Abstract: The subject of this research is the iconography of the capitals and provinces of the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries in the illustrative series of essays authored by the foreigners on their trip to Russia (travelogues). The topic seems relevant due to the “visual turn” and active study of the image of Russia as “Other” in the humanities. Based on application of the comparative and quantitative analysis, the author determines the frequency of storylines used for depicting St. Petersburg, Moscow and other regions of the Russian Empire in photography and drawings; as well as reveals the key elements of iconography and connections between them within the framework of a single illustration, which indicates the accents made by the travelers. The conclusion is made on versatility of the images of the Russian capitals and provinces of the late Imperial period in the illustrative series of travelogues, which manifests in the differences of frequency of the strategies for their representation and iconographic elements. Moscow and St. Petersburg were mostly described through visitor attractions and urban, which blended them in the “East – West” dichotomy. Although in the context of everyday life storylines, the province represented the journey and daily activity of the tourists, then through the landscapes, wooden buildings, dirt on the streets and appearance of the local dwellers, it formed the image of “authentic Russia”, close to the “barbaric”.

Keywords: Moscow, image representation, notes of foreigners, travelogues, photographs, the image of Russia, visual turn, Saint-Petersburg, Russian provinces, East-West

References:
Golikov A.G., Rybachenok I.S. Smekh — delo ser'eznoe. Rossiya i mir na rubezhe XIX–XX vekov v politicheskoy karikature. M.: Institut rossiyskoy istorii RAN, 2010. 328 s.
Zhuravleva V.I. Russkiy «Drugoy» v amerikanskoy politicheskoy karikaturistike: ot veka XIX k veku XXI // Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2012. ¹7 (87). S. 64-96.
Medyakov A.S. Voyna formata 9 kh 14. Otkrytki v nemetskoy «kul'ture voyny» 1914-1918 gg. M.: Russkiy fond sodeystviya obrazovaniyu i nauke; Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, 2021. 464 s.
Andrianova E.N. Byt zhiteley Petrograda v period «voennogo kommunizma»: po materialam kollektsii fotografiy GTsMSIR // Vestnik Moskovskogo un-ta. Seriya 8. Istoriya. 2011. ¹2. S. 48–64.
Belgorodskaya L.V. Smysly i skrytye podteksty vizual'nykh istoricheskikh istochnikov: monografiya. Krasnoyarsk: SFU, 2019. 164 s.
Dubrovskiy A.M., Panasov D.S. Fotosnimki kak istochniki po istorii Bryanska // Vestnik BGU. 2020. ¹1 (43). S. 32-43.
Pavlovskaya A.V. Rossiya i Amerika: problemy obshch

Abstract: The subject of this research is the regional concept of Simon Bolivar, known in scientific and journalistic literature as the "Bolivar's dream". This concept originated at the beginning of the 19th century and proclaimed the idea of the independent development of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean basin that was supposed to be implemented through the creation of a single regional confederation. The article pays particular attention to the substantive aspects of "Bolivar's dream", as well as to the debated issues regarding the set of countries that Bolivar included in his concept. The chronological frame of this work covers the period from 1811 to 1830. The research is constructed on the examination of the historical base that reflects the regional concept of Simon Bolivar. As the directing methodology, the author uses the theory of comparative regionalism. The study allows to understand the content and evolution of the concept, as well as the issue of the different interpretations of "Bolivar's dream" that appear as a result of the fragmented nature of how this topic has been studied. The conducted analysis has allowed to identify a series of key provisions. "Bolivar's dream" was finalized completely in 1815; in this period the virtual confederation included the biggest set of countries that almost completely encompassed all colonial possession in the New World. In the middle of the 1820s, in the attempt to practically implement his regional concept, Bolivar, realizing the difficulty in converging together all the states of the region, sought to limit the number of members in the confederation, every year reducing it more and more. In connection with this, Bolivar encountered opposition among the political elite of the region, in the first place, the vice-president of Gran Colombia Francisco Santander. The author spells out the reasons that prevented  "Bolivar's dream" of being embodied into life.

Keywords: Bolivar's Dream, Simon Bolivar, early regionalism, Spanish America, war for independence, Panama congress, Andean confederation, Gran Colombia, Latin America, supranational management system

References:
Bolivar S. Doctrina del libertador. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho y Banco Central de Venezuela, 2009. 484 p.
Bushnell D. El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 228 p.
Bolivar S. Izbrannye proizvedeniya: Rechi. Stat'i. Pis'ma. Vozzvaniya. 1812-1830 – M. : «Nauka», 1983. 280 s.
Bolivar S. The Hope of the Universe. Paris: United Nations Educational, 1984. 322 p.
The Bolivarian Revolution. Simon Bolivar. New York: Verso [ed. M. Brown], 2009. 208 p.
Discursos y proclamas. Simón Bolívar. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho [ed. R.B. Fombona], 2007. 338 p.
Lynch J. Simon Bolivar. A Life. Yale University Press, 2007. 377 p.
Larin E.A.. Zhizn' i bor'ba Simona Bolivara. Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2011. ¹ 1. 167-176 c.
Slatta R.W., De Grummond J.L. Simon Bolivar’s quest for glory. Texas A&M University Press, 2003. 344 p.
Murray P.S. Of Love and Politics: Reassessing Manuela Sáenz and Simón Bolívar,

Abstract: The article focuses on the development of the Russian state in the pre-Revolution period (1380–1917) in a comparative analysis with England (1066–1640) and France (1214–1789). The research subject is the same periods of development in the lives of these three countries: liege monarchy, estate-representative monarchy, absolutism. The author traces the evolution of separate statehood elements (army, government, representative bodies in the centre and locally). Particular attention is given to the relationship between state and church. The aim is to construct a clear synchronised statehood development pattern in the above-named countries. The method of comparative analysis is used. The article examines the analogous processes and events in these three countries. The study’s novelty is that it is the first given comparative analysis of the unfolding analogous processes in the history of Russia, England, and France during the course of several centuries. The main conclusions resulting from the study are the following: modern England originated in 1066, France – 1214, Russia – 1380. This is why the analogous statehood processes “lag behind” England by about 150 years in France and by about 300 years in Russia. The equivalent of the English Magna Carta (1215) is the French Great ordinance (1357) and the Cross-oath charter of Vasiliy Shuysky (1606) in Russia. The parallels of the English parliament (1265) are the French Estates general (1413) and Russia’s Zemsky sobor (1565). The concept of a capitalist formation period in Russia from 1861 to 1917 is criticised, and it is asserted that with the beginning of the Revolution in Russia in 1917 began the Great Russian bourgeois revolution, which ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR and the collapse of the communist regime. This revolution marked the beginning of the so-called capitalist era in the history of the Slav-Orthodox linguistic-religious population groups.

Keywords: absolutism, estate-representative monarchy, liege monarchy, dominant state, linguistic-religious population groups, representative body, parliament, analogous development periods, government, army

References:
Adadurov V. ²stor³ya Frants³¿. Korol³vs'ka derzhava ta stvorennya nats³¿ (v³d pochatk³v do k³ntsya KhVIII stol³ttya). Ser³ya «²stor³ya kra¿n sv³tu». L'v³v: Vidavnitstvo UKU, 2002. 412 s.
Anderson P. Rodoslovnaya absolyutistskogo gosudarstva. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Territoriya budushchego», 2010. 512 s.
Barg M. A. Velikaya Angliyskaya revolyutsiya v portretakh ee deyateley. M.: Mysl', 1991. 397 s.
Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 3. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1957. 896 s.
Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 4. M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1958. 824 s.
Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 5. M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1958. 782 s.
Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 6. M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1958. 830 s.
Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 7. M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1960. 820 s.
Gavrilishin B. Dorogovkazi v maybutnº. K.: Osnovi, 1993. 238 s.
Gutnova E. V. Vozniknovenie angliy

Abstract: The name of P.S. Uvarova has a special place of honour in the history of Russian science and culture. Upon becoming the chairman of the Moscow Archeological Society, she spared no effort in expanding its work, enriching Russian history and contributing to the wide spread of knowledge, and the preservation and research of antiquities in Russia. Countess P.S. Uvarova belonged to a generation, the work of which constituted the basis of a social uplift which defined Russia’s intensive growth in XIX-early XX centuries. Uvarova’s life can be viewed as an example of the forming of a new generation of women – independent, educated, concerned about the public sphere. The result of her fruitful life and work is the discovery of various sources, the informational potential of which is not discovered till the present time, because Russian historiography has not yet conducted their intensive, complex research. The article provides the experience in systematization of documents and materials, relevant to P.S. Uvarova’s life and work. Defining the problems regarding the study of source material, which are closely related to researching documentary sources, will allow not only to look a little deeper into Uvarova’s life, but to appreciate the scale and practical significance of her work.

Keywords: history, source study, archeology, P.S. Uvarova, Moscow Archeological Society, State Historical Museum, archives, historic science community, science communities.

References:
Aksareeva V.G. Gendernyy vzglyad na memuary Praskov'i Sergeevny Uvarovoy // Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta. Vyp. 2. 2009.
Anuchin D.N. Grafinya P.S. Uvarova v ee sluzhenii nauke o drevnostyakh na postu predsedatelya Imperatorskogo Moskov-skogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva // Sbornik statey v chest' P. S. Uvarovoy. M., 1916.
Dement'eva Yu.M. Materialy arkheologicheskikh s'ezdov (1869-1914) kak istochnik po istorii muzeynogo dela Rossii // Izvestiya RGPU imeni A.I. Gertsena. 2008. ¹ 80.
Zakharov A.A. Praskov'ya Sergeevna Uvarova: (K 30-letiyu ee predsedatel'stva v MAO) // Germes. 1915. T. 16. ¹ 9/10.
Istoricheskaya zapiska o deyatel'nosti Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo Arkheologicheskogo Obshchestva za pervye 25 let su-shchestvovaniya. M., 1890.
K 25-letiyu izbraniya P.S. Uvarovoy na post predsedatelya Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva // Drevnosti. Tru-dy Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva. T. 23. Vyp. 1. M., 1911.
Kurkov K.N. Dvoryane-predprinimateli v Rossii nachala

Abstract: the article is devoted to analysis of information about ancient ancestor of the royal dynasty Ryurik in the Primary Chronicle. It is concluded that the editor of the Chronicle puts Ryurik and his people (original Rus) in Denmark. This could be due to the receipt of information about the origin of Rurik, received during the conclusion of the Russian-Danish marital union in 1116.

Keywords: history, Russia, Middle Ages, state, chronicles, Ryurik, the Varangians, Denmark, Schleswig, Rorik.

References:
Dzhakson T.N. Islandskie korolevskie sagi o Vostochnoy Evrope (seredina XI – seredina XIII v.). Teksty, perevod, kommentariy. M., 2000

Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis' starshego i mladshego izvodov. M.-L., 1950

Petrukhin V.Ya. «Rus' i vsi yazytsi». Aspekty istoricheskikh vzaimosvyazey: Istoriko-arkheologicheskie ocherki. M., 2011

Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey. T.1. M., 1962

Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey. T. 2. M., 1962

Pchelov E.V. Ryurik. M., 2010

Sverdlov M.B. Daniya i Rus' v XI v. // Istoricheskie svyazi Skandinavii i Rossii IX – XX vv. L., 1970

Shakhmatov A.A. Razyskaniya o drevneyshikh russkikh letopisnykh svodakh. SPb., 1908

Abstract: The article discusses the features of a communications strategy of the authorities on informing the Soviet citizens of life abroad in 1920–1930-ies. The major activities of the Soviet media to raise awareness of the foreign events are listed. Concludes that, despite of existing contradictions in the organization of information process at the time the system of the Soviet press was completely controlled by government structures.

Keywords: History, information, strategy, media, newspapers, Soviet, state, news, foreign, policy.

References:

Abstract: the article examines the social features of the Russian intelligentsia in the middle of the XIX century. The author points out that the ideological setting of the intelligentsia were not contrary to industrial progress in Russia, but expressed and theoretically sanctioned the overcome of its social consequences. Since they were generated by the modernization itself, the intellectuals were looking for theoretical models of overcoming the barbaric nature of capitalist reconstruction of Russia.

Keywords: history, populism, intellectuals, socialism, modernization, science, opinions and interests, repentant nobles and men of honor, mind and feelings, people and nation

References: