Abstract: The article's research subject is the scientific work of the outstanding Soviet scholar, representative of the "Russian school" scholars of English history, Sergei Ivanovich Arkhangelsky (1882-1958). As the object of research, the author chose the scholar's work focused on the study of the history of England's foreign policy in the 17th century within the system of international relations. In studying this topic, the author conducted a comprehensive examination of his published works and of the materials stored in his personal funds (the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Central Archive of the Nizhnegorskaya Oblast, the Science Museum of Nizhni Novgorod State University). The author also separately examined the scholar's popular works on various aspects of the USSR foreign policy and the history of international relations, which were not related to his scientific work. Additionally, the author considers "The History of England's Foreign Policy in the 17th Century," which was one field of scientific interest of S. I. Arkhangelsky, in the context of the Soviet stage in the development of the "Russian school" of English history. This approach includes the study of the topic's aspects from the general (the Soviet stage of the “Russian school” of English history) to the particular (the scientific work of S. I. Arkhangelsky). The leading research method for this study of the scientific work of S. I. Arkhangelsky is the biographical method. The novelty of this research lies in the author's proof of a previously unknown fact from the scientific biography of S. I. Arkhangelsky: from the late 1930s to the middle of the 1950s., he worked on a monograph on the history of England's foreign policy in the 17th century. Consequently, the scholar's scientific work on the history of England’s foreign policy should be viewed as part of a monograph he had envisioned.

Keywords: historiography, history of international relations, England, Evgeny Alekseevich Kosminsky, Anatoly Stepanovich Kaplin, Sergey Ivanovich Arhangelsky, source studies, XVII century, public diplomacy, science

Abstract: The article examines the transformation of the US neutrality policy during the First World War in the context of analyzing the reaction of President W. Wilson's administration to the aggravation in February – August 1915 of the Anglo-German confrontation that significantly affected American interests. The aggravation of this confrontation resulted in the unfolding of German limited submarine warfare in order to interrupt Britain’s Atlantic communication in response to the strengthening of the British naval blockade of Germany. The author places the main focus of the study on a set of ideas and actions that laid the foundation for a new US leadership strategy regarding the European conflict, which moved away from strict neutrality to a more active involvement in the European situation. The study is based on the application of the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the systematic approach. The research methods are the problem-chronological, historical-genetic and comparative methods. Based on a comprehensive study of the available statistical data, diplomatic documentation, and sources of private nature, the author identifies and evaluates the whole of domestic and foreign policy factors that determined the transformation of American neutrality from maneuvering between the two warring coalitions to an open orientation towards Great Britain, which subsequently led to its entry into war against Germany. As a result, the author concludes that already in 1915 the position of President Wilson’s administration, the economic and political interests of the United States made genuine neutrality almost impossible.

Keywords: submarine war, neutrality, World War I, Germany, Great Britain, Woodrow Wilson, American foreign policy, diplomacy, foreign relations, naval blockade

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the ornamentation on bone tools described through an examination of the Neolithic collection of the Ust-Belaya burial site, mound 15 (Chukotka). The author investigates the origins of the ornamental motifs on these bone tools and also discusses the concept of “ornament” from the perspective of the formation of its details. The author pays particular attention to the possibilities of "reading" ornamental elements and attempts to attribute the ethnical provenance of bone tools based on an analysis of the ornamentation elements seen as a sign system (information transfer, including between its kind and the formation of the notion of “friend-foe”). The article's research methodology is based on the structural-semiotic approach, which envisages the study of ornamental motifs as a society's sign system. Based on the results of the conducted study, the author drew conclusions regarding the viability of reconsidering ancient ornamentation from the perspective of modern thinking and extrapolating its semantics to vast territories and different periods in history. Based on a comparative analysis, the ties of the inhabitants of Ust-Belaya with neighboring northern peoples (Yukagirs, Chukchi, Koryaks, Kereks, Eskimos) have come to light, which can serve as the basis for studying the processes of cultural genesis in the North of the Far East during the Late Holocene.

Keywords: Chukchi, antler tools, bone tools, geometric ornamentation, primitive art, Neolithic, mound, Ust-Belaya burial ground, Paleometal Age, Eskimos

Abstract: In the years of the first five-year plans, the phenomenon of wage delays in the country's industry was quite massive and systematic in nature, which caused discontent among workers and created conflicts at work, including those that then turned into strikes (at the beginning of the first five-year plan) accompanied by the disuse of equipment. The article examines the scope of the event of the untimely payment of earned sums, identifies its causes, the workers' reaction, and also analyzes the effectiveness of the actions implemented by local and central economic bodies, financial organizations, trade unions, court institutions and prosecutors in eliminating these violations that reduced the effectiveness of the mobilization policy of the Soviet leadership during the years of industrialization. The source base of this study is made up of mainly archival documents stored in the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF), which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Many of these documents are classified as "Secret", "Top Secret ", "Not to be disclosed. " The study demonstrates that the violation of the terms of earnings payment to industrial workers in the years of the first five-year periods was the result of a number of unfavorable factors: lack of banknotes in local branches of the State Bank, shortcomings of the Soviet credit system, overuse of wage funds and their, in general, “free” treatment, failure to fulfill production programs, failures in the system of mutual settlements between suppliers and customers, the accumulation of a large number of unsold products in warehouses, etc. The measures taken could not completely eliminate this problem, but in the second half of the 1930s, the frequency of occurrences, terms and amounts of arrears gradually decreased.

Keywords: State Bank of the USSR, strikes, labor conflicts, trade unions, wages, labor incentives, five-year plans, forced industrialization, standard of living, Council of People's Commissars

Abstract: The article examines the issues concerning childhood morbidity during the Great Patriotic War. The research subject is the means applied in combating childhood morbidity during these years of war. The aim of this publication is to present the basic methods of preventing and fighting childhood morbidity in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the years of the Great Patriotic War. The author focuses particular attention on analyzing the strategy implemented in the Bashkir ASSR for the prevention and elimination of the epidemics that erupted in this region, which had affected children and the younger generations. The article's research methodology is based on the principles of systematics, historicism, and objectivity. In this work, the author applied the historical-genetic and retrospective research methods. The scientific novelty of this study is that it is based on the analysis of archival materials for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, and specifies in the context of one defensively important war region of Russia during the Great Patriotic War - the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the medical strategy used for preventing in 1941-1945 infant mortality and morbidity. The author considers the struggle against infectious and acute gastrointestinal diseases among children both living and evacuated to the Bashkir ASSR during the war.

Keywords: epidemic situation, mortality, infectious disease, vaccinal prevention, morbidity, children, Bashkir ASSR, Great Patriotic War, typhus, septic quinsy

Abstract: The article's research subject is the system of government and public structures involved in the regulation of food issues in Eastern Siberia during the years of the First World War (July 1914 - February 1917). The author demonstrates that the food crisis had led to systemic reforms in the administrative sphere - in particular, the creation of special procurement departments with representatives set-up locally. The government's top priority was to supply the army. At the regional level, many issues related to the provision of the population were addressed (restraining inflation, combating speculation, etc.), but the scope of the governors' powers remained the same, which prevented them from acting more effectively. The state's insufficient attention to the food supply of the rear forced the population to self-organize. The efforts of urban municipalities due to legislative restrictions, qualifications, and the deficit of financial resources, in the conditions of the general economic situation prevailing in the country, were counterproductive. The consumer cooperation was also incapable of significantly affecting the food situation. The article's study is based on the historical-systemic approach. The process of forming and developing the work of state and public food institutions is characterized by taking into account their hierarchy and internal relations, directions and forms of activity. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive study of the structure, principles of organization and functioning of food institutions in the provinces of Eastern Siberia, and an assessment is made of the effectiveness of their regulatory impact. The author reveals the factors that determined the specifics of the activity of state and public food structures in the region.

Keywords: food commission, consumer cooperation, First World War, Special Meeting, Governor, city government, Governor General, Eastern Siberia, food crisis, Commissioner of the Special Meeting

Abstract: The author’s research subject is a special category of early medieval antiquities which were widely distributed on monuments in Northern and Eastern Europe in the 9th – 11th centuries: miniature equal-arm folding scales for small weighings. These scales were primarily used to count silver of eastern origin and are traditionally considered to be borrowed from the East along with Islamic coins. The article discusses a wide range of examples of folding scales with origins in Southern and Eastern Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Central Asia. The author pays particular attention to the writings of medieval Arab authors regarding the structure of miniature scales and which contain recommendations for their construction. The study is based on the methods of comprehensive source study, comparative morphological analysis of archaeological sources, and critical reading of medieval texts. For the first time in Russian historiography, the author conducts a comprehensive source-study comparative analysis of the discovered equal-arm scales from the early Middle Ages originating from different regions and traces the evolution of small-weighting instruments in Northern Europe during the second half of the 1st millennium C. E. Comparing them with a number of finds from the 10th – 11th centuries on the territory of Ancient Russia and the Volga Bulgaria, the author comes to the conclusion that the autochthonous origin of the North European folding scales is based on the local tradition, rooted in its late Roman past.

Keywords: Ancient Rus', British Isles, Scandinavia, Byzantium, Viking Period, Early medieval time, Collapsible balance scales, arabic East, Caliphate, Silver

Abstract: During the Age of Enlightenment, a historiographic revolution took place. The professional level of historians rose, and their understanding of history became more profound. Many thinkers began to ask questions pertaining to the meaning and value of history, its role in the system of scientific knowledge, and its benefits to society. History consequently became a pillar for social transformation, as well as an instrument of national integration. From that period on, the knowledge of national character, dignities and vices of society were acquired through the study of history. These ideas captured the minds of not only European but also Latin American intellectuals, including the authors in New Spain. Using a comparative approach and conducting a content analysis of the works of several New Spanish historians from the 18th century, the author of this article comes to the conclusion that during the indicated period the approach to historiography and, in particular, to the use of historical documents had significantly changed in the intellectual environment of New Spain. While historians in the first half of the 18th century were mostly still religious chroniclers, in the second half of the century the percentage of researchers interested in secular history and, above all, in its pre-Columbian period increased significantly. In the works of these New Spanish authors, there is a tendency to secularize history. They began to pay special attention to the collection of historical sources and their rational criticism.

Keywords: Boturini, Jesuits, Colonial Epoch, Ancient history, New Spain, Mexico, historiography, Veytia, Clavijero, León y Gama

Abstract: The article is focused on the figurative and subject repertoire of artifacts belonging to the Xiongnu animal style, which have been discovered during archaeological excavations and collections. In the 1920s, thanks to archaeological excavations at the Noin-Ula burial ground, interest in Xiongnu rose and, as a result, interesting data was obtained. However, to date, there have been no studies conducted on the figures of the Xiongnu animal style.The Xiongnu animal style is divided into five categories based on its figures. Within the mega-representation of ungulates, the figures of deer, bull, horse, goat, mountain goat, mountain sheep, ram, and yak are different from one another. Among the predators, one can discern the images of the feline and bear families, generalized as well as undefined. The images of birds are divided into predatory and non-predatory. Among the fantastic animals, there are four figures of beasts that stand out in detail: griffin, dragon, unicorn, and horned wolf. The figures of beasts, which do not fall under the category of ungulates, predators, birds, or fantastic animals, can be allocated into the category of “other subjects”. There are not many "other" images in the Xiongnu animal style: only snake, hedgehog, hare, lizard stand out.The figures of the Xiongnu animal style are presented in this article in a variety of interpretations. The most interesting characteristic of the Xiongnu animal style is the fact that many animal forms are represented on a geometric plate. In the Xiongnu animal style, various floral elements often serve as the backdrop. It is likely that this is a typical feature of the Xiongnu animal style. In general, the position of the animals' legs and the direction of their heads are the most common features that are can be observed as the unique trait in the Xiongnu animal style. We can say that this taxonomy allows for the effective classification of the Xiongnu animal style.

Keywords: fantastic animals, ungulate, beast, images, repertoire, animal style, Xiongnu, birds, Ordos, classification

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the military training of Soviet youth of pre-conscription age and before serving in the Red Army. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that the militarization of the population was an important aspect of Soviet reality, as with the coming to power, the Bolshevik leadership sought to strengthen the new socialist state and tried to protect it from any external and internal encroachments. Of paramount political importance was the question of the conscription of non-Russian nationalities and national formations. The aim of this article is to analyze the composition of parts of the Red Army by non-Russian peoples in one of the national regions of the country, namely in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. As the methodological basis of this study, the author used general scientific and special historical methods. The historical and comparative analysis made it possible to compare the factual material, while the source study method helped to identify and determine certain aspects in the studied problem that have not yet been adequately addressed in historiography. Finally, the principle of scientific integrity has enabled the author's objective analysis and the analytical method has given this work the necessary level of theoretical generalizations. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that new archival materials, newspaper publications, and personal memoirs are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which revealed various aspects of the preparation of the Buryats for military service. The author concludes that in the designated period in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, thousands of liable military conscripts, who did not have the tradition of military service before, underwent pre-war training.

Keywords: patriotic education, military-media work, military propaganda, Red Army, militarization of the country, youth, preinduction training, OSOAVIAKHIM, êomsomol, Buryat-Mongolian ASSR

Abstract: The focus of this article is placed on the literary magazine Rubezh, published in Harbin from 1926 to 1945. The article's aim is to determine the value of this publication as a source on the history of the development of the global fashion industry in the 1930s - 1940s. In order to achieve the set goal, the author analyzes a wide range of publications by the Rubezh devoted to fashion topics (articles on men's and women's fashion with illustrations and photographs; tips on needlework, makeup, face and body care, etc.; advertisements of manufacturers and traders of clothing and accessories) by identifying the relationships between fashion trends and the socio-political and economic processes of this period. The article pays particular attention to the study of the fashion industry in Harbin in the context of examining the anthropology of Russian diaspora's fashion. To obtain the most objective and representative research results, the author relied on the methods of historicism, objectivity, integrity, and comparative analysis while conducting this research. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that, for the first time in historiography, a comprehensive analysis of the émigré magazine "Rubezh" has been conducted, considering it as a source on the history of fashion in general, and on the anthropology of Russian diaspora in particular. During the course of this work, the author came to the conclusion that the materials of Rubezh help to recreate a retrospective picture of the development of the global fashion industry in the 1930s - 1940s. and serve as a serious aid in the study of the unique socio-cultural phenomenon of Russian Harbin.

Keywords: Russian Diaspora, Russian emigartion, fashion trends, global fashion industry, history of fashion, Rubezh magazine, print media of the Russian Diaspora, fashion anthropology, Russian Harbin, emigre press

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the distinctive features of the cultural policy conducted in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 1920s - 1930s. This was a period of cultural modernization for the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria as well as for the country as a whole, which influenced its entire subsequent history. The aim of this article is to identify the general trends in the development of the education system, national languages, and artistic culture. A significant part of this work is dedicated to the attitude of the Soviet government towards religion, which predetermined the course of many cultural processes. The authors analyze the regulatory acts of the Soviet government, as well as documents characterizing cultural construction in Kabardino-Balkaria. The region's cultural policy is studied dynamically, which has permitted the authors to highlight the main periods and turning points in its development. The first of them (in the mid-1920s) was expressed in the authorities' refusal of partially tolerating Islam. From that time onwards, the cultural transformation of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria has been reduced mainly to the imposition of atheism and of modernization processes. The second turn took place in the mid-1930s. It is characterized, above of all, by the translation of the written language of the Kabardians and Balkars from the Latinized graphic base to the Cyrillic one, as well as by the strengthening of the role of the Russian language in education in general.

Keywords: theatre, literature, writing, education, madrassah, Islam, cultural policy, Kabardino-Balkaria, music, national culture

Abstract: The article's topic is the question of the appointment of representatives of the Moscow Patriarchate to the Antioch and Jerusalem Patriarchates in 1946 - 1948. The participation of the Moscow Patriarchate in Soviet Middle Eastern politics sought to strengthen ties between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Eastern Patriarchates. According to the staff of the USSR diplomatic mission to the State of Israel, the Jerusalem Orthodox Church was considered no less important, and in some respects more significant than the Constantinopolitan one. The article's main focus is concentrated on the spectrum of actions on the part of the Moscow Patriarchate in the process of intensifying international church contacts and restoring its prestige in the Middle East. During the course of this study, the author based the topic's research on the principle of historicism, which involves taking into account the concrete historical conditions in the development of the process of interest. Since the source base of this study is founded on a collection of archival documents from the funds of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR State Archives of the Russian Federation (GA RF), the author used source and archive methods, in particular, the method of critical analysis that allows to determine the influence of circumstances on the document's creation and the degree to which the position of the author is affected. Based on the analysis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the author concludes that the issue of appointing representatives of the Moscow Patriarchate to the Jerusalem and Antioch Patriarchates was a key issue in the process of renewing relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Eastern Patriarchates in 1946 – 1948. In 1946, a representative was appointed from the Russian Orthodox Church (MP) to the Patriarchate of Antioch (Beirut), and two years later, to the Jerusalem Orthodox Church (in the territory of the State of Israel).

Keywords: The State of Israel, The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, The Russian Orthodox Church, The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, The Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem, Transjordan, Jerusalem, The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, Lebanon, Beirut

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the issue of the lack of a sufficiently clear differentiation and clarity in the definition of the phenomenon known in Russian history as church renovationism of the early 20th century. The lack of clarity in the concept of “renovationism” in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church leads some scholars to unjustifiably mix historical phenomena that differ chronologically and in content (church reformism in 1905-1907 and renovationism in 1920-1925), others - to philosophical speculation on the subject of renovationism yesterday and today, and others yet to affirmations that the negative portrait of the renovationism in the 1920s made it impossible to renew the church life of its contemporary century. By analyzing the possibilities of the narrative and using the analytical method, the author establishes the reasons for the lack of a clear differentiation between church reformism in 1905–1907 and the renovationism of the 1920s, first by proposing to introduce differentiation into the church reform movement, which thus allows us to solve the problem of definitions and differentiation of movements for church renewal in the first third of the 20th century. The issue of definitions and differentiations was identified over 16 years ago and remains relevant today. It arises every time scholars address the topic of church renewal. The solution to the issue of the differentiation of movements makes it possible to determine the definition of whether to call church reformers "renovationists," as they indeed were often called in the press of the period of 1905-1908, or forever assign them the status of reformers, i.e. not to apply to church reformers of 1905–1907 the term "Renovationists," but to use it in relation to the leaders and members of the Renovationist Church.

Keywords: reform or reformation, methods of historical research, Church reformation, historical phenomenon renewal, religious question, Renovationism as a concept, the problem of differentiations, Russian Church, Konstantin Aggeev, reasonable reformers