ARTICLES of rubric«Social history»

Zotova O.V., Tuguzhekova V.N. — National schools of the Khakass Autonomous Region in 1946-1964 (š5, 2023)
Burdina D.A. — Involvement of the population of the USSR in providing assistance to families with children during the Great Patriotic War (on the example of the Baikal region) (š4, 2023)
Vasil'ev M.A. — Organization of educational and patriotic work with cadets of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1970. (š1, 2023)
Bulatov I.A. — The Romanov Dynasty and Youth Movements in the Russian Empire and Emigration of the "First Wave" (š1, 2023)
Aktamov I.G., Bodoev A.V. — Training of personnel for the healthcare sector at the initial stage of development of the People's Republic of China (1949-1960) (š6, 2022)
Kirillov A.K., Sorokin M.D. — Income, Housing and Inequality in Barnaul and Tomsk in the early 1910s. Based on the Materials of the Presence on the Apartment Tax (š6, 2022)
Tatarnikova A.I. — Rural Settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets National Districts in the 1930s: Location, Density, Economic and Socio-Cultural Development (š6, 2022)
Dudkina M.P. — Solving the Problem of the Provision of Medical Personnel in the Cities of Western Siberia in the Context of the Reform of the Organization of the Healthcare System (1946-1960) (š5, 2022)
Burdina D.A. — Solving the Problems of Childhood Neglect and Homelessness through the social Policy of the USSR 1936-1953 (based on the materials of the Baikal region) (š4, 2022)
Soblirova Z.K., Kumakhova Z.K., Tamazov M.S. — The problem of engaging the women of Kabardino-Balkaria inti industrial manufacturing in the 1920s 1930s (š1, 2022)
Levandovskii A.N. — "Crime and punishment": Sakhalin penal servitude in the perception of criminal offenders (mid-XIXâearly XX Century) (š1, 2022)
Nomogoeva V.V., Shoidonova A.M. — Establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (19201930) (š6, 2021)
Ubeeva O. — Demographic situation in the Buryat section of the BaikalAmur Mainline at the turn of the XXXXI centuries (š4, 2021)
Shchinova A.K. — Comparative analysis of the results of censuses of Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw in the 1880s in the context of studying women's employment (š3, 2021)
Ivanova L.B. — The history of formation of the foundations of higher education in Buryatia (š3, 2021)
Ponomareva V.V. — Women's Institutes in Imperial Russia in the wording of the normative documents (1764 early XX century): terms, typology, dates (š3, 2021)
Ovcharenko A.O. — The development of the system of higher education for women in the United States (the second half of the XIX century) (š2, 2021)
Shilnikova I. — Food insecurity and commotion of workers in Russia during the World War I (July 1914 February 1917) (š1, 2021)
Semenova E.N. — Medical care for children in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. (š6, 2020)
Demidova Y. — Collectivism and individualism in patrimonial estate communities on the example of two ecological settlements in Central Russia (š5, 2020)
Shilnikova I. — Salary of the employees of textile industry of Yaroslavl Governorate in the early XX century (š5, 2020)
Ovcharenko A.O. — The peculiarities of women's socialization in the United States (turn of the XIX XX centuries) (š5, 2020)
Bukalova S.V. — Labor assistance to the families of soldiers of the Central Black Earth region during the World War I (š5, 2020)
Zhilina E.V. — Reform of the New Yorks public health system in the context of rapid urban development (turn of the XIX XX centuries) (š4, 2020)
Kostyleva A. — Socioeconomic factors of the instances of crime among new immigration in the United States (late XIX early XX centuries) (š4, 2020)
Baibakov S.A. — Behind the scenes of the only session of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War (March 1944) (š3, 2020)
Yakupova D.V., Yakupov R.A. — The Supply Crisis in the USSR in the Early 1970s: Mass Consciousness and Government Reaction (š2, 2020)
Tkhamokova I.K. — Terek Service and "Free" Cossacks at the End of the 16th - 17th Centuries: Particularities of their Social Status (š6, 2019)
Zinyakov N.M. — Urban Craft and Organizational Forms of Artisan Guilds in the Basin of Syr Darya and Semirechye in the Middle Ages (š6, 2019)
Soboleva A.N. — Pre-Conscript Youth Training in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1923-1941 (š5, 2019)
Kryukova G.M. — The Fight Against Childhood Morbidity During the Great Patriotic War (Based on Sources from the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) (š5, 2019)
Aletkina E.Y. — The Development of the Housing Sector of the "Tatneft" Production Association in the 1950s - 1980s: a Difficult Experience in Problem Solving (š4, 2019)
Soloshchenko N. — Mass Publications as a Source for Studying the Process of Forming a New Man in the Soviet Industry of the First Five-Year Plans (š3, 2019)
Shilnikova I. — Take Measures to Provide Skilled Workers with Land: the Paradoxes of Labor Motivation and Conflicts in the Mining Enterprises of Donbass in the First Half of the 1920s (š3, 2019)
Pozdnyakova A.S., Vychugzhanina E. — The Organization of the Fight Against the Typhus Epidemic in Vyatka in 1918-1920 (š6, 2018)
Seleznev A.V. — The Forms and Scope of the Educational Activities of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Organization the "Znanie" Society in 1947-1992 (š6, 2018)
Perviy A.I. — The Normative Aspect of the Labor Unions' Work in Labor Protection and the Perestroika Policy of the USSR (š5, 2018)
Oguzova D.A. — The Features of the Condition of the Adygeyan Peasantry in the Second Half of the 18th - First Half of the 19th Centuries (š3, 2018)
Zharova E. — Regulation of Student Courses in Universities of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th Beginning of the 20th Centuries (š1, 2018)
Dzagurova N.K., Dzagurova N.K. — The Involvement of Women of Northern Ossetia in Industrial Production in 1925-1937 (š6, 2017)
Medvedeva T.A. — The Specifics Behind the Creation and Activity of the Volost Zemstvo in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate During the Period of FebruaryOctober 1917 (š3, 2017)
Kattsina T.A. — Gosudarstvennaya politika i opyt mestnykh vlastei Vostochnoi Sibiri v organizatsii pomoshchi soldatskim sem'yam (avgust 1914 - oktyabr' 1917) (š6, 2016)
Koltashev A.N. — The Tendencies in Cultural Constructions in Gornyi Altai in the 1920s-1930s (š5, 2016)
Likhodey E.M. — The Program Children of Russia in 19901995: Towards a History of the Formation of a New Direction in Russian Policy in the Sphere of Childhood (š5, 2016)
Khodin S.N. — Transformational Processes in Belarusian Villages at the Turn of the 1920s1930s (š5, 2016)
Kezhutin A.N. — Teaching and the Question of Russias Alcoholization at the Turn of the 19th20th Centuries (Based on the Material from All-Russian Pedagogical Congresses) (š5, 2016)
Ornatskaya T.A. — Personnel Policy within Law Enforcement Agencies (case study: Soviet Police in the Far East, 1920s1930s) (š4, 2016)
Gularyan A.B. — The Participation of the Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) Agencies in the Dekulakisation of the Omsk Region in Western Siberia (š2, 2016)
Chigireva E.M. — The Impoverishment of the Nobility at the End of the 19th Beginning of the 20th Centuries (on the Example of the Voronezh Governorate) (š2, 2016)
Khodin S.N. — Agrarian reforms in the context of the traditions of the Belarus village: comparative aspects (first quarter of the 20th century) (š6, 2015)
Shil'nikova I.V. — As they have been oppressing workers, so they will continue to oppress: the causes of conflict in Soviet enterprises during the years of the New Economic Policy (š6, 2015)
Suslova E.D. — Voznesensky Svirsky female coenobitic monastery: the communitys daily life during the first third of the 18th century (š5, 2015)
Okonova L.V. — The Kalmyk Demographic Records in the Russian Empire: Evolution and Transformation (š4, 2015)
Sysoeva E.K. — Public Schools and Zemstvo in Russia. Second half of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries (š4, 2015)
Koshman L.V. — Government and Town: Towards the Question of Community Organisation in Russian Towns. End of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries (š4, 2015)
Vyrupaeva A.P. — A stranger among his own: early Weimar as seen by the old middle class (19181919) (š3, 2015)
Mironov B.N. — The standard of living of the Russian Orthodox parish clergy in Imperial Russia (š1, 2015)
Kornilova O.V. — A glorious road the Chekists are building: the construction of the MoscowMinsk highway in 1936 (š6, 2014)
Kulakova I.P. — Nunneries and society in Imperial Russia: the Moscow Strastnoy monastery during the 18th19th centuries (š6, 2014)
Zakharchenko A.V. — The GULAG labour resources at the great constructions of communism in 19481953: the mobilisation capacities of a system or the deadlock of a camp economy? (š5, 2014)
Kornilova O.V. — GULAG prisoners of the second half of the 1930s: contingent of the Vyazem camp according to the articles of conviction and imprisonment terms (š5, 2014)
Chagadaeva O.A. — The Social and economic consequences of the Russian anti-alcohol campaign during World War I (š4, 2014)
Akulenko I.V. — Honorary citizenship in the Russian Empire (š4, 2014)
A. A. Ilyukhov — The Lord of the World Will Be Labor. The Theory and Practice of Labor Organization in the Soviet Government during the First Decade of Soviet Power (š1, 2014)
A. V. Novikov — The Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike of 1905: new study perspectives (š6, 2013)
M. A. Davydov — Agrarian Reform of P. A. Stolypin: Numbers and People (š5, 2013)
Yang Zhe — History of the Trade Unions of the USSR and Russia in the works of Russian and Chinese historians (š4, 2013)
Fadeev L. A. — Education programs for workers of mechanical engineering enterprises during the first five-year plans: structure, challenges and ways to overcome them (š3, 2013)
E.V. Belokurov — Food campaign of 19011902: outcome and implications (š2, 2013)
Belokurov E.V. — Food Campaign of the 19011902: a bad harvest of the 1901 and governmental measures for overcoming it (š1, 2013)
Belokurov E.V. — Food Campaign in the of the 19011902: to the question of organization of the food industry in Russia in the late XVIII beginning of the XX century (š6, 2012)
Bugay N.F. — The Cossacks of Russia: from rejection to acceptance a century-long way (š4, 2012)
Talina G.V. — Evolution of title-vicegerent system in the second half of the XVII early XVIII century (š2, 2012)
Bezgin V.B. — Suicides of peasants in the Russian village in the late XIX early XX century (š1, 2012)
Gaysina A.V. — The activities of the Orenburg order of public assistane (š5, 2011)
Zaytseva A. A. — Bourgeoisie of Bogorodsk and the All Russian Conventions of bourgeois society of 1917: in search of social adaptation (š4, 2011)
Kurenysheva E. P. — The experience of Stolypins reform in evaluations the peasants during NEP period (š2, 2011)

Contents details

Reference:

Zotova O.V., Tuguzhekova V.N.. National schools of the Khakass Autonomous Region in 1946-1964 // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 5. – P. 50-56.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The object of this study is the system of national education in the Khakass Autonomous Region in 1946-1964. Special attention in this study is paid to such elements of the national education system as the development of a network of educational institutions, methodological and logistical support of the educational process, as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the personnel. The author also examines the influence of geographical and demographic features of the region on the dynamics of national schools, and also draws attention to the consequences of the educational reform of 1958 in the field of teaching in the native language and the study of Khakass as a native language. The author analyzes the reasons for the gradual reduction in the number of national schools, and also notes the problems that hindered the development of the national education system in the Khakass Autonomous Region. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time the materials of the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are introduced into scientific circulation, as well as a comprehensive study of the problems of national education in the post-war period is carried out.
The author comes to the conclusion that the reduction in the number of national schools, as well as the reduction in the number of students who studied in the Khakass language and studied their native language, was due to a whole complex of factors, including: administrative, logistical, personnel.

Keywords: educational policy, material and technical base, teaching staff, post-war period, school reform, Khakass language, the system of national schools, Khakass Autonomous Region, public education, school system

References:
Tinikova E.E., & Troshkina I.N. (2016). Ôîđěčđîâŕíčĺ íŕńĺëĺíč˙ Őŕęŕńńęî-Ěčíóńčíńęîăî ęđŕ˙ â ŐŐ – íŕ÷ŕëĺ XXI âĺęŕ [Formation of population of the Khakass-Minusinsk region in the XX – at the beginning of the XXI century]. Manuscript, 7–1(69), 175-182.
State Government Institution of the Republic of Khakassia "National Archive". F. P-46. O. 1 D.495.
State Government Institution of the Republic of Khakassia "National Archive". F. P-229. O. 1 D. 37.
State Government Institution of the Republic of Khakassia "National Archive". F. P-46. O. 1 D. 532.
State Government Institution of the Republic of Khakassia "National Archive". F. P-46. O. 1 D. 62-A.
State archive of the Krasnoyarsk region. F. R–1383. Op. 1. D. 727.
Mankovskaia, O.V. (2021). Ęŕäđîâűé âîďđîń â ńčńňĺěĺ íŕđîäíîăî îáđŕçîâŕíč˙ â Őŕęŕńčč â 1946–1964 ăă. [Personnel issue in the public education system

Reference:

Burdina D.A.. Involvement of the population of the USSR in providing assistance to families with children during the Great Patriotic War (on the example of the Baikal region) // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 4. – P. 44-53.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The article discusses the issues of organizing assistance to Soviet families during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). In wartime conditions, accompanied by economic instability for the state, families with children, including military families, were in a difficult situation. Taking care of the Soviet family and the younger generation became the basis of the course of social policy, but the state could not always provide targeted assistance in time. That is why an important element of the organization of conditions for a stable situation of the population has become the involvement of collective farms, industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as individuals to assist families with children. The scientific novelty of the article consists in attracting a wide range of sources from the archives of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region. Analysis of the documents showed that during the Great Patriotic War, the population helped those in need in various forms. In difficult times, the people acted unanimously and created various aid organizations: red Cross societies, charitable foundations, maternity and childhood committees. The population also helped those in need by accepting orphans, evacuated citizens and refugees for temporary residence. The enterprises did not stand aside. For the Baikal region, these measures were as important as for the rest of the USSR.

Keywords: Republic of Buryatia, rear, helping families, The Great Patriotic War, childhood, soviet family, Baikal region, Irkutsk region, support measures, USSR

References:
State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia (GARB). F.1-P. Op. 1. D. 4116. L. 50.
GARB. F. 36-P. Op. 1. D. 1967a. L. 23.
Documentation Center of the Modern History of the State Archive of the Irkutsk region. F.127. Op.1. D.636. L.43.
GARB. F.2-P. Op.1. D.1997. L.181.
GARB. F. 1-P. Op. 1. D. 1997. L.L. 160-161.
GARB. F. 2-P. Op. 2. d. 1104. l. 103.
GARB. F. R-475. Op. 6. D. 390. L. 49.
GARB. F. 1-P. Op. 1. D. 1997. L.L. 160-161.
Buryatia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 : Collection of documents, comments / Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Buryatia, State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Republic of Buryatia "State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia". Volume Part 2. Irkutsk : Limited Liability Company "Ottisk Publishing House", 2020. 216 p.
Tsyretarova, B. B. Social policy in Buryatia during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). Ulan-Ude : Publishing House of the BSSA named after V. R. Filippov, 2010. p. 45.
Goncharov, G. A. Social policy in 1941-194

Reference:

Vasil'ev M.A.. Organization of educational and patriotic work with cadets of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1970. // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 1. – P. 28-36.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of the research is the peculiarities of educational and patriotic work with cadets of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1970. A brief analysis of the development and transformation of this type of educational activity is given on the example of the work of structural training units of a fire school. The role and list of staff of the command and teaching staff who carried out educational and patriotic work with cadets during the activity of the educational institution are indicated. The research methodology includes a concrete historical approach (M.V. Astakhov, I.D. Kovalchenko, V.F. Kolomiytsev, A.P. Pronstein, etc.), as well as generalization, comparison, synthesis, classification, specification; analysis of archival documents, legislation and scientific literature; retrospective analysis; method of historical analogies. The novelty of this scientific article lies in the fact that during the scientific research, historical sources, archival data describing in detail the history of the formation and development of educational and patriotic work in the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR have been identified and summarized. The conducted research is of interest to a wide range of readers, since the study of educational-patriotic, educational-pedagogical, structural-organizational and service activities in educational institutions of fire protection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR is a very important component in the study of the formation and development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR on the territory of the Baikal region in the 20th century.

Keywords: moral qualities, fire community, historical approach, educational activities, training of specialists, educational institution, emergency situation, patriotic education, educational work, fire education

References:
Agapitov M.N. IPTU 25 memorable years. Irkutsk. Publishing house: Operational printing house "On Chekhov", 2003. 129 p.
Agapitov M.N. Final stop, pages of history (memoirs). Irkutsk. Publishing house: Operational printing house "On Chekhov", 2013. 39 p.
Agapitov M.N., Chashchin S.N. Firefighting in the history of development and development of Eastern Siberia (1661-1950). Irkutsk. Publishing house: Operational printing house "On Chekhov", 2006. 504 p.
Astakhov M.V. Fundamentals of a systematic understanding of the historical process. Samara. Publishing house: Samara State University, 2009. 172 p.
Vasiliev M.A. Formation of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs: historical and pedagogical retrospective // Modern education. Moscow. Publishing house: "Nota Bene" 2020. No. 1. pp. 1-7.
Derevskov M.A. Memorable and fiery: to the 30th anniversary of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School and to the 5th anniversary of the Irkutsk Higher School // Bulletin of the

Reference:

Bulatov I.A.. The Romanov Dynasty and Youth Movements in the Russian Empire and Emigration of the "First Wave" // History magazine - researches. – 2023. – š 1. – P. 118-125.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of the study is the influence of the Romanov family on the formation, development and ideology of Russian extracurricular organizations in the first half of the XX century. The author also examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the symbolic significance of the Romanovs' membership in children's associations and the role of the institution of patronage of organizations in preserving imperial traditions in the emigration of the "first wave". The connection of the Grand Dukes with the youth movements of the Union of Musketeers and the Order of Crusaders, which were active in the second half of the 1920s - early 1930s in Harbin and in the exclusion zone of the ChineseEastern Railway, is also considered. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the broad formulation of the question: 5 organizations have been considered for 3 decades. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that the ruling dynasty had a great influence on the emergence of children's and youth organizations in the Russian Empire. Their creation began with the initiative of Nicholas II in 1908 . Subsequently, for many decades, members of the Romanov family were patrons and participants of various Russian children's movements. Many of these movements, in turn, have made monarchism an important component of their ideology. In addition to Nicholas II, before the revolution, the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna provided assistance in the development of the scout movement, the heir to the throne was an honorary scout, and his second cousin Georgy Konstantinovich was no longer an honorary, but a real scout of the Tsarskoye Selo detachment.

Keywords: Order of the crusaders, the musketeers, youth education, NORS, NORR, scouts, Pantyukhov, Nicholas II, Romanovs, poteshnye

References:
(1934). 10-th anniversary of the Union of Musketeers // Our way. No. 29 (115). p. 6.
(1916). Be prepared! Moscow: Moscow Society for the promotion of the organization of "young scouts" (Russian Scout).
Bulatov, I.A. (2021). National Organization of Russian Pathfinders: a brief history // Genesis: Historical Research. š 2. Ń. 8 - 17. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2021.2.35110 URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35110
Bulatov, I.A. (2012). Oleg Ivanovich Pantyukhov Senior Russian Scout. Moscow.
GARF. F. R-6083. Op. 1. D. 11.
GARF. F. R-9145. Op. 1. D. 238.
GAHK. F. R-830. Op. 3. D. 4243.
GAHK. F. R-831. Op. 2. D. 36.
Gefner, O.V. (2010). Military and patriotic education of youth at the beginning of the XX century: "potesnnye" movement in the cities of Western Siberia // Bulletin of Omsk University. No. 2. pp. 162-172.
Dobuzhinsky, R. (1955). History of the French department // Experience. No. 19. pp. 27-30.
Klimovich, L.V. (2015). Union of Mladorossi and t

Reference:

Aktamov I.G., Bodoev A.V.. Training of personnel for the healthcare sector at the initial stage of development of the People's Republic of China (1949-1960) // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 6. – P. 24-31.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of issues of cooperation between the USSR and the PRC in the field of personnel training for the healthcare sector in the 1949-1960-ies. Based on the analysis of archival data, sources and literature on this topic, the authors came to the conclusion that after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries in 1949, intensive interaction began in various sectors of the economy and public life. The research focuses on the features of building the healthcare system as a whole, as well as training personnel for this area at the initial stage of development of the Chinese state and its healthcare system. It is revealed that despite the short historical period of active cooperation, China, with the help of the USSR, was able to integrate the Soviet model into the national health system, which allowed solving one of the acute social problems in the specified historical period. In addition, the Soviet model of public health made it possible to deal in a timely manner with the threats of the spread of diseases, including those of a mass nature, up to the present time. The authors concluded that the development of cooperation in the field of healthcare between our countries can be divided into five main stages. The period 1949-1960 is the most effective, since it was at this time that comprehensive assistance was provided by the USSR.

Keywords: education, scientific exchanges, cooperation, PR China, USSR, healthcare sector, training personnel, doctors, experts, consultation

References:
Sotnikova I.N. Domestic historiography about Soviet assistance to the People's Republic of China in 1949-1960. // Domestic historiography of the PRC: some directions / ed. N.L. Mamaeva and I.N. Sotnikova; Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences.-Moscow: Eastern Literature, 2015. pp. 47-73.
Cooperation between the USSR and China in the field of medicine and healthcare in the 1940s-1950s. // Friendship Forever: Essays on the History of Cooperation between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (1949-1960) // Moscow: "Research Institute of History, Economics and Law", 2018. pp. 153-172.
Mamaeva N.L., Sotnikova I.N., Verchenko A.L. Participation of the USSR in the reconstruction and construction of "156 production facilities" in the PRC in the 1950s. New facts and circumstances of Soviet-Chinese cooperation. Moscow: Ves Mir, 2018. 608 p.
Nagornykh O.S., Shok N.P. The business trips of the Soviet doctors to the PR China in the 1950s1960s: implementation of cooperation

Reference:

Kirillov A.K., Sorokin M.D.. Income, Housing and Inequality in Barnaul and Tomsk in the early 1910s. Based on the Materials of the Presence on the Apartment Tax // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 6. – P. 69-77.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of the study is the degree of severity of stratification of the urban population in prerevolutionary Russia. The authors set the task to calculate the decile coefficient and identify other indicators useful for understanding the degree of inequality among the citizens of two large Western Siberian cities of the early XX century. For this purpose, rarely used sources are taken, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The advantageous difference between apartment tax documents is that they allow you to estimate the income of citizens for the period when there was no income tax in Russia yet. The advantage of the "Statements of homeowners on apartment tax" in comparison with other sources on this tax is that they contain information not only about rich citizens (tax payers), but also about those who were exempt from tax due to poverty. The authors conclude that the decile coefficient indicators in two large Western Siberian cities work rather in favor of the pessimistic tradition that considers inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia to be high. The difference between Tomsk and Barnaul was revealed by the following characteristics: the gap in apartment prices between homeowners and tenants ("housing scissors"), the share of tenants among citizens, the share of householders living "on the settlement" with tenants. These differences are associated with a higher level of development of the rental housing market in Tomsk, which can be explained by its greater attractiveness as an economic, cultural and administrative center. The authors consider it useful to study living standards as one of the ways to study inequality.

Keywords: tax offices, house rent, flat tax, tax history, Siberian studies, living standard, inequality, economic history, late imperial Russia, tax inspectors

References:
Borodkin L. I. Income inequality in Russia in the 19th early 20th centuries: a comparative analysis of historiographical assessments. Historical Challenges and Economic Development of Russia: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation. Ekaterinburg, 2019, 1924.
Borodkin L.I., Valetov T.Ya. Measuring and modeling the dynamics of wage inequality of industrial workers in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Computer and economic history. Barnaul: Altai State university, 1997, 832.
Verinchuk K.D. Differentiation of wages of industrial workers in Russia during the First World War. Economic history. Yearbook. 2014/15. M: IRI RAN, 2016, 251290.
Vitte S.Yu. Selected works and documentary materials. Vol. 2: Taxes, budget and state debt of Russia. Book. 1. M: Nauka, 2003. 655 p.
Didenko D.V. Secular trends in income inequality in Russia: a comparative analysis of statistical dynamics. Urals Historical Bulletin, š 1(74), 2022, 615. doi: 10.30759/17

Reference:

Tatarnikova A.I.. Rural Settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets National Districts in the 1930s: Location, Density, Economic and Socio-Cultural Development // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 6. – P. 89-101.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The paper characterizes the location, density (density), economic and socio-cultural development of the network of rural settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets national districts according to data for 1935-1936. The subject of the study is the rural settlement network of the named districts, the object is the location, density of the settlement network, its industrial, economic and socio-cultural infrastructure. In the study, statistical data collected by the Omsk Regional Department of National Economic Accounting (OBLUNKHU) were used as the main source Gosplan of the USSR on key indicators of economic and cultural development of the administrative-territorial units of the region, including the districts of North-Western Siberia. The dependence of the density of the settlement network on the natural and climatic zone, the peculiarities of the management of the local population is shown. The territories of sparse and relatively dense settlement within the boundaries of the national districts under consideration are determined, indicators of economic and socio-cultural development of settlements are presented. As results of the study author presents the conclusions about the dispersion of settlement in the polar tundra zone, the presence of territorial concentrations of rural settlements in the forest tundra and taiga zones not around administrative and economic centers, but along important transport arteries, the role of which in the north of Western Siberia was mainly performed by rivers. The predominance of the simplest industrial associations as the most common form of collective farms in the region is noted, positive changes in the development of the socio-cultural infrastructure of rural settlements of the region are recorded.

Keywords: trading points, infrastructure, collective farms, territorial concentration of settlements, settling, district, density of settlements, national district, rural settlement network, school

References:
Aksarin, V.V. (2022). The network of settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul National District in the 1930s: number and typology. Genesis: Historical Studies, 10. Pp. 7181. doi: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.10.3904
Alekseeva, L.V. The beginning of collectivization in the North of Western Siberia. URL: https://libmonster.ru/m/articles/view
Alekseeva, L.V. (2011).Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug in the first decade of its history (December 1930 June 1941): monograph. Nizhnevartovsk: Publishing House of Nizhnevartovsk humanitarian university, 2011. 245 p.
Eremeeva, O.I. (2002). Development of the culture of the peoples of North-Western Siberia at the end of the XIX first third of the XX centuries. Omsk, 27 p.
The history of the Yamal North in essays and documents (2012). In 2 vols. / Edited by V.N. Gritsenko. Vol. 1. Tyumen: Tyumen press house, 311 p.
Kazakova, N.S. (2009). About the work of schools for the elimination of illiteracy and low literacy in the Ostyako-Vogul (Khanty-Mansiysk) National Dist

Reference:

Dudkina M.P.. Solving the Problem of the Provision of Medical Personnel in the Cities of Western Siberia in the Context of the Reform of the Organization of the Healthcare System (1946-1960) // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 5. – P. 97-108.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: In the pre-war period, an active industrial and, as a consequence, demographic growth began in Western Siberia, which continued during the Great Patriotic War. In the same years, there was a steady trend of the social sphere lagging behind the growth of industry, one of the aspects of which was the shortage of qualified personnel in healthcare, the study of the causes and ways of filling which in the post-war fifteenth anniversary is the subject of this article. Solving the problem of personnel shortage, the state used extensive and intensive tools, combining them with each other. If in the first post-war years the emphasis was placed on the quantitative increase in the physical number of medical personnel, then in the late 1940s early 1950s, the state, within the framework of the undertaken administrative reform, made an attempt to fundamentally change approaches to the organization of work of physicians, changing the order of medical care to the population due to a more optimal use of existing resources. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the flexible innovative policy of the state to solve the personnel problem has significantly mitigated, although not completely eliminated, the shortage of personnel in urban medical institutions in Western Siberia. Unfortunately, the problem of personnel shortage in healthcare in its regional context during the specified time period did not find special coverage in the scientific literature, so the basis for the study was a layer of published and unpublished static data analyzed using general scientific and private scientific methods. Despite the fact that in the early 1970s it was decided to abandon the new model of urban healthcare, the historical experience accumulated during that period is of interest and has not lost its relevance in modern conditions of "optimization" of healthcare.

Keywords: secondary medical personnel, doctors, the coefficient of concurrency, personnel problem, administrative reform of healthcare, medical personnel, medical institutions, the medicine, healthcare, Western Siberia

References:
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 5504.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 5547.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 5553.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 5557.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 7167.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 7205.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 47. D. 8567.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 50. d. 1163.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 50. D. 2270.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 50. D. 3448.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482. Op. 50. D. 7205.
State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 482 Op. 50. D. 7206.
Russian State Archive of Economics. F. 1562. Op. 18. D. 43.
Russian State Archive of Economics. F. 1562. Op. 18. D. 407.
Russian State Archive of Economics. F. 1562. Op. 18. D.

Reference:

Burdina D.A.. Solving the Problems of Childhood Neglect and Homelessness through the social Policy of the USSR 1936-1953 (based on the materials of the Baikal region) // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 4. – P. 39-48.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of one of the urgent problems of childhood - neglect and homelessness. The object of the study is the social policy of the USSR in 1930-1950, within the framework of which the Soviet authorities had to solve this problem and ensure the preservation of the younger generation. The subject of the study is the process of implementing social politics in the Baikal region. In particular, the author touches upon the issues of regulatory and legal support for the fight against homelessness and childhood neglect, highlights the features and difficulties of fighting in wartime. The statistical data on the region in comparison with the all-Union indicators are given, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the activities carried out. The article emphasizes the importance of measures of the social policy of the USSR in relation to the problems of neglect and homelessness, however, the lack of consistency in the implementation of these measures, as well as the existence of problems related to the financing of children's institutions, is noted. The novelty of the research lies in bringing as a source base a wide range of unpublished materials, including archival documents, sources of personal origin, periodicals and statistics. The author comes to the conclusion that social policy in relation to childhood was not implemented effectively enough, despite the fact that it was based on ideological principles that united the population in the fight against common problems.

Keywords: foster family, guardianship, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk region, social policy, neglect, homelessness, childhood, Baikal region, patronage

References:
Akimova L. V. Homeless childhood in Russia in the 20-40s of the XX century (socio-historical aspect) // Law and the state: theory and practice. 2014. No. 1(109). pp. 51-53.
Emelin S. M. Struggle with child homelessness and neglect during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // Issues of juvenile justice. 2010. No. 2. pp. 10-15.
Slavko A. A. Problems and prospects of the study of child homelessness in Russia of the first decades of Soviet power // Bulletin of the Komi Republican Academy of Public Service and Management. Theory and practice of management. 2011. No. 9(14). pp. 62-67.
Trunova A. F. State youth policy of the USSR in the field of prevention of youth crime in the post-war period // Actual issues of legal sciences. Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomolets, 2012. pp. 11-15.
Shatilov S. P. Organizational and legal foundations of the activities of law enforcement agencies to combat child homelessness and neglect during the Great Patriotic War // Pravo i politika. 2017. No. 7. pp. 75-84.
Afanasova

Reference:

Soblirova Z.K., Kumakhova Z.K., Tamazov M.S.. The problem of engaging the women of Kabardino-Balkaria inti industrial manufacturing in the 1920s 1930s // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 1. – P. 1-8.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of this research is the examination of socioeconomic development of post-revolutionary Kabardino-Balkaria. The experience of engaging women in public space and industrial manufacturing draws particular interest. In the conditions of transition towards large-scale enterprise, women turns into an active participant of public life and social structure. Highlanders were engaged to industries that did not require high skills. Professional activity was accompanied by educational work, as well as organization of meetings and conferences. The article explores archival documents that are newly introduced into the scientific discourse, which reflect the transitional stage of inclusion of women in the Soviet sociopolitical space. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the participation of women of Kabardino-Balkaria in the industrial manufacturing over the period from 1920s to 1930s, ethnic peculiarities of overcoming the difficulties related to industrialization, and creation of conditions for its liberation. It is demonstrated that in the conditions of personnel shortage, the participation of female highlanders in the industrial manufacturing was not only of ideological and political importance, but also contributed to the formation of a new social and cultural infrastructure. The emergence of labor force, growth of urban population and engagement of women in manufacturing had progressive meaning and significantly changed the people’s mentality. Women became a full member of society, their rights were codified by law, and the plan for gender equality outlined by the Soviet state was on the path to implementation.

Keywords: women's labor, gender policy, industrialization, Soviet power, industrial production, gender equality, emancipation, woman, women's status, propaganda

References:
Anchabadze, Yu.D. (2009). Woman and political changes in the Adyghe village (1920s). Cultural life of the South of Russia, No. 4 (33). pp. 5457.
Apazheva, E.Kh., Soblirova, Z.Kh. (2013). Participation of women in the work of peasant committees of public mutual assistance in Kabardino-Balkaria (20s of the XX century). Scientific Thought of the Caucasus. No. P. 8083.
Gurtuev, R.S., Kuzminov, P.A. (2019). Problems of the formation of the working class in Kabardino-Balkaria in the late 20s-early 30s. XX century. Scientific thought of the Caucasus. No. 2. P. 5763.
Karakhalk, March 25, 1926
Karakhalk, March 8, 1929.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee (1898-1986). Moscow: Politizdat, 19831990. Vol. 3: 19221925. 1984. 494 p.
Petrov, G.I. (1959)."Red Kabarda". (Essays from the history of the party-Soviet press in Kabardino-Balkaria in 19211923). Collection of articles on the history of Ka

Reference:

Levandovskii A.N.. "Crime and punishment": Sakhalin penal servitude in the perception of criminal offenders (mid-XIXâearly XX Century) // History magazine - researches. – 2022. – š 1. – P. 57-65.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of this article is the life of criminal criminals in the Sakhalin penal servitude and their view of the island's penitentiary system. This issue is very important, as it will allow us to take a fresh look at the dispute about the expediency of developing Sakhalin by exiled convicts. Special attention will be paid to the desire of criminal criminals to change their lives by means of labor in a new place, which is what government officials expected from them when planning the Sakhalin colonization project. As a source base, we will use a variety of interviews with prisoners, as well as the memories of the recidivist criminal Fyodor Shirokolobov, who tells, among other things, about his life on the island. In the historiography devoted to the Sakhalin penal servitude, works considering the views of a particular social group on the local penitentiary system are increasingly published. Writers, travelers, officials and even political criminals have already become the subject of various articles and monographs, which cannot be said about criminals. The novelty of our work will consist precisely in showing the attitude of the prisoners to the Sakhalin penal servitude. In the course of the study, we will come to the conclusion that in many respects it was formed under the influence of "Ivanov" - local authorities who were alien to physical work and honest work. This, in turn, became one of the reasons for the failure of the colonization of the island, since without the interest of the bulk of the population in the results of their work, there was nothing to dream of turning the "cursed island" into the "pearl of the Far East".

Keywords: the history of mentality, regional studies, oral history, colonization, criminal offenders, hard labor, link, penitentiary system, Sakhalin, source studies

References:
Bookchin, S.V. (2010). Vlas Doroshevich: The fate of a feuilletonist. M.: Agraf. 703.
Vysokov, M.S. (2010). Commentary on the book by A.P. Chekhov "Sakhalin Island". Vladivostok-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Frontier. 2010. 847.
Galkin-Vrasky, M.N. (1895). Notes of the head of the prison department. Prison Bulletin. SPb.: Type. St. Petersburg prison. No. 5. 237279.
State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). F. 1099. In. 1. F. 628. 2
Gridyaeva, M.V. (2013). The Case of the Sakhalin Colonization Fund. Bulletin of the Sakhalin Museum. Yearbook of the Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk No. 1 (20). 6673.
Gridyaeva, M.V. (2008). Sakhalin Island in the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries: administrative structure and management. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin book publishing house. 206.
De Windt G. (2011). Trip deep into the island. Bulletin of the Sakhalin Museum. Yearbook of the Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Yuzh

Reference:

Nomogoeva V.V., Shoidonova A.M.. Establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (19201930) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 6. – P. 27-35.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of this research is the establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in the ethnic republic at the initial stage of the formation of the Soviet state. The relevance of this research is directly related to modernization of educational curriculum at the present time. Thus, numerous educational projects that require the preparation of professional teaching staff are carried out within the framework of the national project “Education”. The authors believe that similar situation developed during the years of the Cultural Revolution. The severe shortage of professional personnel was observed in Buryatia, while the public education was undergoing significant changes. The goal of this article lies in tracing the establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in Soviet Buryatia. The analysis of documentary materials of the republican archives allows assessing the results of efforts applied by the republican government to resolve the personnel problem. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to compare the situation in the 1920s–1930s and 2020s for giving a more in-depth perspective upon the system of preparation of teaching staff. Although this topic is the subject of special research in the scientific literature, it requires further discussion. Methodological framework is comprised of the principles of historicism and systematicity, which view the process in its entirety and in accordance with a particular historical era. The conclusion is made that the results achieved were acceptable within the socioeconomic reality of the region. The regional government was able to create the necessary conditions for preparation of professional teaching staff and lay the groundwork for the subsequent development of the educational system. The creation of the republican system of preparation of teaching staff improved the level of education of the local population and led to the formation of the socialist culture in Soviet Buryatia. The acquired conclusions are valuable for studying regional history of the period of the Cultural Revolution.

Keywords: enlightenment, cultural revolution, national school, personnel training, Soviet education, national outskirts, Soviet Buryatia, Soviet Russia, vocational education, public education

References:
Panchukov A. P.Ocherki po istorii razvitiya shkol v Buryat-Mongolii [Tekst] / Bur.-mong. gos. n.-i. in-t yazyka, lit. i istorii.-Ulan-Ude : BurGiz, 1939 (Irkutsk).-48 s.
Nomogoeva V. V. Obrazovanie i prosveshchenie v natsional'nykh respublikakh v 1920-e gg. (na primere Buryatii). // Federalizm. 2010. š 3 (59). S. 161 168.
Narodnoe khozyaystvo Buryat-Mongol'skoy ASSR : Stat. sbornik / TsSU SSSR. Stat. upr. Buryat-Mongol. ASSR.-Ulan-Ude : Buryat-Mongol. kn. izd-vo, 1957.-156 s.
Narodnoe obrazovanie Buryatskoy ASSR za 40 let [sbornik statey] / M-vo prosveshcheniya Buryatskoy ASSR ; [sost.: S. G. Dugarov i D. D. Dugar-Zhabon].-Ulan-Ude : Buryatskoe kn. izd-vo, 1964.-253 s.
Narodnoe obrazovanie Buryat-Mongol'skoy ASSR: po dokladu Narkomprosa na soveshchanii zaveduyushchikh aymachnymi otdelami narodnogo obrazovaniya // Buryat-Mongol'skaya pravda Verkhneudinsk, 1936. 6 fevralya (š 28). S. 4.
Mitupov B. M., Sanzhiev G. L. Rukovodstvo Buryatskoy partiynoy organizatsii kul'turnoy revolyutsiey v respublike. (1929-1937 gg.) / B. M. Mitupov,

Reference:

Ubeeva O.. Demographic situation in the Buryat section of the BaikalAmur Mainline at the turn of the XXXXI centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 4. – P. 52-60.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: Throughout the XX century, the demographic policy of the Soviet State was aimed mostly at working-age population or labor resources, taking into account regional and territorial aspects. Demographic change of the early XXI century was the result of political events of the 1990s, when the concept of population policy was under the radar of the government. The socioeconomic cataclysms destabilized the employment structure of population, caused deterioration of living standards, which affected the demographic characteristics of the XXI century. The demographic policy crisis of the late XX century generated one of the crucial organizational issues faced by the northern regions. This article is dedicated to the main demographic trends in the northern regions of Buryatia, which were affected by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, since completion of the construction project until stabilization of socioeconomic situation in the country by the early 2010s. In the course of construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, Buryatia took the lead in terms of birth rate, and ranked last in mortality index per thousand people. This testified to relative density of young poplar and children in the age structure, as well as stable population reproduction with insignificant demographic fluctuations.

Keywords: mortality, birth rate, population density, population, demography, economic development, Republic of Buryatia, railway, regions of the Far North, territories

References:
Programma sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya munitsipal'nogo obrazovaniya ŤSevero-Baykal'skiy rayonť na 201 2015 gg. Nizhneangarsk, 2011. 140 s. S. 6264.
Baykalov N. S. Pereselenie iz vetkhogo i avariynogo zhil'ya v rayonakh BAMa: prichiny, problemy, resheniya // Vlast'. M.: Redaktsiya zhurnala Vlast', 2018. š5. S. 9197. DOI: 10.31171/vlast.v26i5.5827
Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 9 oktyabrya 2007 g. š 1351 ŤOb utverzhdenii Kontseptsii demograficheskoy politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2025 godať // Elektronnyy fond pravovykh i normativno-tekhnicheskikh dokumentov ŤKodeksť. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902064587?marker (10.09.2021).
Statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. 2004. Statisticheskiy sbornik /Buryatstat. Ulan-Ude, 2015. 480 s. S. 5556.
Federal'nyy zakon ot 29 dekabrya 2006 g. š 256-FZ ŤO dopolnitel'nykh merakh gosudarstvennoy podderzhki semey, imeyushchikh deteyť // Elektronnyy fond pravovykh i normativno-tekhnicheskikh dokumentov ŤKodeksť. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902021711 (10.09.2021).
Gosudars

Reference:

Shchinova A.K.. Comparative analysis of the results of censuses of Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw in the 1880s in the context of studying women's employment // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 88-109.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The reforms and post-reform period of the second half of the XIX century mark significant changes in the political, socioeconomic, and cultural life of the country, and acceleration of urbanization by the beginning of the 1880s. The author also indicates the growing number of employed women, which was particularly evident in the large cities of the Russian Empire. For studying the problem of women’s employment of the end XIX century, the article used the aggregated census data of the three largest cities of the Russian Empire – Saint Petersburg (1881), Moscow (1882), and the capital of the Kingdom of Poland Warsaw (1882). The subject of this article is the examination and analysis of the number of female workers in each group and information about occupational groups, contained in the form of tables in separate volumes of censuses. Emphasis is placed on the quantitative distribution of women by occupational groups, as well as broader categories – types of activity; this allows determining the differences for each city, as well as comparing Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw during the 1880s in percentage terms. The conclusion is made that the market for female household personnel and day laborers was more developed in Warsaw, while the number of women employed in household service and industrial sector prevailed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Keywords: industry, spheres of labor, occupational groups, labor force, dependents, census, female labor, non-traded, blue-collar workers, servants

References:
Bradley J. Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley, 1985. 442 p.
Glickman R. Russian Factory Women: Workplace and Society, 1880-1914. Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1984. 325 p.
Kuczalska-Reinschmit P. Z historyi ruchu kobiecego // Głos kobiet w kwestyi kobiecej. Red. K. Bujwidowa. Kraków, 1903. Pietrow-Ennker B. Tradycje szlachetskie a dąŜenia emancypacyjne kobiet w społeczeństwie polskim w dobie rozbiorów //Kobieta i edukacja na ziemiach Polskich w XIX i XX wieku. T. II. Cz. I.
Yanson Yu. E. Promysly i zanyatiya peterburgskogo naseleniya po perepisi 1881 g. // Vestnik Evropy. Kn. 11. 1884. S. 324-325.
Tarasov I. Obrazovanie zhenshchin i zhenskiy trud. M.: Univ. tip., 1903. 41 s.
Shchinova A. K. Iz kukhni zhenshchina vygnana v vodovorot promyshlennoy deyatel'nosti: zhenskiy trud v Moskve i Sankt-Peterburge na rubezhe XIX-XX vv. (sravnitel'nyy analiz statisticheskikh istochnikov) // Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatel'nyy zhurnal Istoriya. 2020. T. 11, š 3. S. 15.
Yukh

Reference:

Ivanova L.B.. The history of formation of the foundations of higher education in Buryatia // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 27-35.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article explores poorly studied aspects of the emergence and development of the foundations of higher education in Buryatia. Special attention is given to the historical analysis of the knowledge traditions of the Buryat society and educational practice of Buddhism, as well as to examination of the experience of proliferation of the Western secular culture in Siberia after its annexation to Russia. The author considers the key principles of functionality and main trends in evolution of the traditions of higher education in the context of specific historical conditions of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The article describes the pivotal historical periods of the formation of higher education in the region. It becomes clear that the educational institutions that existed in different historical periods served as catalysts for the development of higher education in Buryatia. The author determines that the development of the foundations of higher education in the region was influenced by the main trends in the development of pre-revolutionary Russian society and the initial stage of Soviet modernization. However, the peculiarities of historical-cultural development of Buryatia substantiated the specificity of solution of educational problems that were grounded on the rich cultural-historical heritage of the Buryat ethnos, ethnic processes, and national traditions of the Russian system of education. Soviet modernization accelerated the establishment of the foundations of higher education. The opening of higher education institutions in the republic in 1932 prompted the development of higher education in Buryatia, as well as preparation of highly qualified specialists.

Keywords: Irkutsk State University, Pribaikal People's University, Eastern Institute, national intelligentsia, secular education, Buddhist education, Higher Education, VerkhneUdinsk, Intellectuals, Scientific and Educational Worker

References:
Bal'khaeva I. Kh. Stanovlenie vysshey shkoly v Buryat-Mongol'skoy ASSR // Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta. 2009. S. 1023.
Zandanov I. M. Podgotovka kadrov spetsialistov v Buryatskoy ASSR // Issledovaniya i materialy po istorii Buryatii. Trudy BKNII SO AN SSSR. Ulan-Ude, 1963. S. 59.
Kalmykov S. V. Universitety svyazuyut vremena. Ulan-Ude, 2010. 304 s.
Kudryavtsev V. D. Nuzhna podderzhka vsey obshchestvennosti // Buryat-Mongol'skaya pravda. 1932. 23 maya. S. 3.
Lygdenova V. B., Sambueva S. B. Osobennosti razvitiya nachal'nogo obrazovaniya v Buryatii vo vtoroy polovine KhIKh veka // Mir nauki: internet-zhurnal. 2016. T. 4, š 3. URL: http://mir-nauki.com/PDF/06PDMN316.pdf (dostup svobodnyy). S. 2.
Osinskiy I. I. Al'ma-mater. Ulan-Ude, 1999. 642 s.
Pykin V. M. U istokov vysshego obrazovaniya Buryatii // Vysshaya shkola: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. Ulan-Ude, 2003. S. 4653.
Tankhasaeva A. S., Tankhasaeva S. S. Buryatskie narodnye traditsii kak sotsial'no-pedagogicheskoe yavlenie. Ulan-Ude

Reference:

Ponomareva V.V.. Women's Institutes in Imperial Russia in the wording of the normative documents (1764 early XX century): terms, typology, dates // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 3. – P. 110-129.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of this research is the foundation of women’s education system in the Russian Empire, namely of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria, which totaled up to three dozen by the early XX century. Actualization of the knowledge about the best examples of the Russian school in the past is determined by the fundamental importance of education in the context of ongoing modernization of the country. The topic of Women's institutes of Imperial Russia, which existed for over 150 years, is poorly studied. Despite the extensive source base, in the historical literature one can often come across improper names of the institutes, determination of their departmental affiliation, class composition of the students, as well as incorrect dating and topography. Using the historical-systemic and typological analysis, the author determines and clarifies the conceptual framework of the problematic as a necessary research toolset. The author's contribution to selected topic consists in discovery of a wide variety of sources, including those introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, accurate names of the institutes and variations in the official documents and everyday practice., their renaming and the causes. The article also traces the dynamics of changes in the class and confessional composition of students since the establishment of the institutes until the beginning of the XX century. Subordination and departmental affiliation at different stages of the history of these institutes is clarified.

Keywords: Department of Empress Maria establishments, womens education system, estates, province, capital, chronology, term, historical source, Russian history, girl's boarding schools

References:
Ponomareva V.V. Zakrytye zhenskie instituty Rossiyskoy imperii. 17641855. Nachalo formirovaniya otechestvennoy sistemy zhenskogo obrazovaniya. M.: Izd-vo ŤPyatyy Rimť, 2019. 480 s.
Ponomareva V.V. ŤInstituty blagorodnykh devitsť pod pritselom periodicheskoy pechati // Media@l'manakh. 2015. š 6. S. 7786.
Popova O.D. Zhenskoe dukhovnoe obrazovanie i ego rol' v izmenenii obshchestvennogo polozheniya zhenshchiny v Rossii (vtoraya polovina XIX nachalo KhKh v.). Diss. dokt. ist. nauk. M., 2009. 663 s.
Privilegiya i Ustav imp. Akademii trekh znatneyshikh khudozhestv, zhivopisi, skul'ptury i arkhitektury s Vospitatel'nym pri onoy Akademii uchilishchem. SPb.: pech. pri imp. Akademii nauk, 1765. 46 s.
Pyatidesyatiletniy yubiley Ego imp. Vysochestva printsa Petra Georgievicha Ol'denburgskogo. SPb.: tipo-lit. Zibert i Foss, 1881. 164 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov. F. 1287. Op.1. D. 4000.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv g. Peterburge (dalee: RGIA). F. 759. Op. 4. D. 379.
RGIA. F. 759. Op. 8. D. 12.
RGIA. F

Reference:

Ovcharenko A.O.. The development of the system of higher education for women in the United States (the second half of the XIX century) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 2. – P. 165-173.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The XIX century is the era of fundamental change in the status of American women, which marks non only transformation of the attitude towards woman as an equal subject of social and family relations, but also their pursuit of self-actualization. Such changes among the middle-class American women could not have happened without receiving higher education – as the opportunity for employment and increase of self-consciousness. Special attention is given to the emergence and development of higher education institutions since the first instance of admission to the establishment of the system of education of the American women. The conclusion is made that the changes that took place in the U.S. society after the Civil War and during the industrialization era contributed to the change in the status of American women in the second half of the XIX century. This is the time of establishment of multiple colleges for women; private and public coeducation institutions opened their doors to American women; and the myth of the negative impact of education upon women's health was shattered. Generalization of the foreign sources and research demonstrated the difficulties faced by women during their college and university years, as well as the transformation of attitude of the American society towards the changing status of women with regards to receiving higher education.

Keywords: co-education, American woman, New Woman, college, higher education, feminism, the USA, woman, women's rights movement, industrial society

References:
Feminizm v obshchestvennoy mysli i literature. M.: Grifon, 2006. 400 s.
Evans C. Rozhdennaya dlya svobody. Istoriya amerikanskikh zhenshchin. M.: Progress, 1993. 319 s.
Robertson D. A. American universities and colleges. N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 1928. 2058 p.
About AAUW. Our History// American Association of University Women https://www.aauw.org/about/history/ (data obrashcheniya 10.08.2020)
Wright C.D. Health Statistics of Female College Graduates. Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, Boston, 1885. 76 p.
Snapshots of U-M History. A Most Hopeful Experiment// Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan https://bentley.umich.edu/features/a-most-hopeful-experiment/ (data obrashcheniya: 06.07.2020)
A History of Vassar College// Vassar Info http://info.vassar.edu/about/vassar/history.html (data obrashcheniya 30.07.2020)
Flexner E. Century of Struggle. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1959. 432 p.
Dockray-Miller M. Feminine Preoccupations: English at the Seven

Reference:

Shilnikova I.. Food insecurity and commotion of workers in Russia during the World War I (July 1914 February 1917) // History magazine - researches. – 2021. – š 1. – P. 1-9.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The topic of the living standards of population during the World War I remains polemical, namely due to the fact that worsening of food insecurity was traditionally regarded by Soviet historiography as one of the factors of escalation of revolutionary moods in the society. The article describes the dynamics of industrial protests during the wartime, which were caused shortage and costliness of food products. The research is based on the 2019 edition of the chronicle of industrial protests during the World War I, which contains information on the higher number of conflicts than that of materials used in earlier research. Assessment of the severity of food insecurity through the prism of industrial strikes demonstrates that the situation becomes critical by the beginning of 1917, gradually changing for the worse during the wartime. In the initial stages of the war, the demands for food provision and lowering the prices were expressed during the strikes in the remote provinces. Although in 1916, the provinces of the Central Industrial District take on the leading positions, the Moscow province is not among them. The employees of light industry, and particularly textile industry, were engaged in the strikes more often. By the end of 1916, the escalation of protest activity due to food insecurity issue is observed in Moscow and Petrograd provinces, involving the workers of metal industry and defense enterprises.

Keywords: arrests, factory shops, prices, workers 'living standards, food issue, World War I, strikes, economic demands, industry, workers' protest

References:
Kitanina T.M. Rossiya v Pervoy mirovoy voyne 1914-1917 gg. Ekonomika i ekonomicheskaya politika. V 2-kh ch. Ch. 1: Ekonomicheskaya politika tsarskogo pravitel'stva v pervye gody voyny. 1914 seredina 1916 g. SPb., 2003. - 146 s.
Rabochiy klass Rossii. 1907 fevral' 1917. M., 1982. - 464 s.
Kir'yanov Yu. I. Sotsial'no-politicheskiy protest rabochikh Rossii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (iyul' 1914 fevral' 1917 g.). M., 2005. - 218 s.
Romanov F. A. Rabochee i professional'noe dvizhenie v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny i Vtoroy russkoy revolyutsii (1914 fevral' 1917 goda). Istoricheskiy ocherk. M.: Profizdat, 1949. - 207 s.
Balabanov M. Ot 1905 k 1917 g.: Massovoe rabochee dvizhenie. M., L.: Gosizdat, 1927. - 455 s.
Piontkovskiy S. Kratkiy ocherk istorii rabochego dvizheniya v Rossii (s 1870 g. po 1917 g.). L.: Priboy, 1925. - 260 s.
El'nitskiy A. Rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii. Khar'kov: Proletariy, 1925. - 662 s.
Fleer M.G. Rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii v gody imperialisticheskoy voyny. L.: Priboy, 1926. - 122 s.
Stach

Reference:

Semenova E.N.. Medical care for children in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 6. – P. 22-30.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The subject of the study is the study of the main directions of medical care for children of Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. Based on previously unpublished documents, data on the organization of measures for the medical and sanitary care of evacuated children, the development of a network of specialized children's institutions located in the department of the People's Commissariat of Health: nurseries, orphanages, children's hospitals and polyclinics, consultations, maternity homes, etc. were analyzed. Materials on changes in the staffing of these medical institutions, measures to improve the professional level of medical workers are presented. The nature of changes in the quality of medical care for children aimed at reducing their morbidity and mortality is investigated.The main conclusion of the study is that children's healthcare in Western Siberia, which experienced a number of problems in the pre-war period, was not ready for a multiple increase in workload with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The lack of resources has led to a deterioration in the quality of care provided to the children's population, which has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality among children. Despite this, the health authorities throughout the war years conducted systematic work to strengthen children's healthcare. Ultimately, the efforts made made it possible in 1943 - 1945 to reverse the situation with child mortality and achieve its significant reduction.

Keywords: morbidity, evacuation, The Great Patriotic War, Western Siberia, children's consultations, nursery, mortality, children's healthcare, the medicine, orphanages

References:
IsAOO. F. P-17. Op. 1. D. 4004.
GAAK. F. P-10. Op. 26. D. 39.
Isupov V. A. Demograficheskoe Ťchudoť: sokrashchenie detskoy smertnosti v Sibiri v 19431945 gg. (na materialakh Altayskogo kraya) [Tekst] / V. A. Isupov // Sibir' v XVIIXX vekakh: problemy politicheskoy i sotsial'noy istorii: Bakhrushinskie chteniya 1999-2000 gg.; mezhvuz. sb. nauch. tr. Novosibirsk, 2002. S. 177186.
GAKO. F. R-304. Op. 1. D. 320.
IsAOO. F. 2100. Op. 1. D. 6.
GAKO. F. R-304. Op. 1. D. 324.
IsAOO. F. P-17. Op. 1. D. 4011.
GANO. F. R-29. Op. 1. D. 306.
Vo imya Pobedy: evakuatsiya grazhdanskogo naseleniya v Zapadnuyu Sibir' v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny v dokumentakh i materialakh [Tekst]: v 3-kh t. / Sost. i otv. red. L. I. Snegireva. Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo TGPU, 2005. T. 3: ŤSpasennoe detstvoť. 398 s.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Tomskoy oblasti (GATO). F. R-430. Op. 1. D. 784.
Istoricheskiy arkhiv Omskoy oblasti (IsAOO). F. 2100. Op. 1. D. 6.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Altayskogo kraya (GAAK). F. R-726. Op. 3. D. 35.
Gos

Reference:

Demidova Y.. Collectivism and individualism in patrimonial estate communities on the example of two ecological settlements in Central Russia // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 5. – P. 26-41.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article examines the correlation between individualism and collectivism with regards to economic and household activities, as well as festive culture in the settlements during fairs, festivals and holidays. Characteristics is given to the phenomenon of ecological settlements. Chronology of the development of this movement is provided. The author reviews the economic practices alongside private and collective leisure activities, determines the features of individualism and collectivism thereof. Analysis of the content of leisure activities demonstrates the clear prevalence of collectivism, which indicates the need for realization of the ideological principle through social practices within the community. However, the economic activities of Anastasians mark the prevalence of individualism, which is widely described in the narratives, and illustrates significance of the processes of personal fulfillment and self-actualization in the new environment. In realization of the aforementioned practices, inhabitants of the settlements resort to the “traditional, passed down through generations lifestyle”. The author believes that sociocultural practices represent an attempt to integrate positive aspects of modern individualism and archaic collectivism and communalism. The conclusion is made that the practices of patrimonial estate communities are collective in nature, which distinguishes them from the practices of urban life; however, they remain individualistic. What was considered an ordinary collective practice in peasant environment, now can be interpreted as the infringement of personal space, since the individual becomes the supreme unit, initiator of most cultural practices, both individualistic and collectivistic (harvest festivals or community help on birthdays). The communities of patrimonial estates mark the formation of new social reality, which intertwines the individual and the collective.

Keywords: neopaganism, New-Age, sustainable development, collectivism, individualism, archaic, anastasiystvo, ecovillage, community, downshifting

References:
Fadeeva O.P. Mezhsemeynaya set': mekhanizmy vzaimopodderzhki v rossiyskom sele // Neformal'naya ekonomika: Rossiya i mir / Pod red. Shanina T. M.: Logos, 1999. S. 183-218.
Tutorskiy A.V. K voprosu ob obshchinnosti russkikh krest'yan // Etnokul'turnye protsessy v proshlom i nastoyashchem. K yubileyu doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professora Klavdii Ivanovny Kozlovoy. Sb. nauch. St. / Otv. red. A.A. Nikishenkov. M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2012. (Trudy Istoricheskogo fakul'teta MGU. Vyp. 57. Ser. 2. Istoricheskie issledovaniya. š 22). S. 270-279.
Tennis F. Obshchnost' i obshchestvo. Osnovnye ponyatiya chistoy sotsiologii. SPb., 2002. 452 s.
Tutorskiy A.V. Khozyaystvennaya deyatel'nost' russkikh krest'yan: normativnaya praktika. Kandidatskaya dissertatsiya po spetsial'nosti 07.00.07. M., 2004.
Semenov Yu.I. Proiskhozhdenie i razvitie ekonomiki. Ot pervobytnogo kommunizma k obshchestvam s chastnoy sobstvennost'yu, klassami i gosudarstvom: drevnevostochnomu, antichnomu i feodal'nomu. M.: Editorial URSS, 2014. 717 s.
Semenov Yu.I. Vlast' zem

Reference:

Shilnikova I.. Salary of the employees of textile industry of Yaroslavl Governorate in the early XX century // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 5. – P. 42-58.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract:
This article considers the questions of labor compensation of the industrial workers in prerevolutionary Russia based on the materials of one of the largest textile factories – Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (YBM). Attention is focused on the dynamics of nominal and real salaries at different phases of business cycle, as well as the ratio of salaries between high- and low-paid groups of workers in the early XX century (depending on the level of qualification and gender affiliation). The research contains the archival materials preserved in the State Archive of Yaroslavl Oblast in the fund of the Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (F. 674), including personal records of the employees and payroll registers for the period from the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. The conclusion is made that during the period of economic depression until 1908, the nominal salary of YBM employees grew faster than during the industrial ramp-up of 1909 – 1913, which was justified by the policy of factory’s administration, which in 1905 – 1907 raised the prices in order to meet the demands of the strikers. At the time of economic depression, the gap in salaries of high- and low-paid categories of workers (by professional, gender, and age groups) was reduced. In 1909 – 1913, the previous level of salary differentiation gradually came back to the situation of the period of depression. The conducted research allows formulating the hypothesis that at the time of unfavorable economic conjuncture, the entrepreneurs were oriented towards reduction of salary differentiation by raising salaries of the low-paid categories to the level of higher-paid workers; while during the years of economic upswing, the level of salary differentiation was increasing again, which was justified by intention to improve labor motivation among most qualified workers.

Keywords: living standards of workers, wage differentiation, wages, textile industry, economic conditions, pre-revolutionary industrialization of Russia, factory inspection, price index, labor relations, strikes

References:
Kruze E.E. Polozhenie rabochego klassa Rossii v 1900 1914 gg. L., 1976. 299 s.
Kir'yanov Yu.I. Zhiznennyy uroven' rabochikh Rossii (konets XIX nachalo KhKh vv.). M., 1979. 288 s.
Potkina I.V. Na Olimpe delovogo uspekha: Nikol'skaya manufaktura Morozovykh, 1797-1917. M.: Izdatel'stvo Glavarkhiva Moskvy, 2004. 384 s.
Borodkin L.I., Valetov T.Ya., Smirnova Yu.B., Shil'nikova I.V. ŤNe rublem edinymť: Trudovye stimuly rabochikh-tekstil'shchikov dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii. M.: ROSSPEN, 2010. 535 s.
Borodkin L.I., Valetov T.Ya. Izmerenie i modelirovanie dinamiki neravenstva v oplate truda promyshlennykh rabochikh v Rossii v nachale KhKh v. // Komp'yuter i ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Barnaul, 1997. S. 8 32.
Svod otchetov fabrichnykh inspektorov za 1913 g. Petrograd, 1914.
GAYaO. F.674. Op. 5 ŤBť. D.194.
Shil'nikova I.V. Trudovye konflikty i material'noe polozhenie rabochikh na rossiyskikh tekstil'nykh predpriyatiyakh v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny: analiz arkhivnykh materialov // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2014. š 3. S. 243-

Reference:

Ovcharenko A.O.. The peculiarities of women's socialization in the United States (turn of the XIX XX centuries) // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 5. – P. 136-146.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: Throughout the XIX century in the United States of America firmly established the ideals of the “Victorian Era”, according to which American women were considered the home keepers, had to create comfort and coziness, while men had to provide for their families. However, due to a number of factors, namely social consequences of the development of industrial society, and thus, emergence of the middle class, the prevalent in the society ideas underwent certain transformations. The article not only discusses the origin of the concept of “Victorianism” in Great Britain and its interpretations in the United States, but also explains the reasons that at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries led to the distortion of the long-held beliefs on gender roles in the society. In examination of peculiarities of self-determination of the American women, the author employs historical-genetic method that allows to grasp the reasons, according to which the representatives of “softer gender” traditionally were engaged in private sphere of life, as well as to follow the evolution of liberalization of their views in the context of the United States history of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Leaning of the principle of systematicity, the author views feminist movement not only as an attempt of American women to earn their place in public sphere, but also as part of the commenced process of social modernization. The author demonstrates how the American women, influenced by the subjective and objective factors, gradually were earning their place in public sphere, while changing their character, image and lifestyle. The article outlines the key difficulties faced by women at the turn of the XIX –XX centuries in their attempt overcome the traditional beliefs prevalent in the United States. An important role played their gender self-determination, which reflected sociocultural stereotypes established in the American society, as well as the new trends of socialization and professionalization of an individual.

Keywords: American woman, New Woman, education, Victorian ethics, feminism, the USA, woman, hearth, women's rights movement, industrial society

References:
Viktoriantsy: stolpy britanskoy politiki XIX v. Pod red. Uznarodova I. M. Rostov-na-Donu: ŤEkspertnoe byuroť, 1996. 207 s.
Timoshina T.M. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya zarubezhnykh stran: Uchebnoe posobie / pod red. prof. M.N. Chepurina. M.: Yustitsinform, 2016. 506 s.
Cowan R. More Work for Mother. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1983. 288 p.
Repina L. P. Ot istorii zhenshchin k sotsiokul'turnoy istorii // Kul'tura i obshchestvo v Srednie veka rannee novoe vremya. M.: ININON RAN, 1998. S. 66100.
Askol'dova C. M. Vysshee obrazovanie zhenshchin v SShA v XIX veke // Amerikanskiy ezhegodnik. M.: ŤNaukať, 1987. S. 175196.
Mizhuev P. G. Zhenskoe obrazovanie i obshchestvennaya deyatel'nost' zhenshchin v Soedinennykh Shtatakh severnoy Ameriki. SPb.: Izd. zhurnala ŤRusskaya shkolať, 1893.
Baybakova L.V. ŤBibliyať dlya emansipirovannykh amerikanok: rol' E.K. Stenton v formirovanii feministskoy ideologii SShA // Priroda i kul'tura: amerikanskiy opyt sosushchestvovaniya. Gorod i urbanizm v amerikanskoy kul'ture. M.: Mediamir, 2014. S. 8493.
James J. W. Changing Id

Reference:

Bukalova S.V.. Labor assistance to the families of soldiers of the Central Black Earth region during the World War I // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 5. – P. 147-156.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The author examines the system of labor assistance to the families of soldiers during the World War I. The object of this research is the problem of decline in living standards of the families which members were called up to the army. Along with government ration, labor assistance was intended to compensate for the impact of this factor. The phenomenon of labor assistance that established during war in the Russian Empire was multi-component, including charitable initiatives, their encouragement by the government, as well as participation of the local structures of self-governance. The article summarizes the information on labor assistance in the agricultural Central Black Earth region. The author determines the differences in the types and designation of labor assistance in cities and rural areas. Labor assistance in rural areas, provided in the form of communal mutual aid, agronomic and technical assistance, work of student labor squads, was oriented towards supporting the potential of peasant economy. Labor assistance in cities consisted the distribution of orders for sewing of linens and establishment of sewing workshops, which was a form of social support for wives of the soldiers. It is demonstrated that creation of the system of labor assistance can be viewed as a vector of state policy of the Russian Empire in the social sphere.

Keywords: peasant community, toloka, zemstvo, soldier wives, labour squads, labour aid, rear, World War I, Russian Empire, Committee of Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna

References:
Bukalova S.V. Sel'skokhozyaystvennaya pomoshch' sem'yam mobilizovannykh v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny // Ezhegodnik po agrarnoy istorii Vostochnoy Evropy. 2018 god: Itogi i perspektivy issledovaniya agrarnoy istorii Rossii X XXI vv./ Nauchnyy sovet po problemam agrarnoy istorii Vostochnoy Evropy pri OIFN RAN: otv. red. E.N. Shveykovskaya. M., Bryansk: Izdatel'stvo BGU im. I.G. Petrovskogo, 2019. S. 87-98.
Bukalova S.V. Trudovye druzhiny uchashchikhsya kak forma realizatsii molodezhnoy politiki v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny // Vestnik gosudarstvennogo i munitsipal'nogo upravleniya. 2015. T. 4. š 2. S. 141-147.
Volkov S.V. K voprosu o boesposobnosti russkoy armii k nachalu 1917 g // Klio 2017 š6 (126) S.150-153.
Golovin H. H. Voennye usiliya Rossii v Mirovoy voyne. Parizh: T-vo ob'edinennykh izdateley, 1939. [Elektronnyy resurs] http://militera.lib.ru/research/golovnin_nn/02.html
Gorlova N. I. Istochniki po issledovaniyu uchenicheskikh trudovykh druzhin kak formy volonterskoy deyatel'nosti molodezhi v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (po materiala

Reference:

Zhilina E.V.. Reform of the New Yorks public health system in the context of rapid urban development (turn of the XIX XX centuries) // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 4. – P. 1-10.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article explores the factors for conducting administrative reforms in the United States in the area of public health. For detailed consideration, the author selected New York City as an example the largest metropolitan area that faced aggravation of social problems due to the shortcomings in the existing public health system. Rapid increase in the number of resident in the conditions of significant growth of population density led to proliferation of the dangerous infectious diseases, for elimination of which local authorities had to take prompt actions of state regulation, including creation of the new administrative branches. Special attention is given to the treatment of tuberculosis and preventive measures thereof, namely the importance of tracking all new cases. In studying public health system of New York City, the author applied interdisciplinary approach that ensured comprehensive and objective outlook upon the problems of poorest population groups of the city. Comparative-historical method was used juxtapose the situation in New York and typologically similar US metropolises. Chronological method allowed tracing the patterns in evolution of administrative innovations, and assessing them in a single historical perspective. The main conclusion consists in the statement that private medicine appeared to be insufficient due to the drastic changes of social conditions in the densely populated metropolises, as the constantly growing population of poor immigrant neighborhoods was capable of paying for medical services. At the same time, namely the residents of such ghettos were most vulnerable category of population from the standpoint of epidemiology. Taking preventive measures by the municipal authorities, which included mass vaccination and clearing New York streets from dirt and trash, became an effective way to alleviate the situation. The administrative reforms in the city significantly improved the situation, which laid the foundation for sweeping changes in the future.

Keywords: Hermann Biggs, vaccination, industrialization, public health, population growth, USA, urbanization, New York, tuberculosis, smallpox

References:
Baybakova L.V. Rol' ideologicheskogo faktora v formirovanii sotsial'noy politiki SShA (rubezh XIX-XX vv.) // SShA: evolyutsiya osnovnykh ideyno-politicheskikh kontseptsiy. Pamyati professora N.V.Sivacheva. Pod. red. A.S.Manykina. M., 2004. S. 189-214
Zeveleva G.N. Gosudarstvennaya politika v oblasti zdravookhraneniya v SShA v 19922012 gg.: bor'ba za reformy. M.: IMEMO RAN., 2012. 104 s.
Kostyaev S.S. Reforma zdravookhraneniya v SShA //Ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye problemy Rossii. M.: RAN. INION. 2011. S. 32-46.
Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Health Department of the City of New York for the Year 1901. New York: New York Printing Co. 1902. R. 146
Annual report of the Board of Health of the Health Department of the City of New York York for the Years 1910-1911, New York: New York Printing Co. 1912. R. 198
Baker K. The First Slum in America // The New York Times. September 30, 2001 [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com (data obrashcheniya: 15.04.2020)
Baumgartner L. One Hundred Years of Health:

Reference:

Kostyleva A.. Socioeconomic factors of the instances of crime among new immigration in the United States (late XIX early XX centuries) // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 4. – P. 11-22.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The primary task of this research is to elucidate the reasons for stereotyping “new” immigrants as dangerous criminals and anarchists in society of the United States. The subject of this research is criminality within the immigration environment, while the object is the immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia who came to the United States in the second half of the XIX century and surpassed the immigrants from Western and Northern Europe. The author refers to the analysis of social and economic situation of “new” immigrants as the factors that impacted the rise of crime rate in the immigrant quarters. Special attention is given to organized criminal activity and radical political movements, as well as their influence upon the public image of “new” immigrants. The conclusion is made that the representatives of “new” immigration were involved in various unlawful actions, from minor administrative offenses and crimes against private property to murders, robberies and creation of organized criminal communities. An important place among the factors that affected criminalization of immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia was held by social isolation of immigrant communities, problematic assimilation, and tough economic situation due to intense competition on the job market and high unemployment rate. At the same time, “new” immigrants were no different from the local dwellers in disposition to commit crime: criminal rate among immigrants did not exceed average in the country.

Keywords: social problems, anarchism, crime, Chinese immigrants, European immigration, new immigration, USA, organized crime, stereotypes, image

References:
Baybakova L.V. Dvukhpartiynaya sistema v period vstupleniya SShA v industrial'noe obshchestvo. M. :Maks-press, 2002. 436 s.
Bagramov L.A. Immigranty v SShA. M.: IMO, 1957. 157 s.
Biryukov V. I. Kitaytsy v SShA i amerikano-kitayskie otnosheniya na sovremennom etape. M.: Nauka, 1983. 141 s.
Bogina Sh.A. Immigrantskoe naselenie v SShA, 1865-1900. L.: Nauka, 1976. 276 s.
Zhilina E.V. Slozhnost' adaptatsii immigrantov novoy volny iz Evropy v N'yu-Yorke na rubezhe XIX-XX vv. (sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiy i psikhologicheskiy aspekty) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2020. š 3. S. 1-11.
Shamshur O. V. ŤZolotye dveriť immigratsii: chto kroetsya za nimi? Khar'kov: Prapor, 1987. 172 s.
Shlepakov A.N. Immigratsiya i amerikanskiy rabochiy klass v epokhu imperializma. M.: Mysl', 1966. 500 s.
An Act to Exclude and Expel From the United States Aliens Who Are Members of The Anarchistic and Similar Classes [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/65th-congress/session-2/c65s2ch186.pdf (data obra

Reference:

Baibakov S.A.. Behind the scenes of the only session of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War (March 1944) // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 3. – P. 111-120.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article is first within the Russian historiography to reconstruct the backstage of life of the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR that is not reflected in the published official documents or media materials of that time. It includes the arrangement of cultural and everyday services for the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR during the 5th session held in Moscow on March 1-4, 1944. Leaning on the archival materials, the author demonstrates how the deputies were notified about the upcoming session in the time of war; organization of their meeting at the train station, accommodation in the Hotel Moskva and Grand Hotel, as well as the sanitary and epidemiological measures taken thereof. Representation of food menu, cultural and entertainment program, organization of bookselling, rendering of reference and information services that met requests of the deputies, are also of great interest. Alongside the institutional and functional methods of studying the activity of government branches well-established within the Russian historiography, the author also employs the historical-anthropological approach focused on examination of the human factor. The author believes that hosting such national forum was a representation of the “festive” form of Soviet culture, which acquired a unified and pronounced ideological character during the Soviet rule. Taking into consideration complexity of the situation in the conditions of wartime, creation of an “isle” of relatively luxury life for the deputies, even for a short time, can be viewed as one of the forms of ensuring their loyalty towards the ruling government.

Keywords: cultural and consumer services, transport services, deputies, fifth session, Supreme Soviet of Russia, the Great Patriotic War, Moscow hotels, sale of books, information and reference service, food ration

References:
GARF. F.385. Op.1. D.265.
RGASPI. F.17. Op.163. D.1396.
RGASPI. F.17. Op.3. D.1049.
GARF. F.385. Op.1. D.383.
Arkhipova T. G. Gosudarstvennyy apparat RSFSR v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny (1941-45 gg.). Uchebnoe posobie. M.: MGIAI, 1981. 93 s.
GARF. F. 385. Op.1. D.644a.
Dolmatovskiy E. A. Bylo: Zapiski poeta. Novye stranitsy. M.: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1988. 432 s.
Antipina V. A. Povsednevnaya zhizn' sovetskikh pisateley. 1930-1950. M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 2005. 408 s.
Savchenko P. V., Bleskov D. A. Gosudarstvennaya sistema snabzheniya naseleniya v gody Velikoy otechestvennoy voyny // Vestnik Akademii ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2010. š8. S.11-15.
RGANI. F.3. Op.51. D.27.
Pervaya sessiya Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR. St. otchet. M.: Izdatel'stvo Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR, 1938. 135 s.

Reference:

Yakupova D.V., Yakupov R.A.. The Supply Crisis in the USSR in the Early 1970s: Mass Consciousness and Government Reaction // History magazine - researches. – 2020. – š 2. – P. 72-85.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the reciprocal influence of the problems of food supply and the social stability of the Soviet state with an analysis aiming to establish the relationship between the onset of the provision crisis and the massive politicization of economic processes in the USSR on the part of society during the examined period.The article is directed at studying the degree of impact the unfulfilled consumer expectations had on the social perception of power by the population of the Soviet Union during the agrarian crisis of the early 1970s.Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the government and society on questions of food supply, as well as the alleviation of the provision crisis through imports.The methodological basis of this work is founded on the basic principles of scientific knowledge - objectivity and historicism, which allowed the authors to study the evolution of the population's mass consciousness in a dialectical relationship with the era's phenomena. Upon implementing the above-mentioned principles, a number of both general scientific and specific historical research methods were applied (historical-situational, historical-comparative, historical-systemic, and statistical methods). The scientific novelty of this work is its attempt to reflect on the course of the socio-political development of the USSR under the influence of changing internal and external factors caused by the consumer crisis.The authors note that under difficult conditions, the authorities of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee were forced to meet the social needs of the population in order to maintain a certain level of food provisions, as well as to support welfare. Evidence supports that increased social payments and higher wages in the early 1970s temporarily reduced the population's discontent with the Soviet political regime. The authors conclude that the concentration of the population’s attention on the low level of meeting their urgent needs was the basis of social inversion and the revision of the Soviet government approval index.

Keywords: social discontent, food stamps, deficiency, confidence in government, consumer crisis, food, supply, protests, détente, CIA

References:
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 74
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 15-18
Soviet society in the 1980s: problems and prospect // CIA FOIA. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/ciardp83t00853r000200180002-4 (data obrashcheniya: 07.10.2019).
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 19
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 69. D. 1069. L. 13-18
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 40
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 26
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 706. L. 101
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 706. L. 101-102
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 706. L. 103
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 37
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 706. L. 66-67
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 31
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 26
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 38-39
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 37-38
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 274. L. 25
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii (GARF). F. 5446. Op. 99. D. 1604. L. 1
RGANI. F. 5. Op. 64. D. 706. L. 97, 101
Yakupov R. A. Sistema potrebleniya v SSSRRossii v kontse 1980-kh-

Reference:

Tkhamokova I.K.. Terek Service and "Free" Cossacks at the End of the 16th - 17th Centuries: Particularities of their Social Status // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 6. – P. 69-76.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The article's subject is the social status of the two groups of Terek Cossacks: the “free” and the serving Cossacks. Many scholars do not know or forget about the second group. The aim of this study is to reveal the features of the two groups' social statuses, which are attested by the circumstances of their service, the nature and amount of their salaries, and their relationship with Terek governors. The author pays particular attention to some of the differences in the relations of the Terek “free” and the Don Cossacks with the state. The article is based on documents from the late 16th - 17th centuries, both preserved in archives and published. Among the research methods used, one of the most important ones was the historical-comparative method. The author compares the social statuses of Terek "free" and serving Cossacks, and of the Terek and Don Cossacks. The conducted study has allowed the author to sustain the conclusion that at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries on the Terek lived both the “free” and serving Cossacks. These two groups differed in their social organization. The "free" united themselves into a Cossack army, while the service Cossaks obeyed "heads" and the Terek governors. For the first time in historiography, evidence is provided to support the thesis that the Tersk-Grebensky "free" Cossacks in the 17th century were much more dependent on the state than the Don Cossaks.

Keywords: Terek voyevodas, Terek town, belomestnye Cossacks, free Cossacks, service Cossacks, Greben Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, North Caucasus, oath to the Tsar, royal allowance

References:
Akty istoricheskie, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoyu komissieyu. SPb.: Tip. 2 otd-niya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. kantselyarii, 1841. T. 1-5.
Akty, sobrannye v bibliotekakh i arkhivakh Rossiyskoy Imperii Arkheograficheskoyu ekspeditsieyu Imperatorskoy akademii nauk. SPb.: Tip. 2 otd-niya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. kantselyarii, 1836. T. 1-4.
Belokurov S. A. Snosheniya Rossii s Kavkazom: Materialy, izvlechennye iz Moskovskogo glavnogo arkhiva ministerstva inostrannykh del. M.: Univers. tip., 1889. 584 s.
Delo po chelobitnym Mutsala murzy Cherkasskogo // Chteniya v imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostey rossiyskikh pri Moskovskom universitete. 1894 g. Kn. 3. M: Univers. tip., 1894. S. 75-76
Kozlov S. A. Kavkaz v sud'bakh kazachestva. (XVI-XVIII). Izd. vtoroe. SPb.: Istoricheskaya illyustratsiya, 2002. 288 s.
Materialy po istorii russko-gruzinskikh otnosheniy (80-90-e gody XVII veka) Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1974-1979. T. 1-3.
Mininkov N. A. Donskoe kazachestvo v epokhu pozdnego srednevekov'ya (do 1671 g.). Rostov n/D.: izd. Rostov.

Reference:

Zinyakov N.M.. Urban Craft and Organizational Forms of Artisan Guilds in the Basin of Syr Darya and Semirechye in the Middle Ages // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 6. – P. 122-133.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The agricultural areas of Semirechye and Southern Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages were undergoing active urbanization and the formation and development of urban economy. Medieval cities were centers of small commodity production and a significant part of their population were artisans and merchants. The development of crafts and the concentration of craftsmen in large urban settlements starting from the Middle Ages contributed to the creation of simple-structured guilds of craftsmen according to their specific craft. This is evidenced by the so-called "Risalya" - the written charters of artisans. It is obvious that the craft associations of Central Asian cities had their own particularities and were not identical to the craft guild structures of Western Europe.The aim of this article is to identify the features reflecting the development level of craft and craft guilds in the medieval cities of the Syr Darya and Semirechye basins, according to archaeological and written sources. The study's research methods are the comparative-typological (material analysis for cultural and temporal affiliation), metallographic (identification of technological methods for the production of metal artifacts), and the use of written sources by medieval authors. The article's study has allowed the author to come to the following conclusions. The archaeological and written sources of the Central Asian-Kazakh region produced during the Middle Ages indicate an increase in the number of cities, urban areas and urban populations. Cities were formed, first of all, as craft and trade centers, which was the result of the separation of crafts from agriculture. The progress of craft production took place predominantly within the framework medieval cities: craft specialization became more profound, new branches of craft activity appeared, exchange relations expanded, and craft guilds were formed. The guild charters of the Risalya represent religious and ethical treatises.

Keywords: commodity production, craft statutes, urban settlements, organization of artisans, Risal of artisans, social structure, urban craft, medieval city, written sources, manufacturing techniques

References:
Negulyaeva T.M. Usloviya vozniknoveniya srednevekovogo gorodskogo prava // Srednevekovyy gorod. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1978. Vyp. 4. S.3-!9.
Kulisher I.M. Lektsii po istorii ekonomicheskogo byta Zapadnoy Evropy. Petrograd: Mysl', 1922. Ch. 1. 234 s.
Ustav kel'nskikh bocharov (1397) // Praktikum po istorii srednikh vekov. M.: ŤProsveshchenieť, 1967. S. 118-119.
Postanovleniya londonskoy gil'dii remeslennikov, izgotovlyayushchikh golovnye ubory (XIV v.) // Praktikum po istorii srednikh vekov. M.: ŤProsveshchenieť, 1967. S.116-117.
Ustav frankfurtskikh suknodelov // Praktikum po istorii srednikh vekov. M.: ŤProsveshchenieť, 1967. S. 122-125.
Srednevekovoe gorodskoe pravo XII-XIII vv. Sbornik tekstov. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1989. 180 s.
Pravo goroda Freyburga // Srednevekovyy gorod. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1989. Vyp. 9. S.196-207.
Kniga remesel i torgovli g. Parizha // Srednie veka. 1957. Vyp. X. S. 306-362.
Sovetskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slova

Reference:

Soboleva A.N.. Pre-Conscript Youth Training in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1923-1941 // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 5. – P. 95-101.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the military training of Soviet youth of pre-conscription age and before serving in the Red Army. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that the militarization of the population was an important aspect of Soviet reality, as with the coming to power, the Bolshevik leadership sought to strengthen the new socialist state and tried to protect it from any external and internal encroachments. Of paramount political importance was the question of the conscription of non-Russian nationalities and national formations. The aim of this article is to analyze the composition of parts of the Red Army by non-Russian peoples in one of the national regions of the country, namely in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. As the methodological basis of this study, the author used general scientific and special historical methods. The historical and comparative analysis made it possible to compare the factual material, while the source study method helped to identify and determine certain aspects in the studied problem that have not yet been adequately addressed in historiography. Finally, the principle of scientific integrity has enabled the author's objective analysis and the analytical method has given this work the necessary level of theoretical generalizations. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that new archival materials, newspaper publications, and personal memoirs are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which revealed various aspects of the preparation of the Buryats for military service. The author concludes that in the designated period in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, thousands of liable military conscripts, who did not have the tradition of military service before, underwent pre-war training.

Keywords: patriotic education, military-media work, military propaganda, Red Army, militarization of the country, youth, preinduction training, OSOAVIAKHIM, ęomsomol, Buryat-Mongolian ASSR

References:
Bazarov B.V., Namnanov D.D. Natsional'nye formirovaniya Krasnoy armii v Buryatii v 1920-1930-kh gg. Ulan-Ude: VSGAKI, 2000. 207 s.
Bezugol'nyy A.A. ŤGortsev v armiyu ne prizyvat' i nikuda ne otpravlyat'ť (mobilizatsionnye meropriyatiya i natsional'naya politika na Severnom Kavkaze v period Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny) // Vestnik Evrazii. 2003. š3. S.121-141.
Buryat-mongol'skaya pravda. 1927. 29 iyulya.
Buryat-mongol'skaya pravda. 1927. 1 sentyabrya.
Buryat-mongol'skaya pravda. 1929. 13 marta.
Buryat-Mongol'skaya pravda. 1932. 15 yanvarya.
Buryat-Mongol'skaya pravda. 1932. 9 aprelya.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Respubliki Buryatiya (GARB). F.1. Op.1. D. 244.
GARB. F.1. Op.1. D. 522.
GARB. F.1. Op. 1. D. 1153.
GARB. F.P-36. Op. 1. D. 272.
GARB. F.R-1. Op. 1. D. 2511.
GARB. F. R. 775. Op. 1. D. 2.
GARB. F. R. 775. Op. 1. D. 23.
Zharkov V.V. Znachenie natsional'nykh voinskikh formirovaniy v razvitii sovetskikh Vooruzhennykh Sil v 30-e gody XX veka // Yaroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik. 2005. š3 (44). S.29-32.
K

Reference:

Kryukova G.M.. The Fight Against Childhood Morbidity During the Great Patriotic War (Based on Sources from the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 5. – P. 48-55.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The article examines the issues concerning childhood morbidity during the Great Patriotic War. The research subject is the means applied in combating childhood morbidity during these years of war. The aim of this publication is to present the basic methods of preventing and fighting childhood morbidity in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the years of the Great Patriotic War. The author focuses particular attention on analyzing the strategy implemented in the Bashkir ASSR for the prevention and elimination of the epidemics that erupted in this region, which had affected children and the younger generations. The article's research methodology is based on the principles of systematics, historicism, and objectivity. In this work, the author applied the historical-genetic and retrospective research methods. The scientific novelty of this study is that it is based on the analysis of archival materials for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, and specifies in the context of one defensively important war region of Russia during the Great Patriotic War - the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the medical strategy used for preventing in 1941-1945 infant mortality and morbidity. The author considers the struggle against infectious and acute gastrointestinal diseases among children both living and evacuated to the Bashkir ASSR during the war.

Keywords: epidemic situation, mortality, infectious disease, vaccinal prevention, morbidity, children, Bashkir ASSR, Great Patriotic War, typhus, septic quinsy

References:
Cheremnykh O. A., Shevlyakov A. S. Sanitarnye meropriyatiya i blagoustroystvo v gorodakh Zapadnoy Sibiri v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2017. š 417. S. 182-190.
Motrevich V. P. Zhizn' v katastrofe: pitanie sel'chan na Urale v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny // Agrarnyy vestnik Urala. 2016. š 4. S. 60-65.
Natsional'nyy arkhiv Respubliki Bashkortostan (NA RB). F. P-122. Op. 23.
NA RB. F. P-122. Op. 24.
NA RB. F. P-342. Op. 2.
Paletskikh N. P. Semeyno-bytovye aspekty tylovoy povsednevnosti: na materialakh Urala perioda Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny // Sotsium i vlast'. 2018. š 5 (73). S. 121-129.
Suleymanova R. N. ŤOkhrana zdorov'ya nashikh detey seychas samaya vazhnaya zadachať: mery sotsial'noy podderzhki i okhrany zdorov'ya detey Bashkirii v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny // Deti voyny. Detskiy vopros v politike SSSR v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny. Na primere Bashkirskoy ASSR: sb. nauchnykh statey s dokumental'nym prilozheniem / nauchnyy rukovoditel' R.N. Suleymanov

Reference:

Aletkina E.Y.. The Development of the Housing Sector of the "Tatneft" Production Association in the 1950s - 1980s: a Difficult Experience in Problem Solving // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 4. – P. 126-142.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the housing sector of the Tatneft production association in the 1950s to the 1980s. Based on archival and published data, the author analyzes the state of one of the most important elements in the social structure of the named association. The author examines such aspects of this topic as the structure of capital investments in the non-production sphere in general, and in housing construction in particular, the state of the process of putting residential spaces into operation, and the issue of "barrack housing". The research subject of this article is the evolution of Tatneft's housing sector. The methodological base of this study is constituted by the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity. The author uses general historical methods (historical-comparative method) and quantitative methods (statistical analysis). This research is of practical significance due to the possibility of using the study's results to supplement the factual knowledge of the experience of housing development in Soviet industrial enterprises. The novelty of this study comes from both it providing new knowledge regarding one of the most important social spheres in the Tatneft production association and in introducing new archival sources into scientific circulation. The author concludes with the contradictory nature of Tatneft's housing policy: despite a number of successful measures, many quite serious issues remained.

Keywords: non-production sphere of enterprises, Tatar ASSR, municipal infrastructure, housing sector, oil industry, economic history, social history, Tatneft, housing problem, statistical sources

References:
NA RT. F.R-7246. Op. 1. D. 313.
Veterany: iz istorii razvitiya neftyanoy i gazovoy promyshlennosti. M., 2003-2017.
Dongaryan, Sh. S. Na stroykakh neftyanogo veka (zapiski neftegazostroiteley). M.: Š ZAO ŤIzdatel'stvo ŤNeftyanoe khozyaystvoť, 2008 432 s.
Churilov, L. D. Moya istoriya sovetskoy nefti (zapiski poslednego ministra). M.: Izd-vo ŤNeftyanoe khozyaystvoť, 2016. 328 s.
Khusnullin, Kh. Kh. Stanovlenie i razvitie zhilishchnogo stroitel'stva v Tatarstane v 1920-1959 gg.: dis. na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata istoricheskikh nauk. In-t istorii im. Sh. Mardzhani AN RT.-Kazan', 2004.-193 s.
TsGA IPD RT. F. R-15. Op. 7. D. 405. tsit. po: Giniatullin M. K. Dva milliarda tonn. Razdel ŤDokumentyť. M., 2006. S. 242.
NA RT. F. R-3038. Op. 1. D. 230. tsit. po: Giniatullin M. K. Dva milliarda tonn. Razdel ŤDokumentyť. M., 2006.
NA RT. F. R-3038. Op. 1. D. 198. tsit. po: Giniatullin M. K. Dva milliarda tonn. Razdel ŤDokumentyť. M., 2006.
NA RT. F. R-3038. Op. 1. D. 196. tsit. po: Giniatullin M. K. Dva mill

Reference:

Soloshchenko N.. Mass Publications as a Source for Studying the Process of Forming a New Man in the Soviet Industry of the First Five-Year Plans // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 3. – P. 106-117.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Read the article

Abstract: The article addresses the issue of forming a “new person” in the industry of the USSR in the 1930s on the example of the food industry. The author advances the thesis that mass-copy publications are an invaluable source for a thorough study of this issue. The study examines the activities of the “Nasha Pravda” and “Za Boevye Tempy” newspapers of the "Rot Front" and "Krasnyi Oktyabr" confectioneries in the formation of the “new man” at these enterprises. On the example of these publications, the author examines the basic techniques of shaping and the components of the image of the “new person”. The study applies the descriptive methods for interpreting sources, as well as content analysis in computerized and traditional versions. The author comes to the conclusion that the mass-copy publications used such techniques to construct the “new man” as: the publication of editorial articles that proposed workers specific behavioral patterns and the publication of biographies of “truly socialist workers” in which the life-course and personal qualities of the worker were covered only from the positive side. One of the important features of the mass-copy publication business of the confectionery industry was their primary focus on describing a young woman as a “new person”.

Keywords: narrative historical sources, industrialization, USSR, food industry, social engineering, content analysis, factory newspapers, pre-war five-year plans, new person, Soviet press

References:
Geller M. Mashina i vintiki. Istoriya formirovaniya sovetskogo cheloveka. M.: MIK, 1994. 336 s.
Izmozik V. S., Lebina N. B. Peterburg sovetskiy: novyy chelovek v starom prostranstve. 19201930-e gody. SPb.: Kriga, 2010. 248 s.
Porshneva O. S. Novyy chelovek kak komponent revolyutsionnogo sovetskogo proekta: klyuchevye problemy izucheniya v sovremennoy istoriografii / Epokha sotsialisticheskoy rekonstruktsii: idei, mify i programmy sotsial'nykh preobrazovaniy. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Ekaterinburg, 2017. S. 618.
Rannesovetskoe obshchestvo kak sotsial'nyy proekt, 19171930-e gg.: monografiya: v 2 ch. Ch. 2. Sovetskoe obshchestvo: kul'tura, soznanie, povedenie / Kollektiv avt.; pod obshch. red. L. N. Mazur. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural. un-ta, 2019. 462 s.
Attwood L. Creating the New Soviet Woman Womens Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity, 1922-53. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. 221 p.
Cheng Y. Creating the "New Man": From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities. University of Hawai'i Press, 2009. 268 p.

Reference:
Shilnikova I.. Take Measures to Provide Skilled Workers with Land: the Paradoxes of Labor Motivation and Conflicts in the Mining Enterprises of Donbass in the First Half of the 1920s // History magazine - researches. – 2019. – š 3. – P. 118-128.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The task of restoring Donbass as the key fuel base of the country was one of the priorities for the Soviet government at the start of the New Economic Policy. With the obvious limitations of external and internal resources, the government relied heavily on labor productivity growth and the dedication of the workers to the cause. Based on an analysis of the reasons behind conflicts and strikes in the mines of Donbass in the early years of the New Economic Policy, the article identifies the "bottlenecks" in the system of labor incentives for miners and also describes the features of the practiced methods of seeking qualified personnel and high performance. The research is based on archival materials preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. This includes above all the collections of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (F. 5451) and the Central Committee of the Professional Union of Miners of the USSR (F. 5459). The combination of micro and macro approaches has made it possible for the author to consider specific cases and practices in the context of general events in Russia. The study demonstrates that for workers the most important thing was still the material component in the system of labor incentives, expressed in a decent amount and timely payment of wages, ensuring acceptable living conditions and the supply of essential goods. It was not possible to solve these issues in the short time given, but the task of securing skilled workers in the mines of Donbass became more and more urgent. It was precisely this reason that prompted the local trade union and economic bodies to take the uncommon step that involved the allocation of land plots to miners. Despite the fact that the practice of “land distribution” lasted until the end of the 1920s, it could not reverse the situation of high staff turnover and a shortage of skilled workers.

Keywords: labor conflicts, housing conditions, wages, trade unions, NEP, mining enterprises, Donbass, labour motivation, strikes, skilled workers

References:
Safonova E. I. Moskovskie tekstil'shchiki v gody nepa: kvalifikatsiya i differentsiatsiya v oplate truda // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Ezhegodnik. 2000. M.: ROSSPEN, 2001. S. 389 419.
Sokolov A. K. Sovetskaya politika v oblasti motivatsii i stimulirovaniya truda (1917seredina 1930-kh godov) // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Obozrenie. Vyp.4 / Pod red. L. I. Borodkina. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2000. S. 39 80.
Churakov D. O. Buntuyushchie proletarii: rabochiy protest v Sovetskoy Rossii (19171930-e gg.). M.: Veche, 2007. 352 s.
Churakov D. O. Revolyutsiya, gosudarstvo, rabochiy protest: Formy, dinamika i priroda massovykh vystupleniy rabochikh v Sovetskoy Rossii. 19171918 gody. M.: ROSSPEN, 2004. 368 s.
GA RF. F. 5459 (Tsentral'nyy komitet Vsesoyuznogo professional'nogo soyuza gornorabochikh SSSR). Op. 5. D. 102.
GA RF. F. 5459. Op. 3. D. 59.
GA RF. F. 5451 (Vsesoyuznyy tsentral'nyy sovet professional'nykh soyuzov (VTsSPS)). Op. 8. D. 608.
GA RF. F. 5459. Op. 4. D. 110.
GA RF. F. 5459. Op. 9. D. 110.
GA RF. F. 5459. Op. 5. D. 101.<

Reference:
Pozdnyakova A.S., Vychugzhanina E.. The Organization of the Fight Against the Typhus Epidemic in Vyatka in 1918-1920 // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 6. – P. 17-28.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article is focused on an examination of the epidemiological situation of typhus during the Russian Civil War on the example of the Vyatka governorate. On the basis of previously unknown documents from the State Archives of the Kirov region, the authors analyze the work of local authorities in eliminating the epidemic and present statistical data on the course of the epidemic's unfolding. The authors identify the main problems faced by the authorities of the governorate in the fight against typhus and describe in details the measures which made it possible to reduce the percentage of typhus infections in the region. In solving posed research problems, the historical-systemic method was used as the main research approach, while as auxiliary methods, the authors used the statistical and comparative-historical methods. The novelty of the presented research lies in the fact that the authors introduce previously unknown archival materials into scientific circulation. One of the study's main conclusions is that only with the help of the Extraordinary Commission for the Control of Typhus it became possible to partially resolve the health crisis. By the end of 1920, the epidemic of typhus in the governorate began to decline.

Keywords: Soviet health education, doctors, Soviet medicine, emergency authorities, typhus, Civil war, epidemics, Vyatka province, everyday life, the establishment of Soviet power

References:
Burgasov P.N. Sostoyanie i perspektivy dal'neyshego snizheniya infektsionnoy zabolevaemosti v SSSR. M.: Meditsina, 1987.
Voronov I. P. Chto dolzhen znat' kazhdyy rabochiy i krest'yanin o sypnom tife.-Vyatka: Izdanie otdela zdravookhraneniya Vyatskogo gubernskogo ispolnitel'nogo komiteta Sov. Rab. Krest. i Kr. Deputatov; 1920; On zhe. K voprosu o bor'be s sypnym tifom v v Vyatskoy gubernii. Vyatka: Izdanie otdela zdravookhraneniya Vyatskogo gubernskogo ispolnitel'nogo komiteta Sov. Rab. Krest. i Kr. Deputatov; 1920
Voronov I. P. Chto dolzhen znat' kazhdyy rabochiy i krest'yanin o sypnom tife. Vyatka: Izdanie otdela zdravookhraneniya Vyatskogo gubernskogo ispolnitel'nogo komiteta Sov. Rab. Krest. i Kr. Deputatov, 1920. S. 1.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Kirovskoy oblasti (dalee GAKO). F. R-737. Op. 1. D. 709. L. 146
GAKO. F. R-875. Op. 1. D. 161. L. 90.
GAKO. F. R-875. Op. 1. D. 253.
GAKO. F. R-878. Op. 1. D. 22. L. 53.
GAKO. F. R-897. Op. 1. D. 105. L. 34.
GAKO. F. R-897. Op. 1. D. 119.
GAKO. F. R-1089. Op. 1. D. 9.

Reference:
Seleznev A.V.. The Forms and Scope of the Educational Activities of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Organization the "Znanie" Society in 1947-1992 // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 6. – P. 91-114.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the influence of external and internal factors on the development of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society and on the forms and scale of its educational activities in 1947 - 1992.The article's research object is the activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society in the propaganda of political and scientific knowledge in the period under study.The research subject of this study is the changes in the forms and scope of lecture and non-lecture propaganda, which were used by lecturers of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the “Znanie” society for the spread of socio-political, natural science, scientific-technical and agricultural knowledge.
For the first time in historiography, the educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the “Znanie” society is made the central subject of an independent research work, despite the fact that the topic of the lecture activities of the “Znanie” society is widely covered in the scientific studies of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.The author comes to the conclusion that the main form of educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society were lectures contracted with organizations. The change in the Society's composition, the recruitment of teachers, engineers and technicians, foremost workers and production innovators who did not have the skills to compose and deliver academic lectures, lead to the emergence of various non-lecture forms of spreading knowledge. Since the end of the 1950s, in the educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization, as well as in the Society as a whole, two directions were cemented: educational and agitation propaganda.

Keywords: Krasnoyarsk intelligentsia, lectors, rural population, urban population, lectures for organizations, public lectures, agitation and propagand, cultural activity, Society Znanie, educational organization

References:
Obzor lektsionnoy deyatel'nosti organizatsiy Vsesoyuznogo obshchestva ŤZnanieť za 1968 god. / Pravl. Vsesoyuz. o-va ŤZnanieť. M.: [b. i.], 1969. 35 s.
Obzor lektsionnoy deyatel'nosti organizatsiy Vsesoyuznogo obshchestva ŤZnanieť za 1970 god. / Pravl. Vsesoyuz. o-va ŤZnanieť. M.: [b. i.], 1971. 35 s.
Obzor lektsionnoy deyatel'nosti organizatsiy Vsesoyuznogo obshchestva ŤZnanieť za 1969 god. / Pravl. Vsesoyuz. o-va ŤZnanieť. M.: [b. i.], 1970. 37 s.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 985. L. 16, 17, 18.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1035. L. 13, 14, 15.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1062. L. 1ob., 5.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1088. L. 4.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1166. L. 21.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1166. L. 22.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1205. L. 21.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1258. L. 3ob., 20ob., 40ob., 43ob., 51ob., 73ob., 84ob., 87ob., 90ob., 101ob, 107ob., 120ob., 123ob, 132, 139ob.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1423. L. 1 ob.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1. D. 1584.L. 1 ob.
GARF. F. R-9547. Op. 1

Reference:
Perviy A.I.. The Normative Aspect of the Labor Unions' Work in Labor Protection and the Perestroika Policy of the USSR // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 5. – P. 114-122.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the regulatory and legal basis of the activities of Soviet trade unions regarding labor protection in 1985 - 1991. The author gives a description of the main formative stages of the unions' work. The article's aim is to give an idea of the ties between the regulatory-legal framework of the labor unions' activities concerning labor protection and the changes taking place in the country. To achieve this goal, the author pays particular attention to the state of the regulatory-legal framework at the beginning of the policy of Perestroika, namely, its integrity and its changes in 1987 - 1991 caused by a change in the country's domestic policy. The methodological basis of this study is founded on the principle of historicism. According to this principle, the regulatory and legal basis of labor unions' work in labor protection in 1985 - 1991 should be considered in close interconnection with the political and socio-economic processes occurring in the Soviet state. The author's general scientific method of synthesis made it possible to draw a picture of the presence or absence of a unified system of normative and legal acts of the labor unions' work in labor protection at various stages of the implementation of the Perestroika policy. The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that despite the existence of scientific interest in the analysis of the regulatory basis of labor unions in labor protection, the period 1985 - 1991 remains practically unexplored. The author introduces new historical sources into scientific circulation. Analyzing the data presented, the author presents a holistic view of the link between domestic policies and the changes in the regulatory base in labor protection and the deterioration of workers' position at the final stage of the Perestroika policy.

Keywords: technical labour inspections, 1985-1991, regulated market, labour dispute, perestroika, labour protection, trade union, legal and regulatory framework, the legal labor inspection, examination of labor

References:
Postanovlenie Sovmina SSSR ot 13 avgusta 1990 N 812 "O Gosudarstvennoy ekspertize usloviy truda" (p. 3/ Biblioteka normativno-pravovykh aktov Soyuza Sovetskikh sotsialisticheskikh Respublik [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL:http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_17018.htm
Postanovlenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR ot 19 oktyabrya 1967 g. ŤO poryadke obespecheniya predpriyatiy i organizatsiy spetsodezhdoy, spets. obuv'yu i predokhranitel'nymi prisposobleniyamiť/ Biblioteka normativno-pravovykh aktov Soyuza Sovetskikh sotsialisticheskikh Respublik [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL:http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_6684.htm
Postanovlenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR ot 19 maya 1967 g. ŤO poryadke besplatnoy vydachi moloka rabochim i sluzhashchim, zanyatym v proizvodstvakh, tsekhakh, na uchastkakh i drugikh podrazdeleniyakh s vrednymi usloviyami trudať//Spravochnik profsoyuznogo rabotnika. M., 1987. S. 267.
Postanovlenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR i VTsSPS ot 9 avgusta 1966 g. ŤO merakh po dal'neyshemu uluchsheniyu usloviy truda, sanitarno-bytovogo i meditsinskogo obsluzhivaniya rabotnikov, zanya

Reference:
Oguzova D.A.. The Features of the Condition of the Adygeyan Peasantry in the Second Half of the 18th - First Half of the 19th Centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 3. – P. 61-69.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article examines the condition of the Adygeyan peasantry in the second half of the 18th century - first half of the 19th centuries. The author describes the general features of the largest strata of the Adygeyan peasantry, the degree of their enslavement and the nature of their relations with the ruling class. At the center of the author's attention lie the questions of the emergence among the peasantry of ideas of freedom and independence, of their struggle to improve living conditions and to change the correlation of the value of life among the representatives of the upper class and peasants. Additionally, a lot of attention is paid to the migration processes among the Adygeyan peasantry, which had intensified during the studied period in two directions: from the "aristocratic", more rigidly feudalized groups of the Adygeyan society to the Western Adygeyan "democratic"; and from both groups of Adygeyan peoples to Mozdok, under the patronage of the Russian government. Furthermore, the author discusses the impact of entering the pan-imperial space of Russia on the brink of the traditional way of life, and, consequently, the relationship between owners and peasants.

Keywords: North Caucasus, the peoples of the North Caucasus, feudalism, ruling classes, peasantry, circassians, adygea, aristocracy, people, dominant class

References:
Kuz'minov P.A. Ot voennogo pokoreniya k poisku putey integratsii: zamysly i nachalo osushchestvleniya agrarnykh preobrazovaniy u narodov Severnogo Kavkaza v 60-kh gg. XIX veka // Agrarnye otnosheniya u narodov Severnogo Kavkaza v Rossiyskoy politike XVIII nachala XX veka. 1 tom. Nal'chik, ŤEl'-fať, 2006. 472 s.
TsGA KBR. F. 23. Op. 1. D. 10.
Lyul'e L.Ya. Cherkesiya: istoriko-etnograficheskie stat'i. Materialy dlya istorii cherkesskogo naroda. M.Ts.T.K. ŤVozrozhdenieť. 1990. vyp. 4. 48 s.
Naloeva E.Dzh. Kabarda v pervoy polovine XVIII veka: genezis adygskogo feodal'nogo sotsiuma i problemy sotsial'no-politicheskoy istorii Nal'chik OOO ŤPechatnyy dvorť 2015. 368 s.
Dmitriev V.A. Zapadnye adygi: sotsium i prostranstvo k. XVIII pervaya polovina XIX vv. Elektronnaya biblioteka Muzeya antropologii i etnografii im. Petra Velikogo (Kunstkamera) RAN. 236 s.
Mamontova A.V. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiy stroy u nizhnikh cherkesov (adygov) nakanune krest'yanskoy reformy 1867 goda // Uchenye zapiski KBNII. Nal'chik, 1946. T. 1. 288 s.
Aslan

Reference:
Zharova E.. Regulation of Student Courses in Universities of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th Beginning of the 20th Centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2018. – š 1. – P. 92-105.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The subject of this article is the process of modifying the control of student courses in Russian universities during the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Regulation of students’ lessons is one of the most important aspects of going through a university, which is why changes in the university system always affected student exams. A significant role in the penetration of one or another examination procedure was played by initiatives of universities, which the Ministry if not supported, at least considered, and consequently could introduce into practice of university life. The article's research is based, first of all, on the use of the comparative-historical method and is also founded on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The novelty of this study lies in that the author considers the gradual change in regulating the studies of students in Russian imperial universities during the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century in terms of the particular characteristics of the educational institutions and the general direction of the state's educational policy. This was a unique kind of instrument for influencing both students and university corporations, which were either given the opportunity to decide independently the issue of controlling student courses or deprived of such an opportunity. This was due to fluctuations in the educational policy of the Ministry of Education.

Keywords: Russian Empire, Ministry of Public Education, examinations, grade scale, tests, semester test, subject system of education, education reforms, state regulation, natural science departments

References:
TsGIA SPb, f. 14, op. 1, d. 9496.
Tsirkulyarnoe predlozhenie gg. popechitelyam uchebnykh okrugov ob obyazatel'nosti dlya studentov universiteta davat' otvety na ekzamenakh stoya // ZhMNP, 1887, t. 252, iyul', s. 36.
TsGIA SPb, f. 14, op. 1, d. 6557.
TsGIA SPb, f. 14, op. 1, d. 7552.
Tsentral'nyy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv Sankt-Peterburga (TsGIA SPb), f. 14, op. 1, d. 5478.
TsAGM, f. 418, op. 54, d. 56, t. 2.
TsGIA SPb, f. 14, op. 1, d. 6406.
TsAGM, f. 418, op. 29, d. 653.
TsAGM, f. 418, op. 28, d. 78.
TsAGM, f. 418, op. 31, d. 864.
TsAGM, f. 418, op. 54, d. 56, t. 1.
Universitet dlya Rossii. T. 4. Moskovskiy universitet v nikolaevskuyu epokhu / Pod red. F.A. Petrova, V.V. Ponomarevoy, L.B. Khoroshilovoy. M.: Izd. MGU, 2012. 397 s.
Tsentral'nyy arkhiv goroda Moskvy (TsAGM), f. 418, op.30, d.88.
Universitet dlya Rossii. T. 2. Moskovskiy universitet v aleksandrovskuyu epokhu. / Pod red. V.V. Ponomarevoy, L.B. Khoroshilovoy. M.: Russkoe slovo, 2001. 366 s.
Rozhdestvenskiy S.V. Istoricheskiy obzor deyat

Reference:
Dzagurova N.K., Dzagurova N.K.. The Involvement of Women of Northern Ossetia in Industrial Production in 1925-1937 // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – š 6. – P. 155-160.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the role women of Northern Ossetia played in industrial production in the period between 1925-1937. The subject of this research is the policy directed at involving women of Northern Ossetia in industrial production on the basis of a wide range of activities implemented by the government at the time of industrial building. The object of this study is the formation process of the Soviet industry in the region. The choice of the chronological frame is defined by the necessity to encompass the period most representative for understanding the specifics behind the state policy of the Bolsheviks, directed at the assimilation of the forming Soviet space by women-highlanders. The research's methodological base is the historical-genetic method, which has allowed to achieve to the greatest extent the reconstruction of the reality of the examined events and processes. The study is constructed on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the research consists of the article's undertaken analysis, based on archival documents and published materials, of the ties between the dynamics of the increase in women workers in industrial enterprises of the region during the examined period and the success of the implemented set of measures on the use of women's labor. The author comes to the conclusion that the undertaken state policy contributed to the involvement of women of Northern Ossetia in industrial production and the creation in the region of a qualified workforce from among women workers, which became massively possible under the conditions of an emerging huge labor shortage.

Keywords: women-highlanders, workers, industrialization, industrial production, factory-plant building, labor, 1925-1937, region of Northern Ossetia, Northern Caucasus, women of Northern Ossetia

References:
Aralovets N. D. Zhenskiy trud v SSSR.-M.,1954. 150 s.
Gosudarstvennyy Arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii (dalee GARF) F.3316. Op.22. D.941. L.78.
GARF. F.5451. Op.15.D.443.L.5.
Istoriya Severnoy Osetii. XX vek./Pod red. Dzasokhova A.S.-M., Nauka. 2003. 648 s.
Kazbekov G. V. Formirovanie i razvitie rabochego klassa v Severnoy Osetii (1860-1940). Ordzhonikidze, 1963. 136s.
KPSS v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s'ezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK. M., Izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1983.T.3-4. 606 s.
Revolyutsiya i gorets. 1935.š1.S.22.
Revolyutsiya i natsional'nosti. 1935. š8.S.62.
Sotsialisticheskaya Osetiya. 1937. 8 marta.
Tedeeva N. V. Zhenshchiny Osetii v kontekste modernizatsionnykh protsessov 1920-1930-kh gg.: dis kand. ist. nauk. Vladikavkaz, 2008. 165 s.
Tsarikaeva Z. A. Sotsial'nyy status zhenshchin Severnoy Osetii v usloviyakh izmenyayushchegosya obshchestva: avtoref. dis kand. ist. nauk. Vladikavkaz, 2006. 48 s.
Tsentral'nyy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv istoriko-partiynoy dokumentatsii Respubliki Severnaya Osetiya Alaniya (dalee TsGA IPD RSO

Reference:
Medvedeva T.A.. The Specifics Behind the Creation and Activity of the Volost Zemstvo in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate During the Period of FebruaryOctober 1917 // History magazine - researches. – 2017. – š 3. – P. 122-136.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article is devoted to a topic that is still little studied in the history of the local government of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate – the establishment of the institute of volost zemstvo in 1917. The subject of this research are the specifics behind the creation and activity of the volost zemstvo of the rural self-government of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate during the period of February-October 1917. As the basic source for the research of this problem the author for the first time in historiography used material from local periodicals were first used. Their analysis allows us to more accurately assess the socio-economic and political situation in the governorate between February and October of 1917, the mood of the voters during the election campaign, and to identify the main reasons for its failure. The study is based on the main methodological principles of historical science - the principles of historicism, objectivity and social approach. In addition, it also used specific historical methods - logical, comparative-historical, problem-chronological. The author focuses particular attention on the study of the reasons for the failure of the volost zemstvo reform in 1917 in the Nizhny Novgorod governorate. The author analyzes in detail the confrontation between the volost zemstvo administration and local peasant committees in the struggle for influence over the peasant masses. It is concluded that the emerging volost zemstvo has become hostage to the inability of the Provisional government to resolve the two main issues for peasants: land and food.

Keywords: Russian revolution, February revolution, October revolution, Provisional government, local government, volost zemstvo, local periodicals, zemstvo elections, local peasant committees, Nizhny Novgorod governorate

References:
Poberezhskaya L. M. Podgotovka i provedenie zemskoy reformy v Nizhegorodskoy gubernii: avtoreferat dis kand. ist. nauk. Gor'kiy: Izdatel'stvo Gor'kovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1967. 21 s.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 28 sentyabrya. S.2; 3 oktyabrya. S.2; 4 oktyabrya. S. 2; 21 oktyabrya. S.2; 24 oktyabrya. S.2.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 28 sentyabrya. S.2; 3 oktyabrya. S.2; 10 oktyabrya. S.2; 11 oktyabrya. S.4; 31 oktyabrya. S.3.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 8 oktyabrya. S.2; 23 oktyabrya. S.2.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 29 sentyabrya. S.3.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 4 oktyabrya. S.2.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 11 oktyabrya. S.4.
Nizhegorodskiy listok. 1917. 1 oktyabrya. S.2; 10 oktyabrya. S.2; 23 oktyabrya. S.4; 24 oktyabrya. S.3.
Nikolaev D. A. Nizhegorodskoe zemstvo v 18651918 gg.: obzor khozyaystvennoy deyatel'nosti i analiz sotsial'no politicheskikh initsiativ: dis kand. ist. nauk. N. Novgorod: Izdatel'stvo Nizhegorodskogo gosudarstvennogo univ

Reference:
Kattsina T.A.. Gosudarstvennaya politika i opyt mestnykh vlastei Vostochnoi Sibiri v organizatsii pomoshchi soldatskim sem'yam (avgust 1914 - oktyabr' 1917) // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 6. – P. 674-680.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract:

Keywords: Pervaya mirovaya voina, vidy pomoshchi, formy pomoshchi, kazennyi paek

References:
Bulgakova L. A. Nevenchannye soldatki: bor'ba za priznanie grazhdanskikh brakov v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny / L. A. Bulgakova // Vlast', obshchestvo i reformy v Rossii v XIX-nachale KhKh veka: issledovaniya, istoriografiya, istochniki. SPb: Nestor-Istoriya, 2009. S. 183214.
Bulgakova L.A. Polozhenie soldatskikh semeistv v 1917 godu (Po materialam pravitel'stvennoi korrespondentsii) // Noveishaya istoriya Otechestva XX-XXI vek. Vyp. 2.Saratov: Nauka, 2007. S. 2007. S. 6884.
Bulgakova L. A. Privilegirovannye bednyaki: Pomoshch' soldatskim sem'yam v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny // Na puti k revolyutsionnym potryaseniyam: Iz istorii Rossii vtoroi poloviny XIX-nachala XX veka: materialy konferentsii pamyati V. S. Dyakina, 24-25 maya 1999 g. / red. R. Sh. Ganelin, B. B. Dubentsov, I. V. Lukoyanov. SPb., Kishenev: Nestor-Historia, 2001. S. 429493.
Vazhneishie zakony, ukazy i rasporyazheniya voennogo vremeni / sost. S. M. Levin. [V 2 t.]. T. 1: Iyul' 1914 g.-aprel' 1915 g. Pg.: Izdanie yuridicheskogo k

Reference:
Koltashev A.N.. The Tendencies in Cultural Constructions in Gornyi Altai in the 1920s-1930s // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 563-570.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article is focused on the question of the cultural transformation and development of Gornyi Altai during the first years of Soviet rule. The subject of inquiry is the governments direction in cultural constructions and policies in the cultural-educational sphere of Gornyi Altai in the 1920s-1930s. The research object is the process of cultural development in Gornyi Altai. Particular attention is dedicated to the examination of archival material, which reflects the many problems faced in the cultural sphere and which were not talked about by Soviet scholars. The aim of this work is to study the tendencies in Gornyi Altais cultural development during the first 20 years of Soviet rule. In achieving this the author pays special attention to the cultural policies of the government as a whole, and of the Siberian and local administrations in particular. The main research method used is the systematic one. The study is also based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, entirety and interrelation between the whole and the particular. The articles main conclusion: if at the beginning of the 1920s the number of cultural institutions was insignificant, when work in the cultural sphere was not common due to the disastrous consequences of the civil war and the war against banditism, then in the consequent decades more effort was directed at cultural development and increasing the network of cultural institutions. The author succeeded in identifying that the significant attention dedicated to cultural institutions from party authorities is explained primarily by their serious ideological and mobilizing importance. However, despite this, the majority of cultural institutions depended on local budgets which were very scarce. The authors original contribution to the study of this topic lies in his analysis of various data. In the course of research the author established that in implementing cultural-educational objectives in Gornyi Altai, like in the rest of the country, an active establishment of a network of cultural institutions was undertaken during the studied period: peoples houses, clubs, libraries, reading rooms, museums. Considering the geographical and social specifics of Gornyi Altai, this region also created its own unique cultural and educational institutions, which did not exist elsewhere. The novelty of the conducted study lies in the fact that it undertook for the first time a complex analysis of a little-studied research topic in the history of the establishment and development of cultural institutions in Gornyi Altai, examening the development of cultural institutions in this region in the context of the occurring social and economic processes.

Keywords: Altai people, illiteracy, Altai people, cultural-educational policy, cultural transformation, cultural institutions, tendencies in cultural constructions, ideological education, liquidation of illiteracy, cultural revolution

References:
Zezina M.R. Istoriya russkoi kul'tury / M.R. Zezina, L.V. Koshman, V.S. Shul'gin. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1990. 432 s.
Borodkin P. A. Kul'turnoe stroitel'stvo na Altae. 1917-1941 gg. Dokumenty i materialy.-Barnaul, Alt. kn. izdatel'stvo, 1980. 360 s.
Ulala, Oirot-Tura, Gorno-Altaisk. Stranitsy istorii. Letopis' goroda s 1830 po 1945 gody. 187 s.
GASPD RA. F. P-1. Op. 1. D. 989. L. 17.
Ankudinova T.V. Istoriya stanovleniya i razvitiya goroda Gorno-Altaiska v pervoi polovine XX veka. Tomsk: Izd-vo Tom. un-ta, 2007. 234 s.
Toshchakova E. M. Zhenshchina v obshchestve i sem'e u sovremennykh altaitsev. Novosibirsk, 1973. 58 s.
Satonin A. O kul'trabote profsoyuzov // Oirotskii krai. 1927. 12 yanvarya.
GASPD RA. F. P-1. Op. 1. D.426. L.4.
Modorov N. S. Sud'by korennykh narodov Gornogo Altaya (Iz istorii natsional'no-gosudarstvennogo stroitel'stva. 1800-1940 gg.). Gorno-Altaisk. RIO GAGU, 2004. S. 182.
Ekeev N.V. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie derevni Gornogo Altaya v 1920-kh god

Reference:
Likhodey E.M.. The Program Children of Russia in 19901995: Towards a History of the Formation of a New Direction in Russian Policy in the Sphere of Childhood // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 571-581.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article presents an overview of the development process of the program Children of Russia in the context of the formation of a new direction of the Russian Federations policy in the sphere of childhood, beginning from 1990 and ending at the first stage of the programs realization in 1995. The study of the states policy in the sphere of childhood in the 1990s is becoming particularly relevant today, because the origins of the gaps currently existing such as the ambiguity in understanding this phenomenon lie in the initial period of the formation of the Russian Federation, since the reconstructive processes simultaneously led to progressive and positive results, regarding society in general, and to negative results, to a greater extent affecting children. The article, divided into three idea headings, identifies the conditions of adopting the program Children of Russia and its component subprograms, examines the content of these programs, their development, and analyzes the results of implementing the program Children of Russia in general and the subprograms in particular as of 1995. The methodological base of this study is founded on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, which allow to comprehensively analyze the scientific-reliable facts and the relevant body of sources. The author applies the historical, comparative-historical, logical and dialectical methods. The scientific novelty presented in the article is determined by the fact that the elaboration process of the named program and the results of its implementation from the historical point of view are little-studied. In writing this article the author was able to address a wide body of sources, previously not used in scientific studies, the majority of which are archival documents from the legislative and executive powers, preserved in the State archive of the Russian Federation. In addition, the author also used data from periodicals and memoirs of participants of the described events, published by them. The conducted research has allowed to reconstruct the process of formulating the program Children of Russia. The results of this study can be used in preparing courses on Russian history, special courses on the history of state and law, history of policy development in the sphere of childhood, in writing textbooks and educational tutorials.

Keywords: childhood, child policy, state policy, policy of Russian Federation, child rights, history of policy, state program, social history, program Children of Russia, domestic policy

References:
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2437. L. 22.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2437. L. 3.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2436. L. 117.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2436. L. 4-5.
Rasporyazhenie Pravitel'stva RSFSR ot 28.12.1991 š 237-r ŤOb utverzhdenii perechnya naselennykh punktov, otnosyashchikhsya k territoriyam radioaktivnogo zagryazneniyať // GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2437. L. 3.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2436. L. 3.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2437. L. 4.
Postanovlenie VS RSFSR ot 19.09.1990 š 173-1 ŤO gosudarstvennoy programme po likvidatsii posledstviy Chernobyl'skoy katastrofy na territorii RSFSR na 1990-1995 godyť.
GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 2443. L. 3.
Lakhova E.F. Moy put' v politiku. M.: Izdatel'stvo ŤAURIKAť, 1995. S. 120.
Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VS RSFSR ot 27.04.1991 š 1113-1 ŤO Respublikanskoy programme ŤDeti Chernobylyať na 1991-1995 godyť.
Lakhova E.F. Moy put' v politiku. S. 120.
Lakhova E.F. Moy put' v politiku. S. 120.
Lakhova E.F. Moy put' v politiku. M.: Izd

Reference:
Khodin S.N.. Transformational Processes in Belarusian Villages at the Turn of the 1920s1930s // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 582-593.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons for the changes in the agricultural policy of the Bolsheviks towards Belarus at the turn of the 1920s1930s. The author examines the direction and content of the transformational processes in the social sphere and in the economic behavior of the Belarusian peasantry. Furthermore, the development tendencies of the individual peasant household are identified. The author looks at the particularities of the marker behavior of the Belarusian peasantry as a factor in the closure of the New Economic Policy. The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of collectivization in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, forms, aims and results of Dekulakization. The author also explains the demographic losses resulting from the famine that hit Belarusian villages in 19291933. On the basis of a comparative study the author analyzes the dynamics and content of the socio-political transformations of Belarus at the turn of the 1920s1930s, its specifics in comparison to other republics of the USSR. The historical-genetic method has allowed to trace the origins of the socio-economic contradictions in the Belarusian villages at the turn of the 1920s1930s and their consequences. On the basis of a structural-functional analysis the author identifies the direction of the transformative processes in the Belarusian villages during the inter-war period. The author consequently comes to the conclusion that the individual development of peasant households during the second half on the 1920s came against significant difficulties, demonstrated above all in the decrease of the marketability of agricultural production. If individual peasant households revealed the tendency of an increased consumption, then through the kolkhoz system the part of bread production that was essential to the survival of peasant families was pumped out. This led to a mass famine in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic and became one of the essential reasons for the slower growth in the population number during the first half of the 1930s. In 1933 (for the first time since the end of the First World War and the civil war) there was a decrease in the population number in the BSSR. In its survival strategy the Belarusian peasantry demonstrated a solidarity that was not dictated by party affiliation or social hierarchy. The development of education and an increase in the number of people from villages going to universities in the 1920s contributed to an increase in pro-peasant Belarusian sentiments, which among other factors determined a series of political processes in Belarus at the turn of the 1920s1930s.

Keywords: transformational processes, Belarusian village, modernization, market type behavior, social psychology, food security, collectivization, agrarian policy, Soviet modernization, demographical processes

References:
Protokol š 1 zasedaniya Komissii TsK KP(b)B po zhivotnovodstvu ot 3 fevralya 1933 g. o poryadke raboty Komissii, [stenogramma] soveshchaniya [pri TsK KP(b)B] ot 25 marta 1934 g. o sostoyanii zhivotnovodstva v BSSR. 183 g. // Natsional'nyi arkhiv Respubliki Belarus'. F. 4p. Op. 1. D 7083.
Informatsionnye svodki orginstruktorskogo otdela TsK KP(b)B o vnutripartiinom nastroenii naseleniya v raionakh v svyazi s provedeniem khlebozagotovok, sredi rabochikh predpriyatii g. Minska, khode raz''yasnitel'noi raboty po politike povysheniya tsen. 19321933 gg. 36 l. // Natsional'nyi arkhiv Respubliki Belarus'. F. 4p. Op. 1. D. 5996.
Tragediya sovetskoi derevni. Kollektivizatsiya i raskulachivanie. 19271939. Dokumenty i materialy : v 5 t. / pod red. V. Danilova, R. Manning, L. Violy. M. : ROSSPEN, 2002. T. 4 : 19341936. 1056 s.
Dokladnye, pis'ma, svodki... yanv. 1933 iyun' 1935 g. 181+2 l. // Natsional'nyi arkhiv Respubliki Belarus'. F. 4p. Op. 1. D. 6988.
Dokladnaya zapiska t. Gikalo o volneniyakh v g

Reference:
Kezhutin A.N.. Teaching and the Question of Russias Alcoholization at the Turn of the 19th20th Centuries (Based on the Material from All-Russian Pedagogical Congresses) // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 5. – P. 594-598.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The subject of this research is the position of the leading teaching group in Russia regarding alcoholism as a social illness at the end of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries. The current relevance of this topic is linked to its insufficient consideration in historiography. This article examines the social and scientific approaches of Russian teachers and school doctors to the development of a body of anti-alcoholism measures by way of identifying the reasons for the wide spreading of drinking and alcoholism, the elaboration of a system of social actions in the fight against them and the implementation of these developments in practice. The author enunciates the main approach to studying the question of alcohol, which was linked to the societys processes of socio-economic development. The source base for this work consist of material from all-Russian pedagogical congresses at the turn of the 19th20th centuries. The foundation of this study is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and determinism. The author uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative-historical and chronological. The novelty of this research consists in the resulting new information regarding the social essence, the specific-historical determinism and causes of widespread drinking and alcoholism, and the suggestions made by the teaching community for fighting this issue and their anti-alcoholism measures. For the first time in historiography the position of the most active representatives of the pedagogical community regarding this issue are presented. The author comes to the conclusion that members of the leading teaching group actively participated in the anti-alcoholism movement in Russia.

Keywords: alcoholism, social aspects, social activity, inebriety, anti-alcoholism measures, social illness, propaganda, sobriety, congress, teaching

References:
Razumnye razvlecheniya, kak sredstvo protiv narodnogo p'yanstva // Vestnik vospitaniya. 1896. š 6. S. 172173.
Shkola, literatura i zhizn' (Chital'ni pri Popechitel'stvakh o narodnoy trezvosti) // Vestnik vospitaniya. 1898. š 2. S. 115133.
Nikol'skiy D.P. Obrazovatel'no-vospitatel'nye uchrezhdeniya v bor'be s alkogolizmom / Trudy Pervogo Vserossiyskogo s'ezda deyateley obshchestv Narodnykh universitetov i drugikh prosvetitel'nykh uchrezhdeniy chastnoy initsiativy. Sankt-Peterburg. 37 yanvarya 1908 g. SPb., 1908. S. 103112.
Kimental' V.V. K otdelam / Trudy Pervogo Vserossiyskogo s'ezda uchiteley... S. 428.
O narodnykh chteniyakh / Tretiy s'ezd russkikh deyateley po tekhnicheskomu i professional'nomu obrazovaniyu v Rossii. 19031904 gg. B.m. B.g. S. 57.
Shkola i kabak // Russkaya shkola. 1901. š 4. S. 105.
Khramov Replika po dokladu G.I. Gordona ŤSamoubiystva uchashchikhsya v gorodskikh uchilishchakh i nachal'nykh shkolakhť / Trudy Pervogo Vserossiyskogo s'ezda uchiteley... S. 446.

Reference:
Ornatskaya T.A.. Personnel Policy within Law Enforcement Agencies (case study: Soviet Police in the Far East, 1920s1930s) // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 4. – P. 441-449.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article tackles political conditions for the development of Soviet police in 19171939. The author defines several steps of creation of the law enforcement system, discovers the specific characteristics of its development in the Far East. The author pays attention to the fact that recruitments in the 1920s proceeded exclusively by the principle of political expediency. Police as a part of state apparatus reflected the class basis of the society. Ńhanges in economic policy of the country led to transferring of police administrations to local funds, staff reduction and shutdowns of special education institutions. Police forces had to face the problem of professional dismissals and hiring of large amounts of employees whose moral and professional qualities were not suitable for work in law enforcement. The study of wide range of sources, which author obtained in the central and regional archives, allowed her to enrich the historiography of the question of personnel policy management among Far East policemen in the 1920s1930s. The author argues that the problem of recruitment to Soviet police was relevant during the whole Interwar period. Police reform of the first half of the 1930s did not lead to the improvement of police personnel quality. Conducted in the second half of the 1930s, the systematic work on pay raises, special education institutions network expansion and boosting work satisfaction among police personnel allowed to decrease delinquency among employees.

Keywords: morally-business qualities, personnel selection, militian device, criminality, Educational work, staff of militia, Far East, Soviet militia, law enforcement bodies, Material security

References:
Sobranie uzakonenii RSFSR. 1918. š 76, st. 813.
Eropkin M.I., Popov L.L. Administrativno-pravovaya okhrana obshchestvennogo poryadka. L.: Lenizdat, 1972. 328 s.
Sonin V.V. Stanovlenie Dal'nevostochnoi respubliki, 1920-1922. Vladivostok: Izdatel'stvo Dal'nevost. un-ta, 1990. 347 s.
Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Khabarovskogo kraya (GAKhK). F. R-864. Op. 1. D. 8. L. 23-24.
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel'stva DVR. 1921. š 5. (11).
Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF). F. R-393. Op.43a. D. 1104. L. 1-8
Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (RGASPI). F. 372. Op.1. D. 1192. L. 4-5.
GAKhK. F. P-44. Op.1. D. 279. L. 125-133.
GAKhK. F. R-925. Op.1. D. 1. L. 56-68.
GAKhK. F. R-864. Op.1. D. 1. L. 5-237.
GAKhK. F. R-1025. Op.1. D. 2. L. 6-22
Ornatskaya T.A. Narodnaya militsiya Dal'nevostochnoi respubliki: komplektovanie i podgotovka kadrov // Kaspiiskii region: politika, ekonomika, kul'tura. 2016. š 2. S. 31-36.
RGASPI. F

Reference:
Gularyan A.B.. The Participation of the Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) Agencies in the Dekulakisation of the Omsk Region in Western Siberia // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 2. – P. 161-166.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the current historiographical issue concerning the participation of the Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) agencies in the dekulakisation and dispossession process of wealthier peasants (Kulaks) in outback regions. Scientific literature reflects two different points of view on this question. Some scientists place the entire dekulakisation responsibility on the Joint State Political Directorate, while others allocate this responsibility among various party and government bodies of the still forming state command and administrative system. The basis of this research is archival material from the State Archive of the Novosibirsk region, as Novosibirsk at the time was considered to be the region's capital. The author applies the methodology of the system analysis to this study and complements it with the procedural approach taken from sociology. This has allowed to focus on the situations dynamic development, on the behaviour of various participants and to reveal the cumulative result of their activities. The author corroborates his conclusion that the initiative, ideological substantiation, and the dekulakisation process belonged to the party and government systems. Local JSPD agencies were assigned with planning the operations, coordinating the activities of the different administrative agencies, and informing the higher authorities about the changes in the operative situation. Thus, there was a whole system in place for the eradication of the wealthy peasantry.

Keywords: Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD), Kulaks, Dekulakisation, dispossession, plan, excesses, commissioners, party activists, Administrative Department, escapes

References:
Papkov S.A. Obyknovennyy terror. Politika stalinizma v Sibiri [Tekst] / S.A. Papkov.-M.: ROSSPEN, 2012. 440 s.
Shangin M.S. Terror protiv sovesti: Ob unichtozhenii dukhovenstva i trudovogo krest'yanstva v g. Omske i oblasti [Tekst]: Sb. dokumental'nykh materialov / M.S. Shangin-Omsk : Omsk. kn. izd-vo, 1994. 319 s.
Ozerova O.A. K voprosu ob organizatsii informatsionnoy i agenturnoy raboty sredi tyurkskogo naseleniya partiynymi i sovetskimi organami Zapadnoy Sibiri (konets 1920-kh 1930-e gg.) [Tekst] / O.A. Ozerova // Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. 2014. Seriya Obshchestvo. Istoriya. Sovremennost'. š 1 (125). S. 1719.
Ozerova O.A. Rol' partiynykh i sovetskikh organizatsiy v raskulachivanii i repressiyakh tyurkskikh narodov Zapadnoy Sibiri (1928 1932 gg.) [Tekst] / O.A. Ozerova // Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. 2012. Seriya Obshchestvo. Istoriya. Sovremennost'. š 4 (111). S. 2832.
Ozerova O.A. Primenenie nasil'stvennykh metodov i repressiy v period sploshnoy kollektivizatsii v 19301932 gg. (na pr

Reference:
Chigireva E.M.. The Impoverishment of the Nobility at the End of the 19th Beginning of the 20th Centuries (on the Example of the Voronezh Governorate) // History magazine - researches. – 2016. – š 2. – P. 167-176.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article is focused on describing the adverse trends of the economic development of the nobility's property and the objective indicators of the impoverishment of the nobility at the end of the 19thbeginning of the 20th centuries on the example of the Voronezh governorate. The author examines the objective reasons for the deterioration of the nobility's material position and the crisis indicators of the evolving estates of the nobility. The author further analyses the changes in the quantity of land owned by the nobility from the moment of the abolition of serfdom up until 1906, examines the amount of debt accumulated by the nobility of the Voronezh governorate and the number of properties mortgaged by the nobility. The article provides information about the governorates richest nobility members and the amount of property they possessed on the basis of archival documents. In writing this article the author applied the principle of historicism and objectivity, used the comparative-typological and concrete-historical methods, as well as the methods of historiographical and source study analysis. On the basis of the various examined sources, the author presents the broad summarising statistical material that allows as accurately as possible to depict the changes in the material welfare of the nobility in the Voronezh governorate. The analysis of the nobility's state of land ownership has allowed to determine the development dynamics of the economic position of the class as a whole. The generalisation and systematisation of the material from unpublished archival sources allow to obtain the most reliable information regarding the impoverishment of the richest class in the Russian Empire.

Keywords: abolition of serfdom, impoverishment, debts, land ownership, estate, Voronezh Governorate, nobility, primogeniture, Nobility Assembly

References:
Proekt polozheniya o dvoryanskikh kassakh vzaimopomoshchi. 14 sentyabrya 1897 goda // Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Voronezhskoi oblasti. F. I-29. Op. 1. D. 1331.
Proskuryakova N. A. Zemel'nye banki Rossiiskoi imperii. M.: Rossiiskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya, 2002. 562 s.
PSZRI. Sobr. 3. T. XIX. St. 16949. SPb.: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1902. 1347 s.
Razin'kov M. E. Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Voronezhskoi gubernii v gody pervoi rossiiskoi revolyutsii. 1905 1907. // Diss. .. kand. ist. n. Voronezh, 2001. 281 s.
O ssudakh vydannykh Voronezhskim otdeleniem Gosudarstvennogo dvoryanskogo zemel'nogo banka i razreshennykh k vydache po 1 yanvarya 1890 goda // Pamyatnaya knizhka Voronezhskoi gubernii na 1891 g. Otd. 1. S. 124-125.
Morozan V. V. Krizis dvoryanskogo zemlevladeniya v XIX veke // Rossiiskoe dvoryanstvo v XIX nachale KhKh v. Materialy nauchnogo seminara (3 5 sentyabrya 2009 g.). Ryazan', 2009.S. 14-21.
Mironov B. N. Khlebnye tseny v Rossii za dva stoletiya (XVIII XIX v

Reference:
Khodin S.N.. Agrarian reforms in the context of the traditions of the Belarus village: comparative aspects (first quarter of the 20th century) // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 6. – P. 727-736.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article analyses the agrarian policy in Belarus during the first quarter of the 20th century. It studies the mechanisms and forms of tradition transitioning through the economic behaviour and social psychology of the peasantry. The particularities of applying the Stolypin agrarian reform in Belarus are examined. The concept of gromada with respect to the peasant obschina is clarified, as well as its evolution. The author considers the changes in the Bolshevik agrarian reforms at the turn of the second and third decade of the 20th century, the reasons and premises for the transformation of the concept and content of the new economic policy. The features of the New Economic Policy in BSSR are defined in the process of the enlargement of its territory. The development of agrarian legislature at the stage of the formation of the Belarus state is analysed, as well as the main directions of its realisation. On the basis of a comparative study, this article examines the agrarian policy in the Belarus village, traditionally delineated at 1917, as well as the transformation of the traditional institutes of peasant self-management. The interdisciplinary approach has allowed to clarify the specifics of the economic behaviour and of the changes in public psychology of the Belarus peasantry. The author affirms that the basic element for the historically formed concept of justice in Berlarus peasantry was labour. It was precisely through this attitude to labour that the idea of property was defined, above all, land property, which for a Belarus was the greatest asset. The author formulates the hypothesis that the changes in the approach to property (the nationalisation of land) was perceived positively by the peasantry under the condition of being able to exploit land and independently manage the results of ones labour. The taking into consideration of the historical traditions during the agrarian reforms in the middle of the 1920s was made possible as a result of the establishment of the institutes of BSSR state power. As an example of the more significant and considerate towards tradition measures of the agrarian policy of the Belarus authorities the author examines the establishment of the maximal and minimal norms of land allotment and the idea of the development of multifunctional cooperatives based on the form of individual villages.

Keywords: ekonomicheskoe povedenie, stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma, novaya ekonomicheskaya politika, D. F. Prishchepov, kooperatsiya, modernizatsiya

References:
Golube˘ V. Sel'skaya gramada ˘ pol'skai głstaryyagrafłł // Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne / Belaruskł głstarychny zbornłk / Mironowicz Eugeniusz. Białystok: Białoruskie Towarzystwo Historyczne, 2008. š 30. S. 2640.
Maskevłch G. ˛. Da pytannya ab vyznachennł termłna˘ Ťsel'skaya gramadať ł Ťabshchynať ˘ Belarusł ˘ drugoi palove Kh˛Kh st. // Etnokul'turnoe razvitie Belarusi v XIX nachale KhXI v.: materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno prakticheskoi konferentsii / Pod red. T. A. Novogrodskogo. Minsk: BGU, 2011. S. 197200.
Maskevłch G. ˛. Satsyyal'naya arganłzatsyya sel'skai gramady Belarusł ˘ 6090 ya gg. Kh˛Kh st. // Vesn. Belarus. dzyarzh. un ta. Ser. 3. Głstoryya. Fłlasofłya. Psłkhalogłya. Palłtalogłya. Ekanomłka. Prava. 2007. š 3. S. 1318.
Zyryanov P. N. Krest'yanskaya obshchina Evropeiskoi Rossii v 19071914 gg. M.: Nauka, 1992. 256 s.
Lipinskii L. P. Stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma v Belorussii. Minsk: Izdatel'stvo Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1978. 223 s.
D

Reference:
Shil'nikova I.V.. As they have been oppressing workers, so they will continue to oppress: the causes of conflict in Soviet enterprises during the years of the New Economic Policy // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 6. – P. 737-743.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The system of labour relations in the Russian industry which took shape during the period of the pre-Revolution industrialisation was subjected to drastic changes after 1917. However, conflicts in their diverse forms, including their most acute manifestations (strikes), continued to be a significant indicator of the workers mood, of their perception of the new developments in the system of stimulating labour and organising production activity and daily life. The examination of the causes of conflict in industrial enterprises during the years of the New Economic Policy (19221928) is conducted on the basis of archival and published documents. Attention is predominantly focused on the question of the relationship between workers, on the one hand, and representatives of factory-plant administration and engineer-technical workers, on the other hand. The negative attitude of the workers towards specialists and red directors could result in serious and prolonged conflicts ending with assaults and even assassinations of engineers, masters, and managers. This kind of opposition stood in the way of the enterprises stable production, leading to equipment failures and losses in employee salaries. The use of microanalysis methods has allowed to investigate in detail the reasons for the workers discontent and to conduct a comparison of it with analogous data indicative of conflicts in the pre-Revolution Russian industry.

Keywords: nep, trudovye konflikty, stachki, rastsenki, zarabotnaya plata, Ťspetsyť, inzhenerno-tekhnicheskie rabotniki, Ťkrasnye direktorať, profsoyuzy, fabzavkomy

References:
Trudovye konflikty v Sovetskoy Rossii 19181929 gg. / Otv. red. Yu. I. Kir'yanov, V. Rozenberg, A. N. Sakharov. M.: Editorial URSS, 1998. 360 s.
Borisova L. V. Trudovye konflikty v Sovetskoy Rossii (19181924 gg.). M.: Sobranie, 2006. 288 s.
Churakov D. O. Revolyutsiya, gosudarstvo, rabochiy protest: formy, dinamika i priroda massovykh vystupleniy rabochikh v Sovetskoy Rossii. 19171918 gody. M.: ROSSPEN, 2004. 368 s.
Churakov D. O. Buntuyushchie proletarii: rabochiy protest v Sovetskoy Rossii (19171930-e gg.). M.: Veche, 2007. 352 s.
Trudovye konflikty i rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii na rubezhe XIXXX vv. / Otv. red. I. M. Pushkareva. SPb.: Aleteyya, 2011. 476 s.
Shil'nikova I. V. Trudovye konflikty v promyshlennosti dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii: ot statistiki k mikroanalizu. M.: MAKS Press, 2014. 252 s.
Protokoly, perepiska, zayavleniya s prilozheniem materialov o konfliktakh v svyazi s nenormal'nymi vzaimootnosheniya tekhnicheskogo personala i rabochikh, o sluchayakh nepravil'nogo uvol'n

Reference:
Suslova E.D.. Voznesensky Svirsky female coenobitic monastery: the communitys daily life during the first third of the 18th century // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 5. – P. 582-594.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of the daily life and management organisation in one of the first female coenobitic monasteries in Karelia during the period of Peter the Greats reforms. On the example of the conflict that arose in 17191720 among the nuns of the Voznesensky monastery, located by the confluence of the Svir river into Lake Onega and part of the Zaonezhskaya tithe of the Novgorod metropolis, the author examines the questions related to the nominations for the post of monastery builder and contributors, and the general organisation of the household. This research is based on a comparative analysis of the documents from the legal case: petitions, interrogation speeches, accounts, formal replies, ordinances. The additional information derived from literature, acts of writ proceedings, and census books has allowed to broaden our perception of the circumstances and consequences of the litigation. It was discovered that within the communitys inner order of life different traditions became intertwined, ascendants of two diverse ways of organising monastic life. On the one hand, nuns possessed common property and sought to follow the coenobitic principle of collegiality in the monasterys management. Nonetheless, some chance individuals came to head the community and, seeking to get out of its control, became despotic temporary workers. On the other hand, the monastery was also inhabited by archaic traditions of idiorrythmic monasticism that were introduced by the elders who had previously lived near parish churches and constituted the core of the community. The lack of unity among the sisters and the weakening of the moral and spiritual discipline were commonplace occurrences not only for the Voznesensky monastery, but also for other monasteries of the Novgorod metropolis and Kholmogory diocese in the last third of the 17th first third of the 18th centuries. Ecclesiastical and secular authorities undertook measures to eradicate and order some of the ancient practices, but their efforts, however, were not marked by consistency.

Keywords: traditions of community self-government, local communities, institute of priest elders, idiorrythmic monasticism, coenobitic monastery, female Orthodox monasticism, Novgorod metropolis, Zaonezhskaya tithe, Olonetsky Uyezd, Russian Orthodox Church

References:
Emchenko E. B. Zhenskie monastyri v Rossii // Monashestvo i monastyri v Rossii. XIXX veka: Istoricheskie ocherki / Otv. red. N. V. Sinitsyna. M.: Nauka, 2002. S. 245284.
Chernyakova I. A. Andrusov monastyr' na poroge Novogo vremeni: k istorii staroobryadchestva v Karelii // Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Obshchestvennye i gumanitarnye nauki. 2008. š 4 (97). S. 1530.
Kozhevnikova Yu. N. Monastyri i monashestvo Olonetskoi eparkhii vo vtoroi polovine XVIII nachale XX v. Petrozavodsk: Izdatel'stvo Spaso-Kizhskogo Patriarshego Podvor'ya, 2009. 304 s.
Kozhevnikova Yu. N. Novyi pis'mennyi istochnik po istorii Voznesenskoi pustyni // Vestnik Karel'skogo kraevedcheskogo muzeya / Red. koll. M. L. Gol'denberg, M. M. Shakhnovich, D. N. Kuznetsov. Petrozavodsk: Natsional'nyi muzei RK, 2011. Vyp. 6. S. 7175.
Sledstvennoe delo po donosu na svyashchennika Ostrechinskogo pogosta Dmitriya Evstaf'eva, obvinyaemogo v prelyubodeyanii i vzyatochnichestve. Iyul' 1719 g.

Reference:
Okonova L.V.. The Kalmyk Demographic Records in the Russian Empire: Evolution and Transformation // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 4. – P. 467-471.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: One of the most difficult problems in the study of the statistical sources concerning the demographic history of the Kalmyk-nomads is the instability of the applied systems in record keeping. The scientists who wrote and are writing today on the Kalmyks have not paid attention to the peculiar method of population recording that was used for the nomad society. The main aim of this article is to attempt to characterise the evolution and transformation of demographic recording of nomad populations on the example of the Kalmyks and to resolves the questions regarding what socio-political course was followed upon organising these records and how much the government measures in this sphere influenced the merging of the Kalmyks with the rest of the population of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The analysis of the sources leads to the conclusion that the question of recording Kalmyk-nomad population was one of the most difficult problems in historiography: many factors influenced the reliability of the population record counts, and the general direction of the evolution and transformation of record keeping. At the same time, scholars could also ignore the principle of subjectivity that underlay this recording, i. e. they were certainly aware of its inaccuracy. These circumstances in fact reflect the specifics of the practiced record keeping of the Kalmyk-nomad population, as well as had an effect on the calculation of the final record figures. This practice with its initially implanted error existed before the beginning of the 1860s.

Keywords: kibitka records, kibitka, Yasak, calculation methods, demographic records, demographic history, Kalmyks, nomad population, capitation count, historical source analysis

References:
Yatsunskii V. K. Izmeneniya v razmeshchenii naseleniya Evropeiskoi Rossii v 17241916 gg. // Istoriya SSSR. 1957. š 1. S. 192224.
Vodarskii Ya. E. Naselenie Rossii za 400 let (XVI nachalo XX v.). M.: Prosveshchenie, 1973. 160 s.
Kabuzan V. M. Narodonaselenie Rossii v XVIII pervoi polovine XIX v. (Po materialam revizii). M.: Nauka, 1968. 265 s.
Kabuzan V. M. Izmeneniya v razmeshchenii naseleniya Rossii (v XVIII pervoi polovine XIX v.): Po materialam revizii. M.: Nauka, 1971. 290 s.
Kabuzan V. M. Narody Rossii v XVIII veke. Chislennost' i etnicheskii sostav. M.: Nauka, 1990. 256 s.
Bekmakhanova N. E. Formirovanie mnogonatsional'nogo naseleniya Kazakhstana i Severnoi Kirgizii. Poslednyaya chetvert' XVIII 60-e gody XIX v. M.: Nauka, 1980. 280 s.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. Sobranie pervoe. 16491825 gg. SPb.: Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva kantselyarii, 1830. T. XL. 1825. Otd. 2. š 30290. § 27. S. 158.
Polnoe sobranie zakon

Reference:
Sysoeva E.K.. Public Schools and Zemstvo in Russia. Second half of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 4. – P. 472-484.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article is devoted to the activity of the Zemstvo in the sphere of public education. The author reviews the relation between the organs of local government with the central authorities, the changes in local governments regarding the problems of theoretical and practical works, and their involvement in financing this sphere. The study of this topic allows to enter the wider discussion concerning the question of public education in the post-reform period, the role of the Zemstvo in the formation of a new kind of public school, and the relationship between government and society. The attempts at introducing a general primary education became one of the most important events of the early 20th century. The position of the ruling circle was significantly determined by the mobilisation of social forces. The most radical project of introducing a general primary education was developed by the Ministry of National Education in 1905 during the period of the relative equilibrium between revolutionary forces and the government. With the strengthening of the governments position the degree of radicalisation among the ministry officials subsided and the budgets of local programs were cut. As a result the question of the general primary education had not been resolved, but the 50-year activity of the Zemstvo in the sphere of public education nonetheless bore its fruits having increased the level of literacy in the rural population.

Keywords: local self-government, zemstvo, Ministry of National Education, educational policy, school reform, turn of the century, Russian culture, authorities, public education, attitude of society

References:
Veselovskii B. B. Istoriya zemstva za sorok let. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo O. N. Popovoi, 1909. T. 1. 724 s.; T. 2. 703 s.; 1911. T. 3. 710 s.; T. 4. 696 s.
Chekhov N. V. Narodnoe obrazovanie v Rossii s 60-kh godov XIX veka. M.: Pol'za, 1912. 224 s.
Bunakov N. F. Sel'skaya shkola i narodnaya zhizn'. Nablyudeniya i zametki sel'skogo uchitelya // Bunakov N. F. Izbrannye pedagogicheskie sochineniya. M.: Izdatel'stvo Akademii pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR, 1953. S. 267327.
Belokonskii I. B. Narodnoe obrazovanie v Orlovskoi gubernii. K 25-letiyu zemskikh uchrezhdenii // Russkaya shkola. 1890. š 7. S. 112135.
Zvyagintsev E. A. Polveka zemskoi deyatel'nosti po narodnomu obrazovaniyu. M.: Zadruga, 1915. 96 s.
Akimov V. Deyatel'nost' Vyatskogo zemstva po narodnomu obrazovaniyu (18651906) // Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. 1907. š 11. S. 246.
Akimov V. Deyatel'nost' Simbirskogo zemstva po narodnomu obrazovaniyu. (18661900) // Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. 1905. š 11

Reference:
Koshman L.V.. Government and Town: Towards the Question of Community Organisation in Russian Towns. End of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 4. – P. 485-502.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article addresses one of the key questions regarding the socio-cultural life of the post-reform town: civic engagement, community organisation, and the influence of the crown administration that in many ways determined the appearance and the level of development of various forms of social initiatives. The research is based on materials from Russian towns in which occurred these phenomena the town being the most creative of all socio-cultural organisms. The study of these aspects of social life substantially helps to resolve the question of whether it was possible to form a civic community in pre-Revolutionary Russia. The relationship between government and towns was secured by legislation in 1870 and 1892. The organisation of town communities happened under conditions when towns sought to change the nature of their relations with the central administration and to receive more autonomy in resolving their problems. The revolution of 1905 and the First World War contributed to the growth of civic engagement, and also to the government making some concessions to towns under the influence of societys demands. The pre-Revolutionary decade was a time of the social forces consolidation and the appearance of new forms of its organisation. The existing opposition of the official authorities to this process determined the failure of the dialogue between government and society.

Keywords: revolution, projects of town reform, electorial right, local self-government, forms of community self-organisation, Regulation of Towns, crown administration, post-reform town, First World War, All-Russian Union of towns

References:
Tumanova A. S. Obshchestvennye organizatsii i russkaya publika v nachale KhKh v. M.: Novyi khronograf, 2007. 320 s.
Samoorganizatsiya rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti v poslednei treti XVIII nachale KhKh v. / Otv. red. A. S. Tumanova. M.: ROSSPEN, 2011. 886 s.
Shevyrin V. M. Zemskii i Gorodskoi soyuzy (19141917): Analiticheskii obzor. M.: Institut nauchnoi informatsii po obshchestvennym naukam, 2000. 63 s.
Rozental' I. S. ŤI vot obshchestvennoe mnen'e!ť Kluby v istorii rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti. Konets XVIII nachalo KhKh v. M.: Novyi khronograf, 2007. 398 s.
Rozental' I. S. Politicheskie kluby, kruzhki, salony // Ocherki russkoi kul'tury. Konets XIX nachalo KhKh veka. T. 2. Vlast'. Obshchestvo. Kul'tura. M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2011. S. 161201.
Koshman L. V. Vlast' i gorod. Sud'by mestnogo samoupravleniya // Ocherki russkoi kul'tury. Konets XIX nachalo KhKh veka. T. 2. Vlast'. Obshchestvo. Kul'tura. M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2011. S. 469517.

Reference:
Vyrupaeva A.P.. A stranger among his own: early Weimar as seen by the old middle class (19181919) // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 3. – P. 333-340.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article examines the perception of the Weimar republic by the German middle class. The authors attention is focused on the so-called old middle class: representatives of medium and small enterprises, as well as of liberal professions. At the heart of this study lie the events and factors that had a decisive influence on the opinions of that milieu regarding the first German democracy from the particularities of the German burghers political culture to the hungry post-war daily life of defeated Germany. The study of this question permits to determine the many components which motivated the negative attitude (as in the overwhelming majority of cases it was negative) among the middle class towards the November revolution and the Weimar republic in general. As a rule, there developed a specific perception of the new republican reality as a foreign living environment in which the German burghers felt uncomfortable and unsafe, especially under the conditions of revolutionary confrontations and ideas of socialisation. The bourgeois felt themselves pare from the new world. Besides that, the analysis of the given topic allows to discover the origins of the future successes of the nazi among this population group, which played, as has been established in historical studies, a decisive role in the successes of the National-Socialists during the Reichstag election at the turn of the 19201930s.

Keywords: bourgeoisie, Spartans, social democracy, Treaty of Versailles, National committee, Soviet Bavaria, November revolution, old middle class, socialisation, Berlin talk

References:
Coburger Zeitung. 1919. š 197.
Coburger Zeitung. 1921. š 301.
Büttner U. Weimar. Die überforderte Republik 19181933. Bonn: BPB, 2010. 864 S.
Lunacharskii A. V. Na Zapade. M.;L.: Giz, 1927. 134 s.
Nikitin N. N. Zapiski o Zapade. Glazami varvara: Ocherki // RGALI. F. 2575. Op. 1.
Noske G. Zapiski o germanskoi revolyutsii // Vil'gel'm II. Sobytii i lyudi 18781918. Minsk: Kharvest, 2003. 461 s.
Pavlovskii E. Bankrotstvo Germanii // RGALI. F. 611. Op. 1.
Renn L. Na razvalinakh imperii. M.: Detskaya literatura, 1964. 304 s.
Khaffner S. Biografiya odnogo nemtsa. Vospominaniya 19141933 gg. // Inostrannaya literatura. 2002. š 2. S. 199233.
Khaffner S. Revolyutsiya v Germanii 19281919 gg. Kak eto bylo v deistvitel'nosti? / Per. s nem. M.: Progress, 1988. 224 s.
Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung. 1919. š 40.
Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung. 1919. š 50.
Berliner Morgenpost. 1919. š 78.
Bramke W. Eine ungeliebte Revolution. Die deutsche Novemberrevolution 1918/1

Reference:
Mironov B.N.. The standard of living of the Russian Orthodox parish clergy in Imperial Russia // History magazine - researches. – 2015. – š 1. – P. 65-80.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The traditional assessment of poor material living conditions of the parish clergy during the period of the Empire partly corresponds to the realities of the 18th century, however, during the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries their situation drastically changed. Visible actual revenues of the clergy systematically grew and during 17601904 it increased by approximately 7 times per clergyman, including from sacramental duties by 5,8 times, from land by 5 times, through government endowment by 14 times. The main factor in the earnings growth was the rise in congregation numbers, which led to an increase in revenue, but also to an increase in parish work for the clergymen by 2,7 times in 140 years. All the other factors, put together, had approximately the same value. At the beginning of the 20th century the income of priests was approximately the same as that of workers in the intellectual labour field country doctors and grammar school teachers, junior clerks and officers. Church clergy had a more modest prosperity, but still at least above the average living standard of country and city populations: the income of a country clergyman was 4 times higher than the wage of a farm labourer, and 8 times more than that of a village headman.

Keywords: officer pay, clergy revenue sources, relative deprivation, clergy income, consumer price index, population standards of living, Russian empire, peasant income, worker wages, inflation

References:
Babushkina O. Yu. Prikhodskoe dukhovenstvo Yuzhnogo Zaural'ya v 60-e gody XIX nachale XX vv.: avtoref. kand. ist. nauk. Kurgan, 2002. 26 s.
Bellyustin I. S. Opisanie sel'skogo dukhovenstva. Paris; Berlin; London: A. Franck; A. Asher et C°, 1858. 168 s.
Belova N. V. Provintsial'noe dukhovenstvo v kontse XVIII nachale XX vv.: Byt i nravy sosloviya (na materialakh Yaroslavskoi eparkhii): avtoref. kand. ist. nauk. Ivanovo, 2008. 21 s.
Belonogova Yu. I. Prikhodskoe dukhovenstvo i krest'yanskii mir v nachale KhKh veka (po materialam Moskovskoi eparkhii). M.: Izdatel'stvo PSTGU, 2010. 176 s.
Bolonkina E. V., Kattsina T. A., Fedorchenko V. I. Material'noe polozhenie pravoslavnogo prikhodskogo dukhovenstva Eniseiskoi gubernii (18201861 gg.) // Tambov: Gramota. Tambov. 2012. š 9 (23): v 2 ch. Ch. I. S. 4447.
Bunyakovskii V. Ya. Opyt o zakonakh smertnosti v Rossii i o raspredelenii pravoslavnogo narodonaseleniya po vozrastam. SPb.: Tipografiya Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, 1865. 196 s.
V

Reference:
Kornilova O.V.. A glorious road the Chekists are building: the construction of the MoscowMinsk highway in 1936 // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 6. – P. 660-676.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The second Five-Year Plan for the development of the USSR national economy was directed at accelerating the countrys industrialisation, stipulating among else the wide-scale construction of transport highways of regional significance and the installation of the highest quality roads highways. Under the conditions of severe scarcity of all kinds of resources financial, material-technical, workforce the countrys leaders made the resolution to utilise GULAG prisoners in the construction of roads. The order of the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs No. 0012 from 10 January 1936 About the replacement of the civilian labour engaged in highway construction with prisoners added this branch of the national economy to the Peoples Commissariats scope of activity. The GULAG delivered prisoners to work sites and the General directorate of highway roads was established to provide engineer and technical work assistance to the Peoples Commissariat the first directorate to only have production activities. On 5 February 1936 began the installation of the first Soviet highways MoscowMinks and MoscowKiev, for which the Vyazem and Kaluga correctional labour camps of the Peoples Commissariat were organised. From the several road projects submitted for Stalins review, the one which corresponded to the governments resources and needs was chosen. It was projected that the highways roadbed would be built from scratch in 1936 and in 1937 the asphalt pavement would be laid. The Vyazem camp for these works engaged 12,000 prisoners in April, 44,000 in July, and 56,000 in October. Moreover, thousands of collective farmers worked on the road construction site, organised in a public work order the populations labour participation. The creation of these roads was perceived abroad as the strengthening of Soviet Unions expansionist policy.

Keywords: Gulag, Stalinism, Vyazem camp, highway, MoscowMinsk highway, correctional labour camps, Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs Genera, prisoners, road construction, forced labour

References:
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii Raboche-krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva RSFSR (SU RSFSR). 1934. š 58. St. 433.
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii Raboche-krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva RSFSR (SU RSFSR). 1934. š 59. Ct. 437.
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii Raboche-krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva RSFSR (SU RSFSR). 1934. š 57. Ct. 427.
Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii Raboche-krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva RSFSR (SU RSFSR). 1934. š 45. Ct. 354.
Smirnov M. B., Sigachev S. P., Shkapov D. V. Sistema mest zaklyucheniya v SSSR. 19291960 gg. // Sistema ispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR, 19231960: Spravochnik. M., 1998. S. 2574.
Sistema ispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR. 19231960: Spravochnik / Sost. M. B. Smirnov; nauch. red.: N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginskii; Obshchestvo ŤMemorialť, GARF. M.: Zven'ya, 1998. 599 s.
Sigel'baum L. Mashiny dlya tovarishchei. Biografiya sovetskogo avtomobilya. M.: ROSSPEN; Fond ŤPrezidentskii tsentr B. N. El'tsinať, 2011. 430 s. (Istoriya staliniz

Reference:
Kulakova I.P.. Nunneries and society in Imperial Russia: the Moscow Strastnoy monastery during the 18th19th centuries // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 6. – P. 677-692.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article was developed within the framework of the momentous scientific project the Virtual reconstruction of the Moscow Strastnoy monastery (mid-17th beginning 20th centuries): analysis of the spatial infrastructures evolution on the basis of 3-D modelling methods, conducted through the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2014-2015). The elucidation of materials pertaining to the monastery (including archival), the use of the already derived results of modelling and spatial reconstruction require that this significant socio-cultural object be studied in the wide history-cultural context of Russia in the 17th19th centuries. The article aims to set and review in a general outline the most important processes associated with the functioning of this monastery complex that was part not only of the Moscow life, but also in the life of the whole of Russia. The role of the Strastnoy monastery is connected with such significant general historical and cultural problems as church history and ecclesiastical institutions; the activities of urban monasteries before and during the Synodal period; the history of public charity and care (the monastery as an institute for charity in the context of the development of civil society); the economic activity of monasteries in view of religious and social obligations, in the context of the social and economic development of the country; the specifics of nunneries in the context of Russian gender history; the history of the daily life of Moscow monasteries; and the role of monasteries in the daily life of the Russian capital city during its various stages.

Keywords: mother superior, nobility, gender history, daily life, Romanov dynasty, history of Moscow, charity, nunnery, ethical codes, Strastnoy boulevard

References:
Balashova T. V. Bratiya monastyrei Moskvy vo vtoroi polovine XIX nachale XX vv. // [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bratiya-monastyrey-moskvy-vo-vtoroy-polovine-xix-nachale-xx-vv (data obrashcheniya: 8.11.2014).
Bumagi po priemu monastyrya ot igum. Valerii (1875) // TsIAM. F. 1185. Op. 1. D. 42.
Gilyarovskii V. A. A. P. Chekhov v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov // Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 1. Moi skitaniya. Lyudi teatra. Gl. 10 // [Elektronnyi resurs] URL: http://www.litmir.me/br/?b=110786&p=1 (data obrashcheniya: 20.03.2015).
Zabolotskikh B. V. Knizhnaya Moskva: Istoricheskie ocherki. M.: RIO GPNTB SSSR, 1990. 259 s.
Zagoskin M. N. Moskva i moskvichi. M.: Moskovskii rabochii, 1988. 619 s.
Zapal'skii G. M. Optina pustyn' i ee vospitanniki v 18251917 gg. M.: Rukopisnye pamyatniki Drevnei Rusi, 2009. 416 s.
Ioann (Snychev I. M.). Lyubyashchii dobrodetel': Dukhovno-nravstvennyi oblik svyatitelya Filareta. SPb.: Tsarskoe delo, 1995. 39 s.
Kantorovich I. V. Mo

Reference:
Zakharchenko A.V.. The GULAG labour resources at the great constructions of communism in 19481953: the mobilisation capacities of a system or the deadlock of a camp economy? // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 5. – P. 555-568.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: At the end of the 1940s beginning of the 1950s according to the Stalinist direction plans the USSR developed the construction of large hydrotechnical structures, named by the state propaganda as the great constructions of communism. Many of them were located at the Middle and Lower Volga: the Volga-Don water canal, the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric power stations. The construction of these units was given to the GULAG system. The great constructions can be seen as a certain display of camp economy of the post-war period. It was there that was conducted a mass transfer of former prisoners, who received release in the status of civilian workers, but were still limited in their freedom of choice, forcibly attached to the GULAG constructions. There the Stalinist direction tried to restore the earlier abrogated instruments of prisoner labour motivation (wages, count of work days), giving additional impulse to the camp system. The article analyses how much the labour resources disposed by the camp economy reflected its mobilisation capacities. The author answers the question of whether one can speak of GULAG mobilisation benefits in the resolution of the economic problems at the end of the 1940s beginning of the 1950s, considering the rapid disintegration of the camp-production complex begun after the death of Stalin. The author further investigates the question of what internal contradictions ultimately made it impossible for the GULAG to fulfil the functions of an economic agent. Finally, the article concludes whether the problems of the post-war camp economy can be considered as a vivid testament that the system came to a deadlock.

Keywords: Volga-Don hydro station, correction-labour camp, great constructions of communism, camp-production complex, GULAG, prisoners, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kuybyshev hydro station, Stalingrad hydro station, Volga region

References:
Burdin E. A. Kuneevskii ITL: problemy ispol'zovaniya prinuditel'nogo truda na stroitel'stve Kuibyshevskogo gidrouzla. 19491958 gg. //Vestnik arkhivista. 2011. š 4. S. 167181.
Borodkin L. I. ŤSer'eznyi stimul dlya rabotyť: trud v poslevoennom GULAGe // Rossiya v kontekste mirovogo ekonomicheskogo razvitiya vo vtoroi polovine XX veka: Sb. trudov Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii. Moskva. 2425 noyabrya 2004 g. M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2006. S. 235337.
Borodkin L. I. ŤVertikal'ť upravleniya GULAGom: problema Ťprintsipalagentť // Istoriya stalinizma: Prinuditel'nyi trud v SSSR. Ekonomika, politika, pamyat'. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii. Moskva. 2829 oktyabrya 2011 g. M.: ROSSPEN, 2013. S. 1936.
Borodkin L. I., Erts S. Struktura i stimulirovanie prinuditel'nogo truda v GULAGe: Noril'lag, konets 30-kh nachalo 50-kh gg. // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya: Ezhegodnik. 2003. M.: ROSSPEN, 2004. S. 177233.
Volgogradskii (Stalingradskii) oblastnoi komitet KPSS // T

Reference:
Kornilova O.V.. GULAG prisoners of the second half of the 1930s: contingent of the Vyazem camp according to the articles of conviction and imprisonment terms // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 5. – P. 569-583.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The GULAGs operated with a differentiated approach to the installation of various prisoner categories in camps. For the Vyazem camp, which was employed for the construction of the MoscowMinsk highway, the NKVD (the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs) ordered the deployment restriction of a series of convict categories, in the first place of those having convictions on most points of the article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code. The author sees the main reason for this in the geographic location of the camp. The subdivisions of the Vyazem camp were located in the densely populated central region of the European part of the USSR, some of which directly in line with Moscow. The author, having analysed the statistical data, demonstrates that the transfer limitations in camps of certain convicted groups was carried out in practice, including at the height of the Great terrors repressive actions. The share of political prisoners maintained at Vyazem camp, including those convicted on article 58, was many times lower than the average in GULAG camps (in 1939 and 1941 17 times less). The contained number of convicts of a criminal-banditism element (article 59 of the Penal Code) was also minimal. Half of the Vyazem camp prisoners consisted of convicts with an imprisonment term of less than three years, which was not typical for GULAG.

Keywords: repression statistics, categories of prisoners, convicts, prisoners, Vyazem camp, correctional-labour camp, GULAG, Stalin repressions, Moscow-region camps, highway MoscowMinsk

References:
Batsaev I. D., Kozlov A. G. Dal'stroi i Sevvostlag NKVD SSSR v tsifrakh i dokumentakh: V 2 ch. Ch. 1 (19311941). Magadan: SVKNII DVO RAN, 2002. 381 s.
Borodkin L. I., Ertts S. Struktura i stimulirovanie prinuditel'nogo truda v GULAGe: Noril'lag, konets 30-kh nachalo 50-kh gg. // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya: Ezhegodnik. 2003. M.: ROSSPEN, 2004. S. 177233.
Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1940. š 20.
Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1940. š 23.
Vert N. Gosudarstvo protiv svoego naroda / Chernaya kniga kommunizma. Prestupleniya, terror, repressii. M.: Tri veka istorii, 2001. 780 s.
Vert N. Fenomen stalinskikh lagerei // Vert N. Terror i besporyadok. Stalinizm kak sistema. M.: ROSSPEN. 2010. 448 s.
GULAG: Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei. 19181960 / Pod red. akad. A. N. Yakovleva; sost.: A. I. Kokurin, N. V. Petrov. M.: MFD, 2002. 888 s.
GULAG: Ekonomika prinuditel'nogo truda / Otv. red. L. I. Borodkin, P. Gregori, O. V. Khlevnyuk. M.: ROSSPEN; Fond pervogo prezidenta Rossii B. N. El't

Reference:
Chagadaeva O.A.. The Social and economic consequences of the Russian anti-alcohol campaign during World War I // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 4. – P. 413-424.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article presents a complex analysis of the anti-alcohol policy in the Russian state during the years of World War I. The author gives a general outline of the measures taken to combat alcoholism, analyses the goals of the anti-alcohol campaign and describes the reasons for its inefficiency and the consequences it had on the country. As well, the article states the justifications for the suspension of alcohol trade upon the entrance of the Russian empire into the war. Special attention is given to the social and economic consequences of so ŕ radical move under the conditions of the prolonged and unprecedented in financial costs world war. The author comes to the conclusion that the anti-alcohol campaign could have given positive results only had the war ended quickly and favourably, which was the wager of the government and of the autonomous government bodies. During its first month the campaign played the role of a mobilising factor, however the extension of the war, complicated by the external political and economic situation, and the degradation of the countrys well-being undid the initial positive results. The consequences from the campaign in a most serious manner affected the economic, as well as the political position of the empire and in many ways defined the future revolutionary processes.

Keywords: anti-alcohol policy, World War I, alcohol prohibition, fiscal policy, capital cities, daily life, state wine monopoly, shadow economy, home front, socio-economic crisis.

References:
Aksenov V. B. ŤSukhoi zakonť 1914 g: ot pridvornoi intrigi do revolyutsii // Rossiiskaya istoriya. 2011. š 4. S. 126139.
Belyaev S. G. P. L. Bark i finansovaya politika Rossii 19141917. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 2002. 620 s.
Berman Ya. P'yanstvo i prestupnost' // Pravo. 1914. š 37. S. 25782588.
Berman Ya. P'yanstvo i prestupnost' (okonchanie) // Pravo. 1914. š 41. S. 27822794.
Vvedenskii I. N. Opyt prinuditel'noi trezvosti. M.: Izdanie Moskovskogo stolichnogo popechitel'stva o narodnoi trezvosti, 1915. 24 s.
Gosudarstvennaya duma 19061917. Stenograficheskie otchety T. 4. M.: Pravovaya kul'tura, 1995. 368 s.
Gosudarstvennyi sovet. Stenograficheskie otchety. SPb. [Pg.]: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 19061916.
Danilov N. A. Vliyanie velikoi mirovoi voiny na ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Pg.: GIZ, 1922. 93 s.
Dement'ev G. D. Gosudarstvennye dokhody i raskhody Rossii i polozhenie gosudarstvennogo kaznacheistva za vremya voiny s Germaniei i Avstr

Reference:
Akulenko I.V.. Honorary citizenship in the Russian Empire // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 4. – P. 425-431.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The class of honorary citizens in the Russian empire did not appear by chance: the formation of the class of eminent (and later honorary), citizens at the end of the 17th century allowed the Russian sovereign to solve several governmental problems through it. Some of the main problems included the appeasement of social tensions, the difficulty of integrating new subjects of various confessions and ethnic groups into the state structure, the distinction of certain citizens and the conferment of privileges on them (for the purpose of encouraging their benefit to the state), and other questions. The privileges of the honorary citizens established by Catherine II in the Charter to cities, consisted of: exemption from corporeal punishment and conscription, possession of suburban yards and gardens (except for populated estates), and travel within city limits with a two- or four-horse carriage. The titles of eminent citizen were made hereditary, which thus formed them into a distinct social class. The grandchildren of the eminent citizens, whose fathers and grandfathers bore this citizenship title faultlessly, at the age of 30 were allowed to request the conferring of nobility. In 1832 emperor Nicholas I formally established through a manifest the formation of a separate class of eminent citizens. These citizens were divided into singular and hereditary groups. Famous representatives of the given class were the Morozovs, the Riabouchinskys, the Guchkovs. The title of honorary citizens was abrogated by the decree of the All-Russian central executive committee and the Council of peoples commissars on 11 (24) November 1917 regarding the abolition of classes and civil titles. The creation of the new class had originally not only helped to solve problems of stately magnitude, but also encouraged the expansion of patronage, the system of government administration locally, and the whole Russian economy.

Keywords: honorary citizenship, class, nobility, merchant class, guilds, privileges, request, charter, manifest, Russian emperor.

References:
Belyaev I. N. Dva veka pochetnogo grazhdanstva Rossii. Istoriya. Pravo. Sovremennost'. Smolensk: Smolenskaya gorodskaya tipografiya, 2001. 427 s.
Blosfel'dt G. E. Sbornik zakonov o rossiyskom dvoryanstve. B. m., 1901. 26 s.
Bokhanov A. N. Delovaya elita Rossii 1914 g. M.: IRI, 1994. 272 s.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe polozhenie ot 16 fevralya 1849 goda o grazhdanskikh i sluzhebnykh preimushchestvakh, soedinyaemykh s meditsinskimi, farmatsevticheskimi i veterinarnymi stepenyami.
Goryachev A. P. Kak poluchit' pochetnoe grazhdanstvo. Svod otnosyashchikhsya zakonov, obraztsy prosheniy i khodataystv i rukovodyashchie ukazaniya. SPb., 1911. 32 s.
Gradovskiy A. D. Nachala russkogo gosudarstvennogo prava. Tom I, II, III. SPb.: Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulevicha, 18751883.
Kupecheskoe soslovie: portret bez ideologicheskoy raskraski // Kapitalist. 2006. š 1. S. 1213.
Manifest ot 10 (22) aprelya 1832 g. Ob ustanovlenii novogo sosloviya pod nazvaniem Pochetnykh grazhdan. SPb., 1832.
Mironov B

Reference:
A. A. Ilyukhov. The Lord of the World Will Be Labor. The Theory and Practice of Labor Organization in the Soviet Government during the First Decade of Soviet Power // History magazine - researches. – 2014. – š 1. – P. 58-67.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: On the basis of the classical Marxist-Lenininst works, the article examines the problems in the establishment of a new socialist-type labor in Russia in the post-Revolution period (19181928). The author names the main characteristics of the labor that the Bolsheviks tried to create according to the Marxists directives: universality, freedom from exploitation, planning, creative sense, social orientation, new principles of labor discipline, etc. Particular attention is paid to the main stages of the governments policy in the sphere of labor, and also to the circumstances that influenced the formation process of the new type of labor in the period between 1918 and 1928. The article gives an objective analysis of the successes and failures of the Soviet power in the creation of the socialist labor. The author comes to the conclusion that the Marxist principles pertaining to the creation (formation) of a new type of labor in Russia (USSR) could not be achieved in the given period. The policy of the Soviet power towards labor was inconsistent and contradictory. The practical situation did not permit the creation of the new free type of labor, which required a long period for its establishment. The economic situation of the country and social factors were natural hindrances in the realization of the theoretical directives of the Socialist Revolutions leaders.

Keywords: socialist labor, K. Marx, V. I. Lenin, revolution, labor discipline, NEP, workers, civil war, material position, ideology.

References:
Marks K. Kapital. T. 1. Gl. 5. Protsess truda i protsess uvelicheniya stoimosti // Marks K., Engel's F. Soch. 2 izd. T. 23.
Lenin V. I. Odna iz velikikh pobed tekhniki // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 23.
Lenin V. I. Sistema Teilora poraboshchenie cheloveka mashinoi // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 24.
Lenin V. I. Plan doklada na VIII Vserossiiskom s''ezde Sovetov // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 42.
Lenin V. I. Kak organizovat' sorevnovanie // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 35.
Lenin V. I. Variant stat'i ŤOcherednye zadachi Sovetskoi vlastiť // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 36.
Lenin V. I. Velikii pochin // Poln. sobr. soch. T. 39.
Zhuravskii A. F. Nauchnaya organizatsiya truda. M.; L. 1926.
Engel's F. Uspekhi dvizheniya za sotsial'noe preobrazovanie na kontinente // Marks K., Engel's F. Soch. 2 izd. T. 1.
Promyshlennost' Tverskogo kraya k pyatoi godovshchine Oktyabr'skoi revolyutsii. // Nashe khozyaistvo. (Tver'). 1922. š 67.
Rabochii klass SSSR v period vosstanovleniya narodnogo khozyaistva (19211925 gg.).

Reference:
A. V. Novikov. The Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike of 1905: new study perspectives // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 6. – P. 527-540.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The object of this research is the Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike of 1905. At the heart of the study are the questions traditionally overlooked by Soviet historiography: the unfolding mechanism of the conflict, the reasoning behind its participants behavior (the workers on the one hand, the enterprise owners and government representatives on the other), the missed opportunity for compromise, the reasons behind the workers shift from peaceful demonstrations at the beginning of the strike to violence and robberies at the end, and the nature of the demands put forward by the workers and those made by the ones acting in their name. Drawing on the collected data of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike, archival as well as already published, the author conducted a microanalysis (in the genre of a case-study) of the event. The departure from the established tradition in Soviet historiography of not underlining the validity of the workers demands, the harshness of the enterprise owners and government representatives, who were aiming to crush the demonstration and were not ready for the negotiation process nor to compromise, and minimizing the leading roles of the leftist groups in the course of the strike, has allowed to understand the real interests and aims of the workers in this conflict. Based on a proposed chronicle of events, the number of participants in the strike has also become more precise.

Keywords: history of labor conflicts, collective strikes, workers delegates, worker demands, meetings, rallies, violence, factory inspections, council of representatives, chronology of the strike.

References:
Yakobson Yu. A. Vseobshchaya stachka ivanovo-voznesenskikh rabochikh i ee mesto v istorii pervoy rossiyskoy revolyutsii // Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v KhIKh nachale KhKh v. Mezhvuzovskiy sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Ivanovo,1988. S. 8093.
Ekzemplyarskiy P. M. Ocherki po istorii rabochego dvizheniya v Ivanovo-Voznesenske. Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1924.
Ekzemplyarskiy P. M. Istoriya goroda Ivanova. Ivanovo, 1958.
Ekzemplyarskiy P. M. Vseobshchaya stachka rabochikh i Sovet rabochikh deputatov v Ivanovo-Voznesenske: 1905 g. Khronologicheskiy obzor i dokumenty. Ivanovo, 1940.
Svirskiy V. Zapiska o zabastovkakh na fabrikakh i zavodakh Vladimirskoy gubernii v 19041905 gg. / Predisl. N. Shakhanova // Nashe khozyaystvo. 1929. š 4. Izd. Vlad. gubisp. S. 6774.
Shipulina A. V., Yakobson Yu. A. Ivanovo-Voznesenskiy Sovet rabochikh deputatov 1905 goda. // Voprosy istorii. 1977. š 2. S. 3855.
Samoylov F. N. Po sledam minuvshego. M., 1954.
Rabochiy klass v Pervoy rossiyskoy revolyutsii 1905

Reference:
M. A. Davydov. Agrarian Reform of P. A. Stolypin: Numbers and People // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 5. – P. 541-560.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: This article examines the little-studied problem of the history of Stolypins agrarian reformthe role of subjectivity in its realization. The author tries to clarify how much success or lack of success of the transformations depended on the qualitative composition of the land management institutions and their perception of reform on the whole. He shows that the personal qualities of the members of the Land Management Commissions were an important factor for determining the course of the reform in individual provinces and districts and, consequently, the numerical indices of land management. This factor could both contribute to the development of land management and hinder it. The agrarian Stolypins Reform was in essence an economic reform. However, it turned out to be in the epicenter of the political struggle and practically cut the educated class of the country in two. Political sympathies and antipathies of a multitude of people, obliged ex officio to participate in the work of the land management agencies, were undoubtedly reflected in their integrity regarding the conduct of transformation. Nevertheless, in spite of all the complexity, the reform developed positively.

Keywords: history, land management, agrarian reform of Stolypin, land management commission, land management, subjective factor, A. A. Kofod, indispensable member, factors of land management, opposition to reform.

References:
Davydov M.A. Vserossiyskiy rynok v kontse XIX-nachale XX vv. i zheleznodorozhnaya statistika. SPb., 2010.
Davydov M.A. K statistike zemleustroystva v gody agrarnoy reformy Stolypina (19071915 gg.) // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya: obozrenie. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2012. Vyp. 16.
Davydov M.A. Stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma: pervye itogi v kontekste istoriografii i statistiki // Stolypinskie chteniya. Puti modernizatsii Rossii: ot Stolypina k sovremennosti: mezhdunarod. nauch.-prakt. konf. M.: Media-Print. 2012. S.184209.
Davydov M.A. Statistika zemleustroystva v khode Stolypinskoy agrarnoy reformy (19071915 gg.) // Rossiyskaya istoriya. 2011. š 1.
Dubrovskiy S.M. Stolypinskaya zemel'naya reforma. M., 1963.
Zyryanov P.N. Krest'yanskaya obshchina Evropeyskoy Rossii. 1907-1914. M., 1992.
Kofod Karl. 50 let v Rossii. M.1997. S.192-193.
Kofod A.A. Russkoe zemleustroystvo. SPb., 1914.
Mozzhukhin I.V. Zemleustroystvo v Bogoroditskom uezde Tul'skoy gubernii. Ocherki reformy krest'yanskogo

Reference:
Yang Zhe. History of the Trade Unions of the USSR and Russia in the works of Russian and Chinese historians // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 4. – P. 419-427.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article studies the trade unions - the most influential non-governmental organizations in the Soviet Union and Russia. In the USSR, these organizations have performed many historically important tasks. In post-Soviet Russia the trade unions were transformed in order to develop them along with the changes in society. As in Russia, the social basis of China is multi-millions of workers who go though the stage of the social transformation. For this reason, the study of the transformations of the Trade Unions in Russia and the analysis of the experience of these changes are of great importance for China. This paper provides an overview of the Russian and Chinese historiography - research on the history and trends of the Trade Unions of the USSR and Russia.

Keywords: history, Russian historiography, Chinese historiography, society, working class, the government, trade unions, the Soviet Union, Russia, social transformation.

References:
Istoriya profsoyuzov Rossii. Etapy, sobytiya, lyudi / Pod red. Gritsenko N.N. i dr. M., 1999.
Professional'nye soyuzy SSSR v proshlom i nastoyashchem. 1905 1917 1927 g. Pod red. Yu.K. Milonova.
Pavlova L.M., Protopopov A.S. Profsoyuznoe dvizhenie v SSSR na etape razvitogo sotsializma // Istoriya SSSR. 1979. š 4;
Kiselev Yu. Iz spetskhrana na vystavku // Profsoyuzy. 1996. š 3. S. 32-33.
Chalyy S. Deyatel'nost' profsoyuzov Rossii v usloviyakh reformirovaniya obshchestva. M., 1994;
Rogozhin E.S. Profsoyuzy: istoriya, lidery, problemy, 1906-1996. Saratov, 1997;
Profsoyuznoe prostranstvo sovremennoy Rossii / Pod red. Borisova V. i Klarka S. M., 2001.
Maksimov B.I. Trudovye kollektivy, rabochee dvizhenie i profsoyuzy v protsesse transformatsiy. SPb. 2001;
Gritsenko N.N., Kadeykin V.L. Profsoyuzy Rossii: osnovnye etapy razvitiya i uroki proydennogo puti (K III s'ezdu FNPR). M., 1996;
Neterebskiy O.V. Globalizatsiya i struktura profsoyuzov // Trud i sotsial'nye otnosheniya,

Reference:
Fadeev L. A.. Education programs for workers of mechanical engineering enterprises during the first five-year plans: structure, challenges and ways to overcome them // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 3. – P. 317-329.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The paper is focused on the problems of professional education of workers at Soviet Mechanical Engineering enterprises during the first five-year plans, treating them as one of the key elements of social and cultural system of the Soviet society. Analysis of the main problems associated with workers factory-based education allows us to trace the connection between the general processes expressed by legislative regulations and their implementation at particular plants.

Keywords: industrialization, mechanical engineering, education, qualification factory-based specialized schools, elimination of illiteracy, technical schools, education courses, profession.

References:
Bogdanov I.M. Gramotnost' i obrazovanie v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii i v SSSR. M., 1964.-206 s.
Didenko D.V. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie aspekty modernizatsii sovetskoy obrazovatel'noy sistemy v usloviyakh dogo-nyayushchego razvitiya // Mobilizatsionnaya model' ekonomiki: istoricheskiy opyt Rossii KhKh veka: sbornik materialov vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Chelyabinsk, 28-29 noyabrya 2009 g. Chelyabinsk. 2009. S. 253-266
Zhuravlev S.V., Mukhin M.Yu. ŤKrepost' sotsializmať: Povsednevnost' i motivatsiya truda na sovetskom predpriyatii, 1928 1938 gg. M.: ŤRossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediyať (ROSSPEN), 2004. 240 s., ill.
Kumanev V.A. Revolyutsiya i prosveshchenie mass. M.: Nauka, 1973.-335 s.
Lel'chuk V.S. Industrializatsiya SSSR: istoriya, opyt, problemy.-M.: Politizdat, 1984.-304 s.
Markevich A.M., Sokolov A.K. ŤMagnitka bliz Sadovogo kol'tsať: Stimuly k rabote na Moskovskom zavode ŤSerp i mo-lotť, 1883 2001 gg. M.: ŤRossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediyať (ROSSP

Reference:
E.V. Belokurov. Food campaign of 19011902: outcome and implications // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 2. – P. 181-187.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: in closing of a series, this article summarizes the outcome of the 1901-1902 food campaign, demonstrating the scale of government contribution, as well as its shortcomings which were mainly brought about by the underdeveloped transport infrastructure. The author points out a rather modest influence of individual charity and brings the readers attention to the measure of efficiency of the food campaign, evaluating mortality and sickness rates during the food crisis, as well as the general economical background.

Keywords: history, famine, food, transport, crop failures, pricing, sickness rate, mortality rate, charity, statistics.

References:
Burmatov A. A. Demograficheskaya istoriya Kainska-Kuybysheva i ego okrugi. Novosibirsk, 1997.
Vlasova A. V. Miloserdnoe i patrioticheskoe sluzhenie Russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi v gody stikhiynykh bedstviy na Urale (konets XIX nachalo XX vv.) // Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2009. š 23 (161). Istoriya. Vyp. 33.
Davydov M. A. Ob urovne potrebleniya v Rossii v kontse XIX nachale XX vv. // O prichinakh russkoy revolyutsii. M., 2010.
Dmitrienko N. M., Zinov'ev V. P. Kupecheskaya sem'ya Kukhterinykh // Predprinimateli i predprinimatel'stvo v Sibi-ri (XVIII nachalo XX vv.): Mezhvuzovskiy sbornik nauchnykh statey. Barnaul, 1995.
Ezhegodnik Rossii. [19051909]. SPb., [19061910].
Ermolov A. S. Nashi neurozhai i prodovol'stvennyy vopros. T. 12. SPb., 1909.
Zemel'noe oblozhenie / Sost. S. I. Shidlovskiy. SPb., 1904.
Kratkiy obzor deyatel'nosti Popechitel'stva o trudovoy pomoshchi. 18951915 gg. Pg., 1915.
Litoshenko L. N. Sotsializatsiya zemli v Rossii. No

Reference:
Belokurov E.V.. Food Campaign of the 19011902: a bad harvest of the 1901 and governmental measures for overcoming it // History magazine - researches. – 2013. – š 1. – P. 45-53.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: the article examines the grounds and scale of the bad harvest in 1901, as well as the efforts of the authorities to overcome the food crisis, which followed. The author analyzes the food campaign regulation orders of the Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin D.S, the dynamics of issuing grain loans to the starving people, the organization of public works and the epidemiological situation (scurvy, typhus and other diseases) in the provinces affected by the crop failure during the spring of 1902.

Keywords: history, famine, consumption level, bad harvest, Sipyagin D.S., price level, agrarian unrest, disease, Lenin V.I.

References:
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv (RGIA): Fond 190 (Upravlenie vnutrennikh vodnykh putey MPS), Fond 1284 (Departament obshchikh del MVD), Fond 1291 (Zemskiy otdel MVD), Fond 1405 (Ministerstvo yustitsii).
[1900-1903] god v sel'skokhozyaystvennom otnoshenii. SPb., [1901-1904].
Anfimov A. M. Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie i klassovaya bor'ba krest'yan Evropeyskoy Rossii. M., 1984.
Bedin V. V. Krest'yanstvo Poltavskoy gubernii nakanune dvizheniya 1902 g. // Nauchnye doklady v vysshey shkole. Istoricheskie nauki. 1958. š3.
Vnutrennee obozrenie // Vestnik Evropy. 1902. š 1.
Danilov V. P. Krest'yanskaya revolyutsiya v Rossii, 1902-1922 gg. // Krest'yane i vlast'. Materialy konferentsii. M.-Tambov, 1996.
Doklady Simbirskoy Gubernskoy Zemskoy Upravy ekstrennomu gubernskomu sobraniyu 12 oktyabrya 1901 g. Simbirsk, 1901.
Emelyakh L. I. Krest'yanskoe dvizhenie v Poltavskoy i Khar'kovskoy gubernii v 1902 g. // Istoricheskie zapiski. T. 38. M., 1951. S. 163.
Ermolov A. S. Nashi neu

Reference:
Belokurov E.V.. Food Campaign in the of the 19011902: to the question of organization of the food industry in Russia in the late XVIII beginning of the XX century // History magazine - researches. – 2012. – š 6. – P. 27-38.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: the article disuses creation of the Russian system of food supply in crop failure established in the end of XVIII century and its reformation during the XIX century as well as its peculiarities of the different levels (village grain reserves and capital, types of food capitals empire-wide, province, etc.) in the post-reform era. The author analyses reasons of the reform of the food industry in 1900 and its results, highlights the main problem of the level of bread consumption by Russian people in the end of the XIX beginning of the XX century.

Keywords: history, famine, food, level of consumption, crop failure, reform, charity, country council, the Red Cross, statistics.

References:
Robbins R. G. Famine in Russia, 1891-1892: the Imperial Government Responds to a Crisis. New York; London, 1975.
Agrarnoe razvitie i prodovol'stvennaya bezopasnost' Rossii v XVIIIXX vv. Sb. nauch. statey. Orenburg, 2006.
Agrarnoe razvitie i prodovol'stvennaya politika Rossii v XVIII XX vekakh: problemy istochnikov i istoriografii: Sb. stat. Orenburg, 2007.
Gregori P. Ekonomicheskiy rost Rossiyskoy imperii (konets XIX nachalo XX v.): Novye podschety i otsenki. Per. s angl. M., 2003.
Davydov M. A. Ocherki agrarnoy istorii Rossii v kontse XIX nachale XX vv. (Po materialam transportnoy statistiki i statistiki zemleustroystva). M., 2003.
Ermolov A. S. Nashi neurozhai i prodovol'stvennyy vopros. Ch. 1-2. SPb., 1909.
Istoricheskiy obzor pravitel'stvennykh meropriyatiy po narodnomu prodovol'stviyu v Rossii. Ch. I-II. SPb., 1892.
Kornilov G. E. Formirovanie sistemy prodovol'stvennoy bezopasnosti naseleniya Rossii v pervoy polovine KhKh veka // Rossiyskaya istoriya. 2011. š 3.
Kr

Reference:
Bugay N.F.. The Cossacks of Russia: from rejection to acceptance a century-long way // History magazine - researches. – 2012. – š 4. – P. 52-61.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: in the article the author tries to present the milestones of the evolution of the Russian Cossacks in the past hundred years of its history, focusing on the time after the revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War. Author shows the essence of the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the Cossacks, marks the tragic events that led to their neglect since the 1930s to the mid-1980s. The main attention is paid to the revival of the Cossacks in the new Russia, the measures the government and the President of the Russian Federation to enhance its role in serving the fatherland, in the development of economy and culture of Russian people.

Keywords: history, the Cossacks, Russians, army, division, village, legislation, rehabilitation, recovery, troop Cossack society.

References:
Bugay N. Kazachestvo Rossii: problemy vozrozhdeniya // Obozrevatel'. M., 1993, š 28 (32);
Bugay N.F., Mekulov D.Kh. Narody i vlast': sotsialisticheskiy eksperiment. Maykop, 1994;
Vse nachinalos' s russkikh // Obozrevatel'. M., 1994, š 1
Bugay N.F., Gonov A.M. Severnyy Kavkaz: granitsy, konflikty, bezhentsy. Dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii. Rostov-na-Donu. 1997
Gonov A.M. Severnyy Kavkaz: aktual'nye problemy russkogo etnosa (2030-e gody). Rostov-na-Donu. 1997;
Vozrozhdenie kazachestva. 19891994: sovremennaya russkaya ideya i Gosudarstvo. M., 1995;
Zyuzin Yu.A. Rossiyskoe kazachestvo (istoricheskaya spravka). Krasnodar, 1991; Russkiy narod: istoricheskie sud'by v XX veke. M., 1993; Russkiy put' v razvitii ekonomiki. M., 1993; Repressirovannye narody: kazaki // Shpion, M., 1994, š 1 (3); (35);
Russkie na Severnom Kavkaze. 2030-e gody. Dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii. Nal'chik, 1995;
Tabolina T.V. Kazachestvo: istoki vozrozhdeniya. Stavropol', 1995;
i dr.

Reference:
Talina G.V.. Evolution of title-vicegerent system in the second half of the XVII early XVIII century // History magazine - researches. – 2012. – š 2. – P. 56-64.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: The article characterizes the interaction of rank-official and title-vicegerent characteristics of social and service positions of the boyar-and-prince aristocracy and nobility during the last decades of existence of the parochialism at the time of post-parochial structure of the Russian state and the state service. The analysis of title-vicegerent system shows a new facet of the position of the ruling elite at the time of the formation of the Russian absolutism. The conclusions are based on the analysis of books of vicegerent titles (Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts: Works and writings on the titles)

Keywords: history, the parochiality, position, title, rank, aristocracy, nobility, court, elite, power, service

References:
Bogdanov A.P. Tsar' Fedor Alekseevich. 16761682. M.: Rossiyskoe universitet-skoe izdatel'stvo, 1994.
Volkov M.Ya. Ob otmene mestnichestva v Rossii. // Istoriya SSSR. 1977. š 2. S. 5367.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Boyarskaya duma Drevney Rusi. SPb.: Prosveshchenie, 1919.
Kotoshikhin G.K. O Rossii v tsarstvovanie Alekseya Mikhaylovicha. M.: ŤRossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSPEN)ť, 2000.
Markevich A. I. Istoriya Mestnichestva v Moskovskom gosudarstve v XV XVII vv. Odessa: Tipografiya ŤOdesskogo vestnikať, 1888.
Pravyashchaya elita Russkogo gosudarstva v IX nachale XVIII v.: Ocherki istorii / Otv. red. A. P. Pavlov. Spb.: ŤDmitriy Bulaninť, 2006.
Talina G.V. Vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii samoderzhavie. Ocherki absolyu-tiziruyushcheysya monarkhii III chetverti XVII veka. M.: ŤPrometeyť MPGU, 2005.
Talina G.V. Vybor puti: Russkoe samoderzhavie vtoroy poloviny XVII pervoy chetverti XVIII veka. M.: Russkiy Mir', 2010.
Talina G.V. Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i sistemy

Reference:
Bezgin V.B.. Suicides of peasants in the Russian village in the late XIX early XX century // History magazine - researches. – 2012. – š 1. – P. 69-76.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: the article deals with the problem of suicide in among the peasants in late XIX early XX century. It covers the legal side of this question, as well as attitude of the villagers towards the facts of voluntary withdrawal from life, tells about methods and motives of peasants suicides. Based on ethnographical materials and police reports author makes the analysis of the dynamics of village suicide, reasons for voluntary withdrawal from life, gender characteristics.

Keywords: history, legislation, peasants, village, statistics of suicides, motives of suicides, gender factor, the Church, ordinary perception of suicide, modernization.

References:
Veselovskiy K. S. Opyty nravstvennoy statistiki v Rossii. SPb.: Tip. MVD. 1847. 64 s.
Gilinskiy Ya., Rumyantseva G. Dinamika samoubiystv v Rossii. URL: http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0161/analit01.php (data obrashcheniya 14.07. 2011)
Koni F. Samoubiystvo v zakone i zhizni. URL: http://pagesofpain.com/suicide/articles/suicide-in-law (data obrashcheniya. 07.07.2011)
Myakinen I. Kh. Kak byl napisan ocherk Sorokina o samoubiystve // SOTsIS. 2003. š 11. S. 123131.
Obzor Tambovskoy gubernii za 18831898 gg. Tambov, 18841899.
Paperno I. Samoubiystvo kak kul'turnyy institut. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999. 256 s.
Russkie krest'yane. Zhizn'. Byt. Nravy. Materialy etnograficheskogo byuro kn. V. N. Tenisheva. SPb., 20042008. T. 17.
Samoubiystva v SSSR v 1925 i 1926 godakh. M.: TsSU, 1929. 56 s.
Svyatlovskiy E. V. Materialy po voprosu o sanitarnom polozhenii russkogo krest'yanstva. Mediko-topograficheskoe opisanie Volchanskogo uezda Khar'kovskoy gubernii. Khar'kov: Tip. Gub. p

Reference:
Gaysina A.V.. The activities of the Orenburg order of public assistane // History magazine - researches. – 2011. – š 5. – P. 49-52.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: the article highlights the work of the Orenburg order of public charity. Creating of the orders (at the end of XVIII century) initiated far-reaching changes in the care of the needy. Their efforts were aimed at improving the situation for those in need through the opening of the almshouses, hospitals, pharmacies, workhouses and restraints homes, madhouses. Those who found themselves in a difficult situation could apply to an institution of the order for help. The duties of the orders was not only in charity: they served as the bank, lending institution. Orders have joined state and society in helping the needy, because only by the joint efforts it was possible to achieve the desired result the welfare of society.

Keywords: history, philanthropy, charity, care, compassion, almshouses, orphanages, societies, orders, Ufa.

References:
Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. SPb., 1892. T.13. Ustav o obshchestvennom prizrenii. URL: http://civil.consultant.ru/code/
TsGIA RB. F. I-385 Op.1. D.12 Sobranie ukazov 1832 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D. 34. Kniga zapisi raskhodov i dokhodov denezhnykh summ orenburgskogo prikaza obshchestvennogo prizreniya za 1818 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.11. Zhurnal Orenburgskogo prikaza obshchestvennogo prizreniya 1832 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.2. Zhurnal Orenburgskogo prikaza obshchestvennogo prizreniya na 1822 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.21. Ministerskie predpisaniya na 1847 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.25. Ministerskie predpisaniya na 1853 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.28. Raporta v Orenburgskiy Prikaz obshchestvennogo prizreniya ot Komissii o vozvedenii bogougodnykh zavedeniy v g. Ufe.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.35. Kniga zapisi raskhodov i dokhodov denezhnykh summ orenburgskogo prikaza obshchestvennogo prizreniya za 1820 g.
TsGIA RB. F. I-385. Op.1. D.8. Zhurnal

Reference:
Zaytseva A. A.. Bourgeoisie of Bogorodsk and the All Russian Conventions of bourgeois society of 1917: in search of social adaptation // History magazine - researches. – 2011. – š 4. – P. 69-79.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: the article shows the process of consolidation of the bourgeois class this Ťforgotten by the state and societyť estate of the Russian cities in the revolutionary 1917. High potential of middle-class estates was shown in the creation of the All-Russian Union of bourgeois societies at the I and II All-Russian Congress of bourgeois societies, where were also outlined the contours of the further development of middle class after the liquidation of estates.

Keywords: history, philistine class, classes, society, urban middle classes, Labor Union of citizens of Bogorodsk, All Russian Union of bourgeois society, All Russian conventions of bourgeois society, citizen, corporativity.

References:
Druzhinin N. P. Meshchane, ikh polozhenie i nuzhdy. M. 1906.
Druzhinin N. P. Meshchane i zemel'nyy vopros. M. 1906.
Druzhinin N. P. Meshchanskoe dvizhenie. 1906-1917. Yaroslavl'. 1917.
Ivanova N. A., Zheltova. V. P. Soslovno-klassovaya struktura Rossii v kontse KhIKhnachale KhKh veka. M. 2004.
Koshman L. V. Gorod i gorodskaya zhizn' v Rossii KhIKh stoletiya. M. 2008.
Ocherki gorodskogo byta dorevolyutsionnogo Povolzh'ya. Ul'yanovsk. 2000.
Shchepkin. M. Byudzhety trekh meshchanskikh sosloviy: kupecheskogo, meshchanskogo i remeslennogo. M. 1865.
Friz Gregori L. Soslovnaya paradigma i sotsial'naya istoriya Rossii // Amerikanskaya rusistika. Vekhi istoriografii poslednikh let. Imperatorskiy period. Antologiya. Samara. 2000.

Reference:
Kurenysheva E. P.. The experience of Stolypins reform in evaluations the peasants during NEP period // History magazine - researches. – 2011. – š 2.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Read the article
up

Abstract: based on the analysis of the source, which was always underestimated in historical scholarship, that is, the peasants letters of the NEP period, the article reveals the meaning and consequences of Stolypins agrarian reform in the process of modernization of the Russian village.

Keywords: History, Stolypins agrarian reform, peasants letters of the NEP period as a historical source, communal form of land use, farming and branny, the idea of a kulak, the direct and indirect taxes, the difference in food prices, the monopoly of foreign trade, the principles of the peasant self-government.

References:

Nota Bene

About

Bank details

Partners

Contact Information

Private policy

For authors

Agreements

Author's area

Our Services

Translation of articles

Publishing Services

Library

Other

How to write an article?

Journals in the list of the
Higher Attestation Commission

Mobile app

Our sites

Aurora group s.r.o.

© 1998 2023 Nota Bene. Publishing Technologies. NB-Media Ltd.