Abstract: The study deals with the most significant crisis in the history of Russian banking, which occurred when 49 municipal banks and 13 mutual credit societies went bankrupt from 1882–1889. Historians have explained the causes of the crisis in various ways; however, these explanations are not fully verifiable due to lack of consolidated quantitative data on operations for municipal banks and mutual credit societies. Therefore, a new quantitative data set on these credit institutions was composed for this study. Comparison of the dynamics of joint-stock commercial banks, municipal banks, and mutual credit societies for 1875–1895 revealed that the decline in municipal banks was particularly sharp and deep, and it did not correlate with the dynamics of other banking institutions. This paper proves that the municipal banks crisis was caused by the accumulation of bad loans, poor financial stability, and the lack of proper control by municipal councils and the Ministry of Finance. Overcoming of these problems launched a new phase of banking regulation and supervision in the Russian Empire, which has been underestimated in historiography. The “pushing out” of municipal banks from risky operations was necessary to protect the financial interests of the municipal self-government associated with these banks. However, the crisis also had a pronounced regional perspective because most of the bankruptcies occurred in the Central Black Earth Region, and therefore the crisis was caused by a contraction in agricultural exports due to falling prices, combined with local crop failures in the first half of the 1880s.

Keywords: Central Black Earth Region, historical statistics, banking supervision, banking regulation, credit risk, banking crisis, commercial banks, mutual credit societies, municipal banks, Russian Empire

References:
Address-calendar of the Oryol province (1877, cover 1878). Orel: Printing house of the newspaper “Orlovsky Vestnik”.
Belyakov, A. V. (2004). On the Skopinsky Municipal Bank and its director I. G. Rykov. In Banking on the Ryazan land. History and modernity: historical essays, memoirs, and other materials about the activities of the banking institutions (pp. 50–59). Ryazan: Banking house.
Gindin, I. F. (1948). Russian commercial banks: from the history of financial capital in Russia. Moscow: Gosfinizdat.
Guryev, A. N. (1904). Essay on the development of credit institutions in Russia. St. Petersburg: type-lithography “Jakor'”.
Drobizhev, V. Z., Koval’chenko, I. D., Murav’ev, A. V. (1973) Historical geography of the USSR: a textbook for historical departments of universities. Moscow: Vysshaia shkola.
Ivashchenko, I. S. (Ed.) (1886). Yearbook of the Russian credit institutions. Issue 4. 1880 and 1881. St. Petersburg: Committee of the Congress of Representatives of Joint Stock Commercial Banks.<

Abstract: This study deals with the causes of the crisis of municipal banks in the Russian Empire in the 1880s. The focus is on the most difficult years of 1882–1887, when 39 banks were closed. In total, 60 out of 287 banks (more than 20%) left the market between 1878 and 1893. Municipal banks were accountable to city councils, which were responsible for these banks’ operations; therefore, their success or failure had a serious impact on cities’ fortunes. This study is based on the public accounting statements of municipal banks from 1877–1894. Through a financial analysis, it proves that the crisis was largely caused by the weak stability of the banks’ operations. Many banks did not employ sufficient care to insure the risks of their operations in case of a possible crisis, throwing an excessively large proportion of their highly liquid assets into circulation. This behavior left them virtually defenseless against a panic withdrawal of deposits. Similar trends were observed in many banks, but the surviving banks were on average more conservative than those that eventually closed during the crisis. By the mid-1890s, the financial stability of municipal banks had markedly improved, which was largely the result of tightening regulations.

Keywords: financial stability analysis, banking regulation, bank run, banking crisis, municipal banks, commercial banks, liquidity, public financial statements, historical statistics, Russian Empire

References:
Apkarimova, E. Yu. (2008). Municipal banks and charity in the Urals in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In Economic history of Russia in the 17th–20th centuries: dynamics and institutional and socio-cultural environment: a collection of articles in memory of L. V. Sapogovskaya (pp. 268–280). Ekaterinburg: Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Artemyeva, V. S. (2011). From the history of the emergence and activities of public city banks of the Voronezh province in the second half of the XIX century. Bulletin of the Voronezh State Agrarian University, 2(29), 190–195.
Bayura, A. N. (2006). Banks and credit institutions of the Vitebsk province in the post-reform period (1870s – 1914). Bulletin of the Vitebsk State University, 1(39), 8–14.
Belyakov, A. V. (2004). On the Skopinsky Municipal Bank and its director I. G. Rykov. In Banking on the Ryazan land. History and modernity: historical essays, memoirs, and other materials about

Abstract: The object of the study is the institute of police officers, introduced in the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the XIX century. The subject of the study is the district land plots created in the framework of the reform in the Kazan and Perm provinces. The purpose of the study is to analyze their quantitative characteristics. The theory of modernization is chosen as a general methodology. To achieve this goal, quantitative methods are used, first of all: formal quantitative, correlation and multidimensional (cluster) data analysis. The basis for the quantitative analysis was the "Information" on the distribution of provinces into the district plots (1878), deposited in the Russian State Historical Archive. The main conclusions of the study are the idea that the situation of the police constables of the Perm province was much worse than in Kazan, and the work of the constables was hindered by a significant number of the population of 1/3 of the police stations. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, correlation and multidimensional cluster analysis by the k-means method was used to analyze the uryadnik sites of the Russian Empire. As a result, for the first time, the classification of district plots was created. 1) sparsely populated; 2) Kazan-type; 3) scattered; 4) overpopulated; 5) too large; 6) scattered and overpopulated district plots were identified.

Keywords: police reform, police guard, Volga Region, correlation analysis, formal quantitative analysis, cluster analysis, Urals, Russian Empire, county, modernization

References:
Alafiev, M. K., Zverev, V. O. & Alafiev, K. M. (2020) Institute of police officers: personnel, functions, professional training. Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies, 25, No. 3, 352-359. doi: https://doi.org/10.24411/1999-6241-2020-13016
Akhmedov, Ch. N. (2018) Institute of police officers: professional training and social and material support of its activities (second half of the 19th-early 20th century): monograph. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Vorobeikova, T. U. & Dubrovina A. B. (1973) Transformation of the administrative and police apparatus, court and prison system in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Kyiv.
The case of the distribution of provinces into district police officers and the personnel of police officers. Part 1 / Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). F. 1286-Police Department of the Executive Ministry of Internal Affairs. Op. 39. D. 57.
The case of the distribution of provinces into police depart

Abstract: Based on the collection of data on more than 20,000 airplane models created in the world in the XX century, and more than 40,000 records on their manufacturing, world airplane production dynamics was reconstructed year by year in pieces and tons.
An analysis year by year by aircraft purpose and by leading countries is prepared.
The output was calculated not only in pieces, but also by the total mass of structures. The second approach corresponds more precisely to the power of the aviation industry, allowing to differentiate labor and material costs in the production of light and heavy airplanes.
These graphs are constructed and published for the first time.
The role of leading countries in world production is revealed.
It is shown that the decline in production after the First World War more pronounced not in Russia, but in the UK.
It is shown that the USSR firmly held the second place in aircraft production in the world from the mid-1930s to 1990, and in the mid-1930s briefly came out on top in the world.
The influence of the repressions of the 1930s on the aviation industry of the USSR, expressed in a noticeable decrease in the rate of new aircraft models development, is shown.
It was revealed that in the second half of the XX century, the share of combat airplane in production was constantly decreasing, and by 2000 over 80% of the world's airplane industry capacity was occupied by the production of commercial aircraft.

Keywords: industrial history, history of the XX century, statistical analysis, quantitative history, historical databases, repression in the aviation industry, militarization of the economy, airplane purpose, aviation history, airplane industry

References:
Brutting., G., Supf, P. (1956). Das Buch der deutschen Fluggeschichte. Stuttgart: Militarverlag
Champion, Ñ. (2018). Aviation Journey to 2050. Proceedings of 31th ICAS Congress. Belo Orizonte: ICAS press
Davilla, J.J., Soltan, A.M. (1997). French aircraft of the First World War. Stratford: Flying Machines Press
Diomin, A.A., Kogan, B.S., Sobolev D.A. (2003). Istoria aviatsii. Bibliograficheskij ukazatel. Moscow: Yanus.
Fahey, J.C. (1948). U.S. Army aircraft (heavier-than-air) 1908-1946. N.-Y.: Ships and Aircraft
Francillon, R.J. (1979). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: vol.1. London: Putnam Aviation Series, Funk & Wagnalls.
Groehler, O. (1983). Geschichte des Luftkriegs 1910 bis 1980. Berlin: Miltarverlag.
Hartmann, G. (2016). Les Nieuport de la guerre. Paris : Docavia
Kostyrchenko, G.V. et all (2011). Istoria otechestvennoi aviapromyshlennosti. Moscow: Rusavia.
Kowalski, T.J. (1981). Nieuport 1-27. Famous Airplanes. Warsaw: Kagero
Kuzmin, Yu.V., Sobolev, D.A. (

Abstract: This article conducts historiographical and quantitative analysis of the prime economic media in the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries – “Journal of Finance, Industry and Trade”. The journal was issued from 1885 to 1917 being the official publication of the Ministry of Finance. The materials published in the journal contain reference and analytical information. High quality of the analytical articles was ensured by competent authors – prominent national economists of that time. The goal consists in studying the dynamics of reflection of complex economic processes that unfolded in the prewar 1913 in the journal. Characteristic is given to the composition of the team of authors in 1913. Quantitative analysis of the content of all 52 issues is conducted for the first time in accordance with the dynamics of quarterly distribution of the topics of analytical publications. The author suggests possible interpretations of changes in thematic specialty of the journal throughout the year, and formulates a hypothesis on correlation between these changes and the dynamics of industrial stock index developed by L. Borodkin and G. Perelman by analogy with the famous Dow Jones Industrial Average. Decline in journal’s interest to the industrial problems is noticed until the fourth quarter of 1913; then the favorable conjuncture on the oil market explains the frequency of occurrence of the category of “industry” due to the articles dedicated to oil industry.

Keywords: source analysis, authors of articles, Vestnik of Finance, mass media, pre-war year, economic processes, quantitative methods, rubricator, thematic categories, dynamics

References:
Rossiya. 1913 god. Statistiko-dokumental'nyy spravochnik. – SPb., 1995. – 413 s. – [Elektronnaya versiya – Rezhim dostupa: (http://istmat.info/files/uploads/166/rossiya_1913_original.pdf]
Rossiya nakanune velikikh potryaseniy: sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiy atlas. – M.: Kuchkovo pole, 2017. – 672 s.
Arsent'ev N.M. Rossiya nakanune pervoy mirovoy voyny: itogi ekonomicheskogo razvitiya i sotsial'no-politicheskogo vybora // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. – 2015. – ¹ 1 (28). – S. 20–26. – [Elektronnaya versiya – Rezhim dostupa: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiya-nakanune-pervoy-mirovoy-voyny-itogi-ekonomicheskogo-razvitiya-i-sotsialno-politicheskogo-vybora].
Kalyagin A.V. Rossiya v preddverii mirovoy voyny (O chem pisala gazeta «Kommersant», ili Predskazannyy kollaps) // XX vek i Rossiya: obshchestvo, reformy revolyutsii [El. resurs]. Vyp. 2. Samara, 2014. Rezhim dostupa: http:// sbornik.lib.smr.ru/.
Karavaeva I.V. Rossiyskaya promyshlennaya politika nakanune i v gody pervoy mirovoy voyny // Vestnik instituta ekonomiki RAN. – 2007. – ¹3.

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the mathematical modeling of the process of spatial settlement among medieval rural populations. Due to the heterogeneous features of land in different regions, the distribution of populations is not uniform. Along with the system of ordinary settlements, the presented model examines the system of the centers serving them. As such, there are settlements that have concentrated on themselves the functions of serving the entire surrounding population (for example, tribute collection centers or parish centers). The model assumes that the distribution of the system of centers is not uniform. The aim of the developed model is to describe the laws of such settlement systems. In order to achieve this goal, an innovative variational approach is developed, the essence of whichconsists in considering the process of historical settlement as a self-developing system, characterized by its parameters and needs. The use of the mathematical methods of variation calculations within the framework of this approach allowed the author to find the parameters of the existing systems for establishing centers and to quantitatively describe the relevant phenomena occurring within them. The testing of the proposed model is carried out on the basis of one rural settlement structure from the late 15th - early 16th centuries (Derevskaya Pyatina on the territory of Novgorod). A high degree of correspondence in the obtained theoretical results from empirical data allows the author to consider mathematical modeling as an adequate and convenient auxiliary tool for studying the process of historical settlement.

Keywords: population density function, pogost centers, calculus of variations, human settlement system, cadastral book, mathematical modelling, functional, correlation coefficient, hierarchy of centers, self-organization

References:
Andriyashev A.M. Materialy po istoricheskoy geografii Novgorodskoy zemli. Shelonskaya pyatina po pistsovym knigam 1498-1576 gg. M., 1914, 630 s;
Guseyn-Zade S.M. Modeli razmeshcheniya naseleniya i naselennykh punktov: diss... dok.fiz.-mat. nauk: 01.01.09/ Guseyn-Zade Sabir Medzhidovich. M., 1990, 218 c.;
Frolov A.A., Piotukh N.V. Istoricheskiy atlas Derevskoy pyatiny Novgorodskoy zemli. M.-SPb., 2008, tom 1, 370 c.;
Shpirko S.V. O variatsionnom podkhode k modelirovaniyu srednevekovogo razmeshcheniya naseleniya (na primere Derevskoy pyatiny Novgorodskoy zemli kontsa XV veka) // Istoricheskaya informatika. ¹ 4, 2018, s.13-29;
Degtyarev A.Ya. Russkaya derevnya v XV-XVII vekakh. Ocherki istorii sel'skogo rasseleniya. L., 1980, 176 s.;
Trapeznikova O.N., Frolov A.A. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie i geoekologicheskaya otsenka sel'skogo rasseleniya Valdayskoy vozvyshennosti i ego transformatsii na rubezhe srednevekov'ya i Novogo vremeni// Izvestiya Rossiyskogo geograficheskogo obshchestva. SPb., 2017, T. 149, vyp.4, s. 46-61;
Agrarnaya istoriya Severo-

Abstract: The article considers the difficulties in formulating the correct methodological approaches for studying the Soviet print mass media. The article's research subject is the source study specifics of the sectoral newspaper of the USSR food industry during the first and second Five-Year Plans, which influence the choice of methods for analyzing this source. The author proposes an approach to studying this periodical based on a combination of classical sources and computerized analysis of editorial texts in the MAXQDA 2020 program, providing a brief description of the possibilities offered by the new version of this program to scholars studying media texts. The article concludes that the study of such a multifaceted historical source as the branch newspaper Pishchevik ("For the Food Industry", "Food Industry") should be carried out using content analysis, which will systematize the dynamics of changes in the agenda of one of the largest industries of the USSR in 1928–1937.
The article considers the difficulties in formulating the correct methodological approaches for studying the Soviet print mass media. The article's research subject is the source study specifics of the sectoral newspaper of the USSR food industry during the first and second Five-Year Plans, which influence the choice of methods for analyzing this source. The author proposes an approach to studying this periodical based on a combination of classical sources and a computerized analysis of editorial texts in the MAXQDA 2020 program, providing a brief description of the possibilities offered by the new version of this program to scholars studying media texts. The article concludes that the study of such a multifaceted historical source as the branch newspaper Pishchevik ("For the Food Industry", "Food Industry") should be carried out using content analysis, which will systematize the dynamics of changes in the agenda of one of the largest industries of the USSR in 1928–1937.

Keywords: narrative sources, historical source, food industry, Soviet industrialization, first Five-Year Plans, Soviet newspapers, periodicals, content analysis, historical information science, MAXQDA

References:
Minaeva O. D. «Mozhet li baba spravit' muzhich'yu rabotu?» Osobennosti proizvodstvennoy propagandy v sovetskikh zhurnalakh dlya zhenshchin 1920-kh gg // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 10: Zhurnalistika. – 2014. – ¹ 5. – S. 112–129.
Minaeva O. D. Reforma byta i dekonstruktsiya patriarkhal'noy sem'i v 1920 gg. (po materialam zhurnalov «Rabotnitsa» i «Krest'yanka») // Media al'manakh. – 2015. – ¹ 2. – S. 58–66.
Minaeva O. D. Zhurnaly «Rabotnitsa» i «Krest'yanka» v reshenii «zhenskogo voprosa» v SSSR v 1920-1930-e gg. M.: MediaMir, 2015. – 232 s.
Metel' A. V. Stanovlenie antireligioznoy periodicheskoy pechati v SSSR (1919–1941 gg.) // Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. – 2013. – ¹1(67). – S. 43–47.
Lozhkina A. S. Rol' periodicheskoy pechati SSSR v formirovanii obraza Yaponii (istoricheskiy opyt 1930-kh gg.) // Ural'skiy istoricheskiy vestnik. – 2009. – ¹1(22). – S. 22–30.
Zhirkov G. V. Zhurnalistika stalinskoy epokhi, 1928–1950-e gody – 3-e izd., ster. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2017. – 497 s.
Koval'chenko I. D., Borodkin L. I. Sovreme

Abstract: The article is focused on the little-studied problem of how Russian commercial banks, private and state-run, credited agricultural production enterprises and agricultural trade in the second half of the 19th century. The dominant economic theory during those years did not consider agriculture to be part of the commercial banks' responsibility, and this industry's clientele affiliation is poorly reflected in banking statistics. However, the actual contribution of banks in agricultural regions met the urgent needs of the economy. The author analyzes banking practices for servicing wholesalers and landlords using archived and published material of the Oryol Commercial Bank (1872-1908) and the branches of the State Bank of the Russian Empire operating in the governorates of Central Chernozem, South and West of European Russia. The article calculates the turnover of the two banks' operations related to providing services to agriculturers for 1866-1901. Based on this data, the author reveals a protracted economic crisis in the Oryol Governorate in the 1880s, linked to a fall in agricultural prices, unfavorable railway tariffs, and a series of low crop yields. As a result, in the 1890s, the Oryol Commercial Bank had expanded its network of branches outside the Oryol Governorate. Sharp fluctuations in the 1880s weighted down operations of exporting goods, while operations related to local consumption remained relatively stable, which disproves the so-called concept of “hungry exports”. The policy of the State Bank, which set out to expand banking services to agriculture in the 1890s, must be evaluated through the fact that similar operations undertaken by a private bank were significantly more developed in the territory under examination.

Keywords: credit against commodities, discount of bills of exchange, agricultural trade, grain trade, agriculture, state bank, commercial banks, historical statistics, Oryol governorate, Central Black Earth Region

References:
Romer F. E. Sochineniya. T. 1. — SPb.: Izdanie A. F. Marksa, 1905. — Biograficheskiy ocherk. — S. VII‒XV.
Salomatina S. A. Bankovskiy kredit v Rossiyskoy imperii v 1860-1914 gg.: sovremennye kontseptsii i novye dannye // Rossiyskaya istoriya. — 2018. — ¹ 4 (18). — S. 174–178.
RGIA. F. 587. Op. 56. D. 279.
Rodnov M. I. Ufimskoe otdelenie Volzhsko-Kamskogo kommercheskogo banka: nachalo istorii (1873-1875 gg.) // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya: Ezhegodnik. 2016/17. — M.: IRI RAN, 2017. — S. 87‒111.
RGIA. F. 587. Op. 52. D. 1073.
RGIA. F. 587. Op. 54. D. 507–510.
Pisateli Orlovskogo kraya: biobibliograficheskiy slovar'. — Orel: Priokskoe knizhnoe izd-vo: Orlovskoe otdelenie, 1981. — 416 s.
RGIA. Nauchno-spravochnaya biblioteka. Pechatnye zapiski gubernatorov. Orlovskaya guberniya. 1884–1895.
Pamyatnaya knizhka Orlovskoy gubernii na 1897 god. — Orel., Tipografiya gubernskogo pravleniya, 1897. — 341 s.
Petrov Yu. A. Kommercheskie banki Moskvy, konets XIX v. — 1914 g. — M.: ROSSPEN, 1998. — 366 s.
Otchet Gosudars

Abstract: In this article, the author examines on a micro-level the securities market in Moscow in the 1910s. The author's focus is placed on the banking segment of this market, for which the main source is the complete set of bookkeeping records on demand loans guaranteed by securities (on-call credit) in the Moscow Bank (Ryabushinskiy Bank) for 1912. The research objects of this study are the clients (369 people), their accounts and the notes on the purchase and sale of securities on these accounts (12,406 transactions). Based on the results of the author's cluster analysis, the clients of the Ryabushinsky Bank differed in their behavioral patterns on the securities market: some clients bought securities only to open an account; others engaged in long-term investments; some sold their securities. In addition to this, the author identified a large and homogeneous in behavior group of stock speculators of different proportions. The stock speculation involved a special technique for buying shares with the subsequent quick sale. The author was able to identify a figurehead among the major clients, on behalf of whom the bank owners were speculating, as well as the group of securities market professionals who had direct access to the Moscow stock exchange and were more likely to serve their own clientele. Thus, the market of bank credit and the securities market were closely intertwined in Moscow in the 1910s, and the author's research was also able to demonstrate that the Moscow intermediaries had direct access to the St. Petersburg securities market, which broadens our understanding of how the regional securities markets worked in the 1910s Russia.

Keywords: the Moscow Stock Exchange, the Russian Empire, credit accounts, bank credit, joint-stock commercial banks, securities market, the Ryabushinskys, shares, bonds, bank lending

References:
Anan'ich B. V. Bankirskie doma v Rossii, 1860–1914 g.: ocherki istorii chastn. predprinimatel'stva. — 2-e, ispr. i dop. izd. — M.: ROSSPEN, 2006. — 293 s.
Bovykin V. I., Petrov Yu. A. Kommercheskie banki Rossiyskoy imperii. — M.: Perspektiva, 1994. — 350 s.
Borodkin L. I., Konovalova A. V. Rossiyskiy fondovyy rynok v nachale XX veka: faktory kursovoy dinamiki. — SPb.: Aleteyya, 2010. — 295 c.
Buryshkin P. A. Moskva kupecheskaya: Memuary. — M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1991. — 350 s.
Vsya Moskva: Adresnaya i spravochnaya kniga na 1912 god. — M., 1912. — 877 s., 2612 stb. razd. pag.
Vsya Moskva: Adresnaya i spravochnaya kniga na 1913 god. — M., 1913. — 916 s., 2653 stb. razd. pag.
Gindin I. F. Banki i ekonomicheskaya politika v Rossii (XIX — nachalo KhKh v.). Izbrannoe. Ocherki istorii i tipologii russkikh bankov. — M.: Nauka, 1997. — 622 c.
Gindin I. F. Russkie kommercheskie banki: Iz istorii finansovogo kapitala v Rossii. — M.: Gosfinizdat, 1948. — 453 c.
Davidenko S. V. Poslednyaya khozyayka Gorok. Shtrikhi k portretu Zinaidy

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the social composition and labor structure of the repressed population in the Altai and Oirot Autonomous Oblast in the period from December 1934 to July 1937. On the basis of the available information concerning the types of labor given to the repressed population and the data of the 1939 census, the author developed and analyzed the classification of labor divided into social groups and professional categories. The subject of this study is the social structure of the repressed population in the two regions under consideration on the basis of the developed classification. The author proves the thesis that during the period under study the overwhelming majority of the repressed population were peasants and workers - ordinary Soviet citizens. The article uses general historical methods (historical-comparative method, analysis, structural method) and quantitative methods (statistical analysis) for the examination of this topic. Based on the author's classification of the labor categories of the repressed population, the conducted analysis showed that the total percentage of repressed workers employed in collective farm constructions and petty employees was 66.7% and 68.8% for the Altai and Oirot Autonomous Oblast, respectively. Contrary to the existing opinion in scientific literature on repression as a form of "social cleansing", among "socially dangerous elements" the percentage of repressed people contrary to Soviet society is much smaller, which confirms the thesis put forward by the author during the period under study.

Keywords: Oirot Autonomous Region, classification of employment, USSR population census, social groups, labor structure, Memorial database, books of memory, employment statistics, Altai Region, political repressions

References:
Zhdanova G.D. Politicheskie repressii na Altae 1919-1938 gg.: istoriko-statisticheskoe issledovanie: monografiya. – Barnaul: Azbuka, 2015. 255 s.
Razgon V.N. "Bol'shoy terror" 1937-1938 gg. i kolkhoznoe krest'yanstvo Altaya (po materialam arkhivno-sledstvennykh del) // Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Sibiri XX-nachala XXI veka: materialy II Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii, 27-28 iyunya 2009 g., Barnaul. – Barnaul: Akademiya razvlecheniy, 2009. – S. 208 – 214;
Lyagushkina L.A. Sotsial'nyy portret repressirovannykh v khode Bol'shogo terrora v Bashkirskoy ASSR: analiz bazy dannykh po regional'nym «knigam pamyati» // Istoriya stalinizma: Zhizn' v terrore. Sotsial'nye aspekty repressiy. M., 2013. S. 369-380.
Zhdanova G.D. "Bol'shoy terror" v Altayskom krae i Ust'-Koksinskom rayone // Ust'-Koksinskie arkhivnye chteniya: (sbornik). Vyp. 1: Materialy pervykh i vtorykh arkhivnykh chteniy: (9 iyunya 2006 g. i 11 iyulya 2007 g.) – Barnaul: Pyat' plyus, 2007. – S. 63 – 68.
Shirer D. Stalinskiy voennyy sotsializm. Repressii i obshchestvennyy poryadok v Sovetskom Soyu

Abstract: The subject of this study is the natural resources of the peasant economy in the Borovichi Uyezd of the Novgorod Governorate which became the basis for its existence and land use throughout the 16th-18th centuries. The sources on which this work is based are the Reference Scribal Books of the Derevskaya Pyatina from the middle of the 16th century and the Economic Notes to the General Survey of the uyezd's land from the end of the 18th century. The study pays particular attention to the information contained in the first Russian cadastres concerning the animal and plant world, woodlands, quality and fertility of the land. The author used quantitative research methods. To solve the posed research problem with the aid of the Access 2010 interface, an electronic database was created based on the information from land cadastres of the 16th and 18th centuries and containing data on the composition of the forest and fauna world and soil resources of the Borovichi Uyezd. In order to extract information from the material of the Reference Scribal Books and Economic Notes, the method of continuous sampling was used. The research's novelty lies in its comparative analysis of the information regarding natural resources for the duration of several centuries on comparable territories. The main conclusion of this study is that the natural resources of the Borovichi Uyezd were more scarce compared to neighboring territories. This is evidenced by the species composition of animals and birds, of which no rare or valuable species were recorded in the uyezd's forests, as well as the rare occurrence of large animals. The mixed forests of the Borovichi Uyezd were not much different in its composition of trees from the neighboring uyezds, but the timber forest was of a lesser value. The soil of the uyezd in the main massif was considered average in terms of its fertility.

Keywords: peasant economy, birds, animals, forests, natural resources, Reference Scribal Books, cadastres, General Survey of Land, Novgorod Governorate, Borovichi Uyezd

References:
Stubbs B.J. Land Improvement or Institutionalised Destruction? The Ringbarking Controversy, 1879 – 1884, and the Emergence of a Conservation Ethic in New South Wales / B.J. Stubbs // Environment and History. 1998. V. 4. P. 145–167.
Radkau J. Wood and Forestry in German History: In Quest of an Environmental Approach / J. Radkau // Environment and History. 1996. V. 2. P. 63–76.
Kula E. History of Environmental Economic Thought / E. Kula. London, 1998. 235p.
Chernenko D.A. Kharakteristika pochv v knigakh valovogo pis'ma pervoy treti XVII v. (Na primere Suzdal'skogo uezda) // Istoricheskaya i sotsial'no-obrazovatel'naya mysl'. 2016. T. 8. ¹ 6-1. S. 111–117.
Grove R.H. Ecology, Climate and Empire: Colonialism and Global Environmental History, 1400 – 1940 / R.H. Grove. Cambridge, 1997. 237 p.
Khitrov D.A., Golubinskiy A.A., Chernenko D.A. Lesa Tsentral'nogo Chernozem'ya v materialakh General'nogo mezhevaniya // Vestnik VGU. Istoriya. Politologiya. Sotsiologiya. 2013, ¹1. S. 165–169.
Soldatov M.S., Rumyantsev V.Yu., Golu

Abstract: The subject of this study is the formalized classification of the surviving copies of the medieval Slavic text "Zakon Sudnyj Ljudem", which is the oldest transferred monument of Slavic law and one of the earliest texts in the Slavic language. To resolve the difficulty of textological classification, the authors propose a model based on natural assumptions regarding the process of copying texts and have developed a method using the idea of applying the fuzzy set theory. The advantage of the fuzzy approach is the building of a stemma of the existing copies with their given level of reliability, taking into account their possible contamination. The proposed method is based on a formalized analysis of the fuzzy relation preference matrix, formulated as a result of a pairwise textual comparison of copies. To quantify the contribution of every reading discrepancy, a typology of readings was created, as well as an indirect estimation method was developed. This article describes the first experiment of applying the fuzzy genealogical classification method to a large manuscript tradition (57 copies, about 6500 readings). The obtained results as a whole do not contradict the results of the traditional textological analysis or other formalized methods and allow us to specify the grouping of copies and their interrelations. The developed approach is universal and can be applied to the classification of other manuscript texts.

Keywords: textology, readings, fuzzy classification, contamination, fuzzy relation matrix, stemma, typology, fuzzy set theory, indirect expert method, weight coefficients

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