ARTICLES of rubric«Issues of war and peace»

Yakupova D.V. — Sociocultural space of the Penza region during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) (š4, 2023)
Eremeev A.A. — The significance of the Russo-Japanese War in the fate of Japan and Asia in the XX century (š3, 2023)
Dolidovich O.M., Starovoitova E.N. — Food crisis in the Yakut region during the First World War (July 1914 February 1917) (š3, 2023)
Prigodich N.D., Vasil'ev A.V. — Comparative analysis of aviation losses of the Leningrad Front during the blockade (š2, 2023)
Yakupov R.A., Yakupova D.V. — On the question of the secret actions of the United States to support the anti-Soviet campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. (š1, 2022)
Semenov M.A. — Dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals in Novosibirsk Region during the Great Patriotic War (š6, 2021)
Martyukova E.A. — Position of the Soviet Union in the United Nations on settling the Greek conflict (late 1947 1951) (š5, 2021)
Korotkov V.O. — Commanders of foreign order regiments in 1654: peculiarities of formation of the Russian officer corps (š4, 2021)
Kuzmin D. — The goals and objectives of Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War: position in the League of Nations and propaganda (š3, 2021)
Prigodich N.D. — Aviation industry during the siege of Leningrad (on the materials of the City Committee of the CPSU (b) (š3, 2021)
Onishchenko A.G. — Evolution of British policy in Egypt after the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (August 1936âApril 1938) (š2, 2021)
Yang Y. — The SovietJapanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941: China's response (š2, 2021)
Susloparova E. — Antiwar campaign of the British Labour Party in the early World War I (š1, 2021)
Savinova A. — The problem of security of Mediterranean communications in French policy in the spring of 1938. (š4, 2020)
Khodorov O.I. — The Events of the 1877 Campaign on the Territory of Greater Sochi: One Little-Known Page from the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 (š1, 2020)
Moskvitin M.N. — The Russian Diplomatic Mission to Bucharest in 1914 - 1916 (š6, 2019)
Usatiuk D. — The Change in US Leadership Strategy Towards the European Conflict in the Context of the German Limited Submarine Warfare in 1915 (š5, 2019)
Dolidovich O.M. — Government and Public Structures Involved in the Regulation of Food Issues in Eastern Siberia during the First World War (July 1914 - February 1917) (š5, 2019)
Baibakova L.V. — Backstage Mediation by U.S. President T. Roosevelt in Resolving the First Moroccan Crisis (1905-1906) (š4, 2019)
Katkov A.D. — The US Foreign Policy Stance on State Sovereignty in the Context of Humanitarian Interventions (1990s) (š3, 2019)
Sergushkin S. — The State of the Russian Army's Defensive Positions at the Initial Stage of the Trench Warfare Period of the First World War (š3, 2019)
Denisenko A.A. — The Moscow Military District in 1908 March 1909 on the Eve of a New Phase of Russian Army Reforms (š2, 2019)
Tam H. — Firing Structures of the Sevastopol Defence Area in 1941: Analysis of the Features and Issues (š3, 2018)
Moshechkov P.V. — Successes and Failures of the Mission of J. Durich and M. R. Stefanik in Russia: a Discussion of the Issue of Sending Prisoners of War to France (š2, 2018)
D'yakonova P.G. — The Negotiations on Supplying Italian Aircraft Technology to the USSR in 1939-1941 (Based on the Material from the Central State Archive in Rome) (š2, 2018)
Fedyushko D.I. — Discussions About the "Safeguard" Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) System on the Pages of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (1969-1972) (š6, 2017)
Avatkov V.A., Polyskalov A.O. — The Armed Forces of the Turkish Republic: the Formation Process (š3, 2017)

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Reference:

Yakupova D.V.. Sociocultural space of the Penza region during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 4. – P. 156-172.

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Abstract: The subject of the research is the study of the content, forms and methods of practical activity of cultural organizations, associations of the Penza region and creative workers during the Great Patriotic War at the front and in the rear, as well as socio-cultural interaction in order to form patriotic sentiments.
Special attention is paid to the coverage of the activities of cultural institutions of the Penza Region, creative associations, as well as the work of the authorities to achieve the goals and objectives of ensuring the preservation of a high level of socio-psychological motivation of the Soviet population in the fight against the Nazi invaders.The study is also a collection, generalization and updating of local history material on the transformation of cultural life of the Penza region caused by evacuation processes. Within the framework of the work, new historical sources that were not previously involved in scientific circulation are published, to study the socio-cultural space and creativity of cultural figures of the Penza region during the Great Patriotic War as a system of interaction and education of patriotism, adaptation strategies of the Soviet man in the conditions of mobilization and extreme living conditions. The thesis is substantiated that the response of art workers to the needs of wartime was not just a formal execution of a state order, but an internal call, a philosophically grounded meaningful action of each employee. It was the inner desire to be useful during the war, coupled with creative potential and a sincere desire for self-realization, that became a vivid example of the manifestation of spiritual and moral values traditional for our Fatherland.
The material collected and analyzed in the work can be used in research work, in the preparation of teaching aids, in university and school training courses, including local history, as well as in the work of museums and in the preparation of scientific literature.
The methodological basis of the work was logical, historical-logical, system-structural, socio-cultural, comparative-legal, generalization, commenting method.

Keywords: theater, creative unions, cinemas, sociocultural space, evacuation, Penza Region, libraries, art, Great Patriot War, culture

References:
Zabrodina, N.I. (2005). And days last longer than a century...: from the history of Penza libraries. Penza Regional Library for Children and Youth. Penza.
Penza region in the history and culture of Russia (2014). Ed. by Sukhova, O. A. Penza PSU Publishing House. Penza: Publishing House of PGU.
Tuzova, O. V. (2003). Musical culture of the Middle Volga region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: 07.00.02 "National history": dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Samara, 263 p.
Kostyukova, E. I. (2005). Book business of the Volga region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. (based on the materials of the Kuibyshev, Ulyanovsk, Penza and Saratov regions): 07.00.02 "National history": dissertation abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Samara.
Kuzichkin, S. N. (2019). Source base for studying the role of the rear during the Great Patriotic War (based on the materials of the state archive of the Penza region). Regional aspects of

Reference:
Eremeev A.A.. The significance of the Russo-Japanese War in the fate of Japan and Asia in the XX century // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 3. – P. 75-83.

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Abstract: The article examines the fact of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War as the starting point of Japan's historical development in the XX century, which determined the vector of further changes in Japanese foreign policy and played a significant role in the fate of Asian nations. In modern Russia, the 1904-1905 war is often perceived as a problem exclusively of Russo-Japanese relations and a factor clouding the prospects of good neighborliness. The author of the article aimed to determine the historical significance of Japan's victory in this conflict as an important moral factor for Japanese society, which had a strong international influence in the future. For this purpose author studied materials about the Russo-Japanese War, events preceding the Russo-Japanese war, its prerequisites, directly on the Russo-Japanese War and its results. Based on the data obtained, the author suggests that the results of the Russo-Japanese War had a decisive influence on Japan's transforming into an imperialist state in the first half of the XX century, in what the main role belongs to the acquired from the war victory conviction about the right and ability of Asian nations to resist European colonialism. It is the point from where the further Japanese militaristic policy of the 1930s and 1940s proceeds, which was of great importance in the history of Asian nations, as well as Russia. The article is intended for a wide range of readers interested in Russian and world history, especially for those who want to learn more about the Russo-Japanese war and the non-obvious consequences of Russia's failure in the conflict with Japan.

Keywords: militarism, Liaodong Peninsula, Port Arthur, Asian history, imperialism, colonialism, Russia, Japan, Russo-Japanese War, the beginning of the XX century

References:
Ayrapetov, Î. R. (2014). On the way to collapse. Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Military and political history. Moscow: LLC Trading House Algorithm.
Mainardi, B. E. (2019). The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications. James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal, 5(1), 6-14.
Laktionov, A. (Ed.). (2004). Russo-Japanese War: The Siege and Fall of Port Arthur. Moscow: Tranzitkniga.
Shashkova, Y. O. (2015). Chinese attitude to Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 through the eyes of Russian military. China: History and Modernity : Materials of the 8th International scientific and practical conference in Yekaterinburg, October 7-8, 267-271.
Barkhatov, M. E., Funke, V. V. (1907). The history of the Russo-Japanese War : in 5 volumes. Volume 1. (1907). Saint-Petersburg: R. Golike and A. Vilborg Partnership.
van Dijk, K. (2015). Pacific Strife. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Schimmelpenninck van der Oye

Reference:
Dolidovich O.M., Starovoitova E.N.. Food crisis in the Yakut region during the First World War (July 1914 February 1917) // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 3. – P. 139-150.

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Abstract: The authors investigate the reasons for the shortage and high cost of food in the Yakutsk region during the First World War, as well as the activities of the Regional Food Committee, authorized by the Special Meeting of the Governor R. E. Witte and the City Duma of Yakutsk to prevent a food crisis. The facts and events within the framework of the problem under study are systematized, the narrative is built on the basis of the problem-chronological method. The historical-systemic method made it possible to determine the factors that caused the rise in prices and the emergence of food shortages. The historical-genetic method made it possible to analyze the development of the situation in the food sector in dynamics, to trace its transformation into a crisis state.
The authors concluded that the Yakutsk region, which was a special region within the Russian Empire (geographically remote, occupying a vast territory, with an undeveloped transport infrastructure, and at the same time of strategic importance), was dependent on food supplies for food. As a result of the First World War, the physical and economic availability of food and, above all, bread has declined sharply. Administrative regulatory measures of local authorities could not be effective in the context of general negative transformations in the economic sphere. The food crisis came in the third year of the war - in 1916-1917. Since that time, the inhabitants of the region could rely only on local agricultural production, which was extremely unstable.

Keywords: Yakutsk, bread, taxing prices, speculation, food crisis, First World War, high cost, deficit, Eastern Siberia, Yakutsk region

References:
Alekseev, M. S. (2019). The influence of the Lena gold mines on the socio-economic situation of the Yakutsk region in the second half of the 19th century. North-Eastern Humanitarian Bulletin, 4 (29), 3947.
Bakhrushin, S. V. (1927). Historical destinies of Yakutia. Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences.
Basharin, G. P. (1962). The history of animal husbandry in Yakutia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Yakutsk: Yakutknigoizdat.
Burnasheva, N. I. (2020). Power and management of the national outskirts: the economy of Yakutia in the 19th - the first third of the 20th century. Moscow: AIRO-XXI.
Burnasheva, N. I. (2020). Creation and development of the state food security system in Yakutia in the 19th centur. Scientific Dialogue, 2, 308321.
Vilensky, V. D. (1917). Bread monopoly in the conditions of the Yakutsk region. Irkutsk: Typo-lithography of the Irkutsk military district.
Issuance of bread (1916). Lena Territory, 39, 2.
Gogolev, Z. V. (1970)

Reference:
Prigodich N.D., Vasil'ev A.V.. Comparative analysis of aviation losses of the Leningrad Front during the blockade // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 2. – P. 65-74.

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Abstract: The subject of the research in this article is the loss of aviation forces on the Leningrad Front during the blockade. The authors consider in detail the statistical data on losses in the composition of the aviation defending Leningrad from the perspective of an integrated approach to the study of the history of the blockade of the city as a single unbroken process, which is an important expansion of scientific knowledge about the affected problem. In addition, this study is based on the materials of the Leningrad Front Air Force headquarters, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Particular attention is paid in the article to the comparative analysis of losses among personnel with aircraft losses for the same period. The main conclusions of the presented study demonstrate that the periods of increasing losses of personnel and materiel are naturally associated with the stages of massive counter-offensive operations in September 1942, January and September 1943, in January 1944. However, the data provided also indicate a number of unique provisions. As a result, the presented information allows us to somewhat expand the available data on the actions of aviation in the defense of Leningrad. The use of statistical materials allows us to ask some important questions, the scientific answer to which will be inextricably linked to the more general problems of the history of the defense and blockade of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War.

Keywords: Baltic Navy, Air defense, offensive, losses, Leningrad Front, aviation, Air Force, Leningrad, defense, blockade

References:
Boldovsky, K.A. (Ed.). (2019-2022). The blockade in the decisions of the leading party bodies of Leningrad. 1941-1944. Collection of documents. Resolutions of the Bureau of the Leningrad City Committee and the Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), transcripts of meetings. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University.
Cherepenina, N. Y. (Ed.). (2017-2018). Transcripts of meetings of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council: records of discussions, comments on projects, decisions November 1941-December 1943: collection of documents. St. Petersburg: Art-Express.
Ignatiev, P. V., Korshunov, E. L., Rupasov, A. I. (Ed.). (2018-2020). Leningrad. War. Blockade. St. Petersburg: Galart.
Sorokin, A. K. (Ed.). (2019). The Defense of Leningrad 1941-1945: documents and materials. Moscow: Rosspen.
Volkovsky, N. L. (Ed.). (2004). The siege of Leningrad in the documents of declassified archives. Moscow: AST; St. Petersburg: Polygon.
Sobolev, G. L. (2013-2017). Leningrad in the s

Reference:
Yakupov R.A., Yakupova D.V.. On the question of the secret actions of the United States to support the anti-Soviet campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 1. – P. 66-75.

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Abstract: Based on the revealed declassified documents, the paper examines previously unknown sources about the attempts of the American government to support various programs of dissent, freedom of speech and mass media in the USSR and countries where the pro-Soviet regime was supported. The subject of the study is the content of foreign intelligence published and declassified documents describing specific US measures to implement covert actions in Afghanistan in order to counteract the influence and strengthen the position of the USSR, as well as support centrifugal trends in the Soviet Union through the organization and financing of programs to support dissent, the development of radio broadcasting, increasing radio coverage areas, assistance in the publication of Samizdat literature, etc. The object of the work is the documentary correspondence of the US President and key figures of the American establishment on the use of resources for the implementation and promotion of anti-Soviet activities. The article reveals previously unknown details of the preparation of options and the implementation of approved programs of covert actions to discredit the Soviet regime as part of the military campaign in Afghanistan, as well as inside the USSR.
The sources allow us to highlight the activities of the US Special Coordinating Committee for the preparation of this strategy. The authors draw attention to the complexity of solving financial issues in the American administration, as well as the size of US financial injections to support destructive forces in the Soviet Union. Such evidence from very authoritative sources significantly expands the source base in the scientific coverage of the facts of the implementation of subversive activities of the United States against the USSR in the 1970s and 1980s.

Keywords: secret actions, human rights, public opinion, CIA, dissent, Media, anti-Soviet campaign, USA, the USSR, international relations

References:
Domestic stresses in the USSR // [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87t00787r000200180006-0 (Data obrashcheniya: 14.10.2021).
Toporkov V.M. Taynaya strategiya SShA v Afganistane v 19791989 gg. // Natsional'nye interesy: prioritety i bezopasnost'. 2012. š26. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/taynaya-strategiya-ssha-v-afganistane-v-1979-1989-gg (data obrashcheniya: 12.12.2021).
Rabush T.V. Okazanie administratsiey SShA nepryamoy voennoy podderzhki afganskim modzhakhedam v 1980-e gody // Vestnik VolGU. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2017. š1. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/okazanie-administratsiey-ssha-nepryamoy-voennoy-podderzhki-afganskim-modzhahedam-v-1980-e-gody (data obrashcheniya: 12.12.2021).
Arunova M. R. Afganskaya politika SShA v 1945-1999 gg. M. : In-t izucheniya Izrailya i Blizhnego Vostoka, in-t vostokovedeniya RAN, 2000. 125 s.
CIA (FOIA). Exploitation of tensions in the Soviet Union and Eas

Reference:
Semenov M.A.. Dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals in Novosibirsk Region during the Great Patriotic War // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 6. – P. 36-46.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals that were formed and operated in Novosibirsk Region. The relevance of this topic is substantiated. Analysis is conducted on the available information on this topic in the scientific and local literature. Leaning on the archival materials, the author traces the formation, displacement, and dissolution of evacuation hospitals located on the territory of Novosibirsk Region in its modern borders. Description is given to the fundamental changes in the network of evacuation hospitals: dynamics in the number of hospital beds, and specialization of the evacuation hospitals. The dependence of changes in the network of evacuation hospitals in the region on the role and place assigned by the highest military sanitary administration to homefront hospitals overall. The novelty of this work lies in determination of the key stages in the dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals based on the detailed tracking of changes. The first stage (July – October 1941) is characterized by expansion of the network of evacuation hospitals due to the local formations. The second stage (October 1941 – April 1942) is associated with violent fluctuations, substantiated by the rapidly changing situation at the front and, and thus, transformation of the views of the military medical administration upon on the role and place of the homefront hospitals, including Novosibirsk Region. The third stage covers the period from April 1942 up until Victory, marking gradual stabilization of the network of evacuation hospitals in Novosibirsk Region. They filled their niche by rendering medical aid to the wounded with long treatment periods, which justified the evacuation of the wounded from the front to remote Siberian hospitals.

Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Novosibirsk region, health, care medicine, evacuation hospitals, hospitals, doctors, Western Siberia, Siberia, the wounded

References:
Istoricheskaya spravka o trudovom geroizme zhiteley i vklade g. Novosibirska v dostizhenie Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne 19411945 gg. Tsit. po razmeshchennoy elektronnoy versii dokumenta: http://bsk.nios.ru/content/zaklyuchenie-instituta-istorii-so-ran-o-trudovom-geroizme-zhiteley-i-vklade-g-novosibirska-v
Trufakin V.A. Yakobson G.S. Sibirskie mediki v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne // Byulleten' Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2005. T. 25. š. 2. S.9.
Novosibirsk. Gorod trudovoy doblesti / otv. red. D. G. Simonov . Novosibirsk, 2021. 300 s.
Kniga pamyati Novosibirskoy oblasti. Tom 1. Novosibirsk: Novosibirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1994. 512 s.
Ot istokov v budushchee. Ot idei-k uspekhu: 80-letie obrazovaniya Novosibirskoy oblasti. Novosibirsk: Voyazh, 2017. 368 s.
Novonikolaevskaya guberniya Novosibirskaya oblast'. 1921 2000. Khronika. Dokumenty. Novosibirsk, 2001. 327 s.
Pamyatniki Novosibirska Velikoy Pobede (evakogospitali Velikoy Otechestvennoy). Novosibirsk: OOO ŤGRAFť, 2

Reference:
Martyukova E.A.. Position of the Soviet Union in the United Nations on settling the Greek conflict (late 1947 1951) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 5. – P. 94-112.

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Abstract: This research is dedicated to the analysis of the role of the Soviet Union in the United nations on settling the Greek conflict (late 1947 – 1951), which drew the attention of international community. The article covers the process of curtailing the UN programs due to deterioration of relations between the USSR and the United States in the conditions of active bipolar confrontation, which involved Greece. The goal lies in examination of the approaches, tactics, and nature of the Soviet delegation in the United Nations on resolution of the international and regional crises. Based on the documentary materials of the Security Council and General Assembly of the United Nations, assessment is given to the results of the efforts undertaken by the Soviet government on settling the Greek conflict. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive examination of the positions of the USSR in UN on settling the Greek conflicts using the relatively unknown documentary materials of the United Nations. In the scientific literature, this topic has not previously become the subject of special research. The author reveals the method of settlement of the Greek conflict. Having compared the positions of the parties to the conflict, the author describes the course of political struggle around making final decisions on resolution of the complicated and controversial Greek conflict. The conclusion is made the achieved results were not satisfactory for all parties, since their interests differed. Overall, the UN played a positive role as an international arbiter, since the critical war stage of the Greek conflict has been ceased, and the conflict has been localized with the active participation of the United Nations.

Keywords: cold war, greek conflict, Special Committee, UN Security Council, UN General Assembly, UN, USA, Greece, USSR, soviet diplomacy

References:
Anikeev A.S. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Gretsii i grecheskie partizany v Yugoslavii (1945-1949 gg.) // Slavyanskiy mir v epokhu voyn i konfliktov 20 veka-Spb: Aleteyya. 2011. S. 553-568.
Anikeev A.S. Kak Tito ot Stalina ushel: Yugoslaviya, SSSR i SShA v nachal'nyy period Ťkholodnoy voynyť (1945-1957). M., 2002.
Grishaeva L.E. Istoricheskaya rol' OON v sovremennom mire // Diplomaticheskaya sluzhba. 2021. T. 17. š1 (94). S.6-21.
Grishaeva L.E. OON: 75 let posle Vtoroy mirovoy voyny // Diplomaticheskaya sluzhba. 2020. š5(92). C. 6-32.
Grishaeva L. E. Rossiya i OON: istoriya i sovremennost'. M.: Sputnik +, 2007.
Grishaeva L.E. Cherchill' o razdele sfer vliyaniya i novom ustroystve mira // Voprosy istorii. 2020. š 8. S. 166-190.
Grishaeva L.E. Yadernoe nasledie Cherchillya // Vestnik Diplomaticheskoy akademii MID Rossii. Rossiya i mir. 2019. š 4(22). S. 144-175.
Demokraticheskie organizatsii Gretsii prizyvayut spasti grecheskikh detey // Pravda Vostoka, 19 yanvarya 1951 g., š16 (8222).
Doklad Soveta Bezopasnosti General'noy Assamblee za peri

Reference:
Korotkov V.O.. Commanders of foreign order regiments in 1654: peculiarities of formation of the Russian officer corps // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 4. – P. 40-51.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the formation of the higher command personnel of the foreign order regiments in 1654. The article examines the details of the biographies of 37 commanders of the foreign order regiments that existed by the beginning of the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, namely their origin in Russia, foreign service experience, production in the ranks, ethnic composition, attitude towards Orthodoxy, army allocation in the campaign of 1654, and share of troops they led in the chief armies. The work is based on the wide array of documentary materials of IInozemsky Prikaz (Office for the Affairs of the Foreigners) and Posolsky Prikaz (Ambassadorial Office); some of the materials are newly introduced to the scientific discourse. This article is first to explore the biographies of majority of commanders of foreign order regiments in 1654. Analysis is conducted on their origin, production in the Russian prior to the Russo-Polish War, participation in the campaign of 1654, ethnic composition, confession; classification is offered based on the service experience in Western European countries. The analysis of officer “services” acknowledges that the foreign order regiments in the chief armies were led by the most competent newcomer foreigners with the Western European military experience. The young Russian officers service led by the experienced foreigners became a pivotal stage in the formation of the national officer corps.

Keywords: Reitars, Thirteen years war, Officers, Scots, Foreigners, Army, XVII c., Foreign order regiments, Officer's corps, Russian thardom

References:
Delo po chelobit'yu polkovnika Lorentsa Martota ob otpuske ego v svoe otechestvo dlya polucheniya tam imeniya posle umershego tam ottsa ego, a pri nem praporshchika Yakova Diblyantova // Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov (RGADA). F. 150. 1655. š 3. L. 1.
Perevod s galanskovo pis'ma... chto vsyakomu uryadniku v ratnom stroe podobaet vedat'. I protiv tekh vosprosov otvet / Publ. [i primech.] A. Malova // Rossiyskiy Arkhiv: Istoriya Otechestva v svidetel'stvakh i dokumentakh XVIIIXX vv.: Al'manakh. M.: Studiya TRITE: Ros. Arkhiv, 1995. S. 79.
Babulin I. B. Smolenskiy pokhod i bitva pri Shepelevichakh 1654 goda. M.: Fond ŤRatnoe deloť, 2018. 227 s.
Delo po chelobitnoy frantsuza polkovnika Klavdiusa Despevilya ob otpuske ego v svoe otechestvo na vremya // Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov (RGADA). F. 150. 1655. š 2. L. 1.
Russkaya istoricheskaya biblioteka, izdavaemaya Arkheograficheskoy komissiey. T. 29. SPb., 1913. 588 s.
Russkaya istoricheskaya biblioteka, izdavaemaya Arkheograficheskoy komissiey. T. 26. SP

Reference:
Kuzmin D.. The goals and objectives of Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War: position in the League of Nations and propaganda // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 172-182.

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Abstract: This article gives an assessment one of the most notable episodes of the interwar period in the history of international relations – the development of Italian foreign policy in the context of the Italo-Ethiopian war. In the early 1935, Italy was ruled by the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. One of the cornerstones of his foreign policy paradigm was the creation of the “New Roman Empire”. One of the initial targets of his expansion were Ethiopia and the Mediterranean. Italy replenishes its military and economic resources; however, it was deficient to achieve the set foreign policy goals. Therefore, the war in Ethiopia became one of the key vector of Rome’s official diplomacy. The warfare also unfolded in the ideological context – propaganda, politics within the League of Nations, and interlocutory instructions to the diplomats. The scientific novelty is defined by the absence of comprehensive research on the topic. The relevance of lies the fact that the Russian historiography did not give due attention dedicated to the secret plans of Italy during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. However, namely the plans of Cesare De Vecchi and Emilio De Bono that shed light on the crucial nuance of the Italian diplomacy of this period, and allow to properly stress topic and priorities with regards to foreign policy. This the article analyzes the ration between the objectives in Ethiopia and the Mediterranean basin –the cornerstone task within the framework of building a New Roman Empire.

Keywords: Di Bono's plan, De Vecchi's plan, History, Interwar period, Ethiopia, Mussolini, International relations, Italy, Propaganda, Mediterranean

References:
De Felice R. Mussolini il Duce. 2 vol. Turin. 1974-1980
Doordan D. In the Shadow of the Fasces: Political Design in Fascist Italy. London. 1997. P. 46
Ceci L. La mancata lettera di Pio XI a Mussolini per fermare l'aggressione all'Etiopia // Studi Storici (Jul. - Sep., 2007). P. 817-840
Fiore. M. Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 19221940. London, Stamp Pro. 2010. P. 352
Hardie F. The Abyssinian crisis. London: Batsford, 1974. P. 261
Knot M. Il Fascismo e la Politica Estera Italiana// La Politica Estera Italiana 1860-1985. Bologna. 1991. P. 418
Lowe C. J.; Marzari F. Italian foreign policy 1870-1940 .Boston, 1975. P. 364
Mazzetti M. La politica militare italiana fra le due guerre mondiali (1918-1940). Salerno. 1974.
MackSmith D. Mussolinis Roman Empire. London. Publisher Edition. 1976. P. 315
Morewood S. Anglo-Italian rivalry in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1935-1940 / Paths to war. Macmillan, 1989. P. 167-198
Mori R. Mussolini e la conquista dell'Etiopia. Firen

Reference:
Prigodich N.D.. Aviation industry during the siege of Leningrad (on the materials of the City Committee of the CPSU (b) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 130-137.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the aviation industry during the siege of Leningrad. This topic is gaining relevance due to the recently published documents dedicated to the work of the higher party authorities in the period from 1941 to 1944. In the summer-autumn of 1941, Leningrad was detached from the “main land”. In these conditions, the full operational control over resource base of the city fell on the shoulders of the Soviet and party authorities, who received additional powers, and thus, responsibilities. The author provides an alternative outlook on the activity of the Leningrad plants under the People's Commissariat of Aviation Industry of the USSR, not from the perspective of classical reconstruction of the history of aviation industry in the USSR during the war, but a specific managerial task that was resolved by the party leadership using the general resource base. The conclusion is made that despite the evacuation of the vast majority of production facilities of aviation industry during the war, the resource base was adapted to the specific tasks of the Leningrad Front. The city manufactured the industrial products in accordance with the orders and requirements of the Soviet Air Force. Mobilization of the Leningrad industrial base for the tasks of aviation units during the war years in many ways became a crucial factor in maintaining the combat effectiveness of the Air Force, namely during the rough winter of 1941/1942, when the replenishment of aviation units with new equipment ceased for the most part.

Keywords: the City Committee, industry, NKAP, the Air Force, Leningrad, the blockade, aviation, rear, Leningrad Front, factory

References:
RGASPI. F. 644. Op. 1. D. 2.
TsGAIPD SPb. F. 25. Op. 2a. D. 200.
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TsGAIPD SPb. F. 25. Op. 13a. D. 52.
Tsentral'nyy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv istoriko-politicheskikh dokumentov Sankt-Peterburga (TsGAIPD SPb). F. 24. Op. 2v. D. 5683.
Blokada v resheniyakh rukovodyashchikh partiynykh organov Leningrada. 1941-1944 gg. Sb. dokumentov. Postanovleniya byuro leningradskikh gorkoma i obkoma VKP(b), stenogrammy zasedaniy / K.A.Boldovskiy (otv. sost.), O.A. Gavrilova, N.D. Prigodich, G.L. Sobolev, M.V. Khodyakov, P.S. Chekalev-Demidovskiy. Chast' II. Mart dekabr' 1942 g. SPb., 2020. 1261 s.
Blokada v resheniyakh rukovodyashchikh partiynykh organov Leningrada. 1941-1944 gg. Sb. dokumentov. Postanovleniya byuro leningradskikh gorkoma i obkoma VKP(b), stenogrammy zasedaniy / K.A.Boldovskiy (otv. sost.), O.A. Gavrilova, N.D. Prigodich, G.L. Sobolev, M.V. Khodyakov, P.S. Chekalev-Demidovskiy. Chast' I. Iyun' 1941 g.-mart 1942 g. SPb., 2019. 863 s.
Mukhin M. Yu. Evakuatsiya aviapromyshlennosti v 1941 g. // Vestnik Ross

Reference:
Onishchenko A.G.. Evolution of British policy in Egypt after the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (August 1936âApril 1938) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 2. – P. 39-46.

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Abstract: The object of the study is the policy of Great Britain in Egypt from August 1936 to April 1938. The subject of the study is the trends in the policy of the Foreign Office and local British authorities in relation to Egypt in the context of external and internal challenges. The main attention is paid to the situation that developed after the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. The study examines the British responses in connection with Italy's aggressive policy in the region, as well as during the "palace crisis" in Egypt, which developed as a result of the death of King Fuad and the transition of the throne to Farouk. These events threatened the British presence in the region, for which the empire had been fighting with various forces since the mid-1930s. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the involvement of new sources â namely the diaries of the British High Commissioner Miles Lampson. It is noted that the trend in UK politics continues to soften the style of government and avoid harsh and radical decisions. In particular, antagonism with Italy is being resolved by diplomatic means, which resulted in the signing of the Anglo-Italian treaty in April 1938. As for the domestic political situation, the "palace crisis" can also be overcome by soft means by creating a balance of power positive for the British presence in the Egyptian political system, as well as through negotiations with anti-British forces.

Keywords: King of Egypt, spheres of influence, Eastern Mediterranean, international relations, Anglo-Italian relations, Italy, Egypt, colonial policy, foreign policy, Great Britain

References:
Popova N.P. Anglo-ital'yanskie otnosheniya v Sredizemnomor'e v 1936-1940 gg. SPb., 1993. 227 s.
Goldobin A.M. Natsional'no-osvoboditel'naya bor'ba naroda Egipta, 19181936 gg. M., 1989. 327 s.
Deeb M. Party Politics in Egypt, 19191939. London, 1979. 452 p.
Documents on British foreign policy, 1919-1939. Series 2nd. Vol. 19: European affairs, July 1, 1937-August 4, 1938. London, 1982. 1160 p.
Foreign Office to Lampson of 30 November 1937. The National Archives. FO 371/20887/J4966
Fiore M. Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 19221940. London, 2010. 246 p.
Monroe E. Britains Moment in the Middle East. London, 1963. 254 p.
Morewood S. Anglo-Italian rivalry in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 19351940 // Paths to War. London, 1989. P. 167198
Morewood S. British Defence of Egypt 19351940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean. London New York, 2005. 294 p.
Morsy L. Farouk in British Policy // Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 20. š 4. October 1984. Oxford, 1984. P. 193

Reference:
Yang Y.. The SovietJapanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941: China's response // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 2. – P. 67-76.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is response of the government, political parties, and society of the Republic of China to signing the Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan on April 13, 1941 – one of the crucial bilateral agreements of the World War II, which entailed fundamental changes to the Far Eastern international system. The Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact negatively affected the relations between the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. The goal of this work is to objectively assess the impact of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941 upon the domestic and foreign policy of the Chinese government, as well as further development of the Sino-Soviet relations. The novelty of this work consists in the fact that based on the poorly studied Russian and foreign documentary materials, the author examines the questions that have been rarely touched upon within the Russian historiography, such as: China’s response to conclusion of the Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan; its effect upon Sino-Soviet relations. The conclusion is made that the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941, which marked the most difficult moment of the Sino-Japanese War, was a psychological blow to China. The position of the Kuomintang government was ambivalent: on the one hand, it refrained from the public anti-Soviet propaganda; while on the other hand, used dissatisfaction of China’s population to enhance pressure on its major political opponent – China’s Communist Party. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet relations in general did not experience severe problems; however, the internal split in the Chinese society has worsened, which substantially undermined the formation of Second United Front.

Keywords: China's foreign policy, the Japanese-Chinese war, Soviet-Chinese relations, Soviet-Japanese relations, Far Eastern policy of the USSR, Far eastern international situation, Soviet-Japanese neutrality, Chiang Kai-shek, foreign policy position CCP, China's internal split

References:
Chuykov V.I. Missiya v Kitae. M.: Voenizdat,1983. 252 s
Chzhunkhua min'guo chzhun yao shilyao chzhubyan'. Duey zhi kanchzhan' shitsi [Klyuchevye istochniki istorii Kitayskoy Respubliki. Period yapono-kitayskoy voyny]. T.3. Kn.2. Taybey: Gomin'dan chzhun yan vuey yuan' khuey danshi yan'tszyu khuey, 1981. 883 s. (na kit. yaz.)
Chzhou Baochun. Chzhou Baochun yutsi zhitsi [Dnevniki Chzhou Baochun v severo-vostochnoy partizanskoy voyne]. Pekin: Zhen'min' chuban'she, 1991. 844 s. (na kit. yaz.)
Chzhou Baochun. Chzhou Baochun kanzhi tsyuyguo ven'tsi [Sb. soch. Chzhou Baochuna v natsional'no-spasitel'nom dvizhenii]. Chanchun': Tsilin' zhen'min' chuban'she, 1996. 1371 s. (na kit. yaz.)
Tszyan Chzhunchzhen tsuntun dan an'. Shilyuey gaoben' [Kollektsii prezidenta Tszyan Chzhunchzhen (Chan Kayshi): Chernovoy variant biograficheskogo ocherka]. T.46. Aprel'-avgust 1941 g. Taybey: Guoshi guan', 2010. 744 c. (na kit. yaz.)
Koshkin A. A. Rossiya i Yaponiya: Uzly protivorechiy. M.: Veche, 2010. 480 s.
Kuz'minkov V.V. Rossiya i Yaponiya. Yaponskiy vzglyad na territorial'noe razmezhevanie. M.: Kvadriga, 2018. 304 s.

Reference:
Susloparova E.. Antiwar campaign of the British Labour Party in the early World War I // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 1. – P. 98-111.

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Abstract: This article is dedicated to the protest campaign of Labour Party of Great Britain, which unfolded in the early World War I. Based on the range of sources, such as socialist workers’ press of Great Britain, party documents, parliamentary debated, the author sets a goal to examine the key arguments of the opponents, namely activists of the Independent Workers’ Party, which became a stronghold of antiwar sentiment of the Labours. Special attention is given to such publicists as R. MacDonald and K. Hardy. The article also traces the evolution of antiwar campaign and reveals the reasons. Research methodology is based on the systematic approach towards analysis of public speeches of British activists printed in the workers' socialist publications of antiwar orientation. It is demonstrated how in the space of a few days, in August 1914, the moods of majority of the British workers changed dramatically, from unreserved condemnation of the war expressed in the slogans of the Second International towards support of the government in the fight against militaristic Germany. The conclusion is drawn that in the initial months of war, the antiwar campaign has experienced significant transformation. If in the early period it was characterized mostly by the emotional and somewhat sarcastic rhetoric, then later on the background of tremendous human losses, the campaign adopted a rather moderate tone. Attempts of the publicists to grasp on causes of war and focus the need to rebuild society after its completion comes to the forefront.

Keywords: socialist movement, antiwar activity, labour movement, antiwar press, First World War, Independent Labour party, Labour party, British history, Keir Hardie, Ramsay Macdonald

References:
Karliner M.M. Rabochee dvizhenie v Anglii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1914-1918). M., 1961. 488 s.
Prokopov A.Yu. Politika Nezavisimoy rabochey partii Velikobritanii v nachal'nyy period Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1914-1915 // Pervaya mirovaya voyna. Versal'skaya sistema i sovremennost'. Sb. statey. S.-P., 2017. S. 187-200.
Feygin V.E. Leyboristskaya partiya Velikobritanii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata istoricheskikh nauk. Chelyabinsk, 1999.
Bondfield M.A. A Lifes Work. L., 1948. 368 p.
Brockway F. Socialism Over Sixty Years. The Life of Jowett of Bradford (1864-1944). L., 1946. 415 p.
Callaghan J. The Labour Party and Foreign Policy. A History. L., 2007. 352 p.
Clarion. 1914.
Clynes J. Memoirs 1869-1924. L., 1937. 351 p.
Cole G.D.H. A History of the Labour Party from 1914. N.Y., 1969. 518 p.
Forward. 1914
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Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons. Fifth Series. 1914. Vol. 65.
Joll J. The Second International, 1889-1914.

Reference:
Savinova A.. The problem of security of Mediterranean communications in French policy in the spring of 1938. // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 4. – P. 95-107.

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Abstract: This article explores the representations of French diplomats and military chiefs on the methods of ensuring security of Mediterranean communications against the background of unfolding Austrian crisis in the spring of 1938. Although national and foreign researchers discusses the existence of a threat to French communications in the Mediterranean, Paris’ position on this problem alongside the change of its approach, have not previously become the subject of separate research. The author attempts to elucidate why Paris resorted to the questions of military cooperation with London in the Mediterranean Region precisely in the spring of 1938. The author relied on the achievements of the realist school of the theory of international relations in defining the concept of security. The conclusion is formulated that consolidation of Italy and Germany in the strategically important areas of the region – Spanish Morocco and Balearic Islands, which took place during the Spanish War, posed a serious threat to French communications in the Mediterranean. French military officers believed that particular danger to Paris’ positions in the region came from Italy. In the course of escalation of the Austrian crisis, the stance of Paris on the defense of communications varied. If in February 1938, the French military chiefs were assumed that security of communications could be ensured by signing an agreement, after the Anschluss they considered conducting military operations in the Mediterranean Region in the instance of the beginning of war. Paris was concerned about consolidation of “axis” powers in the region, and a year ahead of London raised the question on conducting combat operations in the Mediterranean. However, without the support of Great Britain, France was incapable of achieving full protection of its Mediterranean interests.

Keywords: Spanish protectorate in Morocco, Balearic islands, Spanish civil war, Anschluss, Mediterranean communications, security, Mediterranean region, France, anglo-italian agreement, military cooperation

References:
Belousova Z.S. Frantsuzskaya diplomatiya nakanune Myunkhena. M., 1964. 298 s.
Ryabokon' S.I. Politika Frantsii na Balkanakh v period podgotovki anshlyusa Avstrii // Evropa v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy (1917-1945). Sverdlovsk, 1990. S. 83-99.
Stegar' S.A. Diplomatiya Frantsii pered Vtoroy mirovoy voynoy. M., 1980. 280 s.
Maurin J. La Chambre des Députés et la Guerre Civile Espagnole // Les Français et la Guerre DEspagne. Université de Perpignan. 1990. P. 49-65.
Shorrock. From Ally to Enemy. The Enigma of Fascist Italy in French Diplomacy, 1920-1940. The Kent State Univ. Press, 1988. 355 p.
Warner G. France and Non-Intervantion in Spain, July-August 1936 // Der Spanische Burgerkrieg in der Internationalen Politik (1936-1939). Munchen, 1976. P. 306-326.
Malay V.V. Nionskaya mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya (1937): kollektivnaya bezopasnost' ili skrytaya konfrontatsiya // Gumanitarnaya nauka v sovremennoy Rossii: sostoyanie, problemy, perspektivy razvitiya: materialy IX regional'noy nauchno-prakti

Reference:
Khodorov O.I.. The Events of the 1877 Campaign on the Territory of Greater Sochi: One Little-Known Page from the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 1. – P. 129-146.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the military operations during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 on the territory of Sochi's Black Sea coast, in particular: the repulsion of Turkish landings near Adler and Sochi; the local military clashes during reconnaissance missions of ungoverned territory south of the river Kherota in the Sochi department; the relationship between the administration of the department and the mountain population of the Kichmay and Krasno-Aleksandrovsky aulys; the issues of the evacuation of the civilian population and the damage of civilian private property by the rebel Abkhazian population, soldiers and Cossacks deployed on the territory of the department; and the impact of the war on the peaceful development of this Black Sea territory. The author used the traditional scientific principles of historicism and objectivity in this research, as well as the traditional methods of analysis and synthesis, the narrative method and the methods of concretization and generalization. This has made it possible to comprehensively study and analyze the source material and to identify causal relationships. A source analysis has allowed the author to conclude that although the war was notable for its small number of military clashes and casualties, the peaceful colonization of the new outskirts of the Russian Empire was temporarily interrupted. After this, it was revived with renewed vigor in the post-war period.

Keywords: highlanders, turkish landing, Adler, Sochi, Kuban region, Sochi department, Russian-turkish war, militia, Abkhazia, abkhazians

References:
Khronika kavkazskikh voysk: [ch. 2] / Sost. gen.-m. v otstavke A.L. Gizetti; Pod red. gen.-leyt. Chernyavskogo.-Tiflis: Voen.-ist. otd-nie pri Shtabe Kavk. voen. okr., 1896.
Chast' neofitsial'naya // Kubanskie oblastnye vedomosti. 1877. 6 avgusta. š31.
Khodorov O.I. Sochinskoe Prichernomor'e nakanune Russko-turetskoy voyny 1877-1878 gg. // Golos Minuvshego. 2018. š1-2.
S Kavkazskogo berega // Morskoy sbornik, morskaya khronika. 1877. š7. (str. 50-56).
Khodorov O.I. B.M. Shelkovnikov i ego rol' v istorii Sochinskogo Prichernomor'ya // Golos Minuvshego. 2017. š3-4.
Posledstviya voyny i raboty otsenochnoy kommisii v Chernomorskoy okruge // Kavkaz. 1879. 13 oktyabrya. š224.
Ocherki istorii Bol'shogo Sochi / Pod obshch.red. prof. V.E. Shchetneva. V 4 t. T. 1. Sochi: RIO SGUTiKD, 2006.
Materialy dlya opisaniya russko-turetskoy voyny 1877-1878 gg. na Kavkazsko-Maloaziatskom teatre s planami: [t. 5] / sost. v Voenno-istoricheskom otdele shtaba Kavk. voen. okr. pod red. gen.-leyt. Chernyavskogo. Sankt-Peterburg: Voenno-ist. komis. Glavnog

Reference:
Moskvitin M.N.. The Russian Diplomatic Mission to Bucharest in 1914 - 1916 // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 6. – P. 95-106.

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Abstract: The article is focused on the Russian imperial diplomatic mission to Bucharest from 1914 to 1916, its composition, tasks, and activities. The article provides a description of the mission's composition, the functions of its members, consular posts, attaches and military agents, as well as an analysis of the conditions in which the mission came into existence in the period under review. Additionally, the author presents the main tasks that the Russian mission faced relating to the outbreak of the First World War. Based on new data from the archival funds of the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the author describes the activities and the structures of diplomatic missions in Romania. The history of the activities of the Russian Empire's diplomatic missions during the First World War can rightfully be classified with other unstudied topics in Russian and foreign historiography. Using the example of the activities of the Russian imperial diplomatic mission in Romania, the author examines the most important aspects of the diplomatic work's organization: the structure of the mission, the rearrangement of personnel, the activities and powers of consulates, other diplomatic and military agents, as well as the main tasks of the mission during the period of Romanian neutrality and the results their implementation.

Keywords: Military agent, Consulate, Attache, Ambassador, first world war, Bucharest, Romania, Diplomatic mission, Promotion, Russian foreign policy

References:
Kashirin V. B. Na puti k sotvoreniyu ŤVelikoy Rumyniiť: politicheskaya i voennaya strategiya Bukharesta v nachal'nyy period Pervoy mirovoy voyny (po dokumentam russkoy voennoy razvedki) / Vostochnaya politika Rumynii v proshlom i nastoyashchem (konets XIX nachalo XXI vv.): sb. dokl. mezhdunar. nauch. konf. / pod red. kand. ist. nauk V. B. Kashirina; Ros. in-t strateg. issled.-M.: RISI, 2011.-S. 49-85.
Usacheva A.V. Pervaya mirovaya voyna v rumynskom romane mezhvoennogo perioda / Pervaya mirovaya voyna i sud'by narodov Tsentral'noy i Yugo-Vostochnoy Evropy: ocherki istorii / Otv. red. E.P. Serapionova.-M.: Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN,-2015.-C. 653-677.
Chernyavskiy S.N Diplomatiya Rossii. Opyt Pervoy mirovoy voyny / S. N. Chernyavskiy-ŤAlgoritmť, 2016-(Avgust 1914. Vse o Pervoy mirovoy).-414 s.
GARF F.1001. Op.1. D. 207. Spisok sostava russkoy missii v Rumynii sentyabr' 1916 goda.
AVPRI F.169/2. Op. 511/1. D. 492.
AVPRI F. 140. Op. 477. D. 385, 383. Otdel pechati i osvedomleniya, vyrezki iz gazet i zhurnalov iz Rumynii.
AVPRI F.

Reference:
Usatiuk D.. The Change in US Leadership Strategy Towards the European Conflict in the Context of the German Limited Submarine Warfare in 1915 // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 5. – P. 14-25.

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Abstract: The article examines the transformation of the US neutrality policy during the First World War in the context of analyzing the reaction of President W. Wilson's administration to the aggravation in February – August 1915 of the Anglo-German confrontation that significantly affected American interests. The aggravation of this confrontation resulted in the unfolding of German limited submarine warfare in order to interrupt Britain’s Atlantic communication in response to the strengthening of the British naval blockade of Germany. The author places the main focus of the study on a set of ideas and actions that laid the foundation for a new US leadership strategy regarding the European conflict, which moved away from strict neutrality to a more active involvement in the European situation. The study is based on the application of the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the systematic approach. The research methods are the problem-chronological, historical-genetic and comparative methods. Based on a comprehensive study of the available statistical data, diplomatic documentation, and sources of private nature, the author identifies and evaluates the whole of domestic and foreign policy factors that determined the transformation of American neutrality from maneuvering between the two warring coalitions to an open orientation towards Great Britain, which subsequently led to its entry into war against Germany. As a result, the author concludes that already in 1915 the position of President Wilson’s administration, the economic and political interests of the United States made genuine neutrality almost impossible.

Keywords: submarine war, neutrality, World War I, Germany, Great Britain, Woodrow Wilson, American foreign policy, diplomacy, foreign relations, naval blockade

References:
Shatsillo V. K. SShA i podvodnaya voyna Germanii v 1914-1918 godakh // Voprosy istorii. 1996. š 7. S. 32-48.
Coogan J.W. Wilson Unneutrality and Its Cost / Major Problems in American Foreign Relations: Documents and Essays. Lexington (Mass.), Toronto, 1989. Vol. 2. p. 63-72.
Historical Statistics of the United States. Colonial Times to 1970. New York, 1989. V.2. 591 p.
Arkhiv polkovnika Khauza. Pod red. Ch.Seymura. / Per s angl. T. 2. 1937. 538 s.
Hofstadter R.D. The American Political Tradition & the Men Who Made It. N.Y., 1991. 378 p.
Lansing R. War memoirs. London, 1935. 383 p.
Smith D.M. Robert Lansing and American Neutrality 1914-1917. Los Angeles, 1958. 241 p.
U.S. Department of State. Papers relating to the United States to the Foreign Relations of the United States. Lansing Papers, 1914-1920. Washington, 1940. Vol. II. 628 p.
U.S. Protest Over the Sinking of the Lusitania, 13 May 1915 // FirstWorldWar.com: a multimedia history of world war one / Primary Documents. [Elektronnyy resurs

Reference:
Dolidovich O.M.. Government and Public Structures Involved in the Regulation of Food Issues in Eastern Siberia during the First World War (July 1914 - February 1917) // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 5. – P. 56-68.

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Abstract: The article's research subject is the system of government and public structures involved in the regulation of food issues in Eastern Siberia during the years of the First World War (July 1914 - February 1917). The author demonstrates that the food crisis had led to systemic reforms in the administrative sphere - in particular, the creation of special procurement departments with representatives set-up locally. The government's top priority was to supply the army. At the regional level, many issues related to the provision of the population were addressed (restraining inflation, combating speculation, etc.), but the scope of the governors' powers remained the same, which prevented them from acting more effectively. The state's insufficient attention to the food supply of the rear forced the population to self-organize. The efforts of urban municipalities due to legislative restrictions, qualifications, and the deficit of financial resources, in the conditions of the general economic situation prevailing in the country, were counterproductive. The consumer cooperation was also incapable of significantly affecting the food situation. The article's study is based on the historical-systemic approach. The process of forming and developing the work of state and public food institutions is characterized by taking into account their hierarchy and internal relations, directions and forms of activity. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive study of the structure, principles of organization and functioning of food institutions in the provinces of Eastern Siberia, and an assessment is made of the effectiveness of their regulatory impact. The author reveals the factors that determined the specifics of the activity of state and public food structures in the region.

Keywords: food commission, consumer cooperation, First World War, Special Meeting, Governor, city government, Governor General, Eastern Siberia, food crisis, Commissioner of the Special Meeting

References:
Borisov V. I. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie prodovol'stvennym delom v Rossii v nachal'nyy period Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1914-1916) // Vestnik Bryanskogo gosuniversiteta. 2016. š
S. 2328. 2.Bukshpan Ya. M. Voenno-khozyaystvennaya politika: formy i organy regulirovaniya narodnogo khozyaystva za vremya mirovoy voyny 1914-1918 gg. M.L.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1929. 541 s.
Gospodin glavnyy nachal'nik kraya: istoriya Vostochno-Sibirskogo i Irkutskogo general-gubernatorstvť / sost. I. P. Belous i dr., nauch. red. I. L. Dameshek. Irkutsk: Izdatel'stvo IGU, 2013. 83 s.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Zabaykal'skogo kraya (GAZK). F. 94. Op. 1. D. 806. Delo po organizatsii snabzheniya goroda predmetami pervoy neobkhodimosti i bor'be s dorogoviznoy. 5 dekabrya 1914 g. 23 noyabrya 1915 g.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Irkutskoy oblasti (GAIO). F. 25. Op. 10. D. 609. Delo kantselyarii Irkutskogo general-gubernatora o snabzhenii naseleniya prodovol'stvennymi produktami. 18 avgusta 1916 g. 17 fevralya 1917 g.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Krasnoyarskogo

Reference:
Baibakova L.V.. Backstage Mediation by U.S. President T. Roosevelt in Resolving the First Moroccan Crisis (1905-1906) // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 4. – P. 143-164.

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Abstract: The article examines the little-studied in Russian historiography topic of the role of U.S. President T. Roosevelt in resolving the first Moroccan crisis. The author seeks to determine the content, forms, and methods of his influence on the position of the leadership of Germany and France, and to examine the routes of the resolution of the regional conflict from spring 1905 to April 1906. Particular attention is paid to the secrecy of Roosevelt's mediation mission, which excluded information leakage. Through the use of not only generally accepted means, but also methods of threats and blackmail, the president managed to convince the conflicting parties to sit at the negotiation table in the Spanish town of Algeciras, to shift their position from a dead point and to achieve a mutually beneficial compromise concerning the key issues on the agenda. The main method for analyzing the Moroccan crisis and the ways it was solved is the systematic approach, which consists of a comprehensive analysis of the regional conflict's anatomy in order to comprehensively identify the relationship and interactions of the entire body of participants with an emphasis, above all, on the actions of the American side. No less fruitful is the use of historical comparative studies in determining both Roosevelt’s mediation motives and the methods he used to solve the Moroccan crisis, including in comparison with the tools used in the Russo-Japanese war. In Russian historiography, Roosevelt's mediation mission in resolving the Moroccan crisis has not been the subject of focused studies, but only briefly mentioned as one of the episodes in his foreign policy activities. The article is written based on original sources from the epistolary heritage of the president, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation.

Keywords: Entente Cordiale, mediation, diplomacy, emperor Wilhelm, president Theodore Roosevelt, Morocco, regional conflicts, international rivalry, Triple Alliance, Algeciras conference

References:
Romanov B.A. Ocherki diplomaticheskoy istorii russko-yaponskoy voyny. 1895-1907. M., Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1947. 496 s.
Dobrov A. F. Dal'nevostochnaya politika SShA v period russko-yaponskoy voyny. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1952. 396 s.
Brodskiy R.M. Dal'nevostochnaya politika SShA nakanune Pervoy mirovoy voyny. M.: Nauka, 1968. 244 s.
Lan V.I. SShA: ot ispano-amerikanskoy do pervoy mirovoy voyny. M.: Nauka: 1975. 367 s.
Utkin A. I. Ruzvel't. M.:Eksmo, 2003. 544 s.
Istoriya vneshney politiki i diplomatii SShA. 1867-1918. M.: Nauka. 1997. 384 s.
Derbitskaya K. Yu. Marokkanskiy vopros v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh v kontse KhΙKh nachale KhKh vv. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni k. i. n. Moskva, 2013. 28 s.
Voronov E.N. Franko-russkie diplomaticheskie otnosheniya nakanune i v period marokkanskikh krizisov:1900-1911. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni k. i. n. Kursk, 2004. 26 s.
Anderson E. The First Moroccan Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930.

Reference:
Katkov A.D.. The US Foreign Policy Stance on State Sovereignty in the Context of Humanitarian Interventions (1990s) // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 3. – P. 129-147.

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Abstract: The subject of this research is the principle of state sovereignty which was seriously challenged by humanitarian interventions in the 1990s and early 2000s that were primarily initiated by the United States of America. In developing the concept of humanitarian intervention, which gradually formed into foreign policy, the United States tied to the classical principle of sovereignty the obligation of respecting human rights, which thus transforms sovereignty from the prerogative and exclusive right of a state to act independently into the principle of imposing obligations and designating responsibility. It should be noted that the study of sovereignty, intervention and, consequently, conflicts, is difficult to conduct within the framework of one scientific direction and of one theory. Therefore, for this article, the author used an inter-paradigm approach, linking together existing theories and their elements. As a result, in the eyes of the numerous supporters of the concept of humanitarian interventions, the non-observance of human rights deprived the state of sovereignty and therefore of immunity from interference in its internal affairs, including in military form. The very principle of sovereignty itself was thus recognized as the most important quality of a state, which, in fact, could be somewhat limited. During the course of the study's analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that, notwithstanding the critical importance of protecting human rights throughout the world, intervention is possible only with the approval of the UN Security Council and only when human rights violations threaten to become widespread.

Keywords: international relations, internal affairs, UN, United states, human rights, international law, humanitarian intervention, sovereignty, foreign policy, interference

References:
Stedman S. The New Interventionists // Foreign affairs. America and the World Issue. 1992. P. 1-16. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1993-02-01/new-interventionists. (data obrashcheniya: 11.04.2018).
Talbott S. Self-Determination in an interdependent world // Foreign policy. March 01, 2000. P. 152-163. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/ForeignPolicy/Default.aspx#panel=document. (data obrashcheniya: 26.03.2018)
Rosenberg T. The unfinished revolution of 1989 // Foreign policy. June 01, 1999. P. 90-105. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/ForeignPolicy/Default.aspx#panel=document (data obrashcheniya: 28.03.2018).
Sassen S. Losing control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. N.Y., 1996. 128 p. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saskia_Sassen/publication/30529999_Losing_Control_Sovereignty_in_an_Age_of_Globalization/links/54bb512c0cf29e0cb04bd91e/Losing-Control-Sovereignty-in-an-A

Reference:
Sergushkin S.. The State of the Russian Army's Defensive Positions at the Initial Stage of the Trench Warfare Period of the First World War // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 3. – P. 48-54.

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Abstract: The subject of this study's research is the state of the defensive lines of the Russian army's Western front at the dawn of the trench stage of the First World War on the Eastern front. The article's author examines the reports of General of the Infantry K. A. Kondratovich, which were prepared by him on behalf of the front commander-in-chief A. E. Evert. Having visited all four armies of the front with revisions, the general prepared a rich factual material resource. On the basis of this material, the author describes the fortifications erected by the troops both on the front lines and in the rear, analyzes their main defects and how they came about. The author dedicates particular attention to the organizational component, which includes the interaction between the corps and army engineering control bodies. The study applies the systematic approach and the method of system reconstruction on the primary source material, while the author adheres to the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and verifiability. Based on the results of the conducted study, the author concludes that the Russian army at the beginning of 1916 was unable to fully adapt to the realities of the trench war. Despite the long respite that the enemy gave, the troops did not manage to sufficiently strengthen their positions. The location of the defensive positions on the Western Front was accidental, and the troops were strengthened where they stopped after the last battle. The organization of defensive work was also often not up to par. The already scarce resources, primarily human resources, were scattered, and tasks were not ranked in order of importance. The principle of unity of command was not observed, notably, corps and army engineers competed with each other. This situation could not give the command of the Russian army confidence in their own defensive lines, chaining large forces and means, and holding down offensive initiatives.

Keywords: Engineering, Fortification, Kiprian Kondratovich, Alexey Evert, Western front, Trench warfare, Defense, World War I, Great Retreat, Military administration

References:
Beloy A.S. Vykhod iz okruzheniya 19-go armeyskogo korpusa u Tomashova v I9I4 g. M., 1937. - 86 s.
Gordeev. Yu.N. Postroenie i vedenie oborony russkimi armeyskimi korpusami v pervoy mirovoy voyne 1914-1918 gg.: diss k. i. n. M., 1999. - 295 s.
Gutor A.E. Oborona korpusa na shirokom fronte. M., 1939. - 88 s.
De-Lazari A.N. Aktivnaya oborona korpusa. M., 1940. - 144 s.
Evseev N.F. Sventsyanskiy proryv. M., 1936. - 272 s.
Kamenskiy M.P. Gibel' XX korpusa. Pg., I92I. I92I.- 202 s ;
Knyazev M.S. Bor'ba v pozitsionnykh usloviyakh. M., 1939. - 176 s ;
Kolenkovskiy A. Zimnyaya operatsiya v Vostochnoy Prussii v I9I5 godu. M-L., 1927. - 154 s.
Korol'kov G.K. Lodzinskaya operatsiya. M., 1934. - 208 s.
Korol'kov G.K. Prasnyshskoe srazhenie. Iyul' I9I5 goda. M., 1928. - 154 s.
Korol'kov G.K. Srazhenie pod Shavli. M-L., 1926. - 78 s.
Kuznetsov B.I. Tomashovskaya operatsiya. M., 1933. - 64 s.
RGVIA. F. 2048. Op. 1. D. 150.
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RGVIA. F. 2048. Op. 1. D. 218.
RGVIA. F. 2048. Op. 1. D. 37

Reference:
Denisenko A.A.. The Moscow Military District in 1908 March 1909 on the Eve of a New Phase of Russian Army Reforms // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 2. – P. 71-81.

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Abstract: The aim of this article is to create a comprehensive overview of the features of the Moscow Military District and its significance in the military-district system of the Russian Empire on the eve of the reforms of War Minister V. A. Sukhomlinov. The article's research subject is the Moscow Military District, and the research object is its specific features (territory, population, economy, armed forces). The author assesses the challenges in preparing Russia for the First World War at the local, military and district levels. The examination of this topic has significant potential because it has remained little-studied in historiography while having a large number of unused sources. One of the most important locations of that time was the Moscow Military District, which was headed by General P. A. Plehve for 5 years before the war – one of the most famous Russian generals of the First World War. The methodological basis of this research is the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, and the main scientific methods are the problem-chronological and comparative methods. The novelty of this work lies in the absence of historiographical studies on this topic, and the article's relevance lies in the fact that it sets the foundation for further research on the preparation of the Moscow Military District for the First World War in 1909-1914. According to the results of the author's analysis, it was established that the district had great domestic and economic importance. It controlled the densely populated center of the country and provided the troops with everything they needed. The stable operation of the Moscow Military District was vital to the army, as its suspension would have threatened to deprive the army of its human reserves, weapons and material goods.

Keywords: domestic value, economic potential, South Black Earth region, Central industrial area, preparation for war, military reform, Russian Army, Vladimir Sukhomlinov, Pavel Plehve, Moscow Military District

References:
Statistika stachek rabochikh na fabrikakh i zavodakh za trekhletie 1906 1908 gg. Prilozhenie / Sost. V. E. Varzar. SPb., 1910. 220 s.
Svod voennykh postanovleniy 1869 goda. Kn. 2. 3-e izd. SPb., 1907. 142 s.
Senchakova L. T. Krest'yanskoe dvizhenie v revolyutsii 1905 1907 gg. M., 1989. 262 s.
Saksonov O. V. Voennye reformy 1905-1912 gg. v Rossii i ikh vliyanie na voennoe iskusstvo: dis. ... kand. ist. nauk. M., 1994. 276 s.
Saprykin V. O. Voennye reformy v politicheskoy zhizni Rossii, 1907-1914 gg.: dis. ... kand. ist. nauk. M., 1995. 233 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy voenno-istoricheskiy arkhiv. Fond 2000
Rossiya. 1913 god: Statistiko-dokumental'nyy spravochnik / red.-sost. A. M. Anfimov, A. P. Korelin. SPb., 1995. 416 s.
Rudakov I. S. Stanovlenie Priamurskogo voennogo okruga i ego rol' v ukreplenii oboronosposobnosti Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii (1884-1917): dis. ...kand. ist. nauk. Khabarovsk, 2010. 200 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy voenno-istoricheskiy arkhiv. Fond 1606
Rashchupkin Yu. M. Irkutskiy voennyy

Reference:
Tam H.. Firing Structures of the Sevastopol Defence Area in 1941: Analysis of the Features and Issues // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 3. – P. 78-88.

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Abstract: The author describes in this article the features of the firing structures of the Sevastopol Defense Area (hereafter referred to as the SDA) in October - November 1941. Special attention is paid not only to the issues of construction and arrangement of the firing structures of the SDA (including artillery pillbox and bulwarks, machine guns and bunkers, but as well to other types of firing points), but also a number of structural problems concerning the formation and strengthening of SDA structures, including strategic and tactical flaws and errors in the location of these firing structures, which were one of the key reasons for the subsequent defeat and capture of Sevastopol. The source base for this article is made up primarily of archival materials. The author examines the original battle plans, maps, charts, and tables. It can be positively affirmed that the comparison of the data and figures of the constructed pillboxes, bulwarks and other SDA firing points in the beginning and in the middle of November 1941, along with a careful analysis of the location of these firing structures on maps and charts, is a fundamental means of explaining a number of historical facts and formulations in the analyzed material. In the article the author comes to the conclusion that the firing structures were necessary for the defense of Sevastopol and had positive combat effects in real battles at the initial stage. At the same time, the author recognizes that in planning the construction and location of long-term firing structures there was a number of serious problems, both objective and subjective, and shortcomings that had a very negative effect on the overall combat capability of the SDA.

Keywords: bulwark, defensive area, firing construction, Coastal Army, Crimea, Defense of Sevastopol, pillbox, firing point, field-gun, flank-defense

References:
Altabaeva E. B. Gorod Dostoynyy Pokloneniya, Sevastopol', izd. Teleskop, 2013, S. 74-75, 95, 115.
Basov A. V. Krym v Velikoy Otechestvennoy Voyne 1941-1945, M., izd. Nauka, 1987, S. 84-90.
Vaneev G. I. i dr. Geroicheskaya Oborona Sevastopolya 1941-1942, M., Voenizdat, 1969, S. 35-40, 64-70, 112-116.
Genshtab RKKA, Oborona Sevastopolya, Operativno-Takticheskiy Ocherk, M. Voenizdat NKO, 1943, S. 7-10.
Zamyatin N. M., Vorob'ev F. D., Oborona Sevastopolya, M. Voenizdat NKO, 1943, S. 4-6.
Kovtun A. I. Sevastopol'skie zapiski, Simferopol': izd. Tavriya, 1972, S. 27-29.
Levchenko G. I. Vmeste s Flotom, M., izd. Algoritm, 2015, S. 159-166.
Morgunov P. A., Geroicheskiy Sevastopol', M., izd. Nauka, 1979. S. 28-36, 72-73.
NKO Boevoy Ustav Pekhoty Krasnoy Armii, M. Voenizdat NKO, 1944-1945, chast' 1, S. 8-11, 78-79, 82-88, 90-95, 109-115, 136-137, 140-146, 158-159, 174-179, 222-225, 240-257.
NKO Boevoy Ustav Pekhoty Krasnoy Armii, M. Voenizdat NKO, 1944-1945, chast' 2, S. 4, 9-10, 36-37, 42, 54-69, 71-74, 93-94,

Reference:
Moshechkov P.V.. Successes and Failures of the Mission of J. Durich and M. R. Stefanik in Russia: a Discussion of the Issue of Sending Prisoners of War to France // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 2. – P. 19-28.

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Abstract: The subject of this study are the negotiations with the government of the Russian Empire and the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army held in the summer and autumn of 1916 by two representatives of the Czech-Slovak National Council: a deputy from the Czech Agrarian Party, Josef Durich, and a citizen of the French Republic, Milan Rastislav Stefanik, a Slovak by birth. The author pays particular attention to the contacts of these politicians with Emperor Nicholas II and officials of the foreign political and military departments of the Russian Empire. The author also examines in detail another important aspect of this topic: the position of the Russian side regarding the issue of the transfer of Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Czech and Slovak origin to the Western Front. The variety of sources on this topic made it possible to apply the historical-genetic method of research, which has allowed to identify the successive stages in the process of the formation and development of the issue of sending Czech-Slovak prisoners of war from the Russian Empire to France. The use of the historical-comparative method made it possible to compare the projects of Russian military and diplomats in solving the question of the participation of prisoners of war in combat operations on the fronts of the First World War. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its use of historical sources previously inaccessible to researchers. These are documents on the process of the formation of the Czech-Slovak corps in Russia. Of particular interest among these sources are the memoirs of J. Durich and M. Jeanin, which have rarely been used in scientific works. The use of these materials made it possible to evaluate the activities of Durich and Stefanik in the Russian Empire in 1916. The author's examination has allowed him to come to the conclusion that the latter's trip to Russia is undoubtedly crucial for the further resolution of the issue of creating an autonomous Czech-Slovak army on the Western Front.

Keywords: Kiev Agreement, prisoners of war, Czech-Slovak army, Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, military department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Council of Ministers, France, Russian Empire, First World War

References:
Firsov E. F. Bor'ba za politicheskuyu orientatsiyu cheshskoy i slovatskoy kolonii v Rossii v 1915 1917 gg.: Masarik ili Dyurikh // Versal' i novaya Vostochnaya Evropa. M.: ISB, 1996. S. 111135.
ŤZapis' o printsipakh cheshsko-slovatskoy aktsiiť, podpisannaya predstavitelem ChSNSoveta, Soyuza cheshsko-slovatskikh obshchestv v Rossii i Slovatskoy ligi v Amerike, s priznaniem polnomochiy za Natsional'nym sovetom // Cheshsko-Slovatskiy (Chekhoslovatskiy) korpus. T. 1. M.: Novalis, 2013. š 230. S. 438439.
Pis'mo direktora Diplomaticheskoy kantselyarii pri Verkhovnom glavnokomanduyushchem (Stavke) N. A. Bazili tovarishchu ministra inostrannykh del A. A. Neratovu o peregovorakh s chlenom Cheshsko-Slovatskogo Natsional'nogo Soveta (ChSNS) M. R. Shtefanikom // Cheshsko-Slovatskiy (Chekhoslovatskiy) korpus. T. 1. M.: Novalis, 2013. š 225. S. 427429.
Kopiya otnosheniya tovarishcha ministra inostrannykh del V. A. Artsimovicha upravlyayushchemu delami Soveta ministrov I. N. Lodyzhenskomu o vnesenii na rassmotrenie Soveta ministrov voprosa o peredache Frantsii voennoplennykh dlya ispol'zova

Reference:
D'yakonova P.G.. The Negotiations on Supplying Italian Aircraft Technology to the USSR in 1939-1941 (Based on the Material from the Central State Archive in Rome) // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 2. – P. 115-123.

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Abstract: The research subject of this study is the negotiations on supplying Italian aircrafts and aircraft material to the USSR in the period from 1939 to May 1941. The aim of this work is to study the little-known in Russia aspects of the Soviet Union's relations with Italy in the field of aviation. Much attention in the article is paid to the analysis of Italian archival sources. An attempt is made to show the importance of further examining this topic in light of the current development of cooperation between Russia and Italy in the sphere of culture and economy. The methodological base of this study is grounded on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. Particular attention is paid to the application of the interdisciplinary approach to the study of Soviet-Italian relations in the field of aviation. For this purpose, this work utilized the historical-genetic and comparative-historical methods, which make it possible to reveal the general and particular aspects in the patterns of the development of Soviet-Italian relations in the field of aviation in the period under study. This work presents an important scientific novelty, due primarily to the source base used. The author draws new archival documents in Italian from the Central State Archives of Rome (Italy), which have not been previously studied by researchers from Russia. The author draws the conclusion that, contrary to popular opinion, during the period under study, neither the ideological antagonism nor even the Second World War that began in Europe became an obstacle to the negotiations on supplying aircrafts and aircraft equipment to the USSR, and transport of raw materials to Italy from the USSR, because, in all likelihood, Italy's economic cooperation with the Soviet Union did not directly depend on the latter's relations with Germany.

Keywords: Boris Efimovich Stein, Galeazzo Ciano, Italo Balbo, Benito Mussolini, Italian planes, aviation history, Italy, USSR, the State Archives of Rome, Soviet-Italian relations

References:
ACS, MA, Gabinetto, 1940, b. 196, f. ŤRussia Missioni e sudditi in Italiať.
ACS, MA, Gabinetto, 1940, b. 196, f. ŤRussia Fornitureť.
Khormach I.A. SSSR Italiya. 1924-1939 gg. Diplomaticheskie i ekonomicheskie otnosheniya. M.: Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Rossiyskoy istorii, 1996. 288 s.
Dokumenty vneshney politiki SSSR. T. 22, kn. 1. M.: Politizdat, 1992. 688 c.
Dokumenty vneshney politiki SSSR. T. 16. M.: Politizdat, 1922. S. 494-496.
Kachur P.I. ŤGonchie psyť Krasnogo flota. ŤTashkentť, ŤBakuť, ŤLeningradť. M.: Yauza, Kollektsiya, Eksmo, 2008. 144 s.
ACS, MA, Gabinetto, 1939, b. 90, f. ŤRussia Fornitureť.
Eroshenko V.N. Lider ŤTashkentť. M.: Voenizdat, 1966. 232 s.
RGVA. F. 29. Op. 49. D. 56.
Archivio Centrale dello Stato (ACS), Ministero dellAeronautica (MA), Gabinetto, 1939, b. 3, f. ŤRussia Accordi commerciali Italo-Russiť.
Khormach I.A. Otnosheniya mezhdu Sovetskim gosudarstvom i Italiey. 1917-1924 gg. M.: Institut Rossiyskoy istorii, 1993. 195[2] s.
ACS, MA, Gabinetto, 1941,

Reference:
Fedyushko D.I.. Discussions About the "Safeguard" Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) System on the Pages of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (1969-1972) // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – š 6. – P. 1-6.

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Abstract: The subject of this article is the stance of the academic community in the United States on the "Safeguard" anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system as formulated through the pertinent discussions on the pages of the specialized "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" journal in the late 1960s-early 1970s. The article reviews the opinions within the American scientific circle of the proponents and opponents of anti-ballistic missile defense, analyzes the pro et contra of the installation of the "Safeguard" system, and also demonstrates the interaction between the scientists and US politicians. As the main research method, the author chose to apply the comparative analysis approach to the works of the American scientists published in the "Bulletin" journal from 1969 to 1972. This article is the first research work in Russian historiography focused on the study of the archive of one of the biggest scientific-journalistic magazines published in the United States. The author clearly shows the mechanisms behind the emerging attitudes of the US scientific circle towards anti-ballistic missile defense. At the same time, the author demonstrates how the "Bulletin" became one of the tribunes of the anti-military movement in the scientific community.

Keywords: ABM, Safeguard, System, Academic community, Cold War, USA, Senate, Stance, Journal, Pentagon

References:
Grodzins M., Rabinowitch E. The Atomic Age: Scientists in National and World Affairs. N.Y., 1963.
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol.3. š 6. June 1947.
Martyl Langsdorf, Doomsday Clock artist, dies at 96 // The Daily Herald. 2013. March 29.
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists // http://thebulletin.org.
Bethe H. The ABM, China and the Arms Race // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š5. May 1969.
Bethe H. Hard Point vs. City Defense // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š6. June 1969.
Fulbright J. Missiles and Anti-MissilesSix Views // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š6. June 1969.
Rathjens G. Is Safeguard Worth the Risk? // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š6. June 1969.
Sternglass E. Can the Infants Survive? // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š6. June 1969.
York H. The Arms Race and the Fallacy of the Last Move // Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 25. š6. June 1969.
Scoville H., Jr. Verification of Nuclear Arms Limitation: an Analysis // Bulletin of

Reference:
Avatkov V.A., Polyskalov A.O.. The Armed Forces of the Turkish Republic: the Formation Process // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – š 3. – P. 1-13.

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Abstract: In this article the authors examine in detail the issue of the changes taking place in the Armed Forces of the Turkish Republic, drawing the reader's attention to the historical reasons for their role in the country, analyzing the reforms undertaken by the Justice and Development Party with relation to the army, and highlighting the importance of the government's development of its own military-industrial complex. The object of this research is the early stage of the new Armed Forces of the Turkish Republic. The study's subject is the key factors that determined the nature and dynamics of the process of changing the army's role in the government. As a methodological base for this study the authors used elements of the systematic approach, examining the studied object as a complex, whose properties are not the summation of the properties of all of its elements. The collection of variables obtained a practical meaning, being placed in the framework of a single system, thus allowing a full overview of the issue from all sides. The scientific novelty of the presented material lies in the study's results, which demonstrate the complete picture of the process that as a consequence allows to analyze the events taking place in Turkey with relation to the subject of the research. The study's results permitted the authors to come to the conclusion of the extreme importance of the development of the Turkish government and its future, and of the political solutions that will soon be decided upon by the country's authorities.

Keywords: Justice and Development Party, Ottoman Empire, arms industry, putsch, formation of armed forces, Turkish Republic, reforms, army, military coup, internal policy

References:
Shest' printsipov kemalizma. Ikh osnovnoe politicheskoe i sotsial'noe soderzhanie [Elektronnyy resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://mgimotc.ucoz.ru/stuff/politicheskaja_sistema_turcii/politicheskaja_sistema/shest_principov_kemalizma_ikh_osnovnoe_politicheskoe_i_socialnoe_soderzhanie/4-1-0-29
Turtsiya: pravitel'stvo protiv armii [Elektronnyy resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://vpk-news.ru/articles/7646
Turetskikh generalov sudyat za "postmodernistskiy putch" [Elektronnyy resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://www.bbc.com/russian/international/2013 /09/130901_turkey_postmodern_coup_trial
Strategiya razvitiya VPK Turetskoy Respubliki 20122016 gg. http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/institutional/Documents/Sp2012_2016/index.html[Elektronnyy resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/institutional/Documents/Sp2012_2016/index.html
Turetskaya gazeta ŤResmi gazeteť, vypusk ot 01.08.2010 [Elektronnyy resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/08/20100801M1-1.html
Rezolyutsiya SB OON š1386 [Elektronnyy resurs]