Abstract: The author’s research interest is focused on the transformation of the regulatory and legal restrictions of the electoral law in the North American electoral process up to the end of the 19th century.The subject field is drawn by defining the structure and analyzing the qualification requirements as an integral system of restrictive regulation on the size and composition of the electoral body, which allowed the exclusion of certain social, religious, professional, ethnic and other groups and strata of the American society. The author examines the origins of the qualifying restrictions in the electoral law, which began in the period of the late colonial history. The methodological basis of this study is the comparative historical approach, which also considers the emergence and directional influence of various qualifying restrictions in the North American electoral law during the named historical stage. The main source used for this research are the materials from the two-volume edition of "The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies, Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America", prepared by the upper chamber of the US Congress and published in the national press department of government documents in 1787. This study has confirmed the lack of balance between the government and states objectively declared right of citizens to elect and be elected and the subjective right that the voter-individual held in reality. By having a discriminatory effect on the system of personal and individual characteristics of citizens, the qualifying restrictions on the right to vote, which was of constitutional design or in the form higher court decisions (at federal and state levels), allowed to regulate the number and composition of the electorate and to exclude certain social, religious, professional groups and strata of the American society.
The author’s research interest is focused on the transformation of the legal restrictions on electoral law in the North American electoral process until the end of the 19th century.The subject field is localized by defining the structure and analyzing qualification requirements as an integral system of restrictive regulation of the size and composition of the electoral body, which allows excluding certain social, religious, professional, ethnic and other groups and strata of American society. The author examines the origins of the qualifying restrictions of electoral law, which began in the period of late colonial history. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative historical approach, within the framework of which the emergence and directional influence of various qualifying restrictions of the North American electoral right at this historical stage is considered.

Keywords: citizenship qualification, freehold qualification, race qualifications, moral and piety qualifications, gender qualification, electoral qualifications, residence qualification, voting right, property qualification, poll tax

References:
The federal and state constitutions, colonial charters, and other organic laws of the United States. Part I. Second ed. / Compiled under an order of the United States Senate by P. Poore. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1878. 1019 p.
The federal and state constitutions, colonial charters, and other organic laws of the United States. Part II. Second ed. / Compiled under an order of the United States Senate by P. Poore. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1878. 1020-2102 p.
Scruggs L. William. Citizenship and Suffrage // The North American Review, Vol. 177, No.565 (Dec. 1903). Published by: University of Northern Iowa. 1903. 837–846 p.
Schlesinger A. M. New Viewpoints in American History: Economic Aspects of the Movement for the Constitution. New York, The Macmillan Company. 1922, 328 p.
Ferguson E. J. The American Revolution: A general History, 1763–1790. Belmont, Dorsey Press. 1974. 255 p.
Vasenin V. G. Kto golosoval v SShA v kontse XVIII nachale XIX v.: problema dostovernosti i ob'ekt

Abstract: The subject of this research is the conflict situation in South Ossetia in 1989-1991, while the object of research is the policy and activity of the South-Ossetian movement "Adamon Nykhas". The author examines in detail such aspects of the subject as the ethnic composition of the area at the time of the tension escalation, the driving forces of the Ossetian national movement, and also the battle tactics for achieving the goals set by the leaders of "Adamon Nykhas". Special attention is paid to the ideological component in the rhetoric of the movement, as well as to studying the situation without touching upon the questions concerning Ossetian war, a more traditional subject in historiography. The methodological basis of this research is the comparative-historical approaches within the framework of which the activity of the movement "Adamon Nykhas" is investigated at different stages of the development of the ethnopolitical situation. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the following two main consequences: first, despite the difficult economic, political and humanitarian situation in the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, the movement consistently pursued the aim to consolidate society in the aspiration to assert the rights of the autonomous region. Secondly, to overcome the information vacuum in the policy of the leadership of the USSR regarding the South Ossetia question, seeking not to allow the spread of chauvinistic sentiments in the region. The article's particular contribution to the study of this subject is the possibility of using the presented material when developing courses in the field of conflictology and ethnopsychology. In its turn, the novelty of this research lies in that the study of the activity of "Adamon Nykhas" remains a very little studied page in the history of the Georgian-Ossetian question.

Keywords: national movement, South Ossetia, Adamon Nykhas, Georgia, ethnopolicy, autonomous region, USSR, conflict situation, nationalism, national sovereignty

References:
Idei programmy grazhdanskogo dvizheniya v podderzhku perestroyki Adamon Nykhas // Voyna na Kavkaze 2008: russkiy vzglyad / Sost.: Tsyganok A.D. M.: AIRO-XXI, 2011. 352 s.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta Gruzinskoy SSR o resheniyakh dvenadtsatoy sessii Soveta narodnykh deputatov Yugo-Osetinskoy avtonomnoy oblasti dvadtsatogo sozyva // Konflikty v Abkhazii i Yuzhnoy Osetii: dokumenty 1989-2006 gg / Sost.: M.A. Volkhonskiy, V.A. Zakharov, N.Yu. Silaev. M.: Russkaya panorama, 2008. 496 s.
Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1989 goda. Gor'kiy. Goskomstat, 1990. 206 s.
Abkhaziya v sovetskuyu epokhu. Tom I. Abkhazskie pis'ma (1947-1989). Sbornik dokumentov / Sost.: I.R. Marykhuba. Sukhum, 1994. 528 s.
Konstitutsiya (Osnovnoy Zakon) Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 1977 god. M.: TsIK SSSR. 1978. 161 s.
Postanovlenie prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta Gruzinskoy SSR o reshenii Soveta narodnykh deputatov Yugo-Osetinskoy avtonomnoy oblasti ot 20 sentyabrya 1990 g // Konflikty v Abkhazii i Yuzhnoy Osetii: dokumenty 1989-2006 gg / Sost

Abstract: Based on archival material for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, the author demonstrates that the staff of the apparatus of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR even before the formation of the constitutional commission on April 25, 1962, began preparatory work for writing the draft of the future third Union Constitution. The author succeeded in determining when, who and by what reasons became the initiator of this work, and what specific proposals were prepared by various departments of the apparatus for reforming the structure of the highest state agencies of the USSR, above all, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and its presidium. In the article, which is of an interdisciplinary nature, the results of the study of this problem by historians and jurists are briefly summarized, and new archival material is introduced into the scientific circulation which allows to fill the gaps identified by the author in Russian historiography. The specific contribution of the author to the study of the topic under consideration is his discussion of the preparatory work that was undertaken for the creation of the third Union Constitution even before the official formation of the Constitutional Commission of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, conducted by the staff of the apparatus of its presidium. Of particular interest are the initiatives of directorate and employees of the legal department who proposed to review the functions and competencies of the highest state authorities.

Keywords: agencies of state power, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, legal subdivision, draft of the third Constitution, chambers of the Supreme Soviet, model of all-people's state, criticism of the Stalin Constitution, Khrushchev’s Thaw, Union State Council, post of the President of the USSR

References:
GARF. F.7523. Op.131.D.4.
S'ezdy Sovetov Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. Sbornik dokumentov 1922-1936 gg. T.3. M.:Gosyurizdat, 1960.399 s.
Maslov D.V. Konstitutsiya SSSR 1977 g. – itog evolyutsii sovetskoy obshchestvenno-politicheskoy sistemy // Reformy v Rossii s drevneyshikh vremen do kontsa KhKh v. (v 4 t.). Otv. red. V.V. Zhuravlev. T. 4. M: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya, 2016. S.551-605.
Baybakov S.A. Sovremennye predstavleniya o razrabotke proekta tret'ey Konstitutsii SSSR (1977 g.): po novym arkhivnym materialam // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya Istoriya. 2012. ¹5. S.128-140.
Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Arkhiv Noveyshey Istorii (RGANI). F.5. Op.30. D.445.
Zgorzhel'skaya S.S. Kontseptsiya obshchenarodnogo gosudarstva v proekte Konstitutsii SSSR 1964 g. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. M., 2006.
Pyzhikov A.V. Khrushchevskaya «ottepel'». M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2002.511 s.
Danilov A.A. «Utaennaya konstitutsiya» Nikity Khrushcheva. Stenogrammy zasedaniy Konstitutsionnoy komissii. 1962-

Abstract: The topic of this article is the general police in Siberia. The research subject is the reorganization of the agencies of the general police in Siberia in the post-reform period during the second half of the 19th century. The history of the pre-Revolutionary Siberian general police has not yet been the focus of scholars' close attention – only some aspects of this topic have been underlined in studies of a more general nature. Returning to the forgotten traditions of the organization and activities of the police agencies, it is important to take into full account the historical experience that had been accumulated over the centuries. It is also necessary to take a new look at already known facts and events in light of today’s realities in order to overcome the old myths and misconceptions and also to prevent the appearance of new ones. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is made up of such principles of historical knowledge as objectivity, historicism, determinism, alternativeness and the social approach, which require an unbiased approach to the analysis of the researched problems, as well as a critical treatment of the sources. The author comes to the conclusion that the powers of the police agencies in the region had their own specificities and were much broader than in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. The reorganization of the general police in Siberia during the second half of the 19th century changed the structure and method of staffing the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was not of a fundamental but rather of an external character. The police reform of 1867 in Siberia left almost unchanged the limits of power, the subjects of the department, the distribution of duties, the procedures, the responsibility and accountability of the general police, pending the transformation of the administrative and economic management and the judicial system. The police agencies were left with a fairly large circle of prerogatives. In addition, many policemen continued to work in the old-fashioned way, trying to ignore the changes in the current legislation. The legislator had failed, as local leaders and visiting auditors admitted, to place the uyezd's internal affairs agencies within the strict framework of the law.

Keywords: history of Siberia, power, local government, reform, administration, governor, police, authority, national policy, policeman

References:
Feoktistov S.F. Reforma organov politsii Sibiri vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka// Baikal Research Journal, 2013, ¹ 4. S. 33.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (PSZ RI). Sobr. 1. T. 38. SPb., 1830. 1355 s.
Konovalov I.A. Upravlenie i politsiya Sibiri v dorevolyutsionnyy period: stanovlenie i razvitie: Monografiya / I.A. Konovalov. M.: INFRA – M, 2014. 302 s.
PSZ RI. Sobr. 2. T. 37. Ch. 2. SPb., 1865. 936 s.
PSZ RI. Sobr. 2. T. 42. Ch. 1. SPb., 1871. 1209 s.
PSZ RI. Sobr. 2. T. 48. Ch. 2. SPb., 1876. 941 s.
Voinova L.E. Analiz byudzhetnogo obespecheniya MVD Rossiyskoy imperii v XIX – KhKh vv. / L.E. Voinova // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2011. ¹ 11. S. 41-47.
Savel'ev E. Plemennoy i obshchestvennyy sostav kazachestva (istoricheskie nabroski) / E. Savel'ev // Donskie oblastnye vedomosti. 1913. ¹ 205. S. 1 – 5.
PSZ RI. Sobr. 2. T. 43. Ch. 1. SPb., 1873. 943 s.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv irkutskoy oblasti (GAIO). F. 24. Op. Ots. D. 639.
Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (SZ RI). T. 2. Kn. 1. SPb., 1912.

Abstract: The subject of this study is the image of central power in the Muscovite state. The research object is the views of the Rostov archbishop Vassian on the tsar’s image and the essence of his power as described in his “Epistle on the Ugra” in 1480. The author examines in detail the historical context of the named text’s creation, the possible reasons that motivated archbishop Vassian to address his prince, and the ideological content of his work. Particular attention is given to Vassian’s thoughts on the legitimacy of the Horde’s rule, closely intertwined with his thoughts on the nature and designation of regal power, and the true meaning of the title “tsar”. The article’s research is conducted through the use of methods of comparative analysis, political-textological analysis of sources and historical-political reconstruction. In addition, the work uses general scientific methods – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison and others. The work’s novelty lies in its evaluation of the “Epistle in the Ugra” as a spiritual-political text. The author comes to the conclusion that Vassian from Rostov tried to influence through his works the solution of the specific political issue at hand, and for the first time in Russian political thought elaborated a detailed argumentation of the rights of Muscovite Grand Princes to the regal title and simultaneously proved the lack of such a right among the Horde rulers, using the Holy scriptures as his main argumentation source. The presented by him image of a “Christ-loving tsar”, which consequently became the subject of lively activity among Russian scribes, firmly established itself in the ideology of the Russian state.

Keywords: Standing on the Ugra, Horde, Holy scriptures, Russian scribes, spiritual-political publicism, “Epistle on the Ugra”, Vassian Rulo, Christ-loving tsar, Muscovite state, tsar

References:
Budovnits I.U. 1955 Russkaya publitsistika XVI veka. M.; L.,1947;
In. 10:11–13.
Kommentarii // Biblioteka literatury Drevney Rusi. T. 7: Vtoraya polovina XV veka. SPb., 2005. S. 553–555.
Likhachev D.S. 1984 Epokha reshitel'nogo pod'ema obshchestvennogo znacheniya literatury // Pamyatniki literatury Drevney Rusi. Konets XV — pervaya polovina XVI veka. M., 1984. S. 5—18.
Perevezentsev S.V. 2008. K voprosu o spetsifike russkoy sotsial'no-politicheskoy mysli XI–XVII vv.-Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 12. Politicheskie nauki. ¹4. 2008. S. 19–22;
Perevezentsev S.V. Russkaya religiozno-filosofskaya mysl' X—XVII vv. (Osnovnye idei i tendentsii razvitiya). M., 1999. 432 s.
Perevezentsev S.V. Russkiy vybor: Ocherki natsional'nogo samosoznaniya. M.: Russkiy mir' (Seriya «Pro Patria. Istoriko-politologicheskie issledovaniya»), 2007. 416 s.
Poslanie o Monomakhovykh darakh (Poslanie Spiridona-Savvy) // Russkaya sotsial'no-politicheskaya mysl'. XI—XVII v. Khrestomatiya. / Pod red. A.A.

Abstract: A significant feature of the development of Russia into a modern state is its democratic parliamentary traditions, which in 2016 have crossed the 110-year milestone. The aim of this article is to study the experience and lessons of the election campaign of the political parties in Nizhny Novgorod during the elections to the First State Duma. The article presents a brief description of the leading political parties of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate and reveals the difficulties they faced during this election campaign, including: the necessity of conducting a propaganda campaign under the conditions of the Russian Revolution and the limited freedom of opposition parties. Additionally, all parties simultaneously had to address the issues of party formation and to organise election campaigns. During the course of the election campaign in Nizhny Novgorod, the parties used traditional forms and methods of election technologies – newspaper articles, brochures, proclamations, leaflets, meetings with voters –, as well as unconventional methods – from the use of administrative resources to manipulating ballots. A particular means of participating in the election struggle was demonstrated by the Nizhny Novgorod electorate through protest behaviour. In Nizhny Novgorod the Constitutional-Democratic Party won a landslide victory. A certain role in this victory was due to the agitators’ active participation, the party's more attractive program for the majority of the population, its variety of forms in working with the electorate, and the absence in the party elections of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social-Democratic parties. But the more momentous contribution to the outcome of the election campaign was due to the presence in Russia of a huge body of protest electorate, which expressed its negative attitude towards the Russian government's policy by voting for the most oppositional party.

Keywords: parliament, election campaign, elections, political parties, electorate, Constitutional-Democratic Party, opposition party, election technologies, revolution, State Duma

References:
Tavricheskie chteniya 2013. Aktual'nye problemy parlamentarizma: istoriya i sovremennost'. Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya, Sankt-Peterburg, Tavricheskiy dvorets, 1–12 dekabrya 2013 g. Sbornik nauchnykh statey. V 2-kh chastyakh. Ch. 2. / Pod red. A. B. Nikolaeva. SPb.: ElekSis, 2014. 180 s.
Politicheskie partii Rossii. Konets XIX–pervaya tret' XX veka. Entsiklopediya. M.: ROSSPEN, 1996. 872 s.
Seleznev F. A. Konstitutsionnye demokraty i burzhuaziya (1905–1917). Nizhniy Novgorod: Izdatel'stvo Nizhegorodskogo gosuniversiteta, 2006. 228 s.
Tavricheskie chteniya 2013. Aktual'nye problemy parlamentarizma: istoriya i sovremennost'. Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya, Sankt-Peterburg, Tavricheskiy dvorets, 1–12 dekabrya 2013 g. Sbornik nauchnykh statey. V 2-kh chastyakh. Ch. 1. / Pod red. A. B. Nikolaeva. SPb.: ElekSis, 2014. 360 s.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. – 1906. – 1,11 aprelya.
Volgar'. – 1906. – 1, 18 aprelya.
Volgar'. – 1906. – 31 marta.
Obshchestvenno-politicheskie protse

Abstract: The object of this research is the question of corruption within the local administration of the Russian Empire. The author for the first time in historiography attempts to demonstrate on the basis of relevant historical materials the level of corruption in local government agencies during the first half of the 19th century. The research source base consists of documents preserved in the State Archive of the Vologda olblast (protocols and registrars of the Vologda Chamber of the Criminal Court for the years 1802–1855), which up to today has not been subjected to a complex analysis nor has yet been introduced into scientific circulation. The identified material from the judicial-investigative practice has allowed the article’s author to establish the number of corruption-related crimes and to reveal the particularities of their investigations and judicial trials. In the presented study the author used general scientific, as well as specific methods of research. To achieve the set scientific aim the author applied the means of the interdisciplinary approach that allowed to examine corruption in its historical-judicial context. The article’s main conclusion resulting from this research is that the operative conditions of the local administrative apparatus during the first half of the 19th century was a favourable environment for the illegal enrichment of officials. The analysis of the judicial-investigative practice concerning corruption and extortion cases has allowed to establish that the acting legal norms during the studied period could not ensure the eradication of corruption and the lowering of its dissemination within the local administration.

Keywords: gosudarstvennye organy, chinovnik, nakazanie, dolzhnostnoe prestuplenie, vzyatka, likhoimstvo, korruptsiya, mestnoe upravlenie, Vologodskaya guberniya

References:
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda za 1848 g. 14 dekabrya 1848 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 177. Op. 1. D. 242.
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda za 1820 g. 18 dekabrya 1820 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 177. Op. 1. D. 82.
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda za 1832 g. 7 noyabrya 1832 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 177. Op. 1. D. 134.
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda za 1833 g. 12 maya 1833 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 177. Op. 1. D. 138.
Raport ministru yustitsii Lobanovu-Rostovskomu ot gubernskogo prokurora «Ob obozrenii general-gubernatorom Klokachevym Vologodskoi gubernii». 20 avgusta 1820 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 14. Op. 1. D. 516.
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda za 1831 g. 31 dekabrya 1831 g. // Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vologodskoi oblasti. F. 177. Op. 1. D. 130.
Protokoly Vologodskoi palaty ugolovnogo suda z

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the examination of the specifics of Russia’s management system in place during the first half of the 17th century, which formed as a result of the dynastic crisis at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries. The author analyses the legal documents that limited the monarchy during this period, such as the “Cross record of Vasiliy Shuyskiy” (1606) and election agreement of the prince Vladislav from the 4th of February 1610 and from the 17th of August 1610. Additionally, significant attention is allocated to the problem of the “Restrictive record of Mikhail Romanov”, which has been subject of debate in Russian historical sciences from the 19th century onwards. Using the systematic analysis and the historical genetic method, the author carried out a study of the principal properties and features of the established political and legal regime during this period. Based on this research, the author came to the conclusion of the prospects of the undertaken changes, which could have contributed to the formation of the principle of power separation and of alternative institutions of power to autocracy. On the basis of comparing this with the analogous process in Western Europe, the failure of the set constitutional tendencies is tied to the slow development in Russia of a strong, independent in property class, similar to the European bourgeoisie, and also of the particularities of the mental mode of the Russian people.

Keywords: Zemsky Sobor, Michael Romanov, Time of Troubles, intervention, dynastic crisis, Rurik dynasty, serving nobility, Boyar Duma, Granted Charter, Tushino camp

References:
Kotoshikhin G. K. O Rossii v tsarstvovanie Alekseya Mikhaylovicha. M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. 272 s.
Solov'ev S. M. Sochineniya. V 18 kn. Kn. V. Istoriya Rossii s drevneyshikh vremen. T. 9–10 / Otv. red. I. D. Koval'chenko, S. S. Dmitriev. M.: Mysl', 1990. 718 s.
Zapiski kapitana Filippa Ioganna Stralenberga ob istorii i geografii Rossiyskoy imperii Petra Velikogo. Severo-vostochnaya chast' Evropy i Azii. M.; L.: AN SSSR, 1985. 220 s.
Zapiski getmana Zholkevskogo o Moskovskoy voyne. SPb.: Tipografiya Eduarda Pratsa, 1871. 298 s.
Izbranie na russkiy tron korolevicha Vladislava; Dogovornaya zapis', dannaya pol'skomu getmanu S. Zholkevskomu o uproshenii pol'skogo korolevicha Vladislava Sigizmundovicha k prinyatiyu rossiyskoy korony (avgust 1610) // Markhotskiy N. Istoriya Moskovskoy voyny / Prilozhenie III. M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. S. 196–214.
Platonov S. F. Ocherki po istorii Smuty v Moskovskom gosudarstve XVI–XVII vv. M.: Pamyatniki istoricheskoy mysli, 1994. 470 s.
Neistovyy reformator / Soch. Iogan

Abstract: The subject of this research is the normative judicial system of the Russian Empire concerning the termination of employment contracts for agricultural works. The author studies the grounds for dismissal prescribed in the “Regulations concerning employment for agricultural works” of the 12th of June 1886 and the practice of their actual implementation. The article presents a comparative analysis with legislative norms regarding contract termination for factory employment as the main branch of the hired labour market in the 1880–1910s. The author describes the technical and judicial shortcomings of the studied regulations and analyses the social and economic context of adopting the “Regulations concerning employment for agricultural works”. The research’s methodology is the following: historical-judicial, legalistic, historical, comparative, analysis, deduction, induction, dialectical. On the basis of the research results the author comes to the principal conclusion according to which the legislative regulation of contract termination for agricultural works corresponded to the world’s and Russia’s levels of legislation of the time. The general direction of the studied norms was of a conservative-protective nature and corresponded to the direction of the internal politics of the 1880–1890s. At the same time certain prescriptions and approaches were caused by both the objective needs of households and the particularities of working in the agricultural sphere. Moreover, some of the established laws differed into the direction of softening the workers’ position in comparison to the norms of factory-plant legislation. The existing technical judicial shortcomings regarding the practice of dismissal concerned equally the level of judicial technique of the end of the 19th century and the law-makers’ subjective aims of preserving the employers’ wide ranging powers.

Keywords: Russian Empire, normative judicial system, history of labour law, employee dismissal, employment contract, factory-plant legislation, employee, employer, law enforcement, agricultural law

References:
Tal' L. S. Trudovoy dogovor (tsivilisticheskoe issledovanie). Yaroslavl': Tipografiya gubernskogo pravleniya, 1918. 422 s.
Khokhlov E. B. Ocherki istorii pravovogo regulirovaniya truda v Rossii. Ch. 1. Pravovoe regulirovanie truda v Rossiyskoy imperii. SPb.: Izdatel'skiy dom Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1999. 196 s.
Lushnikov A. M. Problemy obshchey chasti rossiyskogo trudovogo prava: nauchnoe nasledie, sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy issledovaniy. Diss. dokt. yur. nauk. M.: MGYuA, 2004. 384 s.
Reglament i rabotnye reguly na sukonnye i karazeynye fabriki // Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie I. T. XI. SPb.: Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy ego imperatorskogo velichestva kantselyarii, 1830. ¹ 8440.
Polozhenie ob otnosheniyakh mezhdu khozyaevami fabrichnykh zavedeniy i rabochimi lyud'mi, postupayushchimi na onye po naymu // Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie II. T. X. SPb.: Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy ego imperatorsko

Abstract: This article addresses the pan-Germanic concepts of state power and structure in Germany after the November revolution of 1918. The leaders of the Pan-German league (H. Class, L. von Vietinghoff-Scheel, A. Müller) based their vision of the necessary government restructuring on the principle of dictatorship. The idea of dictatorship was tied by some with the sole rule of a leader (Class), by others – by popular representation, chosen from the number of the “true” patriots of Germany (Vietinghoff-Scheel). The author underlines the continuity between Pan-Germanism and National socialism. In the history of Pan-Germanism the Weimar period is of particular importance. This is due to the fact that during the period of Weimar parliamentary democracy the supporters of Pan-Germanism developed significant changes in their views, political thinking, and course of action in the direction of their radicalisation. Despite the sharpness of their statements against government authorities, Pan-Germanists were forced to admit the real political power of these authorities, as well as the absence of a united opposition front due to the fragmentation of the antigovernment forces. Until the middle of the 1920s the Pan-Germanists actively supported antigovernment speeches, but later sought to achieve their goals through legitimate means, as their attempts of violent coups were not successful. Because of this they formulated concepts of political reorganisation, the propaganda of which aimed to unite German society around the Pan-German league.

Keywords: Weimar republic, dictatorship, Freikorps, national socialism, Bamberg declaration, Pan-Germanism, Pan-German league, parliamentarism, November revolution, “Beer Putsch”

References:
Dann O. Natsii i natsionalizm v Germanii. 1770–1990. SPb.: Nauka, 2003. 486 s.
Gerlits V. Germanskiy General'nyy shtab. Istoriya i struktura (1657–1945). M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. 478 s.
Gumbel' E. Chetyre goda politicheskikh ubiystv / Per. s 5-go nemetskogo izdaniya V. N. Rozanova. M., Pg.: Kniga, 1923. 162 s.
Slovar' osnovnykh istoricheskikh ponyatiy: Izbrannye stat'i v 2 t. T. 2 / Per. s nem. K. Levinson; sost.: Yu. Zaretskiy, K. Levinson, I. Shirle. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014. 754 s.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXVIII. 1918.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXIX. 1919.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXX. 1920.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXXI. 1921.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXXII. 1922.
Alldeutsche Blätter. XXXIV. 1924.
Bonhard O. Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes. Leipzig–Berlin: Th. Weicher’s Verlag, 1920. 291 S.
Colsman W. Alldeutschtum und deutsche Kultur. Eine Schicksalsfrage des deutschen Volkes. Leipzig: Th. Weicher’ Verlag, 1919. 45 S.
Below G.

Abstract: This article studies the specifics of throne succession in England, the particularities in the establishment of the rules of monarch-change in the period of the early Middle ages, and the reasons for its crisis due to the unwritten constitution of a crown inheritance system during the second half of the 17th century. The article addresses the problem of the necessity for a legislative prescription of throne succession order on the basis of a wide range of historical sources. The author reviews the approaches and argumentation lines regarding this question expressed by various political forces within the country. Special attention is given to the process of development and adoption of the 1689 Bill or rights – the first legislative act, which in very general terms established the rules of changing sovereigns on the English throne. This article’s research methodology is in many ways defined by its comprehensive interdisciplinary nature, which assumes the use of methods and approaches characteristic to historical, political, and juridical sciences. At the same time priority is given to the principle of historicism, which implies a scientific explanation of phenomena, objects, and events in precise historical conditions and interrelations in order to expose the patterns of their development and the reasons for their qualitative changes. The other basic principle at the base of this research is the principle of scientific objectivity that involves the refusal of a stereotypical perception of the studied object, limited with whichever earlier established limits and clichés. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that it is the first in Russian historiography examination of the complex process of modernisation of the unwritten English constitution, in such a crucial aspect of constitutional law as the replacement of the head of state, carried out on the basis of different original sources. The author establishes the unbroken link of this process with the shift from absolutist rule to parliamentary monarchy happening in England at the turn of the 17–18th centuries.

Keywords: throne succession, Bill of Rights, monarchy, constitution, Tory, Whigs, House of Commons, House of Lords, Stuarts, Glorious revolution

References:
Wallas-Hardill J. M. Early Germanic Kingship In England and on the Continent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. 172 p.
Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel: a revised text / Ed. by J. Earle and Ch. Plummer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Vol. 1. 1053 p.
The Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 14. L.: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1802. 703 p.
The Journal of the House of Lords Vol. 13. L.: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1802. 757 p.
The Journal of the House of Commons: Vol. 10. L.: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1802. 851 p.
The Journal of the House of Commons: Vol. 8. L.: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1802. 692 p.
The Declaration of Breda // [Elektronnyy resurs] – URL: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/text_declaration_breda.htm (data obrashcheniya: 16.07.2015).
Miller J. Stuarts. L.: Hambledon Continuum, 2006. 320 p.
Tarlton C. D. The Exclusion Controversy, Pamphleteering, and Locke’s «Two Treatises» // The Historical Journal. 1981. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 49–68.<

Abstract: The article examines the main lines of the Soviet government’s policy towards the Bey courts of Adat regulations in Kyrgyzstan during the first years of Soviet rule, which can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, during the years of the fiercest struggle with the Basmachis in 1918–1920, local Soviet agencies went in the direction of the complete prohibition of Bey and Qadi courts. At the beginning of 1921 on the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks, the operation of Qadi and Bey courts was discontinued and a secular judicial system was set in place with two branches – the Revolutionary tribunal and the People’s court. At the same time, naturally, in the regions controlled by the Basmachis legislation was carried out on the basis of Sharia and Adat. With the transition to NEP, however, conditions changed and legislation according to the norms of Adat was restored. The resulting situation contained two parallel-existing systems – Soviet and traditional. Concurrently with this started a rapid process of limiting the jurisprudence of Bey courts, which ultimately brought their termination at the turn of the 1920s–1930s. The scientific novelty of this research is set in the first place by the use of archival documents, not used previously in the study of this topic. This led to a series of new and original conclusion.

Keywords: Sharia, Adat, Bey courts, Bolsheviks, Soviet authority, traditional legislation, decrees, NEP, Revolutionary legal sense, People’s court

References:
Prikaz SNK Turkestanskoi respubliki ¹ 66 ot 17 iyunya 1919 g. // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. F. 254. Op. 1. D. 27.
Postanovlenie Turkestanskogo TsIK o vosstanovlenii sudov biev i kaziev. 26 maya 1922g. // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. F. 5. Op. 1. D. 59.
Postanovlenie SNK Turkestanskoi Respubliki ot 15 dekabrya 1921 g. ¹ 279 // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Respubliki Uzbekistan. F. 38. Op. 2. D. 269.
Postanovlenie Ispolbyuro TsK KPT po voprosu o sude biev ot 6 oktyabrya 1922 g. // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv politicheskoi dokumentatsii Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. F. 391. Op. 3. D. 61a.
Poryadok izbraniya narodnykh sudei i zasedatelei v Turkestanskoi ASSR // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. F. 254. Op. 1. D. 27.
Polozhenie o musul'manskikh narodnykh sudakh Turkestanskoi Respubliki. 25 iyulya 1922g. // Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. F. 89. Op. 1. D. 143.
Otchet Dzhe

Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the developmental particularities of the Roman Land law, which defined the social life of Roman society from the Kingdom until the beginning of the Empire. More precisely, the article aims to expose the mechanism of the judicial process, which reflected the development of this branch of the Ius Civile. The basis for this research is the key source on land surveying and judicial procedures in land exploitation of Rome – the body of treatises written by Roman land surveyors (Corpus agrimensorum romanorum). However, this exceptional monument has not been sufficiently used by Russian and foreign scholars of Ancient Rome. The study of the judicial proceedings on land law is usually based on the works of classical jurists, which rather reflect the later stages of its development. Meanwhile in the Corpus agrimensorum, specialists of the Roman land law point to the long preservation of archaic forms of conducting legal processes, which August also included in the cadastral system. This raises a question: why in an optimal land survey system that precisely identified the position of ownership and possession were continued to be included methods of the previous ancient judicial process? A particularity of the Roman economy was the early registration of land ownership, established in the Ius Quiritium. These possessori existed during the whole period of the Republic, despite attempts of reorganization and the conservation of the judicial process. This is why the controversia de fine – the debate on natural boundaries – remained crucially important in land law and for a long time preserved clauses for pleadings. These clauses were also preserved by other delimitation legal claims: de rigore, de positione terminorum and what is more important, the controversia of the “on territory” – de loco, because they are all devoted to ownership relations. Ius Honorarium significantly contributed to the separation of ownership trials from delimitation suits. But even in the controversia of de modo, de possessione beside clearly defined propriety interest, were also preserved delimitation clauses. Without their full analysis it would have been impossible to come to a just verdict. This is why in the period of the praetorian law the judicial process established the adiudicatio (adjudgement), which led to a conflict resolution compromise that ensured social order. August also created a special law Ius Subsecivorum (law of segments), devoted to the judicial destiny of segments left from land surveyed fields. It was precisely on these segments of land that propriety disputes arose in cadasters, which were reflected in the controversia of delimitational character with attributes of the archaic judicial processes. This is why the preservation of ancient forms of judicial proceedings allowed full use of the possibilities of different land categories in a familiar for the Roman legal consciousness formulation. And this is precisely what defined the formation of the land law into a separate branch of the Ius Civile.

Keywords: controversia, judicial process, land surveyors, expertise, praetorian formula, adiudicatio, border, land ownership, August, Ius Honorarium.

References:
Gvozdeva I. A. Agrarnyi spor de loco v sochineniyakh rimskikh zemlemerov // Vestnik Moskovskogo un-ta. Seriya 8. Istoriya. M., 2001. ¹ 2.
Gvozdeva I. A. Ius subsecivorum v agrimensure i zemel'nom prave Drevnego Rima// Drevnii Vostok i antichnyi mir. M., 2012. Vyp. 8.
Gvozdeva I. A. Controversia de modo v traktatakh rimskikh zemlemerov // Drevnii Vostok i antichnyi mir. M., 2001. Vyp.
Gvozdeva I. A. «Finis» i «rigor» v agrarnom prave Drevnego Rima // Drevnii Vostok i antichnyi mir. M., 1999. Vyp. 2.
Bartoshek M. Rimskoe pravo. M., 1989.
Grimm D. D. Lektsii po dogme rimskogo prava. Pg., 1916.
Dozhdev D. V. Osnovanie zashchity vladeniya v rimskom prave. M., 1996.
Kuzishchin V. I. Genezis rabovladel'cheskikh latifundii v Italii (II v. do n. e. – I v. n. e.). M., 1976.
Pokrovskii I. A. Istoriya rimskogo prava. Pg., 1915.
Behrends O. Bodenhoheit und privates Bodeneigentum im Grenzwesen Roms // Die Römische Feldmeßkunst. Interdisziplinäre Beitrage zu ihrer Bedeutung

Abstract: the article deals with the reforms of the governance carried our by Peter I and his supporters aimed at finding the effective management for collecting taxes. The author disclose motives and history of creation of the financial bodies, gives brief analysis of their activities in the field of taxation and in solving fiscal challenges. The article reveals main reasons of failure in the creation of both central and local tax-paying controlling bodies.

Keywords: history, governance, reform, taxation, Peter I, fiscal, tax-paying controlling bodies, fees, taxes, college.

References:
Alekseeva E.V. Diffuziya evropeiskikh innovatsii v Rossii (XVIII – XX v.) – M., 2007.
Anisimov E.V. Podatnaya reforma Petra I. Vvedenie podushnoi podati v Rossii 1719-1728 gg. – M., 1982.
Anisimov E.V. Imperiya. Vozniknovenie i rost. Povorot k Evrope // Vlast' i reformy ot samoderzhaviya k sovetskoi Rossii. - SPb, 1996.
Babich M.V. Renterei v Moskve i Peterburge // Gosudarstvennost' Ros-sii (konets XV v. – fevral' 1917g.): Kniga 4 . – M., 2001.
Berendts E.N. O proshlom i nastoyashchem russkoi administratsii: (za-piska sostavlena v dek. 1903g.). – M., 2002.
Bogoslovskii M.M. Rossiiskii XVIII vek: Kniga 1. – M., 2008.
Volkov L.V. Kamer-kollegiya // Gosudarstvennost' Rossii (konets XV v. - fevral' 1917 g.). Kniga 2. – M., 1999.
Vysshie i tsentral'nye gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniya Rossii. 1801-1917. T. 2. SPb., 2001.
D'yachkova M.P. Kamerir // Gosudarstvennost' Rossii (konets XV v. – fevral' 1917g.): Kniga 5. – M., 1996.
Eroshkin N.P. Istoriya gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdenii dor

Abstract: the article shows two views on a criminal act, reflected in the Council Code of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in 1649. One point of view is subjective and moral and was a common heritage of the Russian law, the other is in the field of objective law and was brought to the domestic law from the foreign and church sources. Under the influence of these two representations of the same substantive legal standards the different chapters of the Council Code was described with different terms.

Keywords: history, the Council Code of 1649, crime, robbery, fighting, theft, plundering, murder, a dashing man.

References:
Belogrits-Kotlyarevskiy L. O vorovstve-krazhe po russkomu pravu : istoriko-dogmaticheskoe issledovanie / L. Belogrits-Kotlyarevskiy. – Vyp. 1. – Kiev : Un-t Sv. Vladimira, 1880. – 380 s.
Belyaev I. D. Lektsii po istorii russkogo zakonodatel'stva / I. D. Belyaev. – 2-e izd. – M., Tip. A. A. Kartseva, 1888. – II, 584.
Berner A. F. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava : chasti obshchaya i osobennaya : s primechaniyami, prilozheniyami i dopolneniyami po istorii russkogo prava i zakonodatel'stvu polozhitel'nomu / A.F. Berner ; per. i prim. N. Neklyudova. – SPb.: Izd. N. Neklyudova, 1867. – T. 1. Chast' obshchaya. – 940 s.
Gaer. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava. Chast' obshchaya / Gaer ; perevod prosmotrennyy prof. ugol. prava A. M. Bogdanovskim. – Odessa : Izd. A. E. Kekhribardzhi, 1873. – 80 s.
Dopolneniya k aktam istoricheskim, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoyu komissiey. – SPb. ; Tip. 2 Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. kantselyarii, 1846. – T. 1. 435 s.
Klyuchevskiy V. Kurs russkoy istorii / V. Klyuchev

Abstract: the history of creation and enactment of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 is for the first time studied based on the archival materials. The article highlights some features of these processes in comparison over the preparation of the Stalin Constitution of 1936. The article emphasizes that the development and adoption of the new republican constitutions was a part of the Soviet Union of the constitutional reform carried out in the second half of the 1930-ies. A conclusion about a special role of party structures — the Politburo and Central Committee of the CPSU(b) controlling the entire process of creating and adopting new republican constitution is made. The study of the materials of the brief national discussion of the draft of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 reveals the range of the most significant problems that worried the people of the Russian republic. Among them — the national ratio, the position of autonomous regions, the equalization of economic and social rights of urban and rural population, education, repression.

Keywords: history, constitution, constitutional reform, the Commission, the Politburo, a project of the RSFSR, the Allnational debate, an extraordinary session.

References:
Avak'yan S. A. Konstitutsiya Rossii: priroda, evolyutsiya, sovremennost'. M. 2000.
Avak'yan S. A. Bibliografiya po konstitutsionnomu i munitsipal'nomu pravu Rossii. M. 2002.
Avak'yan S. A. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii. Uchebnyy kurs. V 2-kh tt. M. 2006.
Barkova O. N. Istoriya razrabotki i prinyatiya Konstitutsii RSFSR 1925 g. M. 2007.
Zhukov Yu. N. Nastol'naya kniga stalinista. M. 2010.
Zhukov Yu. N. Inoy Stalin. M. 20
Kukushkin Yu. S., Chistyakov O. I. Ocherk istorii Sovetskoy Konstitutsii. M. 1987.
Luk'yanova E. A. Rossiyskaya gosudarstvennost' i konstitutsionnoe zakonodatel'stvo v Rossii (1917 – 1993). M. 2000.
Pashentsev D. A. Konstitutsiya Rossii: etapy razvitiya. M. 2008.
Sokolov A. K. Konstitutsiya 1936 g. i kul'turnoe nasledie stalinskogo sotsializma // Sotsial'naya istoriya. Ezhegodnik. 2008. M. 2009.

Abstract: The article investigates the relations between the concepts of “robbery” and “murder” in the Russian Pravda. Substantiated that the in “Russian Pravda” the duel, battle, combat was called a “robbery”. Laws pursuing robbery “without fault”, establishes criminal liability for malicious (unjustified, unfair) armed attack on another person without regard to consequences, which offset the offensive themselves. Later malice was an additional internal feature of the concept.

Keywords: history, robbery, thief, murder, fight, combat, truth, article, battle, attack

References: