesnogo khozyaystva na Urale v svyazi s oboronoy strany. Sverdlovsk: Izdanie Ural'skogo lesotekhnicheskogo in-ta, 1943. 26 s.
Strana Sovetov za 50 let. Sb. stat. mat. M.: «Statistika», 1967. 352 s.
Timofeev N. V. Lesnaya industriya v yubileynom godu // Lesnaya promyshlennost'. 1970. ¹ 4. S. 1–5.
Sotsialisticheskoe stroitel'stvo SSSR. Statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. M., 1935. 690 s.
Sotsialisticheskoe stroitel'stvo SSSR. Statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. M., 1936. 698 s.
Sotsialisticheskoe stroitel'stvo Soyuza SSR (1933–1938 gg.). Statisticheskiy sbornik. M.; L.: Gosplanizdat, 1939. 206 s.
Sotsialisticheskoe stroitel'stvo SSSR: Staticheskiy
Reference:
Khairlapova M.M.. The Role of the Baskunchak Railway in the Development of the Salt Industry in the Astrakhan Governorate During the Second Half of the 19th Century // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – ¹ 2. – P. 159-173.
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Abstract: The research subject of this article is the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The article's research object is the role of the Baskunchak railway in the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The chronological framework of this study encompasses the period from the second half of the 19th century, when precisely at this time the government policy changed to the state reorganization of the entire railway system in Russia in the reign of Alexander II, and later in the reign of Alexander III, on the discussed here example, construction and operation of the Baskunchak railway. The author provides a detailed comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of transporting salt along the Baskunchak railway compared with transportation by oxen, which leads to the affirmation that after its opening this railway became the most important economic artery in Russia. This work uses the problem-chronological method, the historical-descriptive method, the historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed elaboration of a previously unstudied direction, such as the influence of the new railway on the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century.The role of the Baskunchak railway in the growth of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century is indisputable. The railway connecting Lake Baskunchak with Port Vladimir has opened the most reliable and convenient form of transport. The materials used in this work are relevant for use in university education processes in the Astrakhan region for teaching general and specialized courses in Russian history and other related disciplines.
Keywords: economy, salt, wagons, Railway, construction, baskunchak, ministry of finance, lake, price, shipping
References:
Testov V.N. Vazhneyshie problemy stroitel'stva i ekspluatatsii Ekaterininskoy zheleznoy dorogi v 80-90 gg. XIXv.// Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya i politicheskie nauki.-2009.-¹1.-S. 71-78
Sysoev P.S. Iz istorii solyanoy promyshlennosti Astrakhanskoy gubernii. Astrakhan',1958.
Monastyrskiy S.I. Illyustrirovannyy sputnik po Volge: V 3 ch.: S kart. Volgi: Ist.-stat. Ocherk i sprav. ukaz. – Kazan': izd. S. Monastryskogo, 1884. – 471 s.
Lender N. Volga i ee sudokhodnoe delo // Russkoe sudokhodstvo. SPb, 1889. ¹ 72. s.8
Ministerstvo Finansov. 1802-1902: Ch.1. – Sankt-Peterburg: Ekspeditsiya zagotovleniya gos.bumag, 1902.-640 s.
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Dzhumagalieva K.V. Uchastie kazakhov v perevozke Baskunchakskoy i El'tonskoy soli.// Izvestiya PGPU im. V.I. Belinskogo.2012. ¹27-s. 586-589
Astrakhanskiy spravochnyy listok. 1
Reference:
Muraveva A.. On the Dynamics of Note Rates on the St. Petersburg Exchange in the First Third of the 19th Century and the Factors That Influenced It // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 6. – P. 179-187.
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Abstract: The article addresses the subject of the monetary-credit policy of the Russian state in the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. The research object of this study is the state's promissory note rate of exchange. A promissory note rate is essentially an exchange rate and it reflects the purchasing power of the currency in one country in relation to the monetary currency in another. On the basis of primary data deriving from the Russian press, the author collected the data of promissory note quotes suitable for the subsequent statistical analysis, and identified the periods of the exchange rate's instability, the nature of its dynamics and the factors that influenced it. As the main research method of this work, the author applied the historical-genetic and statistical research methods and the inductive approach to the examination. The topic of the Russian note exchange rate dynamics in the first third of the 19th century has been little studied in historiography. The article demonstrates that the volatility of note rates, on the one hand, was lower than could be expected at this turbulent time, and on the other hand, the coefficient of variation was low. But at the same time, the note rate noticeably deviates from parity, which, given its nature of being based on the domestic rate of the metallic equivalency value of money, indicates a significant speculative component in its dynamics.
Keywords: international trade, monetary policy, exchange rate, finance, St. Petersburg exchange, Russia, rate of exchange, bill, Foreign exchange market, exchange of currency
References:
Dmitriev-Mamonov V.A., Evzlin Z.P. Organizatsiya i tekhnika kommercheskogo banka. Pg., 1916. S. 112–146
Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' Brokgauza F.A. i Efrona I.A.
Sementkovskiy R., «Nash veksel'nyy kurs» // «Severnyy Vestnik», may, 1891 g., 75 s.
Mill' D. Osnovaniya politicheskoy ekonomii, M., 1980-1981, 1040 s.
Moskovskie vedomosti. M., 1800-1839.
Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti. SPb., 1800-1824.
Kommercheskaya gazeta. SPb., 1825-1839.
Pod red. Borodkina L.I. Rossiyskiy rubl' v sisteme evropeyskikh valyut: veksel'nye kursy 1814—1914 gg. // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Obozrenie. Vypusk 11, M., 2005. S. 51-97
TsGIA SPb. F. 852. Op. 1. D. 848 i dr.
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Murav'eva A.G. K voprosu o prekrashchenii razmena assignatsiy v Rossiyskoy imperii // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya, 2019, ¹ 2, S. 116 – 127
Murav'eva A.G. K voprosu o prekrashchenii r
Reference:
Shilnikova I.. Delays in Wage Payment in the USSR Industry During the Late 1920s - First Half of the 1930s: Causes, Consequences and Practices of Overcoming the Issue // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 5. – P. 34-47.
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Abstract: In the years of the first five-year plans, the phenomenon of wage delays in the country's industry was quite massive and systematic in nature, which caused discontent among workers and created conflicts at work, including those that then turned into strikes (at the beginning of the first five-year plan) accompanied by the disuse of equipment. The article examines the scope of the event of the untimely payment of earned sums, identifies its causes, the workers' reaction, and also analyzes the effectiveness of the actions implemented by local and central economic bodies, financial organizations, trade unions, court institutions and prosecutors in eliminating these violations that reduced the effectiveness of the mobilization policy of the Soviet leadership during the years of industrialization. The source base of this study is made up of mainly archival documents stored in the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF), which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Many of these documents are classified as "Secret", "Top Secret ", "Not to be disclosed. " The study demonstrates that the violation of the terms of earnings payment to industrial workers in the years of the first five-year periods was the result of a number of unfavorable factors: lack of banknotes in local branches of the State Bank, shortcomings of the Soviet credit system, overuse of wage funds and their, in general, “free” treatment, failure to fulfill production programs, failures in the system of mutual settlements between suppliers and customers, the accumulation of a large number of unsold products in warehouses, etc. The measures taken could not completely eliminate this problem, but in the second half of the 1930s, the frequency of occurrences, terms and amounts of arrears gradually decreased.
Keywords: State Bank of the USSR, strikes, labor conflicts, trade unions, wages, labor incentives, five-year plans, forced industrialization, standard of living, Council of People's Commissars
References:
Stalin I.V. Novaya obstanovka – novye zadachi khozyaystvennogo stroitel'stva: Rech' na soveshchanii khozyaystvennikov 23 iyunya 1931 g. / Stalin I.V. Sochineniya. T.13. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury, 1951. S.51-80.
Zhuravlev S.V., Mukhin M.Yu. «Krepost' sotsializma»: Povsednevnost' i motivatsiya truda na sovetskom predpriyatii, 1928-1938 gg. M.: ROSSPEN, 2004.-240 s.
Markevich A.M., Sokolov A.K. «Magnitka bliz Sadovogo kol'tsa»: Stimuly k rabote na Moskovskom zavode «Serp i molot», 1883-2000 gg. M.: ROSSPEN, 2005. – 368 s.
Postnikov S.P., Fel'dman M.A. Sotsiokul'turnyy oblik promyshlennykh rabochikh Rossii v 1900-1941 gg.-M.: ROSSPEN, 2009. – 367 s.
Sokolov A.K. Sovetskaya politika v oblasti motivatsii i stimulirovaniya truda (1917 – seredina 1930-kh gg.) // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Obozrenie. Vyp.4. M., 2000. S. 39-80.
Ilyukhov A.A. Kak platili bol'sheviki: Politika sovetskoy vlasti v sfere oplaty truda v 1917-1941 gg. M.: ROSSPEN, 2010. – 415 s.
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Reference:
Zykin I.. The USSR Lumber Industry Complex in a Pivotal Era (1932-1934): the Disparity of Technical, Economic and Production Potentials // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 4. – P. 192-207.
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Abstract: In the Soviet Union during the late 1920s - early 1940s, significant transformations of the lumber industry took place, which makes it a current research topic for historical analysis in line with economic history. How did the industry develop in this pivotal era? Did the investments and the technical and economic conditions of this complex correspond to its real production capabilities? With the aim of understanding these issues, the author undertakes for the first time in historiography an analysis of the technical and economic indicators of the wood industry at the final stage of implementing the first five-year plan and the transition to the second five-year plan (1932-1934), which was accompanied by an adjustment in the state economic policy. The analysis is based on sources from the series of statistical collections the “Socialist Construction”. In addition to identifying the general dynamics in the development of the lumber industry complex and its individual sectors, indicators are calculated for one enterprise and one worker based on technical and economic parameters. The author carries out a comparative analysis of the results obtained in the lumber industry and in the Soviet industry in general. Data on the technical and economic conditions of the lumber industry complex are compared with the results of its production activities. The analysis revealed a number of significant problems and imbalances in the development of the industry: the better equipment of the paper industry, the direction of the main investments in the sphere of woodworking, and the lagging in the sphere of harvesting forest resources. The author draws conclusions regarding the industry's decline in 1932-1933 and the disparity of its technical, economic and production potentials. It consisted in solving the problems of economic development by party-state and economic bodies, primarily by increasing the number of labor resources. Investment of financial resources in the construction of enterprises and the acquisition of equipment in 1932-1934 did not provide the planned increase in labor efficiency of workers.
Keywords: power of engines, business assets, forest industry, the first five-years periods, industrialization, Soviet Union, economic history, gross output, number of workers, production efficiency
References:
Voeykov E. V. Deyatel'nost' Saratovskogo upravleniya lesookhrany i lesonasazhdeniy i sostoyanie lesnogo fonda Saratovskoy oblasti v predvoennye gody // Izv. Sarat. un-ta. Nov. ser. Ser. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2016. T. 16. Vyp. 4. S. 481-486. DOI: 10.18500/1819-4907-2016-16-4-481-486.
Voeykov E. V. Zhenskiy trud v lesnoy promyshlennosti Srednego Povolzh'ya v 1930-e gg. // Voprosy istorii. 2015. ¹ 11. S. 133-138.
Voeykov E. V. Stakhanovtsy lesozagotovok Povolzh'ya v gody dovoennoy industrializatsii // Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2013. ¹ 5. T. 15. S. 74-78.
Gluzman V. L., Maslyukov M. F. Lesozagotovitel'nye predpriyatiya Srednego Urala. Ekaterinburg: ID «Sokrat», 2001. 384 s.
Gregori P. Politicheskaya ekonomiya stalinizma / Per. s angl. I. Kuznetsova, A. Makarevicha. 2-e izd. M.: ROSSPEN; Fond Pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B. N. El'tsina, 2008. 400 s.
Devis R. Sovetskaya ekonomika i nachalo «Bol'shogo terrora» // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya: Ezhegodnik. 2006. M.: ROSSPEN, 2006. S. 439-474.
Reference:
Anisimova D.. The Monetary Reforms of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Context of the Integration Policy of the Russian Empire // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 3. – P. 157-166.
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Abstract: In this article, the author considers the attempts to financially integrate Finland into the sphere of influence of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries, on the example of the monetary circulation in that region. The monetary issue was one of the main issues for both the Finnish society and the Russian government, which sought to reduce the autonomy already formed in the region. The preparation of the monetary reform was initiated several times over several decades, but it had never been realized. The author examines through the materials from the National Archives of Finland the process of interaction between the Russian government and the local governing bodies, in which each of the parties had their own interests in the issue of money circulation in Finland. The results of this interaction and the Russian government's degree of influence were studied using a statistical analysis of the exchange rate of the Russian Ruble and the Finnish Mark during the First World War. On the basis of the conducted research, the author concludes that the Finnish autonomization was enough to prevent with all its force the introduction of monetary reform. But, nevertheless, Finland at that time did not become independent to the extent that it could confidently distance itself from Russia, which was pursuing an intermittent and step-by-step, yet completely unidirectional course towards the financial integration of Finland into its sphere of influence.
Keywords: financial integration, autonomy, currency, monetary reform, Finland, the Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire, Economic History, exchange rate, statistical analysis
References:
O vvedenii rossiyskoy monety v vide zakonnogo platezhnogo sredstva v Finlyandii, 1911 g. // Natsional'nyy arkhiv Finlyandii. Fond kantselyarii finlyandskogo general-gubernatora. II otdel. D. 40.
Seymovoe, 1905 g. // Natsional'nyy arkhiv Finlyandii. Fond kantselyarii finlyandskogo general-gubernatora. IV otdel. D. 13-4H.
O vvedenii v Finlyandii rossiyskoy monetnoy sistemy, 1904 g. // Natsional'nyy arkhiv Finlyandii. Fond kantselyarii finlyandskogo general-gubernatora. II otdel. IV otdelenie. D. 15-1.
Ob izmeneniyakh v Pochtovoy i Tamozhennoy chasti i monetnoy sistemy v Finlyandii, 1890 g. // Natsional'nyy arkhiv Finlyandii. Fond kantselyarii finlyandskogo general-gubernatora. II otdel. D. 33.
Yussila O. Velikoe knyazhestvo Finlyandskoe 1809-1917.-Khel'sinki: Ruslania Books Oy, 2009.-844 s.
Rasila V. Istoriya Finlyandii.-Petrozavodsk: Izd-vo PetrGU, 2006.-360 s.
Borodkin M.M. Yuridicheskoe polozhenie Finlyandii — Spb.: Tipografiya Suvorina, 1901. — 140 s.
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Reference:
Burachonak A.. Changes in Entrepreneurial Activities in Belarus Under the Influence of the Modernization Processes of the Second Half of the 19th – early 20th Centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 2. – P. 105-115.
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Abstract: The subject of this study is the impact of modernization processes on the development of entrepreneurship in the field of trade and industry in Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author reveals the main factors that led to the transformation of economic life in Belarusian provinces and characterizes how the Russian Empire government’s lawmaking affected the organization of private entrepreneurship and taxation. Additionally, the author reveals the particularities behind the legal regulation of land ownership and land-use by persons belonging to national minorities in Belarus. The article provides an analysis of the changes in transport infrastructure, the population structure of the Belarusian provinces and how they influenced the particularities of regional enterprise distribution. The author identifies the role of shared capital and monopoly associations in trade and industrial enterprise development in Belarus in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Consequently, the author comes to the conclusion that the influence of modernization processes on the territory of Belarus had caused changes in the forms and conditions of entrepreneurship realization, as well as in the structure and composition of entrepreneurs. This influence had also fostered the emergence of new production facilities and market institutions that supplemented the existing ones, rather than replace them. All this led to an increase in production output, the entrance into new markets and, as a result, an increase in trade turnover.
Keywords: joint-stock companies, trading houses, taxation, modernization, Belarus, history of entrepreneurship, transport infrastructure, industry, trade, credit
References:
Burachonok A. V. Formirovanie delovoy sredy predprinimatel'skoy deyatel'nosti v Belorussii vo vtoroy polovine Kh²Kh – nachale KhKh v. / / Torgovlya, kupechestvo i tamozhennoe delo v Rossii v XVI–XIX vv.: sbornik. Kolomna, 2015. T. 2: XIX – nachalo XX v. S. 183–190.
Burachonak A. V. Pravavoe regulyavanne satsyyal'na-pratso¢nykh adnos³n na fabrychna-zavodsk³kh pradpryemstvakh Belarus³ ¢ drugoy palove Kh²Kh – pachatku KhKh st. / / Kryn³tsazna¢stva ³ spetsyyal'nyya g³starychnyya dystsypl³ny. 2012. Vyp. 7. S. 80–89.
Zhytko A. P. Dvaranstva Belarus³ peryyadu kap³tal³zmu. 1861–1914 gg. M³nsk: BDPU, 2003. 233 s.
Sekhovich V. Kogda v Belarus' investirovali Rotshil'dy, Schering i Shell. Chast' 1 [Elektronnyy resurs] URL : http://ej.by/news/sociaty/2014/03/19/kogda_v_belarus_investirovali_ rotshil_dy_schering_i_shell_chast_1.html (data obrashcheniya 01. 08. 2016)
Sekhovich V. Kogda v Belarus' investirovali Rotshil'dy, Schering i Shell. Chast' 3 [Elektronnyy resurs] URL : http://ej.by/news/sociaty/2014/05/07/kogda_v_belarus_investirovali_ rotshil_dy_sche
Reference:
Muraveva A.. On the Question of the Cessation of Bank Note Exchanges in the Russian Empire // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 2. – P. 116-127.
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Abstract: The subject of this study is the monetary-loan policy of the Russian government in the second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. The object of this research is the assignation ruble. The author examines in detail the question of the termination of the free exchange of the assignation ruble for silver and copper coins. Particular attention is focused on the sources from the archive "Special Office of the Credit Branch of the Ministry of Finance". By all appearances, the article's author was the first to study some of the archive documents. In these sources, interesting data was uncovered concerning the correspondence of the Assignation Bank and promissory offices with the Ministry of Finance, which made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the date of the cessation of the assignation exchange. The study's main research method is the historical-genetic method of research and the inductive approach to problem examination. The identified data suggests the existence of the assignation exchange for coins at least before the start of the Napoleonic wars, and in the course of further research, the author hopes to clarify the date of the cessation of this exchange.
Keywords: Assignation Bank, inflation, silver money, Russia, paper money, russian ruble, Aassignation, issue, state credit, Cancrin
References:
RGIA. F. 583 Op. 5 D. 357 L. 5ob.
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Chechulin N. D. Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II. SPb., 1906. S. 247.
Kulomzin A. Assignatsii v tsarstvo
Reference:
Frenkel O.I.. Credit Operations of the State Bank of the Russian Empire from a Regional Perspective, 1868 – 1913 // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 2. – P. 128-153.
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Abstract: In this article, the author examines from a regional perspective the credit operations of the State Bank of the Russian Empire in ten time sections of 5-year intervals during the period from 1868 to 1913. Lending was the bank's main function as a conventional commercial bank, as well as a developing central bank (credit regulation, operating as the bank of banks, and also lender of the last resort). The State Bank was the largest integrator of the banking market. The elements of the emerging two-tier financial system can be traced long before this bank assumed in 1897 the role of being the regulator of money circulation in Russia. The State Bank was the largest commercial bank in the country, but in terms of the number of loans issued it was always ceded to the system of joint-stock commercial banks. A significant number of State Bank loans were issued to the grain-producing areas of European Russia. The offices and branches of the State Bank were the reference points through which its resources, directly or through joint-stock commercial banks, were distributed throughout the country. The St. Petersburg and Moscow offices played an important role in this system. The cycles in the lending dynamics of the State Bank and joint-stock commercial banks did not coincide: the State Bank often increased lending when commercial banks reduced. This may indicate that the State Bank always had elements of being the lender of last resort in its operation.
Keywords: interest rates, lender of last resort, banking, integration of financial markets, historical information sciences, quantitative studies in history, lending, branch networks, State Bank of the Russian Empire, GIS
References:
Goodhart Ch. The evolution of central banks. ‒ Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ‒ 205 p.
Capie F., Fischer S., Goodhart Ch., Schnadt N. The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England. ‒ Cambridge, England; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ‒ xiv, 362 p.
Grossman R. S. Unsettled account: the evolution of banking in the industrialized world since 1800. ‒ Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. ‒ 384 p.
Bogolepov M. I. Gosudarstvennyy Bank i kommercheskiy kredit // Bankovaya entsiklopediya / Pod red. L. N. Yasnopol'skogo. ‒ Kiev: Bankovaya entsiklopediya, 1914. ‒ C. 283‒330.
Bugrov A. V. Gosudarstvennyy bank v Moskve, 1860‒1917 gg. ‒ M.: Zhurn. «Banki i tekhnologii», 2010. ‒ 317 s.
Bugrov A. V. Gosudarstvennyy bank, 1860‒1917. ‒ M.: InterKrim-press, 2012. ‒ 262 s.
Voronkova S. V. Rossiyskaya promyshlennost' nachala XX veka. – M.: Mosgorarkhiv, 1996. – 241 c.
Reference:
Bespal'ko D.N.. The Development of the Muskrat Breeding Sector of the Hunting Industry in the Chita Region: 1930-1950s // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – ¹ 2. – P. 154-170.
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Abstract: The article presents the author's key results from studying the history of muskat breeding in the Chita region at the stage of its formation as the most important sector of the local commercial economy. Accordingly, the author examines the issues of zoning, surveying the territory of hunting grounds for the release of muskrat breeding material, expenses for acclimatization measures, hunting periods, labor organization of muskrat hunters, the quantitative composition of full-time and seasonal hunters, their equipment, and the quality of harvested fur. In carrying out the orders of the central management of hunting to increase the productivity of the hunting grounds and the final output of raw fur materials, the regional hunting structures sought to maximally populate with muskrats the reservoirs in the region and their further exploitation. However, this policy did not always reflect an understanding of the real situation in the districts, and poorly considered the factor of natural and climatic conditions. This is why in the 1930s - 1950s, muskat breeding in the hunting industry did not reach its main goal - the sector did not become autonomous, but rather developed in the context of the common frontiers of collective farms and industrial farms.
Keywords: labor organization, historical reacclimatization, fur, fur raw materials, muskrat breeding, procurement office, industrial farm, hunting industry, hunting periods, commercial exploitation
References:
Severnaya Pravda. – 1948. – 5 dekabrya. – ¹ 37 (410).
Severnaya Pravda. – 1949. – 23 yanvarya. – ¹ 4 (417).
Ondatra na Sovetskom Severe / Pod red. N. M. Mikhelya. – L.; M.: Izd-vo Glavsevmorputi (Leningrad) 1940. – 96 s.
Severnaya Pravda. – 1946. – 20 iyunya. – ¹ 12 (313).
Okolovich A. K., Korsakov G. K. Ondatra. – M.: Zagotizdat, 1951. – 103 s.
Erin S.V. Problemy ondatrovodstva. – M.: Zagotizdat, 1965. – 98 s.
Lavrov N.P. Akklimatizatsiya ondatry v SSSR. – M.: Izdatel'stvo tsentrosoyuza, 1957. – 215 s.
Generozov V. Ya. «Ondatra – amerikanskaya vykhukhol' – i ee akklimatizatsiya na Solovetskikh ostrovakh». – Solovki, 1927. – 75 s.
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Reference:
Zadorozhnyaya O.A.. The Structure of River Traffic in the Ob-Irtysh Water Basin in the Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries (on the Example of the "Partnership of the West Siberian Shipping Company and Trade") // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – ¹ 6. – P. 8-16.
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Abstract: The relevance of this study is derived from the fact that the commercial activity of the above-named river company in the eastern outskirts of the Russian state is poorly reflected in modern historical literature, which therefore does not fully depict the process of Russian society's industrialization. This article's subject is the transportation of cargo and passengers along the rivers of Western Siberia and the analysis of their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, which makes it possible to identify the main features of the organization behind the most profitable direction of the enterprises of river companies. The study's aim is to identify the structure and transport mechanism of the “Partnership of the West Siberian Shipping Company and Trade” on the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh basin. The research methods used by the author in this article are the statistical and problem-chronological methods, as well as the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The study's results are the following: the author's examination illustrates the development process of cargo transportation of Western Siberia's largest shipping company with the features of a capitalist enterprise, which can be used to study the formative process of capitalist elements in Siberia. The author's conclusions are: the dynamics of increasing or decreasing profits from transportation of the entrepreneurial company in the Ob-Irtysh basin highlights the signs of a capitalist organization in the “Partnership of West Siberian Shipping Company and Trade”: the main source of profits was freight transportation, the creation of a transportation structure for each route, the abandonment of low-income river routes, and the allocation of various types of vessels. For a successful economic development it was necessary to change not only the rules of transportation, but also the mechanism of the relations with partners and clients. The development process of river transportation demonstrates that a capitalist company is not only an economic enterprise but also a participant in the relationship between clients, customers, the state, partners and competitors.
Keywords: routes, shipping company, Business Company, contractual transportation, passengers, cargo, river transportation, water basin, industrial society, cargo transportation
References:
Zadorozhnyaya O.A. Rechnye kompanii. Surgut, Izdatel'skiy tsentr SurGU, 2012. S.211-226.
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.15, L.58ob.-81; D.22 , L. 9ob.-12;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.44 L.2-22 (statistika);
GAAK. F.69.Op.1. D.475. L.26ob.-27ob.;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.3, L.2-16 (statistika); D.11, L. 2-22; D.16 L.2-44;
GAAK. F.69.Op.1. D.475. L.24-27ob.;
RGIA. F.23.Op.14. D.227. L.46ob.-48ob.;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.10, L. 63ob., 67ob., 75ob., 76ob., 78ob.;
Zadorozhnyaya O.A. Rechnye kompanii. Surgut, Izdatel'skiy tsentr SurGU, 2012. S.110-118.
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.44.L. 22-23ob.;
Zadorozhnyaya O.A. Parovoy flot «Tovarishchestva Zapadno-sibirskogo parokhodstva i torgovli» (1898-1917 gg.) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2017. ¹ 3. S. 167-168;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.23.L. 35-44;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D.32. L. 28-20;
GANO. F.145.Op.1. D. 16. L.23, L.24L. 1-24; D.15. L. 79ob.-81ob.;
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Ustav «Tovarishch
Reference:
Voronov V.N.. Trubnaya Ploshchad - the Trade Center of Moscow // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – ¹ 4. – P. 20-32.
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Abstract: The subject of this study is the revelation of the historical prerequisites of the origin and development of entrepreneurship in Moscow. The article examines the factors that had influenced the emergence of trading places in Moscow. The author places particular attention on the undeservedly forgotten trade center in Moscow that was Trubnaya Ploshchad. The object of this study is the social and everyday aspects and the interactions with the authorities that affected the formation of trade in Moscow. The author examines in detail the evolution of trade on Trubnaya Ploshchad from Lubyanov Torg in the 17th century to the Central Market in the 21th century. The aim of this study is to identify the main historical prerequisites for the emergence of the Trubnaya Ploshchad and its major trends in trade development. The methodological basis of this research lies on general scientific methods: logical, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, system; as well as on special historical methods of research: historical description, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, periodization, statistical, and others. The study's main conclusions are the author's assertion that Trubnaya Ploshchad is a historically established commercial and cultural center of Moscow. It had various retail outlets, the restaurant "Hermitage" was opened there, and the Central Market, opened in 1921, tied these places together. The author's special contribution to the research of this topic is his successful identification of sources previously unknown to a wide range of researchers. The novelty of this study consists in the author for the first time in historiography carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the named topic, which has been insufficiently examined in Moscow studies, that has made it possible to eliminate inaccuracies in the history of Moscow and Moscow entrepreneurship. The results of this study can be used to reveal the continuity between modern trade and its historical retrospective.
Keywords: bast, floral, avian, central, market, trade, entrepreneurship, bargain, Tube, area
References:
Dovnar-Zapol'skiy M. V. Torgovlya i promyshlennost' Moskvy XVI-XVII vv. / M. V. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy. – M.: Tipografiya Russkogo Tovarishchestva, 1910. – 106 s.
Zelenetskiy I. K. Istoriya Krasnoy ploshchadi / I. K. Zelenetskiy. – M. Tipografiya Moskovskogo universiteta, 1851. – 237 s.
Istoriya Moskvy: V 6 t. / AN SSSR. In-t istorii. – M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1952-1959.-T. 2: Period feodalizma. KhVIII v. / red. S. V. Bakhrushin [i dr.]. – M., 1953. – 742s.
Kurts B. G. Sostoyanie Rossii v 1650-1655 gg. po doneseniyam Rodesa / B. G. Kurts. – M.: Sinodal'naya Tipografiya, 1914. – 268 s.
Kurts B. G. Sochinenie Kil'burgera o russkoy torgovle v tsarstvovanie Alekseya Mikhaylovicha / B. G. Kurts. – Kiev, 1915. – 610 s.
Moskva belokamennaya. Putevoditel'-spravochnik s illyustratsiyami i planom. Izd. 4. – SPb.: Izd. knizhnogo sklada N.I. Ignatova, 1903. – 213 s.
Ot Voskresenskikh vorot do Trubnoy ploshchadi. Moskva, kotoroy net. Putevoditel'. – M.: Memories, 2010. – 400 s.
Sytin P.V. Iz istorii moskovskikh ulits (ocherki). Izdanie 3-e pere
Reference:
Voronkova D.S.. "The Vestnik of Finance, Industry and Trade" for 1917 as a Source for Studying the Economic Development of Russia: the Theme and Authors of the Journal's Articles // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – ¹ 3. – P. 148-162.
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Abstract: This study is dedicated to a source study analysis of the materials from the journal of the Russian Ministry of Finance: "the Vestnik of Finance, Industry and Trade". This journal is one of the main sources on a wide range of topics concerning the economic history of Russia in the period between 1883 - 1917. The materials published in "the Vestnik..." are characterized by a high level of analytics, due to its authors being prominent Russian economists of their time. The aim of this study is to examine the dynamics of the complex economic processes that took place in the revolutionary year of 1917 as reflected in the pages of the named journal. This article applies the methods of quantitative analysis to journal publications. In structuring the subject matter of the articles and messages, the journal's headings from the quarterly "Systematic Lists" are used, as well as the bibliographic database developed at the Novosibirsk State University. The author's quantitative analysis of the evolution of the topics raised in the journal demonstrates the value of "the Vestnik ..." as one of the most interesting sources in the study of the economic processes that took place in 1917. This article shows that the calculation of the distribution of the subject matter in analytical publications (articles and messages, without ads, announcements and statistical material) in general and by quarters provides the most reliable estimates of the structure and dynamics of the coverage of economic processes in the examined journal.
Keywords: economic processes, year of 1917, mass media, authors of articles, source analysis, quantitative methods, headings, thematic categories, dynamics, Vestnik of Finance
References:
Deyatel'nost' Ministerstva prodovol'stviya // Tam zhe. – ¹42. – S. 493–494.
Dmitriev A.A. Generaly dukha. Kn. 2. – SPb.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo Petropolis», 2001. (Vyderzhku sm.: Belorusskaya tsifrovaya biblioteka [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: http://library.by/portalus/modules/economics/readme.php?subaction=showfull& id=1102420029&archive=1120043562&start_from=&ucat=&).
Gur'ev A. Opyt analiza i resheniya finansovoy problemy // Vestnik… – ¹39. – S. 362–365; ¹40. – S. 395–400; ¹42. – S. 475–484.
Golikov A.G. Tendentsii monopolizatsii rossiyskoy promyshlennosti 1914–1917 gg. (opyt kontent-analiza publikatsiy otechestvennykh gazet) // Krug idey: razvitie istoricheskoy informatiki. – M., 1995. – S. 167–181.
Vidimye zapasy khlebov v Rossii k 1 dekabrya 1916 goda // Tam zhe. – ¹ 3. – S. 110.
Vidimye zapasy khlebov v Rossii k 1 yanvarya 1917 goda // Tam zhe. – ¹ 10. – S. 483.
V.Sh. Nizhegorodskaya yarmarka vo vremya voyny // Vestnik finansov, promyshlennosti i torgovli. – 1917 (dalee – Vestnik…). – ¹ 22. – S. 337–342.
Bo
Reference:
Safin T.. On the Economic Exploitation of the Hou and Bo by the Kings of the Shang-Yin State // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – ¹ 2. – P. 153-159.
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Abstract: The research subject of this article is the participation of two categories of rulers with the titles of Hou and Bo in the ritual gift exchange and collection of tribute in the state of the Shang-Yin. The author compares the data of synchronous sources (inscriptions on oracle bones) regarding taxes on the part of the hou and bo, and evaluates their quantitative ratio. Particular attention is focused on the group of inscriptions concerning the "taking" of bo (取伯), which are usually interpreted by Chinese researchers as pertaining to the levying of tribute from conquered leaders of peripheral polities. Unlike the majority of researchers, the author uses only those inscriptions that specifically refer to a certain hou or bo (where the title is indicated), which thus avoids inaccuracies in the analysis of data, since the interpretation of many oracle inscriptions is ambiguous. The article's main conclusions are that the inscriptions pertaining to the "taking of bo" recount the capture of Bo, and not to the collection of tribute, and therefore we have no reason to assert that the degree of economic exploitation of the bo was higher. A sufficiently large number of inscriptions on offerings from the hou permit us to affirm only that there existed more intensive links (not only economic, but also political and ritual) between the hou and the king, but not that there was an economic exploitation as such since the exchange of resources was two-sided.
Keywords: Chinese excavated texts, Shang dynasty, Yin dynasty, Chinese feudalism, Ancient China, tribute, oracle bone inscriptions, Chinese history, early state, bronze age China
References:
Syaotun' nan'di tszyagu 小屯南地甲骨 [Gadatel'nye kosti, naydennye v yuzhnoy chasti derevni Syaotun']: V 5 t. / Pod red. Chzhungo shekhuy kesyueyuan' kaogu yan'tszyuso 中國社會科學院考古研究所 [Otdel arkheologii Kitayskoy akademii obshchestvennykh nauk]. Pekin: Chzhunkhua shutszyuy 中華書局, 1983.
Su De Mey Zhi sotszyan' tszyagu tszi 蘇德美日所見甲骨集 [Sobranie gadatel'nykh kostey iz SSSR, Germanii, SShA i Yaponii] / sost. Khu Khousyuyan' 胡厚宣. Chendu: Sychuan' tsyshu chuban'she 四川辭書出版社, 1988. 144 s.
Tszyaguven' khetszi 甲骨文合集 [Svod nadpisey na gadatel'nykh kostyakh]: V 13 t. / Gl. red. Go Mozho 郭沫若. Pekin: chzhunkhua shutszyuy chuban'she 中華書局出版社, 1978—1982.
Kryukov V. M. Ritual'naya kommunikatsiya v drevnem Kit
Reference:
Klimanov A.. Issues of Personnel Policy, Professional Training and Retraining at Enterprises of the Machine-Building Branch in the 1960–1970s (on the Example of the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Moscow Machine Tool Building Plant) // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 5. – P. 172-188.
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Abstract: The subject of this study is the efforts of industrial enterprises in using various methods for intensifying the work of their labor collectives, which acquires a qualitatively different nature with the beginning of the Kosygin economic reform in 1965. During this period a lot of attention was focused on improving the personnel policy directly in production. On the basis of archival materials from the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Moscow Machine Tool Building Plant, the article examines the measures undertaken on improving the personnel potential in one of the leading plants of the Soviet machine tool building industry in the 1960–1970s. The author analyzes the concrete forms of educating the production personnel, as well as the material incentives for stimulating labor, used at this enterprise. Additionally, the author also analyzes the reasons for the gradual decrease in attempts to perfect the professional training and retraining of labor workers at the end of the 1970s – beginning of the 1980s. The specific-historical approach found its reflection in the problem analysis of the personnel policy model, developed at the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Moscow Machine Tool Building Plant. The scientific novelty of this research consists of its concretization of the system of working with labor personnel at industrial sites during the period of the Kosygin economic reform on the example of the famous machine tool building plant in Moscow. The study of specific historical materials allows to evaluate the real possibilities of plant administrations to introduce progressive options for stimulating industrial workers in increasing production results. Of particular scholarly interest is the interrelation dynamics between the specific plant and the industry management structures from the point of view of the latter’s assessment of the practical experience and specific developments on the spot of perfecting the whole system of training and retraining labor personnel in the machine tool building industry.
Keywords: machine tool building, personnel, material incentives, labor productivity, industry training, plant administration, skilled workers, social funds, economic reform, social history
References:
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Reference:
Volodin S.F.. The Problem of Labor Efficiency in the Pages of Journal Periodicals in the 1920s // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 4. – P. 140-152.
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Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of understanding the problem of labor efficiency in the Soviet industry in the 1920s as developed in the pages of specialized economic journals of that time. The issue of the New Economic Policy's crisis is considered in the article through the prism of the current analytical work of the leading economist of that period with regard to the main issues of industrial production – the growth of labor production and the role in this of wages and labor discipline. In addition, the author examines not only the analytical work of the economists-Trudoviks itself, but also the social-historical context that determined its horizon and depth. The article applies the methodology of the historiographical analysis with relation to the contradictory unification of the two sides of the object of this research: the development of social practices and its introspective reflection on the conceptual level. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the following theses. The works of A. M. Ginzburg, V. G. Groman, B. A. Gukhman, A. I. Rabinovich, S. G. Strumilin, A. B. Khalatov and others reflect the nodal questions concerning the issue of labor efficiency in the industry of that period. These are questions regarding the stimulating role of wages, he intensification of labor, the prospects of production rationalization, the establishment of labor discipline and others. The leading economists-Trudoviks of that time were clearly aware of the structural limits for the radical growth of labor productivity: technical, institutional and historical. Of course, with such an outlook the prospects of labor efficiency were becoming more grounded, which could not arrange the higher political leadership under the conditions of the folding of the New Economic Policy. From then on it was necessary to follow a clear strategic line founded on unconditional political loyalty, but these requirements could not be met by many of the authors writing for journal periodicals in the 1920s.
Keywords: New Economic Policy, labour productivity, production rationalization, wage scale, labor discipline, economists-Trudoviks, wartime rationing, scientific labor management, wages, journal periodicals
References:
Yurago M. Bor'ba za vosstanovlenie promyshlennosti Petrograda (1921-1923 gg.) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal. 1945 ¹ 3. S. 34-39.
Strumilin S. G. K metodologii izucheniya zarabotnoy platy i proizvoditel'nosti truda // Planovoe khozyaystvo. 1925. ¹ 8. S. 27-62.
Ul'yanova S. B. Massovye khozyaystvenno-politicheskie kampanii v petrogradskoy/leningradskoy promyshlennosti v 1921-1928 gg.: dis. … d. ist. n. Spb, 2007. 519 s.
Freydlin B. Na Kolomenskom mashinostroitel'nom // Vestnik truda. 1926. ¹ 5. S. 133-137.
Frumkin B. Voprosy zarplaty v proizvodstvennykh programmakh na 1926/27 khoz. g. (V poryadke postanovki voprosa) // Vestnik truda. 1926. ¹¹. 7-8. S. 77-85.
Khalatov A. Planovoe nachalo v meropriyatiyakh po podnyatiyu proizvoditel'nosti truda // Planovoe khozyaystvo. 1925. ¹ 5.
Khromov S. S. Istoricheskiy opyt resheniya problemy proizvoditel'nosti truda v promyshlennosti v pervye gody nepa // Istoricheskie zapiski. T. 113. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Nauka, 1986. S. 5-45.
Strumilin S. G. Problemy truda v Gosplane // Byulleteni Gosplana. 1
Reference:
Artemyeva E.V.. The Financial Policy of the Ministry of N. K. Bunge in the Evaluation of the Journal «the Herald of Europe» // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 4. – P. 153-158.
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Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the publications in the journal «the Herald of Europe» regarding the financial policy of Russia undertaken by the ministry of N. K. Bunge. The aim of this study is to reveal the perception of the liberal publication on the activity of the ministry of finances during the period of the second half of the 1880s. The author analyzes separate articles on this specific topic, as well as publications from the permanent sections "From the social chronicle" and "Internal review". In the indicated period this journal occupied one of the leading positons in the social movement in Russia, including in its liberal wing. In writing this article the author used the following scientific methods: historical-comparative, descriptive, historicism. The methodological basis of this article is the publications of V. A. Kitaev, A. A. Alafaev, V. L. Stepanov. The author comes to the conclusion that the liberals were far from idealizing the activity of the above-mentioned politician, criticizing the events concerning the drinking issue and the stabilization of the national currency, and protectionist measures. However, the publicists of «the Herald of Europe» were very impressed by Bunge's desire to strengthen the state's participation in the country’s social and economic sphere. Carrying out the idea of the authorities' responsibility in the field of finances and economy, «the Herald of Europe» departed from classical liberalism towards its social invariant. The study's novelty lies in that it conducts for the first time an analysis of relations of one of the leaders of liberalism in Russia in the second half of the 19th century to the liberally-minded politician N. K. Bunge. The examination of this issue, undoubtedly, will enrich our understanding of the nature of the relationship between the authorities and society during the last quarter of the 19th century and the nature of liberalism in Russia. The article is aimed for the community of scholars on the history of public though in Russia.
Keywords: power, Bunge, finances, history, history of Russia, budget deficit, Arseniev, Stasyulevich, opposition, liberalism
References:
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1881. ¹2. S. 794-826.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1881. ¹9. S. 340-357.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1882. ¹2. S. 791-813.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1882. ¹5. S. 345-368.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1883. ¹12. S. 824-842.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1887. ¹2. S. 820-846.
O. (Stulli F.S.) Gosudarstvennaya rospis' 1884 goda i ee ispolnenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1886. ¹1. S. 358-377.
Stepanov V.L. N.Kh. Bunge: Sud'ba reformatora. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 1998. 398 s.
Torokhov D. Ocherednoy vopros. Vosstanovlenie metallicheskogo obrashcheniya // Vestnik Evropy. 1883. ¹8. S. 493-508.
F. Nash gosudarstvennyy byudzhet i ego balans // Vestnik Evropy. 1883. ¹2. S. 833-845.
Kitaev V.A. Liberal'naya mysl' v Rossii (1860-1880 gg.). Saratov, 2004. 360 s
Reference:
Babich I.L.. The Monastic Economy in the 16th–20th Centuries (on the Example of the Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia Monastery) // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 4. – P. 159-172.
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Abstract: The subject of this research is the monastic economy. The article examines on a micro level, on the example of one monastery in the Moscow region – the Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia, the development of the monastic economy during more than four centuries. The research object of this article is the description of the key aspects of the economic activity of the named monastery, more precisely: agriculture, cattle breeding, as well as those spheres that were dictated by the new economic conditions, for example, obtaining income from capital, such as through investments in Russian banks and renting out houses belonging to the monastery, and others. This study is based on archival material, found by the author in two archives, which concern the economic activity of the monastery: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and in the Central State Archives of Moscow. Through the method of historical reconstruction, the article examines the economic activity of the monks and priors of the Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia from 1515 to 1917, that is, for more than four centuries. Today there are scientific studies on the activity of Russian monasteries that describe the economy in general. In this article, however, the author turns to the micro level and on the example of one monastery in the Moscow region, the Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia, analyzed the development of the monastic economy, specifically, its formation. The main conclusions of this study are: having investigated the example of one monastery in the Moscow region (the Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia) the history of the formation of the monastic economy, and having traced the economic, trade and financial activity of the monastery from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the author shows that beginning with state grants the monastery became a rich, self-sufficient religious structure, where they competently combined monastic toil with the work of hired workers and where existed the right balance between various forms of economy and economic possibilities of the Russian Empire (placing capital in Russian banks, renting out their property, etc.). These forms of monastic income are considered by the author to be directly tied to the entrepreneurial activity of the Russian Orthodox churches.
Keywords: Voznesenskaya Davidova Poustinia, Orthodoxy, peasants, brick factory, mill, monks, bank, Russia, economy, monastery
References:
Babich I.L. Arkhimandrit Paisiy (Sokolov) kak nastoyatel' Voznesenskoy Davidovoy pustyni (seredina KhIKh v.) // Genesis: istoricheskie issledovaniya. 2016. ¹ 1. S. 237-269
Babich I.L. Rossiyskie monastyri nakanune Oktyabr'skoy revolyutsii (na primere deyatel'nosti nastoyatelya Voznesenskoy Davidovoy pustyni arkhimandrita Valentina) // Sotsiodinamika. 2017. ¹ 2. S. 102-119
Rostislavov D.I. Opyt issledovaniya ob imushchestvakh i dokhodakh nashikh monastyrey. Spb., 1876. 396 s.
Lyubinetskiy N.A. Zemlevladenie tserkvey i monastyrey Rossiyskoy imperii. Ch. 4. Spb., 1900. 20 s.
Zyryanov P.N. Russkie monastyri i monashestvo v KhIKh i nachale KhKh veka. M., 1999. 312 s.
Pimen, arkhim. Vospominaniya. M., 1877. 100 s.
Penezhko O. prot. Voznesenskaya Davidova pustyn' i khramy Chekhovskogo rayona. Vladimir, 2009. 399 s.
Vinogradov N.P., d'yakon. Voznesenskaya Vtoroklassnaya Obshchezhitel'naya Davidova pustyn', Serpukhovskogo uezda, Moskovskoy gubernii. Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk s risunkami. K 400-letiyu ee sushchestvovaniya (1515 – 1915 gg.). M., 1
Reference:
Zadorozhnaya O.A.. The Steam Fleet of the "Comradeship of the West-Siberian Steamship and Trade» (1898-1917) // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 3. – P. 167-178.
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Abstract: The relevance of this research lies in the fact that modern historical literature practically does not discuss the topic of the formation and replenishing of the river fleet of business companies, which is reflected in the unilateral approach of analyzing the activity of capitalists’ associations. The subject of this research is the steam fleet and its qualitative characteristics, which were the foundation for the "Comradeship of the West-Siberian Steamship and Trade" to have the leading position in carrying out river transportation from 1898 to 1917. The article's aim is to highlight the specifics of the process of "acquiring" steamships by the river association with the consideration of the technical and qualitative characteristics. The study focuses on the characteristics of the steam fleet, the dynamics of its numbers, reflecting the general trends in the development of steam transport in Russia. The research is based on the chronological approach and the analytical method, as well as the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The study's results can be used in the field of studying the economic history of the outskirt territories of the Russian state. The novelty of this study is that it introduces for the first time to scientific the use unpublished sources on the history of the largest shipping company, Ob-Irtysh Water Basin. The particular contribution of the author to the development of the named topic is the indication of the question of the formation of the river boat part of the "Comradeship pf the West-Siberian Steamship and Trade" in view of their technical characteristics. During the research process, the author discovered that the shareholders in the course of their activities focused not on the acquisition of the newest types of steamboats, but on the repair and reconstruction of old ships, which was cheaper.
Keywords: steamer, river fleet, Ob-Irtysh Water Basin, steam boiler, chassis, steam engine, capacity, power, river, shareholder
References:
RGIA. F.1425. Op.1. D.546.
Svedeniya o proizvedennykh v 1916g. osvidetel'stvovaniyakh sudov, komissiey Tomskogo Okruga Putey Soobshcheniya. Tomsk, parovaya tipografiya P.K.Orlovoy, 1916. 93s.
Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Istoricheskiy Arkhiv SPb. (dalee – RGIA) F.23. Op.14. D.227.
Rechnoy flot (parovoy i neparovoy) Aziatskoy Rossii SPb., 1906. 86s.
Rechnoy flot (parovoy i neparovoy) Aziatskoy Rossii SPb., Tipografiya Ministerstva Putey Soobshcheniya, 1902. 85s.
Putevoditel' po Obi i Irtyshu. Petrograd: Tipografiya M.Pivovarskogo, 1915. 95s.
Rabinovich G.Kh. Monopolizatsiya rechnogo transporta v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke (konets XIX-1917g.) // Istoricheskie zapiski. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Nauka», 1973. T. 91. S. 113-150
Pamyatnaya knizhka Tobol'skoy gubernii na 1915 g. Tobol'sk: Tobol'skaya gubernskaya tipografiya, 1915. 295s.
Klopotnoy A.E. Monopolizatsiya rossiyskogo vodnogo transporta (vtoraya polovina XIX – nachala KhKh veka). Novosibirsk, 1999. 142s.
GANO. F.145.Op.1.D. 45.
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Reference:
Volodin S.F.. Tula Weapons Industry on the Eve Great Patriotic War // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – ¹ 2. – P. 136-145.
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Abstract: The subject of this article is the mobilization experience of Tula's military industry in the years preceding the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The article traces how under the conditions of an exacerbated worker deficit, following the repression of 1937, the military factories in the city of Tula solved the key question of the time – the preparation for the upcoming war with Fascist Germany. In particular, the author analyzes in detail the experience of conducting such important pre-wartime campaigns as the urgent technological upgrade of production, the reevaluation towards the increase of the production norms, the introduction of criminal responsibility for violating labor discipline, and the solution to the problems of labor deficit through the means of moving multi-machinists and combining professions. Based on the methodology of social history, as well as the provisions of the theory of modernization, the author for the first time examines the work of the Tula military factories during the cited period, in a complex manner and in a single topic field. The article's author comes to the conclusion that despite the serious social-economic difficulties, in the years of the third five-year plan in the Tula military factories as a whole worked capable collectives, which were able to modernize the military production and to execute intensive government assignments. In the first place, a significant part of the labor collectives at military factories in Tula were composed of experienced highly qualified workers. Secondly, the administration of these enterprises during the years of the first five-year plans accumulated not only a unique experience of remolding "raw" masses into qualified labor force, but also the experience of non-standard solution to technical problems. And thirdly, it is impossible not to consider the mobilizational charge of the growing military threat that stood against the growth of deviating behavior at the guild level. The research results can be used in preparing specialists in the field of management in the context of understanding the phenomenon of national economy through the lens of social practices, specifically, management experience under critical conditions.
Keywords: Tula Mechanical Engineer Factory, Tula Cartridge Factory, Tula Weapons Factory, labor discipline, third five-year plan, Stakhanovite Movement, Tokarev Self-loading Rifle, rationing, multi-machinist movement, military industry
References:
Udarnik (Organ partkoma, zavkoma i direktsii Oruzheynogo zavoda). 1938. 11 fevralya. ¹ 33.
Simonov N.S. Voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks SSSR v 1920-1950-e gody: tempy ekonomicheskogo rosta, struktura, organizatsiya proizvodstva i upravlenie. M.: «Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya» (ROSSPEN), 1996. 336 s.
Sokolov A. K. Trud na voennykh zavodakh v kanun Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny. 1938 god-iyun' 1941 gg. // Istoricheskiy zhurnal. Nauchnye issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 103-111.
O neudovletvoritel'noy rabote Soyfera i Koletvinova. Iz postanovleniya politbyuro TsK VKP (b). [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/61336. (Data obrashcheniya: 18.01.2017).
Ocherki istorii Tul'skoy organizatsii KPSS. Tula: Priokskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967. 638 s.
Oboronno-promyshlennyy kompleks SSSR nakanune Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny (1938-iyun' 1941). T. 4. Sbornik dokumentov / Pod red. A. K. Sokolova. – Sost. T. V. Sorokina i dr. M.: Knizhnyy klub Knigovek, 2015. 1119 s.
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