Abstract: The subject of this research is the political relations that developed between the Czech national politicians of Bohemia and the French diplomatic mission in Austria-Hungary in the early 1870s. Analysis is conducted on the initial stage of Czech political Francophilism. The article employs the historical-genetic method that allows tracing the establishment and development of the indicated ties. Comparative-historical method is used for describing the specificity and important aspects of the Czech-French contacts of the early 1870s in relation to 1860s, as well as on the background of parallel Czech-Russian relations. The novelty is defined by the fact that this topic, namely the Czech political Francophilism, has not been previously covered within the Russian historiography. The main conclusion lies in the thesis that in the early 1870s Czech politicians and French diplomats manifested equal and mutual interest for the first time. Both parties pursued to exert pressure on Vienna: the French – to entice over the Third Republic in the conflict with Prussia, and the Czechs – to force change the status of the Czech lands in the monarchy. The analysis demonstrates that the Czech politicians were exceedingly pragmatic: if in the end of 1870 they openly supported France, then in the beginning of 1871 they have ignored the initiatives of French diplomats. This is substantiated by the potentially successful negotiations with the imperial center. Moreover, the political Francophilism suggested the desire of the Czechs to show the strategic (economic, political, and cultural) significance of the lands of the Czech Crown not only in Austria-Hungary, but also in the European space.

Keywords: the Czech issue, Czech-French relations, František Palacký, František Ladislav Rieger, francophilism, France, Bohemia, Czech lands, Austria-Hungary, Albert Lefaivre

References:
Donesenie E. P. Novikova A. M. Gorchakovu ot 2(14).10.1871 // AVPRI. F. 133. Op. 470. D. 122. L. 197 (ob.).
Grégr E. Deník. Díl I. 1848-1870. Praha: Český čtenář, 1908. 214 s.
La liberté. 28.10.1871. 8 p.
Opočenský J. La protestation des députés tchèques de la diète de Bohȇme contre l’annexion de l’Alsace – Lorraine // Le Monde Slave. Revue mensuelle. 1930, novembre. № 2. P. 131-144.
Pfaff I. Francie a Čechy v Evropě národních států. Francouzská politika F.L. Riegra 1867-1878. Praha: Euroslavica, 2013. 262 s.
Projet de lettre particulière à Novikoff (très secrète) ot 1(13).03.1871 // AVPRI. F. 133. Op. 470. D. 122. L. 369 (ob.), L. 371 (ob.) – 373.
Reznikow St. Frankofilství a česká identita (1848-1914). Praha: Karolinum, 2008. 562 s.
Bělina P., Borovička M., Kaše J., Kučera J.P. Velké dějiny zemí Koruny 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical conditions for the creation of Visegrád Group – subregional organization of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. The collapse of the system of pro-communist regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe allowed the local dissident circles to create the “ideological” framework for subregional organization, which is based on the idea of the Central European identity. In the late 1980s, the idea of subregional cooperation in the socialist camp won support of a number of Western European countries. However, the initiative on the development regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe was taken over by the United States. The United States prompted the decision of the G7 member-states on the transfer of the European Commission a coordinating role in assisting Poland and Hungary as the flagships for conducting political and economic liberalization in Central and Eastern Europe. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of attempts of subregional cooperation outside the framework of the European Economic Community in the late 1980s. Attention is also given to the previously unstudied criticism of the process of accession of the countries of Visegrád Group to the European Economic Community. Critical assessments substantiated by ineffectiveness of the programs of assisting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by posing threats to the stability of the European Economic Community member-states due to inclusion of the former socialist countries into the united Europe. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the collapse of the socialist camp at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s actualized the pursuit of identity in the new world by the Central and Eastern European countries. The oath of European integration was selected as a universal method for solution of this problem. However, regional cooperation remained a relevant question, since rapprochement with the Western Europe alone could not eliminate all the contradictions between the countries. The cooperation between Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia became the most successful example of such cooperation and served as the prototype for creation of other subregional structures.

Keywords: Central European identity, interstate cooperation, subregional organization, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Visegrad group, post-communist transition, PHARE programme, european agreements

References:
Lemaitre P. L'aide aux pays de l'Est // Le Monde. 10.04.1993. R.2/4. URL: https://www.cvce.eu/obj/%22l_aide_aux_pays_de_l_est%22_dans_le_monde_10_avril_1993-fr-e5d0a2b7-19e1-4223-b0e7-a3acdea3a9cc.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.03.2021).
Lemaitre P. L'aide aux pays de l'Est // Le Monde. 10.04.1993. R.2/4. URL: https://www.cvce.eu/obj/%22l_aide_aux_pays_de_l_est%22_dans_le_monde_10_avril_1993-fr-e5d0a2b7-19e1-4223-b0e7-a3acdea3a9cc.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.03.2021).
Sassen V. La Communauté européenne sous le choc // Le Monde diplomatique. Septembre 1989, №426. URL: https://www.cvce.eu/obj/%22la_communaute_europeenne_sous_le_choc%22_dans_le_monde_diplomatique_septembre_1989-fr-4946b407-af54-4fb7-838d-a83bf95df392.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.03.2021).
L'aide de la Communauté européenne à l'Europe de l'Est. URL:. https://www.cvce.eu/education/unit-content/-/unit/1f5d29d1-bc79-44af-ae41-6fdb3f41608e/d41c0d3f-3bed-4585-a9a9-1a13320f39b9 (data obrashcheniya: 25.03.2021).
Sassen V. La Communau

Abstract: This article raises the virtually unstudied in Russian historiography topic on the development of resorts of the south coast of Crimea during 1914–1919, the World War I, and revolutionary events of 1917. The situation in the Russian tourism sector in the years of World War I is consonant with the current situation caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The Russian people, who prefer vacationing abroad, descended on the Russian resorts, which were not ready for such turn of events. This caused a public discussion on the topic of improving the Russian health treatment facilities, the materials on which are barely introduced into the historical discourse. The theme of economic and sociocultural development of the south coast of Crimea in the early XX century, which until recently was farmed out to historians and art historians, remains relevant. In the course of working on this article in the libraries and archives, the author reveals and introduces into the scientific discourse various types of sources that can shed light on the transformation of the south coast of Crimea after the beginning of the World War I. The three most promising vectors for further development of the topic are outlined: work with verbatim reports of the Congress on the improvement of health treatment facilities (1915), advertising materials and documentation of the newly established resort towns Laspi and Foros, as well as the sources of historical memory (memoirs, correspondence, diaries), which reflect the everyday life in the resorts of the south coast of Crimea during the wartime and revolutionary period.

Keywords: garden city,  Russian Revolution, Southern Cost of Crimea, history of leisure, World War I, history of Russia, Laspi,  Foros, sources of historical memory, history of tourism

References:
McReynolds L. Russia at play: Leisure activities at the end of the tsarist era / Ithaca ; London : Cornell univ. press, 2003. 309 s.
Farmborough F. With the armies of the Tsar: A nurse at the Russ. front in war and revolution, 1914-1918.-New York, 2000. 422 s.
Trudy S'ezda po uluchsheniyu otechestvennykh lechebnykh mestnostey / Pod red. d-ra med. P.N. Bulatova. T. 1. Vyp. 1-3. 975 s. T. 2. Vyp. 4-6. Petrograd, 1915. 1093 s.
Farmboro F. Pervaya mirovaya voyna. Dnevniki s fronta. Moskva, 2014. 397 s.
Firsov P.P. Foros. Stranitsy istorii. Simferopol', 2004. 212 s.
Tarakanov D.V. Dachnye poselki Podmoskov'ya v kontse XIX – nachala XX v. Avtoreferat dis. … k.i.n. M., 2007. 29 s.
Solov'eva O.M. Doklad vladelitsy kurorta Suuk-Su na Yuzhnom beregu Kryma Ol'gi Mikhaylovny Solov'evoy, prochitannyy na S'ezde (7-go-11-go yanvarya 1915 g.) po uluchsheniyu otechestvennykh lechebnykh mestnostey v Petrograde.-Petrograd : tip. V.F. Kirshbauma, 1915.11 s.
Paley O.V. Vospominaniya o Rossii: s prilozheniem pisem, dnevnika i stikhov ee syna

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of Turkey's foreign policy aimed at achieving regional leadership after the Cold War, as well as the changes that took place therein under the rule of the Justice and Development Party) since 2002. The author describes the principles of Turkey's policy in the Balkans under the rule of the Justice and Development Party, which are founded on the doctrine of strategic depth proposed by Ahmet Davutoğlu in 2001, who was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2009 (until 2014). The following questions arise: are the political priorities and goals outlined in the theory compatible with the Turkey’s foreign policy in the Balkans, which holds an important place in the doctrine; and what is the impact of the neo-Ottoman approach adopted in relation to Muslim communities in the Balkans affect the policy conducted against the non-Muslim communities? Besides the Davutoğlu’s doctrine, the article employs archival documents obtained from the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, as well as publications and books by various Turkish and foreign experts that allow reconstructing the true picture of events. The goal of this work is to comprise a broad picture of Turkey's position on the international arena in the 2000s and foreign policy perception of the Justice and Development party overall. In this regard, analysis is conducted on Turkey’s interests in the Balkans and the policy for achieving them under the rule of the Justice and Development Party.

Keywords: Justice and Development Party, Military, Diplomacy, Economy, Geopolitics, Balkans, Post-Cold War, Turkish foreign policy, Strategic depth, Ahmet Davutoglu effect

References:
Çağatay S. AKP’nin Diş Politikası Neo-Osmanlıcı Değil // Referans. 6 May 2010.
Aras B. The Davutoğlu Era in Turkish Foreign Policy // Insight Turkey. 11/3. 2009.
Alida V. Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans // SWP Research Paper. No: 11. 2016.
Oran B. Türk Dış Politikası: Temel İlkeleri ve Soğuk Savaş Ertesindeki Durumu Üzerine Notlar // AÜSBFD. T. 51/1-4. 1996. C. 360-362.
Grigoriadis L. The Davutoğlu Doctrine and Turkish Foreign Policy // Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy. No: 8. 2010.
Criss N. B. Parameters of Turkish Foreign Policy Under the AKP Governments // UNISCI Discussion Papers. 2010.
Gadzhiev A.G. Turtsiya: transformatsiya vneshnepoliticheskikh vzglyadov i vnutrennepoliticheskoy sistemy. URL: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=14405. [Data obrashcheniya: 18.03.2021]
Regional Cooperation Council. Overview. URL: http://www.rcc.int/pages/6/2/overview [Data obrashcheniya: 18.03.2021]
Balkan Ül

Abstract:  
The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.
 

Keywords: Far East, Chita Oblast, city population, city, urbanization, Chita, Russia, Zabaykalsky Krai, historical demography, urban settlements

References:
Geologicheskie issledovaniya i gorno-promyshlennyy kompleks Zabaykal'ya: Istoriya, sovremennoe sostoyanie, problemy, perspektivy razvitiya / Yurgenson G.A. Chechetkin V.S., Asoskov V.M. i dr.; otv. red. G. A. Yurgenson; M-vo prirod. resursov Ros. Federatsii i dr. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1999. - 574 s.
Kolbina E.O., Nayden S.N. Evolyutsiya protsessov urbanizatsii na Dal'nem Vostoke Rossii // Prostranstvennaya ekonomika. – 2013. – 4. - S. 44-69.
Konstantinov M.V., Konstantinova T.A. Istoriya Chity: v preddverii goroda // Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. – 2014. – T. 7. - S. 6–24.
Gallyamova L.I. Rol' gorodov v sotsial'no-ekonomicheskom razvitii Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii (vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX v.) // Ulan-Ude 350 let: istoriya, prostranstvo, obshchestvo: sb. nauch. st. / otv. red. B.V. Bazarov. – Irkutsk: Ottisk, 2016. – 536 s.
Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1989 g. Chislennost' naseleniya SSSR, RSFSR i ee territorial'nykh edinits po polu // Demoskop [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: http

Abstract: The goal of this article consists in determination of the key aspects of foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic, described in the Soviet historical science since the end of the World War II until dissolution of the Soviet Union. The subject of this research is the writings of Soviet historians dedicated to examination of foreign policy of interwar Czechoslovakia. The object of this research is the Soviet historiography of the late 1940s – late 1980s. The interest towards foreign policy problematic is substantiated by its crucial importance for the existence of the First Republic, which fully depended on the stability of the Versailles System of international relations that gave rise to it and was eliminated along with it. Analysis the works of Soviet historians allows concluding that the main vectors in examination of foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic and its assessment were formed by the early 1960s, and with no significant changes lasted until dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is worth noting that the national historiography at that time significantly advances in studying various aspects of foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic, namely Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations and events preceding the Munich Agreement and liquidation of the First Republic. However, the prevalent in Soviet science class approach, with all its significance, did not allow giving an unbiased assessment to the events of 1938, as well as to foreign policy of the interwar Czechoslovakia overall.

Keywords: interbellum, Sudeten Germans, soviet-czechoslovak relations, international relations, foreign policy, The First Czechoslovak republic, historiography, Treaty of Versailles, Munich Agreement, class approach

References:
SSSR v bor'be protiv fashistskoy agressii: 1933–1945 gg. M.: Nauka, 1976. 325 s.
Prasolov S. I. Sovetskiy Soyuz i Chekhoslovakiya v 1938 g. // Myunkhen — preddverie voyny. M.: Institut slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki, 1988. S. 44–93.
Kurenkov V. Yu. Myunkhenskoe soglashenie 1938 g. v rabotakh rossiyskikh i germanskikh issledovateley: Kratkiy istoriograficheskiy obzor // Vestnik Dagestanskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN, 2013, № 48. S. 65–70.
Sipols V. Ya. Diplomaticheskaya bor'ba nakanune Vtoroy mirovoy voyny. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1979. 320 s.
Sovetskoe informatsionnoe byuro. Fal'sifikatory istorii. Istoricheskaya spravka. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1948. 79 s.
Pavlenko O. V. Istoriograficheskiy obraz «Myunkhena 1938 goda» i problemy istoricheskoy pamyati // Myunkhenskoe soglashenie 1938 goda: Istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii (15–16 oktyabrya 2008 g.). M.: 2008. S. 388–408.
Volkov V. K. Germano-yugoslavskie otnosheniya i razval Maloy Antanty, 1933–1938. M.: Nauka, 1966. 272 s.
Pankratova A. M. Ist

Abstract: The article's research subject is the process of establishing trade and economic relations between Ceylon and other countries in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, its scope and importance for the country. The author dedicates particular attention to export and import goods and the geography of their origin and destination, and questions the established opinion in historiography that Ceylon in the period under review was a raw materials appendage to the metropolis of Great Britain. In order to solve these aims, the author cites and analyzes archival documents of economic nature compiled by Russian diplomats. The methodological basis of this study is constituted on the principles of historicism, analysis and synthesis, as well as quantitative methods, which allow the analysis of the development course and changes in the foreign trade of Ceylon. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the establishment of Ceylon's trade and economic relations with foreign countries in the late 19th - early 20th centuries is for the first time examined on the basis of Russian archival documents. The author comes to the conclusion that the openness of the Ceylon economy had attracted investments from various countries and the direct trading partners of Ceylon were a number of countries in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa.

Keywords: coconut products, tea, integration, colonial goods, trade relations, metropolis, colony, Ceylon, rubber, colonialism

References:
Respublika Shri Lanka: ekonomika i politika/Otv. Red. G.G.Kotovskiy, P.V.Kutsobin. M.: Nauka, 1974. 230s.
Kondrat'ev, V. Tseylonskie problemy//Novoe vremya. M., 1969. №8. S.19-20
Maslov, Yu.N. Plantatsionnoe khozyaystvo Tseylona. M., Nauka, 1968. 184s.
Maslov, Yu.N. Ekonomika. Obshchaya kharakteristika//Sovremennyy Tseylon. Spravochnik. M., 1967. S.168-76.
Kassis, V. «Tseylonizatsiya Tseylona»: iz putevogo bloknota zhurnalista//Sovety deputatov trudyashchikhsya. M., 1961. №9. S.105-112.
Ivanov, L.G., Ocherki ekonomicheskoy istorii Shri Lanki (XVI-nachalo XX v.). M., Nauka, 1978. 220s.
Zhdanova, M.N. Rossiya i Tseylon. Konets XIX – nachalo XX v. M., Pul's. 2006. 124s.
Zagorodnikova, T.N. Russkie na Tseylone v XIX-XX vv. M.: 2010. 288s.
Ivanov, L.G. Gosudarstvennyy kapitalizm na Tseylone/Otv.red. A.I. Levkovskiy. M.: Nauka, 1969. 235s.
Ershov, Yu.A. Tseylon//Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie stran Yug-Vostochnoy Azii v 1961-1962 gg. M., 1963. S.64-75.
Danilov, N. Proizvoditel'nost' Tseylona (Donesenie vitse-konsula v Kolombo). Ministers

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the work of the special Amur Committee of the Russian emperor, which was a deliberative body called to discuss the means and methods of penetrating into the Amur region. The author proposes to consider the impact this institution had on the development of Russia's Far East policy in the second half of the 1850s. The author pays particular attention to the results of the committee's work during the period 1858 - 1861, when, as a consequence of the second opium war, Russia decided to intensify its activities in returning the territories of the Far East it had once assimilated into the Empire. The study is based on the analysis of published sources and unpublished materials from Russian archives (State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire). The author seeks to observe the principles of objectivity and historicism in applying the historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. The novelty of this research lies in it compensating the existing historiographic lacunae concerning the work of the Amur Committee in Russian and foreign historiography. According to the results of this research, the author concludes that the Amur Committee was an irregular advisory body, which, in addition to the emperor, included the highest dignitaries of the Russian Empire on a permanent basis. The collective decisions made by the committee were an expression of the will of its influential members and therefore largely determined the general direction of Russia's policy in the Far East during the second half of the 1850s.

Keywords: Opium Wars, Amur Committee, Foreign policy, Japan, China, Far East, Russian empire, Putyatin, Muravyov-Amursky, Ignatyev

References:
Shumakher P. K istorii priobreteniya Amura, snosheniya s Kitaem s 1848 po 1860 god // Russkiy arkhiv.-1878. № 3.-S. 257-342
Sinichenko V.V. Vnutribyurokraticheskaya bor'ba vokrug dal'nevostochnoy politiki Rossii (1856–1860) // Dialog kul'tur narodov Rossii, Sibiri i stran Vostoka. Kn. 1.-Irkutsk: Izdatel'stvo IGPU, 1998.-S. 170-180.
Perepiska Imperatora Aleksandra II s Velikim Knyazem Konstantinom Nikolaevichem; Dnevnik Velikogo Knyazya Konstantina Nikolaevicha (1857-1861) / Pod red. L.G. Zakharovoy. – M.: Terra, 1994. – 384 s.
Kulikov V.I. Sozdanie i khronologicheskie ramki deyatel'nosti Amurskogo komiteta // Istoricheskiy opyt otechestvennoy vnutrenney politiki: materialy 50-y Vserossiyskoy zaochnoy nauchnoy konferentsii.-SPb., 2008.-S. 30-35.
Kulikov V.I. Amurskiy komitet vo vneshnepoliticheskom mekhanizme Rossiyskoy imperii (1857-1861) // Rossiya i evraziyskiy mir: proshloe, nastoyashchee, budushchee: materialy mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., g. Novosibirsk, 15 maya 2015 g. / nauch. red. S.V. Kozlov.-Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SibAGS, 2015

Abstract: The subject of this research is the study of humanitarian technologies, the formation of personal photo collections by Soviet scientists and their interpretation in a modern context. The practical application of visual research methods in sociology and anthropology, for the study in ethnic and social terms of the culture and everyday life of the indigenous populations of the North, was dictated by the need for their multidimensional examination. The systematic analysis of expeditionary drawings and photographs as a visual heritage of the Soviet era makes it possible to examine ethnographic “cultural texts” from the standpoint of new anthropological contexts within the framework of compiling memorials of events. The object of this research is the visual heritage of the Soviet scholar-ethnographer I. S. Gurvich. In studying the scientist's use of visual research methods for capturing practical observations in the course of a comprehensive study of the ethnocultural heritage and the historical and cultural dialogue of the few indigenous peoples of the North in the second half of the 20th century, the authors followed the current direction of modern visual anthropological research. In the course of the undertaken research, the authors tested the hypothesis of I. S. Gurvich's introduction of the method of visually fixating practical observations in his field studies for the Northern Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This method developed into its final form in the 1970s in the scholar's visual program of everyday history studies. The assessment of the research paradigms on the gathering of visual collections by the named intellectual and scholar of the Soviet school of Russian ethnography, allowed the authors to interpret the method of fixating the "everyday" life activities of the above-named research object with the help of photography, as an independent language of cultural self-description. A large-scale photo project on the peoples of the North, carried out by the scientist, is presented as an ethnographic “text of culture”.

Keywords: intellectual traditions, humanitarian technologies, Soviet ethnographic project, anthropological discourse, cultural heritage, culture text, visual studies, Author's intention, expedition photography, visual anthropology

References:
NITsKP Natsional'noy biblioteki RS (Ya). Fotoarkhiv I.S. Gurvich.
NITsKP Natsional'noy biblioteki RS (Ya). Lichnyy fond I.S. Gurvich. Yashch. 5. D.4. Perepiska s YaASSR. 1943-1991.
Shadrina N.V. E.D. Strelov i ego vklad v razvitie Yakutskogo kraevedcheskogo muzeya // Muzey na rubezhe vekov. Mat-ly nauchno-prakt. konf. posvyashch-y 110-letiyu Yakutskogo gos.muzeya istorii i kul'tury narodov Severa im. Em. Yaroslavskogo. – Yakutsk, 2002. – S. 40-41
NITsKP Natsional'noy biblioteki RS (Ya). Risunki. Yashch. 13. D.6.
Suleymanov A.A. Etnograficheskoe izuchenie korennykh narodov arkticheskikh rayonov Yakutii v 1951-1954 gg. // Gumanitarnye issledovaniya. 2015. № 2. S.56-60
Filippov D.Yu., Chumicheva E.V. Iz opyta katalogizatsii muzeynykh i arkhivnykh fotodokumentov: izdanie al'boma-kataloga «Ryazan' v fotografiyakh 19-pervoy treti 20 veka» // Fotografiya v muzee. Sbornik dokladov mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii. – SPb.: Federal'noe gos. byudzhetnoe uchrezhdenie kul'tury «Gos. muzeyno-vystavochnyy tsentr ROSFOTO», 2014. – S. 97-99.
Pole kak zhizn': K 60-letiyu Seve

Abstract: The subject of this study is the organization of the political formations in Ahcupul (a region in the eastern part of northern Yucatan) at the end of the late post-classical period (first half of the 16th century). The author resorts to an analysis of the region's political geography, criticizing S. Quesada's dominant interpretation in Mayan Studies which deliberately neglects the "European" concept of territoriality. Special attention is focused on the question of the nature of the political relations within the supralocal polities, which are traditionally considered to be built on personal ties between the rulers of individual nomadic formations. At the heart of this study's scientific approach lies the concept of historicism, and an important role in the topic's examination is played by the auxiliary historical discipline - political geography; additionally, historical linguistics is also used. The author drew a number of conclusions from the study. In the first place, the predominant in Mayan Studies reconstruction of the political geography of Akhkupul is identified as not corresponding to reality. Instead of the four supralocal capitals indicated by S. Quesada (Popola, Saki, Chichen-Itza, Ek'Balam), seven villages can be recognized as such (including Khukhbilchen, Ts'ikab and Tepop). Secondly, there is no serious basis for the idea that Saki was the capital of two supralocal policies at the same time. Lastly, the interpretation of the term "idzincab", to which researchers have not paid attention up to now, suggests the existence of symbolic links not only between members of the political elite (local and regional rulers) but also directly between subordinate polities.

Keywords: cuchcabal, Conquest, Late Postclassic period, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, political organization, political geography, Yucatan, Maya, Ahcupul, cah

References:
Fedyushin V.V. Doispanskaya politicheskaya organizatsiya mayya Severnogo Yukatana v predstavlenii evropeyskikh kolonistov 2-y pol. XVI v. // Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. 2017. №
S. 93-105. 2. Carrillo y Ancona C. Historia antigua de Yucatán. 2a ed. Mérida, 1883.
Molina Solís J.F. Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de Yucatán. Mérida de Yucatán, 1896. 670 P.
Roys R.L. The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Washington, 1957. 187 P.
Quezada S. Pueblos y caciques yucatecos, 1550-1580: Tesis … doctor en historia. México, 1990. 294 P.
Kepecs S. The Political Geography of Chikinchel, Yucatán, México: Historical and Cross-Cultural Approaches. // Nuevas perspectivas sobre la geografía política de los mayas. / Ed. por T. Okoshi Harada, A.L. Izquierdo y L. Williams-Beck. México, 2006. P. 209-232.
Carosi G. Territorio y poder: Yucatán entre los últimos años del postclásico y la primera edad colonial. // Revista Jangwa Pana.

Abstract: The article is focused on an examination of the measures taken by the USSR's top leadership to increase economic independence and, in particular, to strengthen the defensive capability of the Soviet Far Eastern Territory (FET) in the first half of the 1930s. In the author's opinion, a significant part of these measures was directly related to the foreign policy situation in the Far East that arose after the beginning of Japan's occupation from September 1931 of the north-eastern part of China - Manchuria. In this article, the author discusses the insufficiently studied complex issue of the development and implementation mechanisms of the Soviet Far Eastern policy in the period of the Manchurian crisis' unfolding. Among the scientific methods applied in this work, the fundamental place is occupied by the principle of historicism, which implies the consideration of all known facts in the form of a complex process of their appearance and development, in direct connection with certain features inherent in one or another particular historical epoch. Additionally, the author uses the comparative-historical method in order to analyze the manifold views of contemporaries on the events that occurred during the Manchurian crisis. The article's scientific novelty lies in its use of both published sources, such as thematic collections of documents from the archives of various departments and sources of personal origin (correspondence, speeches, and statements by representatives of the leading strata of the USSR), as well as unpublished archival materials from the collections of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (SA RF), the Russian State Military Archives (RSMA), the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RSASPH). Within the framework of an integrated approach, the author proposes to evaluate the planned, special domestic political program in the Far East, implemented on the initiative of the political, economic and military elite of the Soviet Union as a natural consequence of the "Manchurian crisis".

Keywords: defense construction, military-industrial complex, the USSR, The Soviet leadership, Far East, The Manchurian crisis, transport, OKDVA, MSDV, Pacific Fleet

References:
Galaktionov E.N. Problemy sovetsko-yaponskikh otnosheniy v 30-e gg. XX v. i ikh vliyanie na obespechenie bezopasnosti Sovetskogo Dal'nego Vostoka // Kaspiyskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kul'tura. 2015, № 2(43). S. 31-36.
Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska. 1928-1941 gg. / Sost. A. V. Kvashonkin, L. P. Kosheleva, L. A. Rogovaya, O. V. Khlevnyuk — M.: «Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya» (ROSSPEN), 1999. 519 c.
Molotov V.M. Stat'i i rechi 1935-1936 gg. M.: Partizdat TsK VKP (b), 1937. 272 s.
Voroshilov K.E. Stat'i i rechi. M.: Partizdat TsK VKP (b), 1937. 663 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoy istorii (RGASPI). F. 74. Op. 2.D. 95.
Stanovlenie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa SSSR (1927-1937). T. 3, Chast' 2 (1933-1937) / Pod red. A.A. Kol'tyukova; Sost. T.V. Sorokina i dr.-M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo TERRA», 2011. 944 s.
Simonov N.S. Voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks SSSR v 1920-1950-e gg.: tempy ekonomicheskogo rosta, struktura, organizatsiya proizvodstva i upravlenie. M.: «Rossiyskaya politichesk

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the "Periplus of the Baltic Sea", a text by Laskaris Kananos, who was the first Byzantine to travel to the countries of Northern Europe and who left a brief description of his trip. From the end of the 19th century, when this text was discovered and published, and up to today scientists dispute the time of its creation. There are several variants of the dating of this text in historiography, the most recognized of which is 1438-1439, the beginning of the Ferrara-Florence council. The article examines in detail all existing hypotheses, each of which has its drawbacks. The author sets as his goal the establishment of a new, supported by the source itself, dating of the "Periplus of the Baltic Sea". The main scientific method of this article is to compare the information contained in the text with the historical realities of the Baltic countries during the 15th century with the perceptions of the Byzantine contemporaries of this region. By identifying the similarities and differences, the author determined the degree of originality of the message of the Byzantine traveler and the approximate period to which it corresponds. The main contribution of the author to the study of this topic is the establishment of a new dating of the text of Laskaris Kananos. The most probable time for a Byzantine to have traveled to the Baltic countries is 1442-1448 or 1457-1466. Given the approximate time required to return from the trip and to write the essay, the source can be finally dated to the 1440s-early 1450s or 1460s.

Keywords: Laonikos Chalkokondyles, Gemistus Pletho, Claudius Ptolemy, periplus, medieval geography, Baltics, Scandinavia, Byzantium, John Kananos, Laskaris Kananos

References:
Laonikos Chalkokondyles. The Histories / ed. by A. Kaldellis. 2 vol. Cambridge; London: Harvard University Press, 2014. 537 p.
Vasil'ev A.A. Slavyane v Gretsii // Vizantiyskiy Vremennik. 1898. Vyp. 4 (5). S. 404–438.
Charanis P. On the Slavic settlement in the Peloponnesus // Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 1953. Bd. 46. S. 91–103.
Karayannopoulos J. Zur Frage der Slavenansiedlungen auf dem Peloponnes // Revue des Études Sud–Est Européennes. 1971. Vol. 9. P. 443–460.
Malingoudis Ph. Studien zu den slavischen Ortsnamen Griechenlands. 1. Die slavischen Flurnamen der messenischen Mani. Mainz; Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1981. 288 S.
Μακρής Γ. Σλάβοι στη Βαλτική και Ζυγιώτες στην Πελοπόννησο. Επαναξιολ

Abstract: The article addresses the little-known aspects of Soviet-Vietnamese relations and the biography of Ho Chi Minh. The subject of this study is the direction of the foreign policy of the military-political leadership of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the period from 1945-1950. With the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh and his associates came to power in Vietnam. The choice of foreign policy direction was not as straightforward for the Vietnamese leadership as Soviet historiography has claimed. With the help of new sources, such as the "Pentagon Documents", documents from the archive of the CIA, as well as Russian archives, it has become possible to study the formative process of the foreign policy direction of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the process of choosing an ally for this state. The author dedicates considerable attention to Ho Chi Minh's cooperation with US intelligence agents as a little-known episode, especially in Russian historiography. In the course of researching this topic, the author used the historical-genetic method, the principles of historicism and objectivity. In addition to the above-named principles, the approach from the positions of Hans Morgenthau's political realism and Kenneth Waltz's neo-realism was also applied. Vietnam, like any other state, sought to realize its national interests, but under the conditions of the beginning of the Cold War and the formation of a "bipolar world", this aspiration depended on the general structure of the global balance of power. Having analyzed the new array of sources, the author comes to the conclusion that under certain conditions, Vietnam could have followed the capitalist path of development, thus becoming a neutral state or even an ally of the United States.

Keywords: South-Eastern Asia, Communist International, H. Truman, Viet Minh, "Pentagon Documents", August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh, Office of Strategic Services, First Indochina War, Soviet-Vietnamese relations

References:
Erofeev N. A. Zakat Britanskoy imperii. M., Mysl', 1967. 277 s.
Pechatnov V. O., Mynykin A.S. Istoriya vneshney politiki SShA. M., Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 2012. 672 s.
Schlesinger A. The bitter heritage. L., Deutsch, 1967. 127 r.
Tegeran-Yalta-Potsdam. Sbornik dokumentov [trekh konferentsiy stran antigitlerovskoy koalitsii]. M., Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 1970. 295 s.
Prados J. Vietnam. The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945-1975. Lawrence, Kan., Univ. press of Kansas, cop. 2009. 665 r.
Pentagon Papers [Part I] Vietnam and the U.S., 1940-1950. // [Elektronnyy resurs] – URL: https://nara-media-001.s3.amazonaws.com/arcmedia/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-I.pdf (data obrashcheniya 24.08.2017)
Divil'kovskiy S. I., Ognetov I.A. Put' k pobede. Ocherk bor'by za nats. nezavisimost', edinstvo, mir i sotsializm vo V'etname (1945-1976), M., Politizdat, 1978. 278 s.
Mikheev Yu. Ya. Amerikantsy v Indokitae. Kritika protivopravnoy doktriny i politiki SShA. M., Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 1972. 477 s.
Fenn C. Ho Chi

Abstract: The subject of this article is the entity of the relations that existed between the main ethnic groups (primarily Belarusians and Poles) on the territory of the Bialystok region of the BSSR, most of which was transferred to postwar Poland by the Soviet Union. The chronological frame of the study is the period from the time of the end of the German occupation up to the peak of the Polish nationalist underground activities in the region (1944-1950). The choice of the postwar period makes it possible to analyze the interethnic relations in all their acuteness, as characteristic of a period of unstable borders, crises caused by ethnic and ideological conflicts, and weakness of the authorities under the conditions of restoring a peaceful life after the cruelest wartime turmoil. Within the framework of this research based on archival evidence, the author analyzes such key phenomena for the understanding of the Polish-Belarusian relations as the policy of the Polish armed anti-Soviet underground against the Belarusian population and the reaction of Belarusians and Poles to the postwar settlement of the region in the context of the establishment of the socialist system. The conclusions presented by the author indicate that the political and interethnic conflicts in the post-war years were closely intertwined on the territory of Western Belarus. The article demonstrates their influence on the principles of coexistence of the two main national communities in the region. Their tracks are still making themselves felt today, materializing in the form of ethno-confessional ideological notions, which to this day echo in Polish regions tightly inhabited by Belarusians.

Keywords: Belarus, Poland, history of the USSR, sovietization, World War II, ideological conflict, nationalism, interethnic relations, terror, armed anti-soviet underground

References:
Maksіmyuk Ya. Zaboystva furmanaў u lyutym 1946 g. // Chas tryvogі і nadzeі. Shtodzennae zhytstse belarusaў Belastochchyny ў paslyavaenny peryyad (1944-1956),-Belastok: Pragramnaya Rada Tydnevіka Belarusaў u Pol'shchy Nіva, 2007.-C. 290-343.
Lukashuk V. Utsyachy ad smertsі (zap. M. Vaўranyuk) // Chas tryvogі і nadzeі. Shtodzennae zhytstse belarusaў Belastochchyny ў paslyavaenny peryyad (1944-1956),-Belastok: Pragramnaya Rada Tydnevіka Belarusaў u Pol'shchy Nіva, 2007.-C. 32-56.
Belarusy і pol'ska-belaruskіya adnosіny na Belastochchyne 1944–1956, t. І, ch. 2: yanvar'-fevral' 1946, Belastok 1998, s. 41-42, 43-44.
Taras A. Kratkiy kurs istorii Belarusi IX-XXI vv.-Minsk : Kharvest, 2013.-544 s.
Informacja o ustaleniach końcowych śledztwa s 28/02/zi w sprawie pozbawienia życia 79 osób-mieszkańców powiatu Bielsk Podlaski w tym 30 osób tzw. furmanów w lesie koło puchał starych, dokonanych w okresie od dnia 29 stycznia 1946r. do dnia 2 lutego 1946-komunikaty // Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.-U

Abstract: At the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries Yugoslavia disintegrated, ending with Montenegro’s proclamation of independence. The author of this article demonstrates the role of outside international actors in the detachment of Montenegro. The United States supported the establishment of the Belgrade agreement, developed with the active participation of the European Union, and the adoption on its basis of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, which provided for the possibility of holding a referendum after three years on the withdrawal of one of the republics from the state community. Having taken part in the preparation of the referendum and renouncing the right cemented in the Belgrade Agreement to regulate disputes between Belgrade and Podgorica in the economic sphere, the European Union effectively contributed to the secession of Montenegro. The author convincingly argues with critics who do not see the guilt of the European Union in taking responsibility for the region but not wishing to take real steps to preserve the unified union state of Serbia and Montenegro. The author examines the issues from the positions of universal, general and global history, applying the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, and using the historical and logical methods. The author comes to the conclusion that in the 2000s the United States and the European Union played an important role in resolving the internal political issues of the states in the post-Yugoslavia space (including monitoring the change in the Yugoslavian constitution and the transformation of one state (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) into another (Serbia and Montenegro), and the regulation of the rules for conducting a referendum on the independence of Montenegro), which is unacceptable from the standpoint of respecting the principles sovereignty, freedom and democracy. The results of this research are not only new but can also be of practical use both in scientific research and in the activity of political forces.

Keywords: external intervention, independence referendum, E.U. foreign policy, U.S. foreign policy, Milo Djukanovic, Javier Solana, Venice Commission, Montenegro, Serbia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References:
Nikolic O. Constitutional chapter of Serbia Montenegro // Constitution. Lex superior /ed. by S. Djordjevic. — Belgrade : Udruženje za ustavno pravo Srbije, 2004. — XL, 745 p.
Braniff M. Integrating the Balkans: Conflict Resolution and the Impact of EU Expansion. — London, New York : IB Tauris, 2011. — 224 p.
The implementation of the March agreement and progress towards the EU go hand in hand. — S0093/02 / J. Solana; EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy. BLIC (Belgrade) VJESTI (Podgorica). 16 May 2002. — 2 p. — Rezhim dostupa: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/articles/70551.pdf
Ryabikin S. Dzhordzh Bush podderzhivaet belgradskoe soglashenie o pereustroystve otnosheniy mezhdu Serbiey i Chernogoriey v ramkakh edinogo gosudarstva // RIA Novosti. 05.06.2002. — Rezhim dostupa: https://ria.ru/politics/20020605/166920.html.
Trbovich A. S. A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. — Oxford : Oxford, University Press, 2008. — XIV, 522 p.
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