Abstract: The object of this research is the problem of impact of the Athos-Byzantine hesychasm upon the personality and works of the Russian publicist of the XVI century Artemy Troitsky. The subject of analysis is his compositions viewed in the context of cultural-historical and religious-social situation of the era. Examination of his life and works is conducted with consideration of scientific results on this problematic in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and contemporary literature. The author also reviews the sociopolitical aspects of the activity of Russian hesychasts that found reflection primarily in the non-possessors movement. The following conclusions were made: the works of Artemy Troitsky mark unambiguous hesychast influence; his hesychasm in multiple aspects differs from the theological-philosophical doctrine of the late Byzantine hesychasm, Palamism, and established as a result of hesychast disputes Byzantium in the XIV century; Artemy fully remains within the framework of Sinaitism – the mystical-ascetic teaching of Gregory of Sinai; his views indicate a particular moral-ethical and sociopolitical orientation that received its expression in the non-possessors movement.

Keywords: Christianity, Orthodoxy, Russian philosophy, asceticism, knowledge of God, poverty, hesychasm, Christian anthropology, Christian philosophy, Artemy Troitsky

References:
Shaposhnikov L.E. Russkaya filosofiya i pravoslavnaya dukhovnaya traditsiya // Veche. 2015. № 27-1. S. 161-171.
Lilienfeld F. Nil Sorskij und seine Schriften. Die Kreise der Tradition im Russland Ivans III / Fairy von Lilienfeld. – Berlin: Evangelische Verlag-Anstalt, 1963. – 336 s.
Chumakova T.V. Priroda cheloveka v otechestvennoy religiozno-filosofskoy mysli kontsa XVI-nachala XVIII v. // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriya 6. Filosofiya. Politologiya. Kul'turologiya. Pravo. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2009. № 1. S. 61-70.
Khoruzhiy S.S. Dukhovnye osnovy russkogo starchestva // Fenomen russkogo starchestva: Primery nz dukhovnoy praktiki startsev / Sost. i vstup. st. S. S. Xopyzhego. – M.: Izdatel'skiy Sovet Russkoy Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi, 2006. S. 3-31.
Prokhorov G.M. Pamyatniki perevodnoy i russkoy literatury XIV-XV vekov. – L.: Nauka, 1987. – 294 s.
Rybas A.E. Osnovnye podkhody k izucheniyu istorii russkoy filosofii // Filosofskoe obrazovanie: Vestnik Assotsiatsii filosofskikh fakul'tetov i otdeleniy. 2014. № 1. S. 4

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis and interpretation of the concept of teleology, proposed by the Baden School of Neo-Kantianism, particularly the works of Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert, which is viewed in the context of polemic of the Neo-Kantians with positivism and realism, as well as idealistic metaphysics. The author conducts a detailed reconstruction of the comprehension of teleology the theory of cognition and methodology of the science of W. Windelband and H. Rickert. The suggested approach can be applied for the theoretical substantiation of assessment of the efficiency of humanitarian sciences. The author’s main contribution into the research of this topic lies in determination of the specificity of Neo-Kantian understanding of teleology. It is proven that Neo-Kantian teleology is based on the interpretation of goal as an unreachable ideal, thus the accent within the framework of teleology is made not on the development goals themselves, but rather the process of their achievement. Such comprehension of teleology is presented in the normativism of W. Windelband and doctrine of H. Rickert about the subject of cognition, in the context of which the values are viewed as an oughtness constituting the very act of assertion, but never developing into the status of existence, and therefore, remaining an infinite task for the consciousness. The author suggests calling such understanding of teleology the procedural. It is substantiated that the methodological doctrine of H. Rickert leans of the perception of the fundamental nature of teleology as the method of cognizing the world, due to which Rickert developed the new understanding of the method of historical sciences that he names teleological.

Keywords: cognition, effectiveness, humanitarian sciences, methodology, mechanism, teleology, Neo-Kantianism, historical method, science, assessment of science

References:
Yakovenko B.V. Uchenie Rikkerta o sushchnosti filosofii // Yakovenko B.V. Moshch' filosofii. – SPb.: Nauka, 2000. – S. 485-580.
Beiser F.C. After Hegel: German Philosophy, 1840-1900. – Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. – 600 p.
Rikkert G. O ponyatii filosofii // Rikkert G. Nauki o prirode i nauki o kul'ture. – M.: Respublika. – S. 13-42.
Rikkert G. Granitsy estestvennonauchnogo obrazovaniya ponyatiy: logicheskoe vvedenie v istoricheskie nauki. – SPb.: Nauka, 1997. – 532 s.
Mill' Dzh. S. Sistema logiki sillogisticheskoy induktivnoy. Izlozhenie printsipov dokazatel'stva v svyazi s metodami nauchnogo issledovaniya. – M.: LENAND, 2011. – 832 s.
Rikkert G. Vvedenie v transtsendental'nuyu filosofiyu. Predmet poznaniya // Rikkert G. Filosofiya zhizni. – Kiev: Nika-Tsentr, Vist-S, 1998. – S. 13-164.
Koshelev I. A. Teleologicheskiy argument v angliyskoy naturfilosofii i estestvennoy teologii XVII v.: avtoref. dis. ... kand. filos. n.: 09.00.14. – M., 2016. 29 s.
Korotkikh V.I. — «Rekonstruktsiya» ili «integratsiya»? Gegele

Abstract:  
The object of this research is the work of the prominent figure of the Bourgeois Revolution in France, one of the most remarkable French philosophers and public character of the Age of Enlightenment Antoine Barnave. The deputy of the Constituent Assembly over the period of 1789-1791, supporter of the constitutional monarchy, executed by the Jacobins, has lived his short life outstandingly, being an orator, a lawyer, a public character, and a scholar. The article is dedicated to the study of another little-studied part of his scientific legacy – the geopolitical views. The author conducts a comparative, historical, and typological analysis of the most well-known work of Antoine Barnave – “The Introduction to the French Revolution”. Examination of his scientific heritage allowed revealing that Barnave had implemented the methodology based on fundamental geopolitical dualism of the continental and maritime powers that in the XX century was acknowledged as the basic law of geopolitics far before Karl Haushofer and Mackinder Helford. Thus, the author makes a conclusion about Antoine Barnave as one of the first classics of geopolitics, as well as the earlier existence of the methodology of geopolitical analysis and geopolitical knowledge.
 

Keywords: Land Power, Sea Power, continental-oceanic dichotomy, Tellurocracy, Thalassocracy, basic law of geopolitics, geopolitical dualism, Antoine Barnave, geopolitical theory, classics of geopolitics

References:
Barnave, Antoine. Introduction à la Révolution francaise. - Paris: A. Colin, 1960. 78 p.
Shchegolevskiy V. A. Respublikanizm i frantsuzskaya filosofskaya mysl' XVIII veka ob ekonomicheskikh otnosheniyakh v obshchestve // Vestnik Instituta ekonomiki Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2015. №1. S. 163-169.
Khauskhofer K. O geopolitike. Raboty raznykh let. - M.: Mysl', 2001. 426 s.
Shmitt K. Planetarnaya napryazhennost' mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadom i protivostoyanie Zemli i Morya. // Elementy. № 8. - M., 2000. http://www.arcto.ru/article/524
Olar A. Oratory revolyutsii. V 2 t. T. 1. Uchreditel'noe sobranie / perevod s frants. L. Borisovicha. - M.: Tipografiya Obshchestva Rasprostraneniya poleznykh knig, 1907. 370 c.
Popov-Lenskiy I. L. Antuan Barnav i materialisticheskoe ponimanie istorii (k kharakteristike istoriko-filosofskikh idey v XVIII veke). - M.; L.: Krasnaya nov', 1924. 201 s.
Krotov A. A. Iz istorii frantsuzskogo prosveshcheniya: Antuan Barnav // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 7, Filosofiya. 2013. № 6. S. 86-95.
Kondrat

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Hegelian concept of history of culture examined with consideration of the difference between “reconstruction” and “integration” as the key approaches towards the problem of historical knowledge within the framework of philosophical hermeneutics. The author highlights the phenomenological, speculative, and pragmatic models of understanding of the history of culture, which sequentially came into the fore in philosopher’s works during the evolution of his views upon the structure of the system of philosophy, as well as determines the prerequisites of the impact of the model of knowledge of the history of culture presented in the “Phenomenology of Spirit” upon the establishment of the concept of philosophical hermeneutic. The selected point of view on the specificity of understanding of the history of culture in Hegel’s philosophy, allows defining the main models of Hegelian historicism, as well as pose a question about the formation of their unity. The author concludes that the formulated in the “Phenomenology of Spirit” concept of “integration” retained the fundamental meaning for Hegel’s philosophy throughout his entire creative path.

Keywords: understanding, historicism, tradition, philosophical hermeneutics, Gadamer, history of culture, Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel, speculative philosophy, reflection

References:
Hegel G. W. F. Werke in 20 Bänden. Bd. 7. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts oder Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse. – Frankfurt am Mein: Suhrkamp, 1986. 523 S.
Gegel' G. V. F. Filosofiya prava. – M.: Mysl', 1990. 526 s.
Gegel' G. V. F. Nauka logiki: V 3-kh tomakh. T. 3. – M.: Mysl', 1972. 371 s.
Elm R. Schenkung, Entzug und die Kunstschöpferischen Fragens // Hans-Georg Gadamer. Wahrheit und Methode / G. Figal (Hrsg.) – Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2007. (Klassiker Auslegen. Bd. 30) S. 151-175.
Gegel' G. V. F. Nauka logiki: V 3-kh tomakh. T. 2. – M.: Mysl', 1971. 248 s.
Gegel' G. V. F. Nauka logiki: V 3-kh tomakh. T. 1. – M.: Mysl', 1970. 501 s.
Hegel G. W. F. Phänomenologie des Geistes. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun, 1987. 596 S.
Gegel' G. V. F. Fenomenologiya dukha // Sochineniya, t. IV. – M.: Gos. izd-vo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1959. 440 s.
Gegel' G. V. F. Fenomenologiya dukha / Per. pod red. E. L. Radlova. – SPb.: «Brokgauz-Efron», 1913. 376 s.
Ovsyann

Abstract: The subject of this research is the teaching of Nil Sorksy placed in the context of evolution of the ideas and spiritual practice of the Byzantine-Athos hesychasm, which greatly influences the establishment of the Russian medieval culture and mentality. The article suggests analysis of the fundamental texts that belong to Nil Sorsky, which makes relevant the contained within them religious-philosophical problematic. A general overview of his literary legacy with consideration the socio-historical realities of the era is provided in the research. The author notes certain conceptual moments in development of the Russian Orthodoxy, associated with the famous disputes between Josephites and Nonpossessors. Special attention is given to revelation of the philosophical and psychological aspects of Nil’s teaching, as well as the peculiarities that accompanied his reception of the theoretical, and mostly, practical legacy of hesychasm. There is noted dominance of the ascetic-psychological and moral-ethical ideologies over the theological-contemplative. A conclusion is made on the direct correspondence of the spiritual-mystical and socio-political components in the Russian hesychasm.

Keywords: Christian anthropology, knowledge of God, Nil Sorsky, Orthodoxy, asceticism, mysticism, poverty, hesychasm, theosis, Christian psychology

References:
Arkhangel'skiy A.S. Nil Sorskiy // Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' v 3 tt. – M.: Nauchnoe izd-vo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya». T. 2, 1995. S. 220-221.
Bubnova V.A. Nil Sorskiy: Istoricheskoe povestvovanie. – SPb., 1992. – 158 s.
Bychkov V.V. Isikhastskaya mistika kak osnova vizantiysko-drevnerusskoy estetiki // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2009. № 1 (13). S. 23-30.
Vsevolod (Filip'ev). Put' svyatykh ottsov. Patrologiya. – Dzhordanvill', 2006. – 639 s.
Grigoriy Sinait. Tvoreniya. – M., 1999. – 158 s.
Gromov M. N. Isikhazm v vostochnoslavyanskoy kul'ture // Vestnik slavyanskikh kul'tur. 2009. T. XI, № 1. S. 5-15.
Gromov M.N., Kozlov N.S. Russkaya filosofskaya mysl' X-XVII vekov. – M.: Izd. MGU, 1990. – 288 s.
Gromov M.N., Mil'kov V.V. Ideynye techeniya drevnerusskoy mysli. –SPb.: RKhGI, 2001. – 960 s.
Zhirtueva N.S. Modifikatsii vizantiyskogo isikhazma v kul'ture Kievskoy Rusi, Moskovskoy Rusi i srednevekovogo Kryma // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2015. № 6. S. 843-852. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2015.6.14070
Zama

Abstract: The article traces the evolution of M. Gershenson's creativity as a pioner of intellectual biography studies. His publication in the "Landmarks" , formulated the political credo of Russian conservative liberalism, put the author in row with such outstanding Russian thinkers like N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov, V. Ivanov, G. Florovsky, G. Fedotov and others.The conclusion was made that Gershenson 's historical conception allows us to consider him one of the founders and the first historian of the "Russian idea".His sociopsychological portrait of Russian intelligentzia became a basis of the subsequent reasoning of Russian religious historiosophy about the alternatives of Russian intellectual history and fates of its creators.The synthesis of intellectual history and psychology proclaimed by M. Gershenson, extended the subject field of research the history of social and political idea of Russia, carried out the deep revision of world view bases of Westerner sand Slavophiles as two poles of "Russian Europeism" .

Keywords: historiography, conservative liberalism, Slavophiles, Westernizers, Russian Intelligentzia, intellectual history, personal history, M. O.Gershenson, historiosofy, Russian Idea

References:
Gershenzon M.O. Izbrannoe. Tom 4. Troystvennyy obraz sovershenstva. – Moskva-Ierusalim: Universitetskaya kniga. Gesharim, 2000. 592 s.
Gershenzon M.O. Istoricheskie zapiski (o russkom obshchestve). – M., 1910. 187 s.
Gershenzon M.O. Istoriya molodoy Rossii. – M.: Tip. T-va I.D. Sytina, 1908. 315 s.
Gershenzon M.O. Pis'ma k bratu. – M.-L.: Izd-vo M. i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1927. 230 s.
Gershenzon M.O. Sotsial'no-politicheskie vzglyady A.I. Gertsena. – M., 1906. 32 s.
Gershenzon M.O. Tvorcheskoe samosoznanie // Vekhi. Iz glubiny. – M.,1991. S.73 – 96.
Ivonina O.I., Ivonin Yu.P. Vostok-Zapad v prostranstve russkoy idei. Chast' 1. XIX vek: monografiya: v 2 ch. – Novosibirsk, NGPU, 2013. 198 s. ISBN 978-5-0023-144-9.
Ivonin Yu.P., Ivonina O.I. Vragi imperii. Istoricheskaya komparativistika «russkoy sotsiologicheskoy shkoly» // Vestnik NGUEU. 2013. № 4. s. 288-299.
Ivonina O.I. Predstavlenie o kul'ture kak uslovii nepreryvnogo obrazovaniya (filosofsko-istoricheskaya kontseptsiya N.I. Kareeva)// Problemy obrazovaniya.

Abstract: The object of this research is the philosophical doctrine of French thinker of the early XIX century – Maine de Biran. The subject of the study is the views of the French philosopher on the origin and nature of human cognition. The author analyzes the works of Maine de Biran, dedicated to the origin and nature of our cognition. Arguing that the only person is capable of understanding itself, and through itself and all that surrounds it. Maine de Biran takes the idea of freedom, which is identical to the philosopher the idea of power and strength. The methodological basis of the study is the scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as phenomenological, bibliography and comparative-historical research methods. The author's special contribution into this work consists in the analysis of the major works of French and Russian philosophers of the early XIX century: Maine de Biran, Adolf Frank, A. I. Vvedenskiy, as well as the translation and analysis of works of the French scholar that have yet to be published.

Keywords: human essence, true activity, freedom, phenomenon, effort of will, cognitive processes, philosophical mysticism, spiritualism, spiritual life, psychological nature

References:
Potekhin A. Znachenie chuvstvovaniy v dushevnoy zhizni cheloveka // Pravoslavnyy sobesednik. 1899. № 12. S. 623-666.
Malevanskiy G.V. Sovremennaya frantsuzskaya filosofiya. Opyt o svobode voli // Trudy kievskoy dukhovnoy akademii. 1899. № 11. S. 423-447.
Vvedenskiy A.I. Ocherk sovremennoy frantsuzskoy filosofii // Vera i razum: Otdel filosofskiy. 1893. № 19. S. 318-328.
Kudryavtsev N. Men de Berran, kak metafizik i religioznyy myslitel' // OR KGU. F.172. 1909. 176 l.
Vvedenskiy A.I. Ocherk sovremennoy frantsuzskoy filosofii // Vera i razum: Otdel filosofskiy. 1893. № 20. S. 329-350.
Moralisteset philosophes. Ad. Frank. Paris, 1874. R. 277-278.
Vvedenskiy A.I. Ocherk sovremennoy frantsuzskoy filosofii // Vera i razum: Otdel filosofskiy. 1893. № 18. S. 237-257.
Maine de Biran M.F.P. Oeuvres. P., 1949. T. XIV. P. 221.
Maine de Biran M.F.P. Journal intime. P., 1931. T. II. P. 193.
Maine de Biran M.F.P. Oeuvres / Publ. par P. Tisserand. P., 1939. T. XII. P. 56.
Jules Gerard.

Abstract: This article explores the relation of A. F. Losev to the transcendental understanding of being in the philosophy of Hegel. Basing on the observation of V. O. Troitsky, according to which the Russian philosopher avoids using the notion of “haecceity”, the author reveals the position of A. F. Loves regarding Hegel’s philosophy, as well as underlines the specificities of Russian philosophy in the global historical-philosophical process. Special attention is given to the analysis of Hegel’s concept of the structure of reasoning, as well as Losev’s doctrine on correlation of the symbol and artistic image. The author proves that the noted by the Russian researcher peculiarity of Losev’s use of the philosophical terminology is caused by the nonrandom factors, but rather its fundamental position on the key issue of ontology. For the first time in scientific literature, the author reveals the peculiarities of the aesthetical doctrines of the German and Russian philosophers that are substantiated by their ontological preferences. This work also reconstructs the historical-cultural context of the differences, detected between the philosophers, in the assessments of opportunity regarding the philosophical cognition of the Absolute.

Keywords: symbolism, certainty, structure of reasoning, transcendentalism, Hegel, A. F. Losev, Haecceity, symbol, artistic image, specificities of the Russian philosophy

References:
Losev A. F. Nekotorye voprosy iz istorii ucheniy o stile // Losev A. F. Problema khudozhestvennogo stilya. – Kiev: «Collegium», «Kievskaya Akademiya Evrobiznesa», 1994. S. 2-168.
Gegel' G. V. F. Sochineniya. T. XII. Lektsii po estetike. Kn. 1. M.: Gosudarstvennoe sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel'stvo, 1938. 471 s.
Losev A. F. Problema simvola i realisticheskoe iskusstvo. M.: Iskusstvo, 1995. 320 s.
Hegel G. W. F. Phänomenologie des Geistes. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun, 1987. 596 S.
R.K. Omel'chuk Aleksey Fedorovich Losev:zhizn' v mife // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 5. - C. 424 - 432. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.5.8302.
E.M. Spirova Mif i simvol v protsesse postizheniya cheloveka // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2011. - 10. - C. 34 - 41.
R.K. Omel'chuk Ontologiya very v svete filosofskogo naslediya A.F. Loseva // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2011. - 11. - C. 15 - 25.
Gogotishvili L.A. Vklad postsimvolistov Loseva i Bakhtina v teoriyu postroeniya diskursa

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the principles of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical concept of global constitutionalism. The author argues that any socially-philosophical concept involves building your own model of socio-economic structure of society. Contemporary socio-philosophical concept, designing our own model of socio-economic structure of society must be defined with the basic principles of formation and functioning of its economic basis (at the level of the nation state and in planetary scale) and socio-political superstructure. The author identifies the main principles of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical conception of global constitutionalism: the increasing complexity of the socio-economic structure of society; the establishment of law as the Foundation of the socio-economic structure of society; the consolidation of the system of democratic values of the Western sample as the Supreme value of the socio-economic structure of society; the establishment of competition and market selection (the free market) as the basis of socio-economic structure of society. The paper examines criticism of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical conception of global constitutionalism formulated by supporters of alternative conceptions of globalization (e.g., alter), as well as the opponents of globalization "on the left" (proletarian internationalists, Marxists), and "on the right" (anti-globalists).In this scientific article the author used a number of scientific research methods, in particular: comparative law; formal logic; statistics; legal history; modeling; description.

Keywords: anti-globalization, Marxism, global constitutionalism, philosophical concept, society, structure, economic, social, principles, alter-globalization

References:
Popov E.A. Mirovoe ustroystvo i mekhanizmy obespecheniya sotsial'noy bezopasnosti // Sotsiodinamika.-2016.-№ 5.-S. 8-14.
Volkova A.V. Upravlyaemost' gosudarstva v usloviyakh globalizatsii: problema formirovaniya publichnykh tsennostey // Politicheskaya ekspertiza: POLITEKS.-2013.-T. 9.-№ 4.-S. 70-82.
Martynenko S.V. Demokratizatsiya kak global'nyy politicheskiy proekt // Vestnik Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo universiteta. – 2011.-№ 5. – S. 181-183.
Atamanchuk G.V. Teoriya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya.-M., 1997.-S. 302.
Nutsubidze T.Sh. Globalizatsiya i demokratiya // Nauchnyy zhurnal Vlast' i obshchestvo (Istoriya, Teoriya, Praktika).-2009.-T. 12.-№ 4.-S. 12-20.
Ugolovnoe pravo Rossii. Chast' obshchaya: Uchebnik dlya vuzov / Otv. red. prof. L.L. Kruglikov.-M.: BEK, 1999.-S. 109.
Sultanova L.I. Sotsial'naya otvetstvennost' v usloviyakh globalizatsii (sotsial'no-filosofskiy analiz): diss. … kandidata filosofskikh nauk.-Ufa, 2010-148 s.
Vitman M.Yu., Nevor

Abstract: The subject of research is the problem of death in the philosophy of Georges Bataille. The theme of death in Bataille is inextricably linked to the theme of community. It is from this context comes the definition of community as "sovereign" and "sacred". Any community, any movement of cooperative experience is being established around some sacred core that can turn "a category of death into a principle of life, the category of decline – in the principle of an excess of vitality", which corresponds with the ambivalent nature of the sacred: it is both high and low, pure and revolting, the sacred and the cursed. In most cases, in the works of Bataille concepts are not static: rather, they constantly travel along the surface of the text, escaping because of their very dynamic from any ordering, so we do not set ourselves the task of holistic analysis of the topic of death, but sought only to outline the metaphoric of his texts. Attempt to represent the experience of the sovereign community of Georges Bataille by combining the two perspectives: in real (community of Surrealists, "Counter-attack", "Acetal", "College of Sociology") and the ideal community. Bataille shows that the community does not require the integrity, it rather suggests the loss of the “part of your own being”, creating yourself by means of your own death. This is what the philosopher calls "the practice of joy before death".

Keywords: Hegel, inner experience, sovereignty, sacred, event, community, death, Georges Bataille, Other, philosophy of laughter

References:
Faritov V.T. Philosophy of transgression: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2015. № 4. C. 36-67. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2015.4.16671. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psen/article_16671.html
Gaynutdinov T.R. Opyt suverennogo soobshchestva Zhorzha Bataya // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 2014. № 11-1 (49). S. 49-52.
Batay Zh. Madam Edvarda // Nenavist' k poezii. M.: Ladomir, 1999. 613 s.
Batay Zh. Proklyataya dolya. M.: Gnozis Logos, 2003. 208 s.
Petrovskaya E. Antifotografiya. M.: Tri kvadrata, 2003. 112 s.
Rey Zh.-M. Batay, smert' i zhertvoprinoshenie // Predel'nyy Batay: Sb. statey. SPb.: Izd-vo S.-Peterb. un-ta, 2006. S. 94-117.
Batay Zh. Bodler // Literatura i zlo. M., 1994. S. 30-49.
Fokin S.L. Filosof-vne-sebya. Zhorzh Batay SPb.: Izd-vo Olega Abyshko, 2002. 320 s.
Sishner B. Nitsshe Zhorzha Ba

Abstract:  This article discusses the problem of correlation between ethics and religion, considering K. N. Leontiev’s concept of “transcendental egoism” and the disputes about the role of moral in culture, which took place in Russia of the late XIX century due to the works of Dostoevsky and other Russian writers. The author determines the specificity of ethical and religious consciousness, underlines the difficulty of their possible harmonic combination, and substantiates the necessity of turning to the analysis of the existed in the history of culture assessments of the problem of correlation between ethics and religion for better understanding of the processes that appear in the modern Russian society.  The author points out the need for consideration of the universality of ethnical consciousness, which hinders the interpretation of the moral as one of the components of religious culture. The innovative character of the conducted analysis manifests in comparison of the concept of “transcendental egoism” with the approach of “autonomous ethics” towards the substantiation of morality and utilization of the extensive historical-philosophical and historical-cultural context.  

Keywords: transcendental egoism, autonomous ethics, philosophical ethics, Christian culture, interpretation of Christianity, religion, ethics, culture, V.V. Rozanov, K. N. Leontiev

References:
Gurevich P.S. Didakticheskie idei Sokrata // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. 2011. № 3. C. 50-61.
Gurevich P.S. Arsenal kul'turnogo obogashcheniya // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. 2015. № 1. C. 6-11. DOI: 10.7256/2306-434X.2015.1.14416.
Mamardashvili M. Kantianskie variatsii. M.: «Agraf», 2002. 320 s.
Rozanov V.V. Polnoe sobranie «opavshikh list'ev». Kn. 1. Uedinennoe / Pod red. V.G. Sukacha. M.: Russkii put', 2002. 430 s.
Antologiya mirovoi filosofii: v 4-kh t. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1970. 776 s.
Maiorov G.G. Etika v srednie veka. M.: Znanie, 1986. 64 s.
Florovskii G., prot. Puti russkogo bogosloviya. Vil'nyus, 1991. 601 s.
Lur'e V.M. Istoriya vizantiiskoi filosofii. SPb.: Axioma, 2006. 553 s.
Il'in I.A. Osnovy khristianskoi kul'tury // Odinokii khudozhnik / Sost., predisl. i primech. V.I. Belov. M.: Iskusstvo, 1993. S. 291-336.
Losev A.F. O Rozanove [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://users.kaluga.ru/kosmorama/losev.html (data obrashcheniya: 13.10. 2015).
Rozan

Abstract: The article “Three Lives of N. S. Voytkinskaya” describes the versatile personality of Nadezhda Savelyevna Voytkinskaya. There are practically no research dedicated to her; thus, the goal of this article is to familiarize the Russian scientific society with the creative and scientific heritage of this artist, philosopher, and interpreter. This work suggests to percept the various manifestations of N. S. Voytkinskaya creative aptitude not just through the different stages of her creative evolution, but rather as separate and independent paths of development (three lives).  The authors’ contribution consists in the attempt to introduce her works into the scientific circulation. The first part of the article is dedicated to the description of the main milestones of her biography; the author actively attracts the archive materials for the purpose of giving fullness to the picture. The second part describes Voytkinskaya’s contribution into the Russian visual art; she appears as an artist, who under the circumstances has to reject the visual art. This becomes one of the greatest tragedies of her life. The third part present a review of Voytkinskaya’s literary work, in which she appears in two images – as an interpreter, and as an author of popular science books. In the fourth part, which is the most important in the authors’ opinion, Voytkinskaya appears as a philosopher. A significant conclusion of this research consists in a synthetic view upon N. S. Voytkinskaya, which combines various aspects of manifestation of her creative nature that are usually studied separately.

Keywords: history of Russian literature, Russian Institute of Art History, Bestuzhev courses, art, Russian translators, lithography, history of philosophy, Russian philosophy, Philosophy of art, Soviet writers

References:
Bilet bezrabotnogo № 284687, vydannyy Petrogradskoy gorodskoy birzhey truda 2 oktyabrya 1918 g. (OR RNB fond № 1156 Voytinskaya N.S. dok. № 12).
Val'e M. Polet v mezhplanetnoe prostranstvo. – L.-M., 1926. – 112 s.
Vasil'ev V.G. Dva goda v tundre.-L.: Izd-vo Glavsevmorputi: 1935.-214 s.
Voytinskaya N. Zemlya Nansena: [Ocherk]. – Moskva: Krest'yanskaya gazeta, 1930.-64 s. (Bibliotechka zhurnala Druzhnye rebyata).
Voytinskaya N., Ebbel' B. Na Sever: Istoriya polyarnykh ekspeditsiy ot davnikh vremen do nashikh dney.-Leningrad: Krasnaya gazeta, 1929. – 232 s. (biblioteka «Leninskikh iskr»).
Voytinskaya N.S. Aristotelizm (OR RNB fond № 1156 Voytinskaya N.S. dok № 280).
Voytinskaya N.S. Berkson (OR RNB fond № 1156 Voytinskaya N.S. dok № 283).
Voytinskaya N.S. V kol'tse l'dov. (Tri goda na ostrove Vrangelya): [Dlya detey].-Leningrad: Krasnaya gazeta, 1930.-120 s. (Biblioteka «Leninskikh iskr»)
Voytinskaya N.S. Dialekticheskiy metod v iskusstvoznanii (OR RNB, fond № 1156 Voytinskaya N

Abstract: This article is devoted to the Austrian scientist Ernst Mach’s philosophical heritage. The reason for its writing is 100th anniversary of his death and the relevance of his works for the contemporary science. They had a great influence on understanding the nature of the cognition and forming non-classical space and time ideas. The main accent is made on the epistemological breakthrough based on his ideas: transference of cognition subject from transcendental to natural world; empirical knowledge as a sum of natural and mental processes («sets of feelings»); forming empiriocriticism as a direction that stimulated neopositivism appearance; relative nature of space and time that resulted in both Einstein’s theory of relativity and the relational concept of space and time developed in science nowadays. The author proves that Mach’s suggestion to consider the basic purpose of science as adapting an idea to experience gives a negative result due to the unilateral direction of the cognition process and the emergence of «model-dependent realism». As for the methodology of his works, they were written from the position of dialectics because of Mach’s argument with Newton and Kant’s metaphysical approach to a priori and absolute categories. The author makes a conclusion from the research that it was Mach who proposed the idea of the unity of subject and object in the form of their «principal coordination». This approach forms the foundation of understanding the cognition process in modern epistemology.

Keywords: Subject, Object, Cognition, Experience, “complex of sensations”, Space, Time, “economy of thinking”, Relativity, Non-classics

References:
Mikeshina L.A. Filosofiya poznaniya. Polemicheskie glavy. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2002. 624s
Makh E. Mekhanika. Per. s nem. Izdanie stereotipnoe. M.: KomKniga, 2015. 456s.
Gaydenko P.P. Vremya. Dlitel'nost'. Vechnost'. Problema vremeni v evropeyskoy filosofii i nauke. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2007. 464s.
Khaydegger M. Vremya i bytie. M.: Nauka, 2007. 621s.
Zherebin A.I. Ernst Makh i problema razrusheniya lichnosti.// Voprosy filosofii. №1, 2013. S.135-145.
Mach E. Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältnis des Physischen zum Psychischen. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1922. 323S.
Makh E. Poznanie i zabluzhdenie: Prostranstvo i geometriya s tochki zreniya estestvoznaniya.// Filosofiya nauki: Epistemologiya. Poznanie. Kul'tura: Khrestomatiya: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov./ Otv. red.-sost. L.A. Mikeshina. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom Mezhdunarodnogo universiteta v Moskve, 2006. S.547-553.
Danielyan N.V. Vzglyad na nauchnuyu kartinu mira v filosofii Devida Yuma i sovremennoy epist

Abstract: The most complicated problem in Descartes’s metaphysics is the problem of combination of two diverse substances – thinking and extension – in one and indivisible person’s constitution. A solution of this problem proposed by Descartes was not satisfied his contemporaries and even became the main argument in favour of disclaimer all Cartesian system. The article attempts to show that Descartes’ interpretation of passions as the unity of mind and body turns out reasonable and very actual interpretation for modern philosophy, especially in connection with widely debated discussions which take place around the problem of body. To carry out the declared task, it was required to reconstruct an anthropology of Descartes which was positioned by him as the leading philosophical discipline. That is why a complex historico-philosophical and culturological methodology – including along with standard approaches of scientific research hermeneutics and structuralistic techniques of textual analysis – is applied in the article. The concept of passion considered as the principal moment of the Descartes’ anthropology allows us to supplement his traditional idealistic understanding of the person as the thinking substance and – connecting together body and consciousness which were divorced in ego cogito – to return to initial psychophysical unity of human being. Cartesian tactics of substantial division anthropologically appears not as the fundamental metaphysical principle, but as the supplementary methodological way of logical and discursive projecting of reality.

Keywords: telo, soznanie, myshlenie, protyazhenie, Rene Dekart, psikhofizicheskaya problema, antropologiya, substantsiya, dualizm

References:
Greenberg S. Descartes on the Passions. Function, Representation, and Motivation // Noûs. 2007. Vol. 41/4. P. 714–734.
Schmidt A. „Quasi permixtum“. Die Einheit von Körper und Geist bei Rene Descartes // Das Leib-Seele-Problem und die Phänomenologie. Hrsg. von C. Nielsen. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007. S. 35–51.
Hoffman P. The Union and Interaction of Mind and Body // A companion to Descartes. Ed. by J. Broughton and J. Carriero. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. P. 390–403.
Marion J.-L. Der Leib oder die Gegebenheit des Selbst // Gelebter Leib – verkörpertes Leben: neue Beiträge zur Phänomenologie der Leiblichkeit. Hrsg. von M. Staudigl. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2012. S. 21–42.
Dil'tei V. Vozzrenie na mir i issledovanie cheloveka so vremen Vozrozhdeniya i Reformatsii. 2-e izd. M., SPb.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2013.
Oeing-Hanhoff L. Der Mensch in der Philosophie Descartes’ // Die Frage nach dem Menschen. Au

Abstract: The article is devoted to the cognitive theory offered by Theophan Prokopovich as one of the representatives of the New European concept of knowledge and cognition. The author of the article analyzes Prokopovich' views on the source of human knowledge in terms of the development of modern philosophy. Nikitina also studies the model of the relationship betwen true religion and true knowledge as it is seen by the philosopher. In her article Nikitina provides an insight into the religious content of Theophan Prokopovich's cognitive concept. Philosophical views of an intellectual are represented as an integrity consisting of numerous theoretical and practical provisions, each of them being substantianted in Prokopovich' works written in different styles and for different philosophical, political, religious and social purposes. Philosophical views of Theophan Prokopovich are compared to New European philosophy in order to prove their topical nature and practical importance. The author of the article provides a comparative analysis of the views of Prokopovich and Locke on the problem of innate ideas. For the first time in the academic literature the author describes Theophan Prokopovich' cognitive concept as an element of the integral system of his philosophy but not as an individual theoretical concept. The author also proves the relation between his philosophy and philosophical and intellectual environment of those times as well as Prokopovich' ability to independently form views and concepts of the most important ideological issues of that epoch. The purpose of the present article is to demonstrate Prokopovich' understanding of cognition as well as the relationship between his philosophy and true religion.   

Keywords: Theophan Prokopovich, John Locke, cognitive theory, knowledge, religious truth, scientific truth, innate ideas, cognitive concept, true faith, true evidence

References:
Bіlets'kiy V. S. Ukraїns'ka natsіonal'na elіta KhVІІ-KhVІІІ st.: Feofan Prokopovich /// Skhіd, № 9-10(18-17), 1997. — S.53-57, S.56.
Gusєv V.І. Zakhіdna fіlosofіya Novogo chasu. KhVІІ-KhVІІІ st.: Pіdruchnik. – K.: Libіd', 1988 (spravdі 88, nemaє novіshogo? Todі tse ne zovsіm «suchasnі doslіdniki»). – S. 6
Ideynye svyazi progressivnykh mysliteley bratskikh narodov: XVII-XVIII vv. – Kiev.: Naukova dumka, 1978. – 190 s., S.126-127.
Samarin Yu. F. Stefan Yavorskiy i Feofan Prokopovich kak propovedniki. – M., 1844.
Ya.M. Stratiy, V.D. Litvinov, V.A. Andrushko Opisanie kursov filosofii i ritoriki professorov Kievo-Mogilyanskoy akademii. – Kiev.: Naukova dumka, 1982. – 349 s., S. 57.
Chistovich I. Feofan Prokopovich i ego vremya. SPb., 1868., S. 577
Feofan [Prokopovich] Rassuzhdenie o bezbozhii. M., 1774., S. 6.
Feofan Prokopovich. Fіlosofs'kі tvori v tr'okh tomakh. –K., 1979. –T. 2. – 552 s
Locke, John. Works, Vol 1. London: Taylor, 1722.

Abstract: The beginning of the XXth century was marked with the tendency towards modernization of Christianity in the Catholic West and in Russia. The process of preparation for that phenomenon started in the second half of the XIXth century and went on with different instensity. At the beginning of the XXth century it evolved into direct contacts at the private level in the course of which information was exchanged. During the period since 1904 to 1914 Fernand Portal sent his students to Russia to study Russian religious environment as well as to perform ecumenical mission. Portal's students made acquaintances and established contacts with both neo slavophiles an dreligious authors and intelligentsia in general. This fact has allowed to raise a question about the influence of the Roman Catholic modernism on the religious movement of the first decade of the XXth century in Russia. By analyzing the first translations from French into Russian (articles written by Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Joseph Wilbois) made especially for the present research as well as researches of Georges Nivat and Danilova about Slavophilism among the followers of Portal's teaching and the correspondence between 'Neo Christians' and a 'Neo Catholic' Zdziechowski published in her previous articles, Vorontsova specifies the nature of contacts between 'Neo Christians' and Ferdinand Portal's students. As an illustration, Vorontsova publishes the translation of the letter written by the 'Neo Christianity' leader Dmitry Merezhkovsky for the Journal of Portal's followers. This is the first translation of this letter published in Russian academic literature. As the topic for an individual research, the author of the article also touches upon the relations between 'Neo Catholics' and 'Neo Christians' in the first decade of the XXth century. The author presents the translation of Dmitry Merezhkovsky's article from the 'Catholic Journal of Churches' and uses the direct quotation of a French article of Joseph Wilbois on the religious consciousness in Russia. The author of the article concludes that contacts of 'Neo Christians' with the followers of Portal's school had different tasks and goals and proves the fact of mutual influence of those that was especially evident in the first decade of the XXth century.

Keywords: modernism, Slavophilism, Neo-Christianity, Neo-Catholicism, Joseph Wilbois, Gustave Morel, Albert Gracie, Russian Church

References:
I.V. Vorontsova Simvolizm Marselya Ebera i khristianskiy modernizm // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2013.-6.-C. 796-805. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.6.8080.
Wilbois J. La mission de l’Église russe : lettres de Moscou. L'avenir de l'Orthodoxie // Revue Catholique des Eglises. T. IV. 1907. № 2, fevrier. P. 92–102.
Pankratov A.S. Ishchushchie Boga. Ocherki sovremennykh religioznykh iskaniy i nastroeniy. Kn. 1. SPb., 1911. Prokoshev P.A. Religioznyy krizis na Zapade Evropy. (Modernizm). Tomsk. 1911.
Pavlova M. Mucheniki velikogo religioznogo protsessa. Vst. st. // Merezhkovskiy D., Gippius Z., Filosofov D. Tsar' i revolyutsiya. Parizh, 1907. 1-e russ. izd-e. P/red M.A. Kolerova, vst. st. M.M. Pavlovoy, per. s fr. O. V. Edel'man, podg. teksta N.V. Samover. M.: OGI, 1999. Ser.: Issledovaniya po istorii russkoy mysli. Pod obshch. red. M.A. Kolerova . T. 4.
Merezhkovskiy D. Posledniy svyatoy // Russkaya mysl'. 1907. Kn. 8. S. 74–94, kn. IX. S. 1–22.
[Mèrejkowski. D.] Deux points de vue sur

Abstract: The author of the present article makes an attempt to demonstrate a stable consistency and structure of Nietzsche's philosophy and emphasizes the fact that the dominating interpretations of this philosophy are rather unsatisfactory. The famous provision about Nietzche's teaching being poetically inconsistent, incomplete and contradictory is proved to be wrong. The author underlines that in order to develop the right understanding of Nietzche's philosophy, it is necessary to view it as a coordinated doctrine. Nietzche's philosophy is being reconstructed by the author through successive analysis of the main points of Nietzche's teaching (metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of history and culture, psychology, ethics, aesthetics and politics). Systematic interpretation and solution of so called 'contradictions' of Nietzche's philosophy are possible only within the framework of hermeneutic philosophy. The focus on the context and peculiarities of the concepts Nietzche operated and the principle of interpreting each fragment as the part of his entire legacy lead to the conclusions that are absolutely different from traditional studies of Nietzche. The irreversible relation between the key terms and theses of Nietzche's teaching becomes obvious. According to the rules of philosophical architecture, his metaphysics of the will to power creates the basis for all his provisions and statements including gnoseological, ethical, aesthetical or other issues. This sets a new goal both for an individual and society, the highest forcefulness and magnificence like human, and allows to find efficient methods to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, the academic literature rarely offers such an analysis and even rare researches that can be actually found in literature do not meet their goal objectives. 

Keywords: gnoseology, Nietzsche, reevaluation, nihilism, ethics, aesthetics, history of philosophy, philosophy of culture, political philosophy

References:
The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation / ed. by D.B. Allison. N.Y.: Dell Publishing Co., 1977.
Richardson J. Nietzsche’s System. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Lowith K. Nietzsche's Philosophy of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same. Berkley: University of California Press, 1997.
Klossowski P. Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1998.
Kaufmann W. Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.
Fink E. Nietzsche’s Philosophy. L., N.Y.: Continuum, 2003.
Yaspers K. Nitsshe. Vvedenie v ponimanie ego filosofstvovaniya. SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2003.
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Filosofiya Antuana de Sent-Ekzyuperi: opyt rekonstruktsii // NB: Filologicheskie issledovaniya. 2013. № 4. C. 1-33.
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Ideal velichiya v filosofii Nitsshe // Vestnik RKhGA. № 4. 2013. C. 119-129.
Khaydegger M. Istok khudozhestvennogo tvoreniya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2008.
Khaydegger M. Chto zovetsya mysh

Abstract: The subject under research is the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm in the culture of the medieval Rus and Crimea. The author underlines that being a mystical teaching about 'divinization' of human, hesychasm expresses the inmost essence of Orthodoxy. Since the very times of Kievan Rus, hesychasm has been the essential part of the spitirual culture of Eastern Slavic peoples, thus contributing to the development of their sanctity ideal. In this article Zhirtueva examines the stages of the perception of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm and creative interpretation of these ideas in Kievan Rus, Moscovian Rus and Tauris. The methodology of the research involves the comparative philosopho-theological analysis. The research methods include the comparative analytical method, analysis, synthesis, generalization, inidividuation and historical narrative. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm underwent the two stages in medieval Rus and Crimea. In the VIIIth - XIth centuries the two centers of Byzantine hesychasm were created as a result of the aniconic movement. Those were the so called 'cave monasteries' of Tauris and Kiev Pechersk Lavra. In the XIVth - XVth the original school of 'Moscow hesychasm' (nestyazhatelstvo or the teaching of non-possession) was created due to 'hesychasm debates'. In Old Russia hesychasm was presented as ascetic hesychasm oriented at individual 'divinization' of human and political hesychasm aimed at realizing the ideal of the conciliar unity of the mankind. 

Keywords: Kiev Pechersk Lavra, sanctity ideal, prayer from the mind and heart, non-possession (nestyazhatelstvo), political hesychasm, divinization, hesychasm, Trinity Monastery, cave monasteries, Tauris

References:
Baranov I. A. O vosstanii Ioanna Gotskogo // Feodal'naya Tavrika. / I. A. Baranov.-K.: Naukova dumka, 1974.-S.151-162.
Borisov N. S. I svecha by ne ugasla...: Istoricheskiy portret Sergiya Radonezhskogo. / Nikolay Sergeevich Borisov.-M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1990.-301 s.
Bubnova V. A. Nil Sorskiy: Istoricheskoe povestvovanie. / V. A. Bubnova.-SPb: b.i., 1992.-158 s.
Egorov A. A. Mitropolit Kiprian i ego vremya: k voprosu o politicheskom isikhazme // Otechestvennaya filosofskaya mysl' XI-XVIII vv. i grecheskaya kul'tura: sbornik statey. / A. A. Egorov.-K.: Nauk.dumka, 1991.-S. 219-228.
Zhirtuєva N. S. Modifіkatsії mіstichnogo dosvіdu v relіgіynikh traditsіyakh svіtu: monografіya. / Natalіya Sergіїvna Zhirtuєva. – Kherson : Vidavnitstvo KhDMІ, 2009. – 327 s.
Zamaleev A. F. Otechestvennye mysliteli pozdnego srednevekov'ya./ Aleksandr Fazlaevich Zamaleev.-K.: Lybid', 1990.-176 s.
Zubar' V. M., Pavlenko Yu. V. Khersones Tavricheskiy i rasprostranenie khristianstva na Rusi. / V. M. Zubar', Yu

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is the concept of chronotope. Based on the provisions and conclusions of the Russian philosophers of the XXth century who founded the theory of chronotope (A. Ukhtomsky and M. Bakhtin) and the theory of the semantic world (V. Nalimova), the author of the present article sets a goal to create the ontological interpretation of the concept of chronotope that would define chronotope as the semantic world of the entity and the entity would be revealed as chronotope. The author defines the semantic world as the unity of spatial (matter, image, location, change) and time-related (existence, history, attribution to a particular culture-historical epoch, singularity of existence) features of the entity. The methodological basis of the research involves negative dialectics (according to which a contradiction does not necessarily have to be eliminated unlike in Hegel's positive dialectics), Heidegger's and Sartre's phenomenology and Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. Appealling to the semantic world of the entity, it is possible to reveal its image, meaning, history, attribution to a particular epoch, involvement into the unity of the world and human culture. Applying his own theory of chronotope as a universal ontological category, Politov offers such terms as ontological interpretation, semantic world, entity basis, appeal to the semantic world. According to the researcher, the ontological category of chronotope as the semantic world can be used to create an integral description of any entity such as a handy thing, household item, artwork, culture-historical epoch, past event or human himself. 

Keywords: chronotope, semantic world, ontological interpretation, ontology, historicity of existence, appeal to existence, existing basis, Bakhtin, Nalimov, Ukhtomsky

References:
S.Yu. Ivanov Vseobshchee, osobennoe, edinichnoe v sovremennykh filosofskikh techeniyakh: rol' i znach enie kartiny mira // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2011.-8.-C. 7-16.
A.N. Fatenkov Smysl i granitsy realizma. // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2011.-2.-C. 57-62.
S.Yu. Ivanov Kontsepty vseobshchego, osobennogo i edinichnogo v kontekste strukturnoy modeli kartiny mira // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2011.-5.-C. 43-49.
I.V. Deklerk Metafizicheskie kontseptsii sotsial'no-kommunikativnoy obshchnosti // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2011.-6.-C. 48-54.
Khaydegger M. Prolegomeny k istorii ponyatiya vremeni [Tekst]. Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo «Vodoley», 1998.— 384 s
Khaydegger M. Osnovnye problemy fenomenologii [Tekst]. Spb.: Vysshaya religiozno-filosofskaya shkola, 2001. – 456 s.
Khaydegger M. Vremya i bytie: Stat'i i vystupleniya [Tekst]: Per. s nem.— M.: Respublika, 1993.— 447 s.
Khaydegger M. Vvedenie v metafiziku [Tekst]. Spb.: Vysshaya religiozno-filosofskaya shkola, 1998. – 303 s.
Ukhtomskiy A.

Abstract: Eary Pythagorean cosmology focused on the philosophical idea of oder (τάξις). The main objective of the present research is to define to what extend the Pythagorean concept of τάξις was a revolutionary idea. In this article Lechich gives a definition of  τάξις as the term used for describing order in ancient Greek philosophy and emphasizes axiological elements hidden in that term. The researcher 1) shows the difference in Alcman's and Anaximander's concepts of the world total, 2) extends the description of these differences in terms of early Pythagorean cosmology, and 3) compares the results of the present research to the ideas of other major Pre-Socratic philosophers. The researcher achieves the objectives of the research based on existing philological and historical critical analysis of Pre-Socratic fragments. Using the method of phenomenological analysis, the researcher tries to find mental phenomena-precedents in these fragments and at the same time avoid projecting definitions and concepts of modern sciences on these fragments. The novelty of the article is caused by the fact that the author makes a statement about Pythagorean interpretation of order having no precedents in ontology and axiology. According to the researcher, the tendency to project the idea of τάξις (which was developed by Plato later) on the concepts of more ancient philosophers has no reasonable grounds, mostly because such projection may create the wrong opinion that ancient philosophers had negative axiology of 'the shapeless'. 

Keywords: Greek philosophy, early Pythagorean school, Pre-Socratic philosophers, cosmos, universe, cosmology, world total, axiology, order, disorder, materia

References:
Rée Jonathan et al. Philosophy and its past. Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1978.
Most Glenn W. Alcman's «Cosmogonic» Fragment (Fr. 5 Page, 81 Calame) // The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 1 (1987), 1–19.
Kahn Charles H. Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: a brief history. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub, 2001.
Diels Hermann. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch / her. W. Krantz. Dublin & Zürich: Weidmann, 1974, T. 1–2.
Cornford F. M. Mysticism and Science in the Pythagorean Tradition // The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (1922), 137–150.
Burkert Walter. Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Barnes, Jonathan. The Presocratic Philosophers. London: Routledge, 1982.
Khaydegger Martin. Izrechenie Anaksimandra, v: Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge: Izbrannnye stat'i iz pozdnego perioda tvorchestva. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1991, 28–68.
Fragmenty rannikh grecheskikh filosofov, chast' I: Ot epiches

Abstract: The article is devoted to the cultural and educational aspects of the development of philosophical ideas of the thinker of the XIX century Nikolay Markov. The author of the article decribes the history of his becoming a philosopher, religious figure and a teacher. Proceeding from conditions of the cultural and educational development of Russia of that time, the emphasis is made on the specifics of interpretation of philosophical concepts and terms at the different historical periods. The author proves that conceptual provisions of Nikolay Markov coincided with the leading philosophical views of those times. In his research the author has used the methods of historicism and comparison. These methods allow to carry out the analysis of influence of being on the development of philosophical ideas of Nikolay Markov and a role of his philosophical and educational doctrines in the history of philosophy and culture of Russia.Using these methods the author will be able to achieve the following goals:1. To investigate the conceptual grounds of Nikolay Markov's philosophical doctrines revealing ideological fullness of history of philosophical and educational development of Russia in the second half of the XIX century.2. To demonstrate that the philosophical culture of Russian people has always been the real treasury from which thinkers adopted ideas for the development of philosophical concepts of their own educational development.Conceptual grounds of Nikolay Markov's philosophical doctrines were based on the best ideas of the leading European philosophers and teachers. They help us to open ideological fullness of history of philosophical and educational development of Russia of the second half of the XIX century. In addition, these philosophical ideas reflet the influence of being on the development of philosophical doctrines in Russia. Therefore, his philosophical ideas have a large scope of philosophical, educational, cultural and esthetic views on various aspects of their perspective. The philosophical culture of Russian people has always been the spokesman of human wisdom both for Russians and foreigners that is brightly reflected in Nikolay Markov's philosophical ideas and concepts. Therefore the philosophical culture of Russian people is the real treasury from which thinkers take ideas for the development of their own philosophical concepts. 

Keywords: culture, education, philosophy, metaphysics, history, religion, ethics, ontology, theology, gnoseology

References:
Polishchuk V.I. Ideya kul'tury // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2012.-1.-C. 204-217. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.87. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_87.html
Alekhina E.V. Kosmologicheskiy aspekt smysla zhizni v russkoy religioznoy filosofii (konets XIX – pervaya polovina KhKh veka) // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-6.-C. 545-589. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_624.html.
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v kontekste filosofskoy traditsii dialoga kul'tur // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-10.-C. 183-244. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8848.html
Prokhorov M.M. Printsip edinstva bytiya i istorii v filosofskom mirovozzrenii // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-12.-C. 1-81. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_524.html
Koren' R.V. Filosofskie issledovaniya kontsepta "kul'tura" // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva.-2013.-3.-C. 1-17. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_824.html
Markov N.P. Pedagog drevnego kl

Abstract: The subject under research is the phenomenon of transgression in the scientific discourse as a source of scientific work. Scientific work has its own bifurcation points at which completeness and order of scientific discourse are broken. In such crisis situations scientific discourse turns into the transgressive regime of existence. The present regime is described by the neutralization of the existential-conceptual framework established by scientific discourse. As a result it becomes possible to discover other configurations of meaning and existence in scientific discourse. According to the author, transformation of scientific discourse into the transgressive regime of existence is a specific ontological condition of scientific work. In his research the author uses standard methods of ontological research that are usually used in both classical ontology and modern non-classical ontology. He also uses a few research methods offered by the synergetic approach. The transgressive regime is not typical for science, even for modern post-neoclassical science. However, transgression is a necessary condition of scientific work. Scientific discourse transforms into the transgressive regime, firstly, when a modified variant of scientific discourse has a crisis and secondly, when scientific discourse approaches to philosophical discourse. Both cases are the ‘bifurcation points’ at which scientific discourse loses its balanced nature and established constitution.

Keywords: scientific discourse, transgression, transcendence, existential-conceptual perspective, bifurcation, modified variant, transgressive regime, paradoxical element, scientific work, constitution.

References:
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. – M.: Pravda, 1989. – 608 s.
Ver G. Karl Gustav Yung. – Chelyabinsk: «Ural LTD», 1998. – 216 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Izbrannye trudy. – M.: ROSSPEN, 2010. – 744 s.
Delez Zh. Logika smysla. – M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2011. – 472 s.
Geyzenberg V. Fizika i filosofiya. – M.: Nauka, 1989. – 132 s.
Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy. – M.: Progress, 1977. – 304 s.
Feyerabend P. Protiv metoda. Ocherk anarkhistskoy teorii poznaniya. – M.: AST; Khranitel', 2007. – 413 s.
Fuko M. Arkheologiya znaniya. – Kiev: Nika-Tsentr, 1996. – 208 s.
Fuko M. Slova i veshchi. Arkheologiya gumanitarnykh nauk. – SPb.: A-cad, 1994. – 408 s.
Stepin V.S. Teoreticheskoe znanie. – M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2003. – 744 s.
Yung K.G. O prirode psikhe. Sbornik. – M.: «Refl-buk», K.: «Vakler», 2002. – 414 s.
Yung K.G. Psikhologicheskie tipy. – M.: «Universitetskaya kniga», AST, 1998. – 720 s.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the ideas of Marshall McLuhan and Ayn Rand. The author of the article studies their fundamental works and the influence they made on their contemporaries and succeeding generations of Americans. Both Marshall McLuhan and Ayn Rand were intellectual stars of their times who managed to attract not only the academic audience, researchers and analysts but also the general public. They had good contacts with mass media, managed information and were media personas in general. They managed to create the cult out of their names and teachings and attracted followers including American elite. Each of them had their own original views on the social progress and vision of the future. Gradually their ideas were spread beyond the USA and became popular all over the world. The author of the present article carried out a comparative analysis of works created by these North American philosophers with reference to the American philosophy. The style and content of their fundamental works, peculiarities of the target audience of both philosophers trends in philosophy created by both Marshal McLuhan and Ayn Rand were studied. This is the first article to compare the ideas and personalities of the two brightest American philosophers of the 20th century. Based on the results of the research, the author concludes that Marshall McLuhan’s technological determinism was continued in creative work of David Cronenberg and the Wachowski Brothers, works written by Manuel Castells and searches of modern leaders of IT-industry. Ayn Rand’s philosophy of objectivism can be found in political and economic theories of many American conservatives including the right wing of the Republican Party (the Tea Party movement). Both Marshal McLuhan’s and Ayn Rand’s ideas created the grounds for the Californian ideology and new philosophy of the American ‘geeks’ of Silicon Valley.

Keywords: Marshall McLuhan, Ayn Rand, media theory, philosophy of objectivism, ‘Understanding Media’, Atlas Shrugged, rational egoism, technological determinism, American philosophy, the Californian ideology.

References:
Gurevich P. S. Perevoploshchenie teksta v ideologiyu // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2013. – № 4. – S. 423 – 428.
Mak-Lyuen M. Galaktika Gutenberga: Sotvorenie cheloveka pechatnoy kul'tury. Kiev: Izdatel'stvo «Nika Tsentr»: El'ga, 2004.
Spirova E.M. Universal'nyy yazyk globalistiki // Vek globalizatsii, 2012. №1. – S. 34 – 45.
Shlyapintokh V. Ayn Rend: ee marksistskie i bol'shevistskie korni // Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010, №104. – S. 179 – 190.
Altshull, J.H. From Milton to McLuhan: The Ideas behind American Journalism. – New York; London: Longman, 1990.
Barbrook R. Cameron A.. The Californian Ideology, Science as Culture. Vol.6, № 1, 1996. Pp. 44-72.
Duggan D.P. The Zuckerberg Galaxy: A Primer for Navigating the Media Maelstrom. Pennylesse Editions, 2011.
Chisla Ch. Barack Obama vs. Ayn Rand. The Last Battle for the Soul of America. Amazon Digital Services, Inc., Kindle Edition, 2013.
Ferling J. Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation. NY: Bloomsbury P

Abstract: Appealing to René Descartes’ works, the author of the article considers the exposition of the body in the structure of being. Comparing concepts of ‘extension’ and ‘body’, the author sets a goal to analyze the spatial model of physicality in Cartesianism. Thus spatiality of a body is viewed here ontologically as the ‘extension of the physical being’. Cartesianism views the physical body as a part of the structure of being and for this reason the body ontology here is the ‘ontology in the true sense’ as Jean-Luc Nancy noted. Generally following the topological method of the description of physicality that dominated in Descartes’s texts, the author at the same time combines the topological method with the phenomenological analysis offered by Merlot Ponty. Indeed, Descartes analyzed the body exclusively spatially, but it would be incorrect to consider that the space determines the body. It is rather that Cartesianism views the body as the ‘alienation of space’. This is what Descartes used to develop the concept of the ‘body-machine’, i.e. the concrete body with particular functions. The author of article also comes to a conclusion that Descartes’s deductive method originates in anatomic practices. Anatomy studies the ‘body divided into parts’ rather than the body as a whole allowing a researcher to define the main elements of the general mechanism of the physical body.

Keywords: René Descartes, Cartesianism, Jean-Luc Nancy, body, ontology, being, space, extension, body-machine, Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

References:
Dekart R. Iz perepiski 1643-1649 gg. // Sochineniya v 2 t. T.
M.: Mysl', 1994. 2.Dekart R. Opisanie chelovecheskogo tela. Ob obrazovanii zhivotnogo. // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Dekart R. Pervonachala filosofii // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Dekart R. Razmyshleniya o pervoi filosofii, v koikh dokazyvaetsya sushchestvovanie Boga i razlichie mezhdu chelovecheskoi dushoi i telom // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1994.
Dekart R. Rassuzhdenie o metode, chtoby verno napravlyat' svoi razum i otyskivat' istinu v naukakh // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Dekart R. Strasti dushi // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Dekart R. Chelovek. M., 2012.
Zadger I. Erotika kozhnykh i slizistykh pokrovov i myshechnoi sistemy // Psikhologiya i psikhopatologiya kozhi: teksty. Izhevsk, M., 2011
Istoriya tela: v 3-kh t. T. I: ot Renessansa do epokhi Prosveshcheniya. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2012.
Merlo-Ponti M. Fenomenologiya vospriy

Abstract: The given article presents an attempt to describe Chizhevsky’s philosophical and anthropological views in terms of modern science. The importance of the research is caused by the fact that there were certain views and opinions of Chizhevsky that had a heuristic value for the science. Moreover, those views and opinions are proving to be true by the modern (scientific and other) theories and practices which allows us to see them in a different light today. Therefore, the present research is important for both science and philosophy. Chizhevsky’s metaphysical views on human are being analyzed taking into account the history of the development of the main grounds of the global evolutionism (the theory of the evolution of the Universe and synergetic studies). The following methods were used in the research: analysis of text- based sources (including materials from the funds of the 1703 Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation), comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, classification, generalization and historical method. The scientific novelty of the research is in the successive and systematic analysis of Chizhevsky’s philosophical and anthropological views in terms of the universal evolutionism, i.e. the most important paradigm of modern science allowing to create the general scientific picture of the world. The general conclusion made by the researcher is that Alexander Chizhevsky’s metaphysical views on human specify and develop modern concepts. The only exception is Chizhevsky’s deterministic approach to human and the antinomia of science and humanity reflected in Chizhevksy’s works.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, cosmism, Chizhevsky, science, universal evolutionism, evolution of the Universe, synergetic studies, determinism, accident.

References:
Yung K. G. Sinkhronistichnost': akauzal'nyy ob'edinyayushchiy printsip. /V sb. K. G. Yung. Sinkhronistichnost'. — M.: «Refl-buk», K.: «Vakler», 1997
Chizhevskiy A. L. Kosmicheskiy pul's zhizni: Zemlya v ob'yatiyakh Solntsa. Geliotaraksiya / sost., vst. stat'ya, kommentarii, podbor ill. L. V. Golovanova. M.: Mysl',1995. 767 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemnoe ekho solnechnykh bur'. M. : Mysl', 1976. 367 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemlya i Kosmos. Zemnoe ekho kosmicheskikh bur' [Tekst] / A. L. Chizhevskiy. Moskva : Akad. Proekt : Al'ma Mater, 2013. 271s., il., portr., tabl. (Filosofskie tekhnologi).
Chizhevskiy A. L. Zemlya v ob'yatiyakh Solntsa. M. : Eksmo, 2004. 928 s.
Chizhevskiy Aleksandr Leonidovich (1897-1964). Biofizicheskie mekhanizmy reaktsii osedaniya eritrotsitov / A. L. Chizhevskiy; otv. red. V. P. Kaznacheev, V. Yu. Kulikov. Novosibirsk : Nauka : Sib. otd-nie, 1980. 177 s. Chizhevskiy A. L. V ritme Solntsa / A. L. Chizhevskiy, Yu. G. Shishina. M. : Nauka, 1969. 112 s.
Chizhevskiy A. L. Ae

Abstract: The article is devoted to the life and creative work of a little-known Russian Nietzschean philosopher of the Silver Age Fedyor Kuklyarsky(1888 — 1923).Kuklyarsky studied the problems of the history of philosophy and culture and was rather pessimistic about the future development of the world culture. In his cultural research Kuklyarsky developed the concept of the cultural crisis. Kuklyarsky also agreed with Leontiev regarding the coming death of Europe under the burden of cultural goods and creation of the distinctive character of the Russian type of culture. He was the author of the following published works: Philosophy of Individualism (published in St. Petersburg in 1910), The Last Word. On the Philosophy of Modern Religious Rebellion (published in St. Petersburg in 1911), Condemned World. Philosophy of the Human-Fighting Nature (published in St. Petersburg in 1912), Philosophy of Culture. Ideals of Human Culture in Terms of the Tragic World Perception’ (published in Petrograd in 1917), Criticism of Creative Cognition (Substantiation of Antinomianism) (published in Chita in 1923). For the first time in historiography of Russian philosophy the author of the article provides verified and updated biographical information about Fedyor Kuklyarsky whose tragic fate made us forget even his name for many long decades.

Keywords: Kuklyarsky, Russian philosophy, philosophy of culture, cultural crisis, Rozanov, Leontiev, Nietzsche, Nietzscheanism, philosophy of individualism, ideology.

References:
http://encycl.chita.ru/encycl/person/?id=3519
Solov'eva G.V. Problemy kul'tury v russkoy filosofii epokhi modernizma : dissertatsiya ... kandidata filosofskikh nauk : 09.00.13. – SPb., 1997.
Tolstikova I.I. Kontseptsii krizisa kul'tury v russkoy filosofii nachala KhKh veka : dissertatsiya ... kandidata filosofskikh nauk : 09.00.03. – SPb., 1997.
NIOR RGB, f. 249, ed. khr. 3876, № 9.
Petryaev E.D. Filosofskaya tetrad' bibliofila. Mashinopis'. – Vyatka, 1993.
Uvarov M.S. Arkhitektonika ispovedal'nogo slova. – SPb., 1998.
http://www.rchgi.spb.ru/science/sience_research/seminar_russian_philosophy/stenogramms/sotonin.php
Rozanov V. V. Sochineniya: V 2 t. T. 2: Uedinennoe / Primech. E.V. Barabanova. – M., 1990.
Rozanov V. V. K izdaniyu sobraniya sochineniy K. Leont'eva // Novoe vremya. 1912. 16 iyunya. № 13024.
NIOR RGB, f. 249, ed. khr. 3876, № 19.
Leont'ev K.N.: pro et contra. V 2-kh kn. Kn. 1 / Vstup. st. A.A. Korol'kova, sost., poslesl. i primech. A.P. Kozyreva. – SPb., 1

Abstract: The author of the present research article analyzes Nikolay Karamzin’s attitude to philosophy. In the academic community and for general readers Nikolay Karamzin is well known as a historian, a writer and a journalist. He is not so well known as a philosopher. Meanwhile, Karamzin had a very serious education in philosophy. He dealt with philosophy in Schaden’s boarding school and Friendly Academic Community and also studied it himself. He traveled around Europe and met many famous philosophers while traveling. He used his knowledge in philosophy to develop his own world view, to describe principles of cogitation and to study the historical process. Describing Karamzin’s philosophy, the author of the present article draws our attention to the historical environment at the turn of the XIXth and the XXth centuries in Russia and in the West as well as the influence of the Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism on the philosophical community of that time. Philosophy is an essential element of Karamzin’s creative work. It is impossible to understand his contribution without taking into account his philosophical views. Russian philosophy has certain peculiarities. One of these peculiarities is its openness and interaction with other spheres such as literature, literary criticism, natural sciences and history. According to the author, Karamzin should be necessarily viewed as a philosophizing historian.

Keywords: Karamzin, Enlightenment, philosophy, world view, principles of cognition, social issues, revolution, sovereignty, Western Europe, Russia.

References:
Smirnov A.F. Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karamzin. M., 2005.
Skrynnikov R. Boris Godunov. M., 2002.
Pis'ma N.M. Karamzina k knyazyu P.A. Vyazemskomu. 1810-1826. (Iz Ostaf'evskogo arkhiva). SPb., 1897.
Murav'ev V. Nikolay Karamzin. M., 2005.
Osetrov E.I. Tri zhizni Karamzina. M., 1985.
Karamzinskiy sbornik. Vyp. 1. Ostaf'evo, 2011.
Karamzin: pro et contra. Lichnost' i tvorchestvo N.M. Karamzina v otsenke russkikh pisateley, kritikov, issledovateley. Antologiya. SPb., 2006.
Karamzin N.M. Poln. sobr. soch.: V 18-i t. M., 1998-2009.
Bobrovnitskaya I.A. Regalii rossiyskikh gosudarey. M., 2004.
Zhilina N.V. Shapka Monomakha. Istoriko-kul'turnoe i tekhnologicheskoe issledovanie. M., 2001.
Sukhov A.D. Prosveshchenie i prosveshchennyy absolyutizm v Rossii (ikh kharakter i vzaimodeystvie) // Obshchestvennaya mysl': issledovaniya i publikatsii. Vyp. I. M., 1989. S. 43-60

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of the physical in Rene Descartes’ philosophy and successively views the process of formation of the cartographic description of the physical. The cartographic description of the physical was first used by Descartes in the XXth century and then developed by Gilles Deleuze and Jean-Luc Nancy as well as a number of other philosophers. The purpose of the present research article is to define the focal points of the body functioning in Cartesianism, some schemes of the body field and its literal machinery (Descartes’ ‘body-machine’). However, the author of the present article deviates from the dualistic interpretation of the physical in Cartesian philosophy. The author appeals to the metaphoric structure of Descartes’ texts and focuses on the analysis of particular figures of speech and style used by Descartes. The author views the relation between the internal and the external in a different light and shows that Descartes never limited the internal only to the inside of the body. Moreover, the author of the article shows that in Cartesianism the body functions mostly as the object of loss and this causes radicalization of the body: there is no object more significant than the one that has been lost. ‘Cartesian’ body is always functioning and organically redundant yet this redundancy reflects the radical emptiness of the body. This physical discourse where discussions about the body inevitably touch upon the ‘foreignness’ of the body is called ‘Cartesian note’ by the author.

Keywords: Rene Descartes, cartesianism, body, the physical, metaphor, anatomy, Cartesian note, physical cartography, dualism, Jean-Luc Nancy.

References:
M.: Mysl', 1989. Derrida Zh. Disseminatsiya. Ekaterinburg, 2007. Derrida Zh. Pis'mo i razlichie. M., 2000. Delez Zh. Frensis Bekon: Logika oshchushcheniy. SPb., 2011. Dekart R. Razyskanie istiny posredstvom estestvennogo sveta // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989. Dekart R. Razmyshleniya o pervoy filosofii, v koikh dokazyvaetsya sushchestvovanie Boga i razlichie mezhdu chelovecheskoy dushoy i telom // Sochineniya v 2 t. T.
M.: Mysl', 1994. Dekart R. Pervonachala filosofii // Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989. Gak V. G. Novyy frantsuzsko-russkiy slovar'. M, 2008. Gegel' G. V. F. Fenomenologiya dukha // Sochineniya. T. 4. M.-L.: Gos. izd-vo; Akademiya nauk SSSR; Institut filosofii, 1959. Gogol' N. V. Nos // Sobranie khudozhestvennykh proizvedeniy v pyati tomakh. M., 1952. T.
Brodskiy I. A. Laguna // Sochineniya Iosifa Brodskogo. Tom III. SPb., 1997. Bozhovich M. K voprosu «o dal'neyshem ispol'zovanii mertvykh zhivymi»: Khichkok i Bentam // To, chto vy vsegda khoteli znat' o La

Abstract: The author of the article presents and describes the rule of the first successful decision. The author establishes that in the course of their development all cultures develop certain practices and patterns that can be explained only by that rule. According to the rule, a society fixates courses of actions that were the first ones to be performed but not the most efficient ones. If the action is successful enough, it is not changed but included in the system of more or less efficient patterns of social interaction.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, law, success, efficiency, limitation, internal logic, society, human, history.

References:
Gegel' G.V.F. Entsiklopediya filosofskikh nauk. T. 3. M. 1977.
Gegel' G.V.F. Fenomenologiya dukha. SPb., 2006.
Kozhev A. Gegel', Marks i khristianstvo // Voprosy filosofii. 2010. № 10. S. 128–143.
Riker P. Put' priznaniya. M., 2010.
Rokmor T. Gegel' i granitsy analiticheskogo gegel'yanstva // Voprosy filosofii. 2002. № 7. S. 80–90.
Brandom R. Making It Explicit. Cambridge, 1994.
Brandom R. Some Pragmatist Themes in Hegel’s Idealism // European Journal of Philosophy. 1999. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 164–189.
Brandom R. Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism. Cambridge, 2000.
Brandom R. Tales of the Mighty Dead: Historical Essays in the Metaphysics of Intentionality. Cambridge, 2002.
Brandom R. Kantian Lessons About Mind, Meaning, and Rationality // Philosophical Topics. 2006. Vol. 34. № 1-2. P. 1–20.
Brandom R. Inferentialism and Some of its Challenges // Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 2007. Vol 74. № 3. P. 651–676.
Brandom R. Georg Hegel’s “Phenomen

Abstract: The article presents the main views of Russian and foreign philosophers on man in writings by Homer, “initial thinkers” and Plato. It is established that there are numerous different opinions about the ancient man. The purpose of the author is to answer the question: what caused such situation? The author arrives at a conclusion that it has occurred because these philosophers apply modern terms and their own ideas to interpreting Greek texts.

Keywords: the ancient world, human, personality, opinion, pasticcio, Homer, initial thinkers, Plato, ideas, concepts.

References:
Agatstsi E. Chelovek kak predmet filosofskogo poznaniya // O chelovecheskom v cheloveke. M., 1991. – S. 59-79.
Ado P. Chto takoe antichnaya filosofiya? M., 1999.
Aristotel'. O chastyakh zhivotnykh. M., 1937.
Akhutin A.V. Povorotnye vremena. SPb., 2005.
Bibikhin V.V. Yazyk filosofii. SPb., 2007.
Buber M. Dva obraza very. M.,1995.
Vernan Zh.-P. Proiskhozhdenie drevnegrecheskoy mysli. M., 1988.
Drach G.V. Rozhdenie antichnoy filosofii i nachalo antropologicheskoy problematiki. M., 2003.
Langer G.Yu. K probleme formirovaniya lichnosti // Filosofskaya antropologiya: istoki, sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy. Tezisy VIII ezhegodnoy konferentsii kafedry filosofii RAN (6-7 fevr.1995g.) . M., 1995.
Lebedev S.A. Ontologiya cheloveka // Chelovek. – 2010.-№ 1.
Losev A.F. Derzanie dukha M., 1988.
Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki (rannyaya klassika). M., 1963.
Mayorov G.G. Filosofiya kak iskanie Absolyuta. M., 2009.
Mamardashvili M.K. Lektsii po antichnoy filo

Abstract: Adam Smith was lucky to receive brilliant and versatile education. He received his primary education in his native Scottish town Kirkcaldy and then studied in such great universities as the University of Glasgow and Oxford. In 1759 he published his first significant work that made him famous. Then Smith gave lectures at universities in his native land — those were lectures in ethics, law, politics and economics. At the University of Glasgow Smith actively participated in the first political economy club ever created. In 1764-1767 Smith and his student visited Paris where Smith got an opportunity to expand his knowledge communicating with famous intellectual leaders of the time such as Turgot and others. In 1767-1776 Smith created his most significant work ‘The Wealth of Nations’ that gave him the fame of the pioneer of classical English political economy. However, Smith did not manage to solve the contradiction between the two most important categories in his works — altruism and egoism. Studying the history of ideas, Smith disagreed with Plato’s and Aristotle’s conception about inherited differences between people and talked about natural equality of all people instead.

Keywords: philosophy, University of Glasgow, Watt, Yum, Pitt, egoism, altruism, Protagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.

References:
Istoriya Velikobritanii / red. K. Morgan Kennet. M.: Ves' mir, 2008.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Platon i sovremennaya antiteza liberalizma i totalitarizma. M.: Dialog — MGU, 1998.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Trudnoe rozhdenie drevnegrecheskoy demokratii. Drakont i Solon // Edip. 2008. № 1 (4). S. 60-69.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Tyurgo: naivysshiy vzlet aktivnosti filosofov-ekonomistov v predrevolyutsi-onnoy Frantsii XVIII veka // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2012. № 10. S. 140-155.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Fransua Kene — rodonachal'nik fiziokratii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2010. № 7. S. 83-104.
Plutarkh. Sravnitel'nye zhizneopisaniya: v 3-kh t. T. 1 (Alkiviad). M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1961.
Smit Adam. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov. T. 1, 2. M.-L.: Sotsekgiz, 1935.
Khammond Nikolas. Istoriya Drevney Gretsii. M.: Tsentropoligraf, 2003.
Chanyshev A.N. Istoriya drevnego mira. M.:

Abstract: Ideological grounds of Roman-Catholic Modernism and Russian Christian Modernism (‘Neo- Christianity’) doctrines included symbolism. The article raises a question about M. Herbert’s ‘symbolism’ and its role for the Russian Christian modernism combined with the problems of traditional religious consciousness during that period (1880-1910) The author also touches upon the relation between Catholic modernism and Herbert’s philosophy. French modernism was closely connected with pragmatism and Russian researchers studied both phenomena at the same time. Discussion of the Russian religious intelligentsia (1909-1910) turned out to be related to epistemological problem just as Herbert imaged. Both Herbert and modernists became disappointed in ‘symbolism’ as a mediatory mean of denoting the transcendental.

Keywords: philosophy, Neo-Christianity, Herbert, symbolism, Divine, Savoyard symbol, Modernism, Merezhkovsky, theology, consciousness.

References:
Vorontsova I.V. «My zhivem na povorote mirovoy istorii…»: Voprosy khristianskogo modernizma v perepiske «neokatolikov» i «neokhristian» (1907-1911) // Vestnik PSTGU. 2011. (II). №
S. 35-47. 2. Vorontsova I.V. «Religioznyy pragmatizm» kak odin iz putey «modernizatsii» religioznogo so-znaniya v 1-e desyatiletie KhKh v. // Voprosy filosofii. 2012. № 10. S. 75-84.
Vorontsova I.V. Osnovopolagayushchie cherty khristianskogo modernizma (konets XIX — nachalo KhX vv.) // Voprosy filosofii. 2010. № 10. S. 51-61.
Vorontsova I.V. Polemika «neokhristian» i marksistov o religioznom soznanii // Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri. 2010. № 4. S. 29-33.
Vorontsova I.V. Poslednyaya stat'ya Dzhordzha Tirrelya kak pokazatel' otnosheniya «neokhristianstva» k rimo-katolicheskomu «modernizmu» // Voprosy filosofii. 2011. № 10. S. 75-82.
Vorontsova I.V. Revolyutsiya i religiya v diskussii 1906-1914 gg. D.S. Merezhkovskogo, N.A. Berdyaeva i P.B. Struve i drugikh // Religiovedenie. 2011. № 4. C. 28-39.
Vorontsova

Abstract: 1930’s laid the foundation for international protection of cultural heritage — the one UNESCO based his activity on. The main feature of this period was an attempt of a complex solution of any issues in this sphere. The author of the article analyzes the main initiatives of International Council of Museums that took the form of conferences, charters, international legal acts as well as unrealized projects of international conventions in the sphere of cultural heritage protection. The author also traces back prerequisites for formation of the international system of memorial protection since XIX.

Keywords: cultural research, memorial, archeology, protection, restoration, thievery, war, landscape, norm, convention.

References:
Boguslavskiy M.M. Mezhdunarodnaya okhrana kul'turnykh tsennostey. M.: Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 1979. 192 s.
Boguslavskiy M.M. Kul'turnye tsennosti v mezhdunarodnom oborote: pravovye aspekty. M.: Yurist', 2005. 427 s.
Boreyko V.E. Pioner okhrany prirody Germanii Gugo Konvents i ego legendarnaya kniga // Praktika okhrany pamyatnikov prirody. Gugo Konvents. Seriya: «Istoriya okhrany prirody». Kiev, 2000. Vyp. 23. URL. http://www.ecoethics.ru/old/b50/ (data obrashcheniya 30.03.2011).
Konventsiya o zakonakh i obychayakh sukhoputnoy voyny // Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobr. 3-e. T. 20 (1900 g.). Chast' 1. SPb., 1902. S. 419-429.
Kuleshova M.E. Formy okhrany territoriy prirodnogo i kul'turnogo naslediya v SShA i Rossii // Okhrana naslediya za rubezhom: Opyt proshlogo i sovremennye problemy: Sbornik statey / RNII kul'turnogo i prirodnogo naslediya; Sost. E.V. Andreeva; Otv. red. R.A. Mnatsakanyan. M., 1994. S. 70-88.
The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monumen

Abstract: The author of the article compares Nikolay Berdyaev’s and Semyon Frank’s views on knowledge and the process of cogitation. The author describes the connection between these two terms and will categories, creativity and intuition. The author also compares the main features of knowledge and cogitation described by Berdyaev and Frank.

Keywords: philosophy, soul, Frank, creativity, will categories, Russian emigration, knowledge, cognition.

References:
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva / N.A. Berdyaev. M.: Nauka, 1993. 222 s.
Gurevich P.S. Filosofiya cheloveka. Ch. 1 / P. S. Gurevich. M.: IF RAN, 1999. 218 s.
Zavgorodnyaya A.L. Lichnost' kak sub'ekt v filosofii Nikolaya Berdyaeva / A.L. Zavgorodnyaya // Iz-vestiya Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena. 2009. № 97. S. 346-349.
Kol'tsova V.A. Istoriya psikhologii: Problemy metodologii / V.A. Kol'tsova. M.: In-t psikhologii RAN, 2008. 512 s.
Nekrasov S.I., Nekrasova N.A., Makatov Z.V. Vzglyady N. Berdyaeva na sushchnost' dukhovnosti / S.I. Nekrasov, N.A. Nekrasova, Z.V. Makatov // Nauchnyy vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta grazhdanskoy aviatsii. 2010. № 155. S. 60-67.
Rubanov V.G. Filosofskie problemy cheloveka v rabotakh N.F. Fedorova, N.A. Berdyaeva, P.A. Flo-renskogo / V.G. Rubanov // Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2010. № 6. S. 62-68.
Frank S.L. Predmet znaniya. Dusha che

Abstract: The article is devoted to the world outlook sources and socio-cultural prerequisites for formation of principles of duty and social responsibility in Japanese labor and corporate ethics. The author of the article analyzes historical realities and memories in philosophy and ethics during Tokugawa epoch (1603 -1868) due to the aforesaid problems. Japanese labor and corporate ethics has roots in XVII-IX centuries and is thought to be one of the causes of such successful modernization of Japan, the phenomenon of ‘economic miracle’ after the Second World War and stable and intensive development of the country throughout years as well as the spiritual element of modern Japanese discourse of corporate social responsibility.

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, culture, archetype, labor, lesson, duty, responsibility, ie, Japan.

References:
Benedikt R. Khrizantema i mech: modeli yaponskoy kul'tury. M., 2004.
Ignatovich A.N. Buddizm v Yaponii. Ocherk ranney istorii. M., 1987.
Zarubina N.N. Sotsiokul'turnye faktory khozyaystvennogo razvitiya: M. Veber i sovremennye te-orii modernizatsii. SPb, 1998.
Karelova L.B. U istokov yaponskoy trudovoy etiki. Istoriya v portretakh. M.: Vost. lit., 2007.
Karelova L.B. Uchenie Isidy Baygana o postizhenii «serdtsa» i stanovlenie trudovoy etiki v Yaponii. M.: Vost. lit., 2007.
Klassicheskoe konfutsianstvo. V 2-kh tt. SPb-M., 2000.
Bellah R.N. Tokugawa Religion: The Values of Pre-Industrial Japan. Glencoe, 1957.
Morishima Michio. Why has Japan «succeeded»? Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos. Cambridge, 1982.
Nakamura Hajime. A history of the Development of Japanese Thought from 592 to 1868. Vol. 1-2. Tokyo, 1967.
Takemura Eiji. The perception of Work in Tokugawa Japan. Lanham, 1997.
Isida Baygan dzensyu (Polnoe sobranie sochineniy Isidy Baygana). Osaka, 1972. T. 1.<

Abstract: Turgot has ended the social and economic program of bourgeois innovations developing under conditions overripen feudalism of bourgeois concepts. Innovators acted within the framework of French Enlightenment. They prepared ideological revolution back in 1789. Turgot raised the economic theory up to the highest level, anticipating Adam Smith in some teachings – for instance, in his approach to origins of labor theory of price, relationship and turnover of national capitals in agriculture, trade, and et. As the minister of finances, Turgot implemented market measures of freedom of entrepreneurship activity overcoming opposition of the old philosophy adepts. His polemics with Louis the King about the administrative reform outlined distribution of forces during pre-revolutionary period. However, after Turgot lost his position, reactionists tried to eliminate all his work and reform. But then revolutionists of the 1789 adopted Turgot’s ideas and put them into life. Marx described Turgot as a great person both as an administrative figure and founder of social and economic theory. Even in modern Russia Turgot achievements help us to understand complicated processes of market economics.

Keywords: philosophy, Louis the 16th, capital, farmer, merchant, gobmeen man, banker, Luther, Dante, labor.

References:
Dante. Bozhestvennaya komediya / Perevod M. Lozinskogo. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Dante. Malye proizvedeniya. Kommentarii I.N. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Zagladin N.V., Simoniya N.A. Vseobshchaya istoriya. M.: Russkoe slovo, 2007.
Istoriya Frantsii. M.: Kraft, 2009.
Kene F, Tyurgo A. Dyupon de Nemur. Fiziokraty. Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: EKSMO, 2008.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 2. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Teorii pribavochnoy stoimosti. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Dyupon de Nemur: rasprostranenie fiziokraticheskikh idey v usloviyakh bor'by evropeyskikh derzhav za preobladanie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2011. № 7. S. 155-182.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Fransua Kene — rodonachal'nik fiziokratii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2010. № 7. S. 83-104.
Pushkin A.S. Sochineniya v tr

Abstract: Turgot has ended the social and economic program of bourgeois innovations developing under conditions overripen feudalism of bourgeois concepts. Innovators acted within the framework of French Enlightenment. They prepared ideological revolution back in 1789. Turgot raised the economic theory up to the highest level, anticipating Adam Smith in some teachings — for instance, in his approach to origins of labor theory of price, relationship and turnover of national capitals in agriculture, trade, and et. As the minister of finances, Turgot implemented market measures of freedom of entrepreneurship activity overcoming opposition of the old philosophy adepts. His polemics with Louis the King about the administrative reform outlined distribution of forces during pre-revolutionary period. However, after Turgot lost his position, reactionists tried to eliminate all his work and reform. But then revolutionists of the 1789 adopted Turgot’s ideas and put them into life. Marx described Turgot as a great person both as an administrative figure and founder of social and economic theory. Even in modern Russia Turgot achievements help us to understand complicated processes of market economics.

Keywords: philosophy, Louis the 16th, capital, farmer, merchant, gobmeen man, banker, Luther, Dante, labor.

References:
Dante. Bozhestvennaya komediya / Perevod M. Lozinskogo. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Dante. Malye proizvedeniya. Kommentarii I.N. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Zagladin N.V., Simoniya N.A. Vseobshchaya istoriya. M.: Russkoe slovo, 2007.
Istoriya Frantsii. M.: Kraft, 2009.
Kene F, Tyurgo A. Dyupon de Nemur. Fiziokraty. Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: EKSMO, 2008.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 2. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Teorii pribavochnoy stoimosti. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Dyupon de Nemur: rasprostranenie fiziokraticheskikh idey v usloviyakh bor'by evropeyskikh derzhav za preobladanie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2011. № 7. S. 155-182.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Fransua Kene — rodonachal'nik fiziokratii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2010. № 7. S. 83-104.
Pushkin A.S. Sochineniya v tr

Abstract: The article contains the summary of the XII International Likhachev Readings held on May 17-18 2012 in St. Petersburg University of Professional Unions. The Readings were devoted to the transformation processes in all spheres of culture as well as various aspects of globalization. The author of the article pays much attention to the critics of the multi culturalism conception, the problem of world unity and cultural diversity, combination of economics and culture, anthropological crisis of the consumer society and integration processes. The main idea uniting all these topics is the concept of cultural dialogue as the grounds for harmonic and efficient interaction of cultures at a modern stage.

Keywords: philosophy, globalization, dialogue of cultures, multi culturalism, personality, cultural integration, civilization, humanitarian education, human transformation.

References:

Abstract: Turgot has ended the social and economic program of bourgeois innovations developing under conditions overripen feudalism of bourgeois concepts. Innovators acted within the framework of French Enlightenment. They prepared ideological revolution back in 1789. Turgot raised the economic theory up to the highest level, anticipating Adam Smith in some teachings — for instance, in his approach to origins of labor theory of price, relationship and turnover of national capitals in agriculture, trade, and et. As the minister of finances, Turgot implemented market measures of freedom of entrepreneurship activity overcoming opposition of the old philosophy adepts. His polemics with Louis the King about the administrative reform outlined distribution of forces during pre-revolutionary period. However, after Turgot lost his position, reactionists tried to eliminate all his work and reform. But then revolutionists of the 1789 adopted Turgot’s ideas and put them into life. Marx described Turgot as a great person both as an administrative figure and founder of social and economic theory. Even in modern Russia Turgot achievements help us to understand complicated processes of market economics.

Keywords: philosophy, Louis the 16th, capital, farmer, merchant, gobmeen man, banker, Luther, Dante, labor.

References:
Dante. Bozhestvennaya komediya / Perevod M. Lozinskogo. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Dante. Malye proizvedeniya. Kommentarii I.N. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. M.: Nauka, 1968.
Zagladin N.V., Simoniya N.A. Vseobshchaya istoriya. M.: Russkoe slovo, 2007.
Istoriya Frantsii. M.: Kraft, 2009.
Kene F, Tyurgo A. Dyupon de Nemur. Fiziokraty. Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: EKSMO, 2008.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 2. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K. Teorii pribavochnoy stoimosti. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. Tom 3. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Dyupon de Nemur: rasprostranenie fiziokraticheskikh idey v usloviyakh bor'by evropeyskikh derzhav za preobladanie // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2011. № 7. S. 155-182.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Fransua Kene — rodonachal'nik fiziokratii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2010. № 7. S. 83-104.
Pushkin A.S. Soch.: v 3 t. To

Abstract: Modelling of modern cultural policy should have an adequate philosophical basis. Works by Russian philosophers of the end of the 19th — first quarter o the 20th centuries contain several heuristic models of cultural policy. Based on the defined types of modeling of cultural policy we can define and choose the basis, ideas, conceptions and principles of modern state cultural policy. The main methods used in the research include: analysis of philosophical texts, modeling and detection of ideal types of cultural policy.

Keywords: philosophy, cultural policy, models, subjective, objective, dialectics, Russian philosophy, culture genesis, ideals, processes.

References:
Bogdanov A.A. Tektologiya (Vseobshchaya organizatsionnaya nauka). M.: Ekonomika, 1989.
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva. Mir kak khozyaystvo // Bulgakov S.N. Sochineniya v 2-kh tt. T. 1. M.: Nauka, 1993.
Bulgakov S.N. Dogmaticheskoe obosnovanie kul'tury // Bulgakov S.N. Sochineniya v 2-kh tt. T. 2. Iz-brannye stat'i. M.: Nauka, 1993.
Vostryakov L.E. Kul'turnaya politika: kontseptsii, ponyatiya, modeli [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL: http://www.cpolicy.ru/analytics.
Gurevich P.S. Imidzh Rossii v protsesse globalizatsii // Vek globalizatsii. Issledovaniya sovre-mennykh global'nykh protsessov. 2009. № 2. S. 178-191.
Ikonnikova S.N. Istoriya kul'turologicheskikh teoriy. 2-e izd. SPb., 2005.
Koptseva N.P., Bakhova N.A. Sistema kul'tury Krasnoyarskogo kraya: osnovnye sub'ekty i kul'turnye tsennosti // Zhurnal Sibirskogo federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya «Gumanitarnye nauki». 2010. T. 3. № 3. S. 344-381.
Koptseva N.P., Reznikova K.V. Vybor metodologicheskikh osnovaniy dlya sovremenny

Abstract: The article is devoted to the development of Aristotle’s ideas and creative work. The author describes the two stags of such development. At the first stage, the Stagirite, Aristotle entered into controversy with Plato and gave description of categories as well as definitions of the first and second essences. At the second stage he created the rules for discussion and learning and refused from linguistic conceptualization. At the beginning of the article the author also discusses principles of philosophical and methodological reconstruction of creativity and thinking.

Keywords: philosophy, item, knowledge, truth, subject, reality, reasoning, learning, definition, standard.

References:
Aristotel'. O dushe. M., 1934.
Aristotel'. Kategorii. Soch. v 4-kh tt. T. 2. M., 1978.
Asmus V.M. Metafizika Aristotelya. M., 1976.
Akhmanov A.S. Logicheskoe uchenie Aristotelya. M., 1960.
Ivanenko E.A., Koretskaya M.A., Savenkova E.V. Gekatonkheyr i tsvetochek, ili kak vozmozhna filosofiya prostykh veshchey // Vestnik Samarskoy Gumanitarnoy akademii. Seriya «Filosofiya. Filologiya». 2008. № 1 (3). S. 22-32 [Elektronnyy resurs] // http://www.phil63.ru/gekatonkheir-i-tsvetochek-ilikak-vozmozhna-filosofiya-prostykh-veshchei.
Neretina S.S., Ogurtsov A.P. Reabilitatsiya veshchi. SPb: Mir, 2010.
Platon. Fedr. Soch. v 4 t. T. 2. M., 1993.
Rozin V.M. Metodologiya: stanovlenie i sovremennoe sostoyanie. M., 2005.
Rozin V.M. Nauka: proiskhozhdenie, razvitie, tipologiya, novaya kontseptualizatsiya. M.-Voronezh, 2008.
Chanyshev A.N. Kurs lektsiy po drevney filosofii: Ucheb. posobie dlya filos. fak. i otdeleniy un-tov. M.: Vyssh. shkola, 1981 [Elektronnyy resurs] // http://philosoph

Abstract: In order to understand such socio-cultural problems of modern age as globalization, identity crisis, postmodernization, hybridization and others, it is necessary to clarify the logic of formation and development of Modern and Post-Modern values. In order to do it, the of the article discusses the basic approaches to definitions of ‘Modern’ and ‘Post-Modern’ in the theory of philosophy as well as their reflection in the real life.

Keywords: cultural studies, culture, society, modernization, post-modernism, identity, enlightenment, problem, postcolonialism, de colonization.

References:
Abdulkarimov G. Teoreticheskie problemy aktual'noy etnopolitiki v Rossii: etnosotsiologiya modernizatsii sovremennoy Rossii. M. : Ves' Mir, 2008.
Alekseeva T.A. Sovremennye politicheskie teorii. M.: ROSSPEN, 2001.
Anderson B. Voobrazhaemye soobshchestva. Razmyshlenie ob istokakh i rasprostranenii natsio-nalizma. M.: Kanon-Press-Ts, 2001.
Bek U. Kosmopoliticheskoe obshchestvo i ego vragi // Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial'noy antro-pologii. T. VI. № 1 (21). 2003.
Bodriyyar Zh. Obshchestvo p otrebleniya. M.: Respublika, 2006.
Bodriyyar Zh. Simvolicheskiy obmen i smert'. M.: Dobrosovet, 2000.
Bryushkin V.N. K metodologii analiza ponyatiya identichnosti // Identichnost' v kontekste globalizatsii: Evropa, Rossiya, SShA. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo KGU, 2003.
Veber M. Istoriya khozyaystva. Gorod. M.: Kanon-Press-Ts, 2001.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya istorii. SPb: Nauka, 1993.
Giddens E. Sotsiologiya. Kurs lektsiy. M.: URRS, 2005.
Zarubina N.N. Sotsiologiya khozyaystvennoy zhizni: proble

Abstract: Russian culture which accounts for over thousand years of existence was formed in the epoch of early Middle Age. In this connection, it is important to pay attention at its genesis during which particular typological features were established. Till the middle of the 15th century south was had been the most important vector of the civilization development which was due to the Byzantium and South Slavic influences. After Constantinople fell and the Balkans were conquered by the Turks, Russia turned to the Latin West which has been playing an important role in is development ever since.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, civilization, Russian culture, Byzantine culture, European culture, genesis, typology, multi-vector, multi-factor, westernization.

References:
Averintsev S.S. Sofiya-Logos. Slovar'. — Kiev, 2000.
Vvedenie khristianstva na Rusi / Otv. red. A.D. Sukhov. — M., 1987.
Gromov M.N. Obrazy filosofov v Drevney Rusi. — M., 2010.
Gumilev L.N. Drevnyaya Rus' i Velikaya Step'. — M., 1989.
Dionisiy Areopagit. Sochineniya. Tolkovaniya Maksima Ispovednika / Per. i prim. G.M. Prokho-rova. — SPb., 2002.
Ikonnikov A.V. Kamennaya letopis' Moskvy. — M., 1978.
Kazakova N.A. Zapadnaya Evropa v russkoy pis'mennosti XV-XVI vekov. (Iz istorii mezhdunarodnykh kul'turnykh svyazey Rossii). — L., 1980.
Likhachev D.S. Razvitie russkoy literatury X-XVII vekov. — L., 1973.
Nazarenko A.V. Drevnyaya Rus' na mezhdunarodnykh putyakh. — M., 2001.
Panchenko A.M. Russkaya kul'tura v kanun petrovskikh reform. — L., 1984.
Pashuto V.T., Florya B.N., Khoroshevich A.L. Drevnerusskoe nasledie i istoricheskie sud'by vostoch-nogo slavyanstva. — M., 1982.
Sinitsyna N.V. Tretiy Rim. Istoki i evolyutsiya russkoy srednevekovoy kontseptsii (XV-XVI vv.). —

Abstract: The name of Pont de Nemours associates with the spread of physiocratic ideas in Europe. The first major success was reached when the French government made a step from mercantile politics defending interests of manufacturers, to stimulation of national agriculture farming. However, very soon this measure was canceled. Representatives of the physiocratic teaching found their followers in Switzerland, Sweden and a number of other countries. Attempts to get Ekaterina the Great interested was a failure. Russia was strengthening its positions in the world as a result of military success of Orlov, Suvorov, Rumyantsev. The peasant servage only developed. The most active and bold peasants ran away to the South and East an djoined Kazakhs there. The Tsar government had enough power to struggle with both foreign enemies and to keep the peasants serve. The dispute between followers of physiocratic teaching whether a free game of market laws or this or another form of the state regulation was more effective for national economy was started again in Russia during the rule of Eltsin. Eltsin ‘shocking therapy’ led to heavy losses in economy and a catastrophic fall of living standards. Eltsin’s successor, Putin, renewed the forms of state control which were appropriate for the Russian economy. Lock’s successor, Pont de Nemours established theoretical grounds for the bourgeois idea of sovereignty and opposed it to the feudal conception of the divine origin of a King.

Keywords: philosophy, Pont de Nemours, Enlightenment, servage, despotism, market, competition, Munnich, Orlov, Suvorov.

References:
Bibliya. M: Izdanie Moskovskoy Patriarkhii, 1992. 1372 s.
Bekon F. Soch. v 2-kh tt. T. 1-2. M.: Mysl', 1971-1972.
Kene F., Tyurgo A., Dyupon de Nemur P. Fiziokraty. Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: EKSMO, 2008. 1200 s.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Soch. v 9-i tt. T.
M.: Mysl', 1989. 479 s. 5. Kostomarov N.I. Russkaya istoriya v zhizneopisaniyakh ee glavneyshikh deyateley. Kniga 2. M.: EKSMO, 2004. 958 s.
Mikhaylov O.N. Suvorov. M.: ITRK, 2003. 624 s.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Fransua Kene — rodonachal'nik fiziokratii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2010. № 7. S. 83-104.
Pushkin A.S. Soch. v 3-kh tt. T. 1. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1985. 736 s.
Sakharov A.N., Bokhanov A. N. Istoriya Rossii XVII-XIX veka. M.: Russkoe slovo, 2008. 480 s

Abstract: The problem of finiteness of human existence was deeply considered by Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida who became interested in this sphere during the last period of development of his philosophy. Levinas assumed that in the face of Infinity human can actually go beyond the course of history due to his inner feeling of time and parental qualities. Derrida was greatly influenced by Levinas’ ideas but at the same time he interpreted the problem of finality of human from the point of view of his grammatology. He spoke that human was constantly striving for survival which expressed itself at an existential level, in leaving traces and a constant dialogue with a cultural tradition.

Keywords: philosophy, Emmanuel Levinas, Jacques Derrida, existence, being, finite, infinite, human, culture, religion.

References:
Avtonomova N.S. Poznanie i perevod. M., 2008.
Vdovina I.S. Fenomenologiya vo Frantsii. M., 2009.
Gurevich P.S. Problema tselostnosti cheloveka. M., 2004.
Levinas E. Dieu, la mort et le temps. P., 1993.
Derrida J. Adieu à Emmanuel Lévinas. Paris, 1997.
Derrida J. Foi et savoir suivi de Le Siècle et le Pardon. Paris, 2000.
Derrida J. Learning to Live Finally. Houndmills; N.Y., 2007.
Derrida J. Negotiations. Stanford, 2002.
Levinas E. Totality and Infinity. An Essay on Exteriority. Pittsburg, 1998

Abstract: The author of the article views Henri Bergson’s philosophy as an actual negotiation of the Hegel Philosophy. Based on the author, Bergson’s philosophy directly or indirectly contribute to the development of philosophy in the 19th century. The concept of duration proposed by the French philosopher allowed to overcome the irrationality of the Hegel rationalism and to start moving to the new dimension of the metaphysical explanation of the world based on the conception of the process duration.

Keywords: philosophy, metaphysics, archetype, rationality, irrationality, Hegel, Bergson, science, positivism, contradiction

References:
Bergson A. Dlitel'nost' i odnovremennost'. M.: Dobrosvet, 2006.
Bergson A. Tvorcheskaya evolyutsiya. Materiya i pamyat'. M.: Kharvest, 2001.
Blauberg I.I. Anri Bergson. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2003.
Vernadskiy V.I. O nauchnom mirovozzrenii // Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii. – M., 1902.
– god XIII, kn. 65 (V).
Ermolaeva V.E., Ermolaev I.A. Filosofiya velikoy lichnosti. Syktyvkar, 2007.
Zotov A.F. Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya: uchebnik. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2001.
Koyre A. Ocherki razvitiya filosofskoy mysli M.: Progress, 1985.
Kurdyumov S.P., Knyazeva E. N. Kvantovye pravila nelineynogo sinteza koevolyutsioniruyushchikh
struktur // Filosofiya, nauka, tsivilizatsiya / pod red. V.V. Kazyutinskogo. M., 1999.
Stepin B.C. Teoreticheskoe znanie. M., 2000.
Yung K.G. Bog i bessoznatel'noe. M., 1998.

Abstract: The author considers the conceptual framework used in philosophical anthropology and describes how these concepts were formed and which role they play in modern philosophy of science. The author suggests that the conceptual framework should be expanded and include new categories.

Keywords: philosophy, human, human nature, human essence, human subjectivity, individual, individuality, personality, philosophical anthropology, personal wholeness, break-up of the human being

References:
Berdyaev N.A. Tsarstvo dukha i tsarstvo kesarya. M., 1995.
Bryuning V. Filosofskaya antropologiya. Istoricheskie predposylki i sovremennoe sostoyanie. Ekaterinburg, 1997.
Gurevich P.S. Filosofskaya antropologiya. M., 2008.
Gurevich P.S. Psikhoanaliz. M., 2007.
Zelenskiy V.V. Zdravstvuy, dusha. Raboty raznykh let. M., 2009.

Abstract: the article is devoted to the concept of symbol, as established by F. Schelling based on critical analysis of views of Kant and the Romantics. The key idea is to show the difference between the words of similar meaning – allegory, scheme, symbol.

Keywords: philosophy, symbol, allegory, scheme, myth, fantasy, imagination, spiritual contemplation, culture, mythology

References:
M.: Mysl', 1987. Shelling F.V.Y. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. T.
M.: Mysl', 1989. Shelling F.V.Y. Filosofiya iskusstva. M., 19

Abstract: Francois Quesnay developed a concrete system of economy, philosophy and politics during French Enlightenment. Later Marx said it had been the prerequisite of the French Revolution. Marx also admitted Quesnay to be the founder of political economy of the New Time. Adam Smith also based on physiocratic teachings about economy when developing his English version of political economy

Keywords: philosophy, politics, economy, Marxism, Adam Smith, physiocracy, revolution, bourgeois, enlightenment, French

References:
Istoriya Frantsii / sostavitel' A.R. Andreev. M.: Kraft, 2009. 464s.
Kene F., Tyurgo A., Dyupon de Nemur P. Fiziokraty. Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: EKSMO, 2008. 1200 s.
Marks K. Kapital. T. 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949. V, 794 c.
Marks K. Kapital. T. 2. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949. IV, 530 s.
Marks K. K kritike politicheskoi ekonomii. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949. 270 s.
Marks K. Teorii pribavochnoi stoimosti. T. 1. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955. XIV, 440 s.
Morua A. Istoriya Frantsii. SPb.: Gumanitarnaya akademiya, 2008. Perevod s frantsuzskogo. 352 s.
Nekrasov N. Izbrannoe. M.: EKSMO, 2006. 606 s.
Smit A. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov. (Kratko: Bogatstvo narodov). M.-L.: Sotsekgiz, 1935. T. 1, 2. 371 s., 475 s.
T'erri O. Izbrannye sochineniya / perevod s frants. M.: Ogiz, 1937. XXVI, 438 s.

Abstract: Based on the studies of the archives, the author dispels certain myths about V. P. Sventsitsky’s biography. The article describes the genesis of his relations with Russian religious philosophers of the beginning of the 20th century and evident influence on the latter. It is the first description of the Christian preacher’s contribution to theology and philosophy. The author also gives a full insight into Sventsitsky’s basic ideas and teaching including the social program and teaching about freedom and eschatology. The author speaks of the need to include Sventsitsky in encyclopedias and to study his teachings at higher schools.

Keywords: philosophy, Sventsitsky, freedom, creativity, power, war, eschatology, theology, Christianity, sociality

References:
Berdyaev N. Aleksei Stepanovich Khomyakov. M., 1912.
Berdyaev N. Iz psikhologii russkoi intelligentsii // Moskovskii ezhenedel'nik. 1907. № 42.
Berdyaev N. Novoe religioznoe soznanie i obshchestvennost'. M., 1999. 464 s.
Berdyaev N. O «levosti» i «pravosti» // Birzhevye vedomosti. 1915. 16 iyulya.
Berdyaev N. O naznachenii cheloveka. M., 1993.
Berdyaev N. Religiya voskresheniya // Russkaya mysl'. 1915. № 7.
Berdyaev N. Samopoznanie (Opyt filosofskoi avtobiografii). M., 1991. 448 s.
Berdyaev N. Smysl istorii. Novoe srednevekov'e. M., 2002. 448 s.
Berdyaev N. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. M., 198607 s.9.
Berdyaev N. Filosofiya tvorchestva, kul'tury i iskusstva. T. 1. M., 1994. 542 s.
Vekhi: Sbornik statei o russkoi intelligentsii. M., 1990. 216 s.
Vzyskuyushchie grada: Khronika chastnoi zhizni russkikh religioznykh filosofov v pis'makh i dnevnikakh. M., 1997.
Gippius Z. Zhivye litsa. Tb., 1991. 384 s.
Gollerbakh E. K nezrimomu gradu. SPb., 2000. 560 s

Abstract: Having gone through mythological and philosophical stages of formation, Tyche’s image now symbolizes the spontaneous life of both cosmos and society. However, for a wise man this image is an essential condition of self-improvement and way to find stability and self-concentration in our unpredictable world.

Keywords: philosophy, accident, fate, polis, nomination, happiness, teleology, providence, mind

References:
Asmus V.F. Antichnaya filosofiya. M., 1976.
Boetsiy. «Uteshenie filosofiey» i drugie traktaty. M., 1990.
Goran V.P. Drevnegrecheskaya mifologema sud'by. Novosibirsk, 1990.
Lur'e S.Ya. Demokrit: Teksty. Perevody. Issledovaniya. L., 1970.
Mark Avreliy A. Razmyshleniya. SPb., 1993.
Fukidid. Istoriya. M., 1993.
Tsitseron. Filosofskie traktaty. M., 1985.
All egre F. Etude sur la deess e grecque Tuche. Paris , 1889. P. 2-7.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the basic image of Antique philosophical perception of the world, - Universal Mind. The author studied how the conception of the Universal Mind changed from one philosopher to another. By doing so, the author clearly showed the ontological development of views on the Universal Mind as well as demonstrated how it influenced formation of ethical and intellectual virtues of wise men.

Keywords: mind, nous, fate, virtue, cosmos, consciousness, wise man, Demiurge, element of nature, stoicism

References:
Lur'e S.Ya. Ocherki po istorii antichnoy nauki. Gretsiya epokhi rastsveta. M.-L., 1947.
Makovel'skiy A.O. Drevnegrecheskie atomisty. Baku, 1946.
Makovel'skiy A.O. Sofisty. Baku, 1940-1941. Vyp. 1.
Marin. Prokl, ili O schast'e // Diogen Laertskiy. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov. M., 1986.
Kessidi F.Kh. Ot mifa k logosu. M., 1972.

Abstract: This is an extract from the book by the French anthropologist and ethnologist Claude Levi-Strauss in which he had summed up his 20-years of experience in studying myths. The author analyzed the classical theories of myths in psychology (such as Freud’s and Jean Piaget’s theories). It is underlined that the study of myths inevitably raises more profound and difficult questions related to understanding human culture and being.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, myth, understanding, culture, human

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Abstract: The author of the article evidently proved the social and cultural priority of the anthropic principle of formation and proportioning in learning proportions and harmonic relations. The article also covers the particular features of anthropic principles, measures and unit measures in different cultural ethnos, architecture and culture of Old Russia. The author also made an attempt to justify the existence of the universal law lying in the basis of the human body’s proportions.

Keywords: philosophy, anthropic principle of formation and proportioning in ancient times, antique culture, other cultural and ethical systems. Old Russian anthropic measurement systems, systems of anthropic module proportioning

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Abstract: Review: in his article ‘Michel Tournier and World without the Other’ Deleuze talks about a human being and the role of the Other in a human existence. Deleuze based on Robinson’s story described by D. Defoe in the 18th century and by M. Tournier in the 20th century. Depending on presence or absence of the Other Deleuze distinguished the two anthroplogical types which, in turn, produced the two different words: the world of existence, systems, order and corresponding items and meanings and the world of freed elements of nature, beyond any time and beyond anything material.

Keywords: philosophy, Deleuze, Tournier, anthropological types, the Other, imagination, perception, simulacrum, Defoe, human, Plato

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Abstract: Review: in the history of the Western Christian religion the name ‘Calvin’ associates with the term ‘destination’ as directly as the name “Bacon” associates with the expression ‘knowledge is the power’, Descartes with cogito, Hegel with dialectic and Nietzsche with ‘superman’ in the history of Western philosophy. The article discusses different aspects of Jean Calvin’s theology and his influence on European culture

Keywords: philosophy, providentialism, destination, theology, faith, fate, course, despondency, pride

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Abstract: Review: the article is devoted to historicism as the method of learning the evolution of law. The author covered some ideas related to law and philosophy and analyzed some philosophers’ views

Keywords: philosophy, historicism, evolution, revolution, law, poverty, romanticism, idea, natural, theory

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Abstract: Review: the article defines the “iconic” figures we often recall when we philosophize about everyday life. Researchers of common life such as Foucault, Deleuze, Derrida and Bourdieu, were greatly influenced by Marx. According to the author, modern authors admire all forms of everyday life. The author analyzed Nietzsche’s revolution against Everyday life and noted that post-modernists viewed common life as a “remainder” which is left after industrial, political and ideological phenomena.
Key words: philosophy, everyday life, human worlds, post-modernism, individual, being, power, commonness, meta textuality.

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Abstract: the article is interpreting the origins of bourgeois philosophy in respect to its classical authors, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). Their theories reflected the period when England, advanced European country in the 17th century, moved from feudalism to capitalism. That period in economy was the epoch of the initial capitalistic “accumulation”, very similar to the times of the “wild” capitalism in Russia back in 1990s under the government of Boris Eltsin. Eltsin’s “wild” capitalism is still remembered by Russians for its tough social consequences which are not fully overcome even now. Discussions in classical philosophy devoted to the “labour pains” of the bourgeois society will be certainly of interest to thoughtful readers.

Keywords: philosophy, Enlightenment, knowledge, science, natural sciences, history, Renaissance, philosopher, activity, Marxism.

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Abstract: The article is some kind of a philosophical excursus into Milan Kundera’s works. Thinking with the Czech writer and being oriented at the existential canon, the author discussed the semantic nuances of a number of fundamental metaphysical ideas: transcendency, transcendentality and immanence; subjectivity and objectivity; eternity, immortality and eternal come back.

Keywords: Milan Kundera, of this world, transcendency, transcendentality, immanence, subjectivity, objectivity, eternity, immortality, eternal come back.

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Abstract: The article is some kind of a philosophical excursus into Milan Kundera’s works. Thinking with the Czech writer and being oriented at the existential canon, the author discussed the semantic nuances of a number of fundamental metaphysical ideas: transcendency, transcendentality and immanence; subjectivity and objectivity; eternity, immortality and eternal come back.

Keywords: Milan Kundera, of this world, transcendency, transcendentality, immanence, subjectivity, objectivity, eternity, immortality, eternal come back.

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Abstract: The article discusses J. St. Mill’s views on justice (mostly based on the fifth chapter of his work “Utilitarism”). Despite the general tendency of utilitarian ethics to treat justice as something having a secondary meaning, J. St. Mill tried to retain the high status which justice has in actual ethic experience. In order to achieve this goal he distinguished several types of “benefit”. Idea of justice corresponds to one of such benefits, in particular, to satisfaction of the safety need. Trying to reason his position and to make it accessible both for utilitarians and followers of traditional and common sense ethics, Mill forecasted a few problems which are actively discussed nowadays and formulated a whole range of contradictory judgments on morals, ways to define the right (morally bound) behavior and principles of justice.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to Hegel’s book “Phenomenology of Spirit” written by the great philosopher at the peak of the French Revolution. The author of the article discussed Hegel’s main views on philosophical learning as the absolute truth and self-conscious subject as the “maker” of history.

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Abstract: Most of the works of W. Pauli on theoretical physics give us only a hint of the philosophical “soil” on which they flourished. If one would try to find the philosophical position of Pauli, one could think that he was utterly rational and skeptical. However, one would also find that he had deep interest for the unclear and unknown spheres of reality and of the human soul…

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