Abstract: The article deals with the problematization of the study of the kon (unwritten rules) phenomenon. The functions of the unwritten rules (kon) are compared with the functions of the law. The constitution of social reality as a socio-historical process that establishes the basic categories of society's perception of its social existence is the object of research. The subject of the study is the poorly studied functions of the “kon” in the constitution of social reality.
The methodology is held together by general theoretical methods of typology and comparison. The study is built from the observation of the historical phenomenon of the horse to the disclosure of the heuristic potential of the concept of “kon” for describing the phenomena of modern life. The basis of the methodology is the theory of binary oppositions of culture by A.S. Akhiezer, reinforced the dialectical-dialogical pragmatic model of metacommunication R.T. Craig.
The social functions of the horse remain poorly studied due to a certain way of configured research optics, concentrated on the laws governing the control of a single center of power by a poorly organized periphery.

Keywords: social dynamics, basic categories, functions of the law, binary oppositions, onstitution of reality, social reality, social self-organization, law, kon, genesis

References:
Akhiezer, A.S. (1998). Russia: Criticism of Historical Experience (Social and Cultural Dynamics of Russia). Vol. I: From the past to the future. Novosibirsk, Siberian Chronograph.
Vinokurova, M.V. (2019). Freedom and Dependence in the Relations of Landlords and Citizens in the Ordinary City Law of Medieval England. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Istoriya, vol. 64, is. 3, pp. 951–967.
Damdynchap, V.M. (2020). Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations as a Source of Tuvan Customary Law. Oriental Studies, 1, 17–25.
Egoryshev, S.V., & Egorysheva, E.A. (2021). Corruption: Institutional Signs, Social Determinants and Consequences. Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Sociologiya, 2, 253–264.
Mironova, A.A., & Tatarko, A.N. (2021). Psychological Causes of Corruption: The Role of Anxiety. Ekonomicheskaya sociologiya, vol. 22, 1, 11–34.
Mokeev, G.Ya. Three Hundred Knights of Ares, Part I. On the Origin

Abstract: The subject of the study is the socio-cultural threats to the information security of Russian citizens associated with ChatGPT technologies (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a machine-generated text response generator simulating a dialogue). The object of research − evaluation of the ratio of advantages and threats of generative language models based on "machine learning" in modern (2021-2023) scientific literature (journals HAC K1, K2 and Scopus Q1, Q2). The scientific novelty of the research lies in the culturological approach to the analysis of threats to the security of Russian citizens associated with the use of ChatGPT as one of the technologies of "artificial intelligence". The formulation of the problem of the classical Turing test "to distinguish a person from a machine" is characterized as a scholastic abstraction, instead a more correct and productive approach is proposed: a socio-cultural assessment of the value (based on cultural axiology) of new computer technologies. The starting point of the analysis is the determination of socio-cultural value (or, conversely, damage) as a result of the use of generative language models based on machine learning. Further, the contribution and responsibility of various socio-cultural subjects of its creation and application are revealed − user, creator and developer. The result of the application of the proposed approach is the deconstruction of the discourse of the "philosophy of artificial intelligence" in terms of uncritical translation of developer declarations intended for marketing and attracting financing. Hypertrophied perception, precariously balancing on the edge of utopia and dystopia, is assessed as a risk of incorrect identification and ranking of threats to information security. Assumptions about the hypothetical "superweapon of psychological warfare" mask modern incidents of cross-border leakage of confidential data, the risks of being held accountable for publishing deliberately false information and illegal content as a result of using ChatGPT. National security measures are recommended, including restrictive measures and increasing the general civil culture of information security of users, as well as the orientation of domestic developments of solutions of this type on traditional values, socio-cultural identity and interests of Russian citizens.

Keywords: traditional values, information security, socio-cultural threats, digital sovereignty, turing test, artificial intelligence, generative language model, ChatGPT, sociocultural identity, disinformation

References:
Gill, S., & Kaur, R. (2023). ChatGPT: Vision and challenges. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 3, 262-271. doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.05.004
Soifer, V.A. (2021). Human factor. Ontology of Designing, 11(1(39)), 8-19. doi:10.18287/2223-9537-2021-11-1-8-19
Agathokleous, E., Saitanis, C., Fang, Ch., & Yu, Zh. (2023). Use of ChatGPT: What does it mean for biology and environmental science? Science of The Total Environment, 888. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164154
Mironova, N.G. (2021). Philosophical understanding of social risks of intellectual automation of social management. The Digital Scholar: Philosopher's Lab, 4(2), 125-144. doi:10.32326/2618-9267-2021-4-2-125-144
Goncharov, V.S. (2022). Application of combined artificial intelligence technologies in information and psychological warfare. Political science issues, 12(4(80)), 1118-1126. doi:10.35775/PSI.2022.80.4.015
Bulychev, I.I., Ka

Abstract: The subject of the research is the modern educational environment of Western countries. The object of the study is the system of tolerance and the mechanisms of its functioning in the educational environment of Western countries. The author examines in detail the system of tolerance and the mechanisms of its functioning on the example of Western educational institutions. Since in the modern educational environment of the Euro-Atlantic states tolerance is perceived differently than in Russia, special attention is paid to the philosophical understanding of the current state of the phenomenon and its reflection by the Western scientific community. The author uses works of both philosophical and social, pedagogical orientation in order to reveal the main features through their prism.
In the course of the study, it was found that the mechanisms of tolerance in the Western educational environment contradict the idea of tolerance for the Other. It was concluded that the boundaries of tolerance in Euro-Atlantic educational institutions are blurred: they are not clear either to the teaching staff or to the students themselves. The author traces the Nietzschean idea of ressentiment in the actions of minorities, constantly opposed to the majority, regardless of what rights and opportunities this majority gives them. The study also made it possible to identify the paradox of tolerance in the Western educational environment: although the struggle for the rights of the oppressed is officially proclaimed, the oppressed themselves avoid discussions on the topic of equal opportunities within the framework of the educational process, because the Western structure of tolerance allows them to avoid discussing pressing issues, while maintaining and even building on the benefits of a tolerant education system. In addition, the author found that Western society usually does not perceive tolerance as part of an individual's worldview, which leads to the fact that in the education of Western countries it becomes a socio-political tool.

Keywords: Ressentiment, Us and them, West, Education, Conflict, Academia, Political correctness, Tolerance, Virtue, Postmodernity

References:
Block, W., & Dauterive, J. (2007). Political correctness and the economics of higher education. Humanomics, 23(1), 230–239. doi: 10.1108/08288660710834711
Lea, J. (2009). Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives. Oxford, England: Routledge.
Shulman, L. (2016). Microaggressions and Political Correctness: Creating a Positive Classroom Culture, Journal of Social Work Education, 52(3), 385-386. doi:10.1080/10437797.2016.1174651
  Kierkegaard, S. (1978). The Age of Revolution and the Present Age: A Literary Review. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Robbins, S. (2016). From the Editor - Sticks and Stones: Trigger Warnings, Microaggressions, and Political Correctness. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(1), 1-5. doi:10.1080/10437797.2016.1116850
 Salmon-Letelier, M. & Russell, S. G. (2020). Buildi

Abstract: Each Olympic Games will provide new material for research in the field of sports philosophy and social philosophy. This article raises the problem of understanding sports as a participant in social development on the example of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The author analyzes the phenomenon of combining the philosophy of social sports, represented by the modern Olympic movement, and traditional Chinese philosophy. The main conclusion is that sport, as a social force, is reborn in the modern era due to the combination of Eastern and Western cultures and civilizations. This gives rise to new social cognition. The leadership of the countries hosting the Olympic Games gain experience and the opportunity to demonstrate their own political and economic strength and deep mental foundations. The Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, taking place in a completely new societal environment (COVID-19 pandemic, world power realignment) is used as a case study for analysis. Using this example, the article shows the social significance of the Olympic Games and emphasizes that the social value of sports and the Olympic movement is reflected in the "spirit of fair competition" and the "spirit of peace", "human intelligence". This is a relatively new direction in the development of research in the field of physical education and social philosophy, and the special contribution of this study is to study one of the promising trends in the development of sports, that is, the modern Olympic movement, integrated with the national culture of different countries.

Keywords: Traditional, Nationalism, Chinese Culture, Modern Sport, Olympism, China, Beijing, Social Philosophy, Winter Olympic Games, Philosophy

References:
Shi, L., Zhang, L.A Smarter and Greener Olympics: Mediatization and Public Reception in the Preparation Stage of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.Communication & Sport,2022.10(5),951–972.
Kun Jia,Yizhen Zhu,etc.International Public Opinion Analysis of Four Olympic Games: From 2008 to 2022.Journal of Safety Science and Resilience,2022,3(3),252-262.
Jung Woo Lee.Olympic Winter Games in Non-Western Cities: State, Sport and Cultural Diplomacy in Sochi 2014, Pyeong Chang 2018 and Beijing 2022, The International Journal of the History of Sport,2021.38:13-14, 1494-1515.
Shushu Chen, Holger Preuss,etc.Sport Policy Development in China: Legacies of Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games,Journal of Global Sport Management,2021.6:3,234-263.
Pu Yongchun.Ancient Greek Philosophers and the Olympic Games. World Philosophy,2008. (5):16-25.
Wang Bei,Wan Xiaohong."Peace and Harmony"in National Narrative in the Context of Globalization Variation: Analysis of the Discourse-Ima

Abstract: Separate issues of possible relations between generations in the context of the concept of social justice are investigated. Special attention is paid to the need to preserve the environment, natural resources, the preservation of life on earth, biological diversity, the need to search for alternative energy sources, to ensure favorable living conditions for future generations. The author draws attention to the theoretical difficulties in unambiguously defining the rights of future generations, to the difficulties of their legal formulations.
The author explores the problem of justice in relations between generations from the point of view of the materialistic understanding of history, the dialectic of social existence and social consciousness, the relationship of needs, interests and values, the principle of development and the principle of historicism.
The study of possible relations between generations in the context of the realities prevailing in the modern world contributes to the reassessment of the established values of modern society and the formation of a new worldview that takes into account the need to preserve peace, the cultural heritage of mankind, natural resources, human habitat, biological diversity, the transfer of resources to future generations. In this regard, there is a reassessment of the known norms of justice, morality and law. Modern interpretations of global problems, including issues of intertemporal justice, were a reflection of new historical realities. The creation of favorable conditions for future generations should not harm the necessary and reasonable needs of modern society.

Keywords: needs, sustainable development of society, ecology, environment, equality, responsibility, freedom, justice, interests, values

References:
Akhmedova M. G. On the issue of sustainable development of society // Philosophy and society. 2022. No. 3 (104). pp. 40-55.
Akhmedova M. G. Sustainable development of society in conditions of social inequality // Materials of Afanasiev readings. 2014. No. 12. pp. 70-73.
Bespalova T. V. Problems of future generations and contradictions of environmental ethics // Philosophy of Law.-2013.-¹ 6 (61). Pp. 13-23.
Ismailov N. O. Strategy of sustainable development of society in the context of justice // National security / nota bene.-2014.-No. 3.-pp. 445-453.
Ismailov N. O. Sustainable development of society and fair treatment of future generations // Bulletin of the Moscow State Pedagogical University. Series "Philosophical Sciences". M. 2022. No. 4 (44). pp. 37-44.
Ismailov N. O. Sustainable development of society and environmental justice // Society: philosophy, history, culture. 2022. No. 9 (101). pp. 84-89.
Mammadov N. M. Culture, ecology, education.-M. 1996. 51 p.
Orekhovskaya N. A.

Abstract: In recent years there has been a boom in the study of the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes) and ancient Chinese forms of physical exercise in European countries such as Germany, Belgium and France, with research themes focusing on psychotherapeutic and medical clinical experimental studies, such as a study conducted at the Institute of Psychology at the University of Tübingen in Germany that emphasised that moderate general physiological activation, exercise-dependent regulation of the heart rhythm ANS can induce a typical state of calm to regulate Qi. There are few theoretical studies on the metaphysical aspects of the existence of such healthful and beneficial underlying psychophysiological mechanisms of mind-body exercise Florens（2021）, so this paper chooses to use the practice of Qi as a case study, where Qi practice refers to the classical and systematic use in Chinese martial arts’ internal styles and systems such as Taijiquan (Taichi), Qigong and shaolinquan(Shaolin Boxing). A primarily documentary research approach is adopted, this paper using classical theories from the Yi Jing to analyse a metaphysical analysis of the physical exercises associated with Qi. The conclusions of the study show that: Firstly, Chinese traditional methods and practical experience can be drawn upon. Secondly, the classical theory of the Yi Jing, which uses Qi as the core of practice, enriches the ontology of human life perception in the field of philosophy. Thirdly, the ultimate pursuit of life through the practice of Qi is a concrete manifestation of the metaphysical holistic view of life in traditional Chinese physical exercises.

Keywords: Chinese culture, Yin and Yang, Book of Changes, culture, Qigong, Chis, Qi, Chinese people, Yi Jing, metaphysics

References:
Shouqi Huang,Shanwen Zhang.(2010).Translation and annotation of Yi Jing.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Press.pp.8-13(in Chinese)
Simiao Sun(Tang Dynasty)(2012).Traditional Chinese medicine annotation of Yi Jing.Beijing:Jiuzhou Books Press.pp.5-8(in Chinese)
Tiancai Yang.(2016).Yi Jing( the Book of Changes or I Ching).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company.pp.10-12(in Chinese)
Goldbeck Florens etc. Relaxation or Regulation: The Acute Effect of Mind-Body Exercise on Heart Rate Variability and Subjective State in Experienced Qi Gong Practitioners. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021(1).1-14.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673190（in English）
Dupré John.The Metaphysics of Evolution.Interface Focus.2017(7).pp.1-9.http://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0148（in English）
Galia Patt-Shamir. Kim,Jung-Yeup:Zhang Zai’s Philosophy of Qi:A Parctical Understanding.Dao (2018) 17:429-434.http://site.ebrary.com/id/11032518.（in English）
Hao Rui,Sun Li

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the two-century development of the Russian intelligentsia, traces the transformation of views and ideas due to historical and socio-cultural foundations. The Russian intelligentsia is regarded as a very special phenomenon in the world, whose historical significance and basic idea are determined by the relationship with the state. It is proved that the main driving force of the development of the Russian intelligentsia changed depending on the political and ideological regime. Much attention is paid in the article to the understanding of the phenomenon of the Russian intelligentsia in the present reality, traditional and acquired features in this historical period are considered. Its role in the formation of value orientations of modern society is analyzed.   The author suggests that in the post-reform Russia of the XXI century there is no conceptual unity in the awareness of the "Russian intelligentsia". The intelligentsia itself to a greater extent today does not see itself as a recognized and clearly defined social group, its self-consciousness is fragmented and contradictory. The conclusion is made that the ideological form of the Russian intelligentsia was and remains its alienation from the state and hostility to it, brought up on abstract enlightenment schemes supplemented by cosmopolitanism and globalization, the modern intellectual continues to suffer from the lack of a healthy national identity. Today, when time dictates the need to move to a fundamentally new type of civilizational development, where the key question of the values that set the guidelines for this transition arises again, it is the intelligentsia, as a generator of the thought field, as two centuries ago, can play a major role.

Keywords: genesis, people, revolutionization, power, state, values, politics, ideology, Russian intelligentsia, self-awareness

References:
Batishchev G.S. Socio-historical, active essence of man // Questions of Philosophy.-1967.-No. 3.-P. 42-54.
Bulgakov S. N. Heroism and asceticism Text. // Russian individualism. Collection of works of Russian philosophers of the XIX-XX centuries. M.: Algorithm, 2007.-288 p.
Buchner L. Darwinism and socialism or the struggle for existence and modern society / transl. with him. Y. Bem.-St. Petersburg: printing house of A. S. Suvorin, 1907.-77 p.
Gershenzon M.O. Creative Self-Consciousness // Intelligentsia in Russia: Sat. articles 1909-1910. – M.: Mol. guard, 1991.-S. 85-109.
The fate of the Russian intelligentsia: Materials of scientific. discussions, May 23, 1996 / Comp. and resp. ed. V. E. Triodin.-St. Petersburg. : Publishing House of St. Petersburg. humanit. University of Trade Unions, 1996.-80 p.
Gumnitsky GK. The meaning of life, happiness, morality // Questions of Philosophy. 1967.-No. 5.-S. 102-105.
Danilov A.N. Keep up with the rapidly changing times. // Intelligentsia: diversit

Abstract: The goal of this research lies in examination of the phenomenon of viewer, as well as in the attempt to give its definition within the framework of post-secular era. Based on the conditions of human existence and worldview, definition is given in the context of hermeneutical approach, revealing the traits of a viewer through post-secularity, and clarifying his connection with such the socialization process. The peculiarity of the subject of research consists in the fact that post-secular society changes the requirements imposed on a viewer, adding a so-called religious prism to the events unfolding on the screen, which raises the question on the specificity of such prism. The scientific novelty of this work lies in examination of the phenomenon of a viewer in the socio-philosophical context, as well as analysis of a viewer in the post-secular era. It is proven that the viewer of post-secular era faces the clash of religious and non-religious worldviews, which leads to the formation of unstable system of value orientations. The article substantiates that the specificity of post-secular situation is to provoke an internal conflict in a viewer, which would affect the perception of cinematographic plotlines based on compliance with certain moral-ethical norms or preservation of the entertainment principle. Resolution of this conflict is possible in case of creating a specific cinematographic product with quasi-religious content, but enclosed in the entertainment shell.

Keywords: post-secular society, conflict, hermeneutics, methodology, space, cinema, Spectator, duality, religion, tradition

References:
Bart, R. Problema znacheniya kino // Sistema mody. Stat'i po semiotiki kul'tury. — Moskva : Izdatel'stvo im. Sabashnikovykh, 2004. — S. 195-359.
Bodriyyar, Zh. Obshchestvo potrebleniya. Ego mify i struktury. — Moskva : Respublika, Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2006. — 330 s.
Gadamer, G.-G. Istina i metod: Osnovy filosofskoy germenevtiki. — Moskva : Progress, 1988. 556 S.
Gadamer, G.-G. Aktual'nost' prekrasnogo. — Moskva : Iskusstvo, 1991. 402 S.
Dostoevskiy, F.M. Dvoynik. — M. : Izdatel'stvo «Eksmo», 2011. — 268 s.
Efremova, T. F. [Elektronnyy resurs] / T. F. Efremova // Zritel' [Elektronnyy resurs] : Novyy slovar' russkogo yazyka. Tolkovo-slovoobrazovatel'nyy. — URL: https://www.efremova.info/word/zritel.html#.YF8t4kgmzIV (data poseshcheniya: 15.03.21). — Zagl. s ekrana. — Yaz. rus.
Metts, K. Voobrazhayushchee oznachayushchee. Psikhoanaliz i kino. — SPb. : Izdatel'stvo Evropeyskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, 2013. — 334 s.
Sergeeva, O. V., Tereshchenko, O. V. Novye media: sotsial'naya teoriya i metodologiya issledovaniy: s

Abstract: This article examines the economic views of the Renaissance philosophers. The socio-philosophical thought of this period raises the value and moral-ethical problems in economic sphere, as well as attempts to solve them. The subject of this research is the attitude towards the economic wealth of an individual and society. The goal is to reveal and structurize the economic ideas of the Renaissance philosophers. The relevance of this work lies in the overview of the philosophical concepts that reflect the economic ideas and value peculiarities of that time. Special attention is given to the development of foreign trade, which was accelerated by the Age of Discovery. The Renaissance era is complex phenomenon of human culture, where opens a new perspective upon articulation and solution of the old problems. For example, in discussing wealth and poverty, the philosophers raised the problem of social inequality, claiming the many people are poor not because they do not want to work, but because they were born to be poor. In this era, the bourgeois class, feudal lords and the highest royal nobility owned almost all lands, making it extremely difficult for ordinary people to become wealthy. This marked the “revolution” within the system of values, as well as in sociopolitical and economic spheres. Among the factors affecting the evolution of economic thought, the author indicates the problems of the development of economic activity and change in the subject area of economic tasks, both of which required a theoretical reflection. The author explores the solution of these tasks by different philosophers, as well as follows the evolution of the internal logic of economic views.

Keywords: wealth, poverty, waste, secularization, anthropocentrism, humanism, philosophy of economics, economic values, honest work, material goods

References:
Monten' M. Opyty / M. Monten'. – Moskva : Eksmo, 2009. – 944 s.
Raymondi K. Rech' v zashchitu Epikura protiv stoikov, akademikov i peripatetikov // Estetika Renessansa. Antologiya v 2-kh t. – Moskva : Iskusstvo, 1981. – T. 1. – 495 s.
Valla L. Ob istinnom i lozhnom blage. O svobode voli / L. Valla. – Moskva : Nauka, 1989. – 474 s.
Brachcholini P. Zastol'nyy spor o zhadnosti // Sochineniya ital'yanskikh gumanistov epokhi Vozrozhdeniya (XV vek). – Moskva : Izd-vo MGU, 1985. – URL: http://krotov.info/lib_sec/02_b/bra/braccoli.html, (data obrashcheniya: 16.01.2021).
Losev A. F. Estetika Vozrozhdeniya. – Moskva : Mysl', 1978. – 674 s.
Petrarka F. Kantson'ere; Moya tayna, ili Kniga besed o prezrenii k miru; Kniga pisem o delakh povsednevnykh. Starcheskie pis'ma / F. Petrarka. – Moskva : RIPOL KLASSIK, 1999. – 763 s.
Osipov Yu. M. Vremya filosofii khozyaystva. – Moskva : Ekonomist', 2003. – 654 s.

Abstract: This article examines the philosophy of economic of the Ancient Greece. Philosophical thought of the classics of ancient philosophy raises value and moral-ethnical questions in economic sphere and seeks the ways for their solution. The subject of this research is the stance on economic goods of the ancient society. The goal consists in description of the economic ideas of Xenophon, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Modern philosophical studies do not give due attention to the philosophy of economics, which is not fair, since the discipline “Philosophy of Economics” is aimed primarily at clarification of the essence of philosophical problems of economics, substantiation of the need for scientific cognition of economic relations and the underlying socioeconomic laws. The novelty lies in carrying out a referential overview of philosophical concepts that reflect economic ideas in Ancient Greek philosophy of the classical period. The prerequisites of economic ideas within the system of philosophical knowledge reveal and substantiate two these: inseparability of economic knowledge from ethics and politics, and the regards household management as an art. Economic teachings can be found in works of many Ancient Eastern, Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman philosophers; however, the textbooks do not usually include the ancient economic thought into the general course. The author believes that the fundamentals of economics established namely in this era, and this fact cannot be wiped out of history. The philosophical understanding of worldview and scientific fundamentals, knowledge of economics and economic system as a whole, including everything related to the economy, its place in natural world, society and human culture is very important and should be studied in universities.

Keywords: oikonomikos, Aristotle's economic teaching, Plato's economic ideas, philosophy of Economics, economy, ancient Economics, chrematistics, Domostroy, household management, Economics as art

References:
Aristotel'. Nikomakhova etika / Aristotel'. – M. : Eksmo–Press, 1997. – Kn. 1. – 315 s.
Agapova I. I. Ekonomika i etika : aspekty vzaimodeystviya. M. : Yurist', 2002. –S. 15.
Aristotel'. Etika / Aristotel'. – M. : Astrel', 2012. – 492 s.
Aristotel'. Politika / Aristotel'. – M. : AST, 2010. – 393 s.
Platon. Poln. sobr. soch. v odnom tome / Platon. – M.: AL'FA-KNIGA, 2016. – 1311 s.
Polan'i K. Izbrannye raboty / K. Polan'i. – M. : Territoriya budushchego, 2010. – S. 135.
Ivashkovskiy S. N. Ekonomika i etika : istoriya neprostykh vzaimootnosheniy // Ekonomicheskaya politika. 2011. ¹ 3. S. 116.
Nersesyants V. S. Sokrat. M. : Nauka, 1977. S. 77.
Ksenofont. Sokraticheskie sochineniya. Domostroy. SPb. : Komplekt, 1993. – 415 s.
Istoriya ekonomicheskikh ucheniy: ucheb. posobie / E. G. Guzhva i dr.; pod red. E. G. Guzhvy; SPbGASU. – SPb., 2012. – 212 s.
Shumpeter Y. A. Istoriya ekonomicheskogo analiza : v 3 t. SPb., 2001. T. 1. S. 63.
Avakyan-Forer A. G. Smena paradigm v sotsial'no-filosofskikh issledovaniyakh: sots

Abstract: Switching from trivial representations on society to the level of its theoretical comprehension, we inevitably face the question how to translate the structures that form society from pure abstractions into people’s living experience. This described problem is the key topic of this research. Teaching on individuation of the leading theoretician in this area C. R. Jung requires additional refinement taking into account remarks made by H. G. Gadamer regarding changes in the character of discourse that unfolded in Christianity. M. K. Mamardashvili demonstrates in his lectures how the verbal art may become the means of existing of truth and its realization. We not only describe, but simultaneously apply individuation as something that becomes a methodological key to comprehension of modern society. At the same time, it is necessary to shift reasoning on the concept of “individuation” from psychological plan to a broader ontological plan. The novelty of this research consists in individuation being the key factor in solution of the aforementioned problem. The main conclusion is that individuation can be the method for the development of forms of activity, cognition and reasoning, which ensuring the co-existence of a subject with other subjects and systems do not erase, but rather identify and produce the forms of its distinctness. The active development of existence by people becomes equally comparable with the standards of habitual experience and everyday perceptions. This can restore the logic of common sense, and thus, the reliable structures of practice.  

Keywords: system, structural properties, archetype, social structure, theory, everyday representations, method, individuation, principle, event

References:
Gadamer Kh. G. Istina i metod: osnovy filosofskoy germenevtiki: Per. s nem./Obshch. red. i vstup. st. B. N. Bessonova. M.: Progress, 1988. 704 s.
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. First published 1984 by Polity Press, Cambridge, in association with Basil Blackwell. Oxford. 402 p.
Giddens E. Ustroenie obshchestva. Ocherk teorii strukturatsii. – 2-e izd. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2005. 528 s.
Jung S. G. Das Gewissen. Studien aus dem S. G.Jung Institut. 1958.
Ionin L. G. Sotsiologiya kul'tury. M.: Izd. dom GU VShE, 2004. 427 s.
Kemerov V. E. Klyuchi k sovremennosti – v sdvigakh metodologii // Voprosy filosofii, 2014. ¹ 2. S. 3-13.
Mamardashvili M. K. Lektsii po antichnoy filosofii. SPb.: Azbuka, Azbuka-Attikus, 2018. 304 s.
Mamardashvili M. K. Literaturnaya kritika kak akt chteniya // M. Prust. Zametki ob iskusstve i literaturnoy kritike. M.: RIPOL klassik, 2017. 362 s.
Ver G. Ponyatie individuatsii u Yunga. [rezhim dostupa: www.nlp 12.ru PONYaTIE INDIVIDUATsII U YuNGA Ge

Abstract: This article is dedicated to one of the key problems of social philosophy – the phenomenon of human alienation. The subject of this research is the ontological grounds of alienation. The goal consists in determination of the existential foundation of alienation as a complicated socio-ontological phenomenon, as well as differentiation of the narrow and broad sense of the concept of “alienation”. In the narrow sense, alienation implies the process, when the products of human activity and activity itself obtain the status of autonomous agents opposing to human. In a broad sense, alienation is interpreted as an ontological distinction within the structure of being. For revealing the ontological grounds of alienation, the author attracts and reconsiders the ideological arsenal of philosophical anthropology, fundamental ontology, existentialism, personalism, Marxism, and post-phenomenology. The ontological interpretation allows comprehending the anthropogenesis, historical development of human, and evolution of human mind in the context of the terms of alienation. Thus, the first is interpreted as a self-alienation of the world; the second – as alienation of human from himself; and the third – as an ideal of appeal of the world towards itself, realized through human spiritual activity. All elements of the triad form an ontological basis doe alienation in the narrow sense.

Keywords: existence, ideal, labor, activity, anxiety, development, difference, alienation, openness, eccentricity

References:
Il'enkov E. V. Ideal'noe / Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. Pod red. F. V. Konstanti-nova. V 5 t., T. 2. – M.: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1962. S. 219-227.
Chalmers D. Soznayushchiy um: V poiskakh fundamental'noy teorii. Per. s angl. – M: URSS: Knizhnyy dom «Librokom», 2013. – 512 s.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Vokrug Galileya (skhema krizisov) / Ortega-i-Gasset X. Izbran-nye trudy: Per. s isp. / Sost., predisl. i obshch. red. A. M. Rutkevicha. 2-e izd. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Ves' Mir», 2000. S. 233-403.
Delez Zh. Razlichie i povtorenie. – SPb.: TOO TK «Petropolis», 1998. – 384 s.
Greyvs R. Mify Drevney Gretsii. Per. s angl. Pod red. i s poslesl. A. A. Takho-Godi. – M.: Progress, 1992. – 624 s.
Mun'e E. Personalizm / Mun'e E. Manifest personalizma: Per. s fr. / Vstupit. st. I. S. Vdovinoy. – M.: Respublika, 1999. C. 459-538.
Tillikh P. Muzhestvo byt' / Tillikh P. Izbrannoe. Potryasenie osnovaniy / Per. s angl. Sost. S. Ya. Levit, S. V. Lezov. – M.; SPb.: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2015. S. 7-128.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya. – SP

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of specificity of functionality of communication platforms on the Internet. They can be presented as trading zones, the foundation for development of the new ways for establishing relationships between various actors. Special role in their functioning is played by interaction between human and nonhuman actors, such as interfaces, software strings, voice-activated digital assistant, and other. Such trading zones may be described as the space suggesting formation of the new type of sociality as the basis for building associations and unions between the human and nonhuman actors. Leaning on the methodological approaches towards the analysis of trading zones demonstrated in the works of P. Galison, and application of the elements of methodological approach used in terms of the actor-network theory by B. Latour and M. Callon, the author views functionality of such trading zones as network elements. The main conclusion consists in the statement that the communication platforms may be described as the hybrid distributed spaces of interpretation and harmonization of activity between human and nonhuman actors operating within the framework of the Internet culture. The advantages of hybrid functionality of trading zone on the Internet include: fast creation of new associations and networks; communication and compliance with general rules developed in the process of creation and operation of associations between different actors; constructive character of associations; formation of the situation of uncertainty. The following aspects can be referred to as limitations: formality and technical invariance of their functionality; diminishing connectedness with the traditional cultures; primacy of the rational, rationalization of affectiveness and imposition of the specific standards of rationality.

Keywords: communication platform, hybrids, Internet, society, network culture, communication, trading zone, interface, Information society, technique

References:
Latur B. Politik prirody. Kak privit' naukam demokratiyu / Per. s fr. E. Blinov. M.: AdMarginem Press, 2018. 336 s.
Vakhshtayn V. Sotsiologiya veshchey i «povorot k material'nomu» v sotsial'noy teorii // Sotsiologiya veshchey. Sbornik statey pod redaktsiey V. Vakhshtayna. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Territoriya budushchego», 2006. S. 7-39
Tiwana A., Konsynski B., Bush A.B. Research Commentary – Platform Evolution: Coevolution of Platform Architecture, Governance, and Environmental Dynamics // Information Systems Research. 2010 Vol. 21. No. 4 pp. 675-687.
Baldwin C.Y. and Woodard C.J. The architecture of platforms: a unifi ed view // Gawer A. (ed) Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2009. pp. 19-45
Kallon M. Nekotorye elementy sotsiologii perevoda: priruchenie morskikh grebeshkov i rybolovov bukhty Sen-Brie // Logos. T. 27. 2017. ¹2. S.49-94.
Batler Dzh. Zametki k performativnoy teorii sobraniya. M.: Admarginem Press, 2018. 248 s.
Laturyu B. Nauka v deystvii: sleduya za uchenymi

Abstract: This article reveals the problem of behavior of an economic entity. The author analyzes the ideas of Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky and Richard Thaler, who in their theories explore the decision-making process of an economic entity and which motives affect their economic choice. The research gives answers to the questions of how great is the gap between the theoretical model of economic human and the reality, which consequences it leads to, hos the modern behavioral economic theory transforms the understanding of the rational economic subject and develops an irrational component. Socio-philosophical analysis of establishment and transformation of behavior of en economic entity leans on reconstructions of the philosophical, social and economic theories, objective socioeconomic relations in the public arena. The scientific-theoretical analysis suggests examining the basic structures and patterns of the process of transformation of behavior of an economic entity: 1) economics represented in socio-philosophical theories; 2) critical socio-philosophical reflection. The article determines the socio-philosophical status of economic entity; proposes and substantiates the objective differentiating criteria of their behavior in the classical and nonclassical socio-philosophical theories; reveals and analyzes the mechanism of transformation of an economic entity within the system of subject-practical activity and social philosophical culture. On the example of historical and theoretical-philosophical material, the author analyzes the key trends in transition of behavior of an economic entity; as well as defines the merits and flaws caused by such transformations.

Keywords: state paternalism, Architect of choice, framing effect, homo oeconomicus, theory of nudge, irrational economic subject, behavioral economic theory, libertarian paternalism, compatibilism, economic freedom

References:
Bernstayn P. Fundamental'nye idei finansovogo mira : evolyutsiya. M., 2009. S. 180.
Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect Theory : an Analysis of Decision under Risk // Econometrica. 1979. Vol. 47. P. 263–294.
Tversky A., Kahneman D. The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice // Science. New Series. 1981. Jan. 30. Vol. 211, ¹ 4481. P. 453–458.
Taler R., Sansteyn K. Nudge. Arkhitektura vybora. Kak uluchshit' nashi resheniya o zdorov'e, blagosostoyanii i schast'e. M., 2017. S. 16.
Freyd Z. Psikhologiya bessoznatel'nogo. 2-e izd. SPb., 2002. 390 s.
Freyd Z. Po tu storonu printsipa udovol'stviya. M. : Khar'kov, 2001. 615 s.
Kapelyushnikov R. I. Povedencheskaya ekonomika i novyy paternalizm. M., 2013. S. 29.
Rolz Dzh. Teoriya spravedlivosti. Novosibirsk, 1995. S. 67.
White M. D. The manipulation of choice. Ethics and libertarian paternalism. N. Y., 2013. P. 185.
Svendsen L. Filosofiya svobody. M., 2016. S. 43–44.
Vasil'ev V. V. Dva tupika inkompatibilizma // Voprosy filosofii. 2016. ¹ 2. S. 69.

Abstract: The emergence of avant-garde and formation of the explicit social mythology is associated with the active political processes in social life of the XX century. It is noted that avant-gardism and social myth are united by implementation of the project and manipulative functions, which contribute to appearance of the mass man on the forefront of social life. The main instrument in the avant-gardists’ and mythmakers’ fight for dominance over public consciousness becomes the insidious symbolic, appealing to the archaic through masterly use of political and artistic conjuncture. The modern social myth represents danger, mostly because of jangling the meaningful symbols, it is involved in mythmaking and mythologized processes, thus enhancing manipulative effect on a human. The author explores such elements of social mythology as the processes of mythologization and mythmaking; compares the functions of social mythology and avant-garde. The appearance of the mass man on the forefront of social life of general public with the own group mythology contributed to the true emergence of avant-garde and social mythology. The author comes to the conclusion that at the present time, same as a century ago, art is a part of social processes; the new forms of art factor into communication revolution, while the myth – through the contemporary mass media – translates a suggestive function.

Keywords: manipulate function, project function, populace, social mythology, avant-garde, symbolic, suggestibility, mythologization, mythmaking, the transitional epoch

References:
Burd'e P. Mertvyy khvataet zhivogo; per s fr. / Sotsiologiya sotsial'nogo prostranstva. – M.: Institut eksperimental'noy sotsiologii; SPb.: Aleteyya, 2005. S. 121-156.
Khrenov N. A. Volya k sakral'nomu. – SPb.: Aleteyya, 2006. 571 s.
Khrenov N. A. Ot epokhi bessoznatel'nogo mifotvorchestva k epokhe refleksii o mife // Mif i khudozhestvennoe soznanie XX veka / otv. red. N. A. Khrenov. – M.: “Kanon+” ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”, 2011. S. 11-82.
Rykov A. V. Politika avangarda. – M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2019. 208 s.
Sorel' Zh. Razmyshleniya o nasilii; per. s fr. – M.: KRASAND, 2011. 168 s.
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass; per. s fr. – M.: TERRA – Knizhnyy klub, 2008. 272 s.
Pareto V. Transformatsiya demokratii; per. s ital. – M.: Izdatel'skiy dom “Territoriya budushchego”, 2011. 208 s.
Mozheyko M. A. Mifologiya // Noveyshiy filosofskiy slovar'. – Minsk: Knizhnyy Dom, 2003. S. 634-638.
Cottington D. Cubism in the Shadow of War: The Avant-Garde and Politics in Paris 1905-1914. – New Heaven; London: Yale University Pr

Abstract: The subject of this article is the problem of identification of the nature and peculiarities of the Christian model of subjectification, which received its first theoretical substantiation in the late writings of M. Foucault. The fundamental problems of the sources and methods characteristic to Foucault’s research in this field are described. The main principled and historical context of subjectification processes of the era of Early Christianity are revealed. Christian model fits into the context of M. Foucault’s reasoning on the possibility to complement the theory of subject with the theory of subjectification. In the course of this work, the author using the analytical, critical and comparative methods applying them to a number of the writings of M. Foucault and some other ancient philosophers. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that it is the first review in the Russian literature dedicated to the Christian model of subjectification based on the analysis of the previously untranslated writings of M. Foucault The author provides a systematic and detailed description of the modes and practices of subjectification common to the Early Christianity period. Leaning on the materials of M. Foucault and introduced by him methods and criteria, the structure of this subjectification model is suggested.

Keywords: personality, Christianity, care of the self, the culture of self, subjectivation, subject, Foucault Studies, Michel Foucault, social philosophy, ancient culture

References:
Khoruzhiy S.S. Fonar' Diogena. Kriticheskaya retrospektiva evropeyskoy antropologii. – M.: Institut filosofii, teologii i istorii sv. Fomy, 2010. – s. 688
Foucault, M. On The Government of the Living: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1979-1980 / M. Foucault,-Picador, New York, 2014. – 365 p.
Tertullian. Izbrannye sochineniya: Per. s lat./Obshch. red. i sost. A. A. Stolyarova.— M.: Izdatel'skaya gruppa «Progress», «Kul'tura», 1994.-448 s.
Ferguson E. Conversion, Catechumenate and Baptism in the Early Church. New York and London: Garland, 1993, pp. 266-278
Ioann Zlatoust. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy svyatitelya Ioanna Zlatousta (v 12 tomakh). T 8. EKSMO, 2017 g.-987 s.
Foucault, M. L’origine de l’herméneutique de soi. Conférences prononcées à Dartmouth College 1980 / H.-P. Fruchaud, D. Lorenzini.-Paris, Vran, 2013.-168 p.
Kliment Aleksandriyskiy. Kto iz bogatykh spasetsya. / Per. N. Korsunskogo. M., 2000.-64 s.
Foucault, M. Technologies of the Self // Lectures at University of Ver

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of precariat and its comprehension in the context of social philosophy. The author examines the key features of this “class”, its specificity and role in the modern world. Special attention is given to the methodological aspect of the problem. The article analyzes various approaches towards social differentiation, as well as establishes the causes for using the new methodology of such differentiation. The author determines the correlation between the growing number of precariat and dismantlement of the social state, associated with the refusal of precariat to perform mutual obligations. The following conclusions were made: the growth of precariat seems a dangerous and negative tendency, affecting the representatives of diverse social groups; becoming precariat may be caused by either difficult life circumstances or voluntary. The latter is especially risky for youth, as an unstable heterogeneous social group, which should be prevented by education, science and political authority. The author’s main contribution lies the examination of the role of risk society in establishment of precariat, as well as identification of main risks related to its expansion.  

Keywords: intolerance, modern challenges, modern philosophy, social science methodology, European values, risk society, marginality, prekariat, social Security, rights and obligations

References:
Garshin N.A. Fenomen ideologii v kontekste krizisa simvolicheskogo // Filosofskaya mysl'. 2016. ¹ 7. S. 34–45. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8728.0.0.19715.
Garshin N.A. Tolerantnost' i identichnost': poisk vnutrennikh vzaimosvyazey // Vestnik nauchnoy sessii fakul'teta filosofii i psikhologii. 2019. Vyp. 19. S. 24–30.
Garshin N.A. Problema politicheskogo doveriya v sovremennom mire // Sbornik nauchnykh trudov X Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «Mirovozzrencheskie osnovaniya kul'tury sovremennoy Rossii». Magnitogorsk: FGBOU VO «MGTU im. G.I. Nosova», 2019. S. 63–70.
Toffler E. Metamorfozy vlasti: per. s angl. M.: ACT, 2003. 669 s.
Fridman T. Ploskiy mir. Kratkaya istoriya XXI veka. M.: AST, 2007. 608 s. (Philosophy).
Kukarnikov D.G. Osnovnye kontsepty sovremennoy filosofii sotsial'nykh nauk // Sotsiosfera. 2010. ¹ 4. S. 14–23.
Stending G. Prekariat: novyy opasnyy klass. M.: Ad Marginem Press, 2014. 328 s.
Garshin N.A. Problema politicheskoy marginal'nosti v kontekste deformatsii tolerantnosti // Filosofskaya mysl

Abstract: This article raises the question about generation as a subject of cultural memory of migration community. The relevance of this research is defined by the increased mobility in modern society, complication of connections and contacts between the memorial cultures of various communities. The article describes the main approaches towards the analysis of generation within modern humanitarian literature and determines the characteristics of generation as a subject of cultural memory. Intricacy of the subject of research is governed by the combination of several scientific topics – methodology of studying cultural memory, migration communities, and generational dynamics of the society. The author applies the structural-functional approach of S. Eisenstadt for viewing generation as a specific social group, which existence is determined not by the biological rhythms, but the dynamics of social transformation. For the analysis of generational memory, great importance gains  the cultural semiotic approach of J. Assmann that views collective memory as an assemblage of models of the translation of cultural meanings. The author classifies the key approaches towards the analysis of generation within modern humanitarian literature, and for the first time highlights the following characteristics of generation as a subject of cultural memory: constructible nature, variability of age characteristics, absolutization of communicative memory. Using the example of migration community, the article examines competitiveness between the diverse types of cultural memory, in which generational memory yielded its place to the more adaptive types – family and religious memory.

Keywords: social structure, designing, communicative memory, social dynamics, migration community, generation, cultural memory, collective memory, society, memorial culture

References:
Aleksandr D. Smysly sotsial'noy zhizni: kul'tursotsiologiya. M.: Praksis, 2013. 612 c.
Andreev Yu.V. Muzhskie soyuzy v doriyskikh gorodakh-gosudarstvakh (Sparta i Krit) SPb.: Aleteyya, 2004. 302 s.
Assman Ya. Kul'turnaya pamyat': Pis'mo, pamyat' o proshlom i politicheskaya identichnost' v vysokikh kul'turakh drevnosti. M.: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury, 2004. 324 c.
Zavadskiy A. «Pamyat' na steroidakh»: memory studies i novaya ekologiya nauchnoy zhizni // Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2019, ¹ 2. S. 95-99.
Zenkin S. N. «Pokolenie»: Opyt dekonstruktsii ponyatiya // Pokolenie v sotsiokul'turnom kontekste XX veka. M., Nauka, 2005. S. 130-136.
Kaspe I.M. Iskusstvo otsutstvovat'. Nezamechennoe pokolenie russkoy literatury. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2000. 192 s.
Kovalev M.V. Istoricheskie prazdniki russkoy emigratsii kak sposob sokhraneniya kollektivnoy kul'turnoy pamyati // Krizisy perelomnykh epokh v istoricheskoy pamyati. 2012. S. 268-287.
Mangeym K. Problema pokoleniy // Mangeym K. Ocherki sotsiologii znaniya: Problema pokoleniy.

Abstract: This article is dedicated to identification of the basic risks of transformation of the cultural memory of Russian in the context of migration challenges. It is demonstrated that the intensification of migration processes and Russia’s turning into an immigration country cause a number of economic, demographic, criminogenic, sociocultural and political challenges. The article analyzes the risks of transformation of Russia’s cultural memory in the situation of migration processes at the communicative constitutional and value levels. The author examines the peculiarities of challenges of hybridization of cultural memory and identity of Russia generated by the migration processes. The possibilities of use of the concept of “hybrid identity” applicable to Russia’s cultural memory are analyzed on the basis of the constructivist interpretation of identity and culture in the works of C. Geertz, R. Brubaker, and J. Straub. The author underlines the important role of the philosophy of culture as the means for theoretical comprehension and development of the model of transformation of the cultural memory of Russia in the context of migration challenges. A conclusion is made that the contradictions generated by the migration processes overlap the incompleteness of transformation of Russia’s cultural identity. The thought is substantiated that the key challenge for Russia’s cultural memory is the hybridization of the forms of identity. At the same time, Russia’s cultural memory itself is not uniform and static. Leaning of the analysis of the major carriers of cultural memory, the author concludes on the dynamic character of its boundaries. The article substantiates the basic worldview milestones and conditions for reaching universal agreement in cultural memory of the migrants and the accepting society.

Keywords: cultural identity, collective memory, riscs of cultural memory, philosophy of culture, memory conflicts, hybrid identity, migration challenges, cultural memory, migrants, integration of migrants

References:
Mirovaya migratsiya v tsifrakh: sovmestnyy doklad Departamenta po ekonomicheskim i sotsial'nym voprosam OON i OESR dlya Dialoga vysokogo urovnya po migratsii i razvitiyu OON, 2013 g. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/RUSSIN.pdf
Gradirovskiy S. Politika repatriatsii i trudovoy migratsii v sovremennom Rossiyskom gosudarstve. Doklad. M.: Vsemirnyy bank, 2010. – 42 c.
Vendina O. Migranty v Moskve: grozit li rossiyskoy stolitse etnicheskaya segregatsiya? Migratsionnaya situatsiya v regionakh Rossii. Vyp. 3. M.: Institut geografii RAN, 2005. – 88 c.
Dmitriev A.V., Pyadukhov G.A. Migranty i sotsium: integratsionnyy i dezintegratsionnyy potentsial praktik vzaimodeystviya // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2011. ¹ 12 (332). S.50-59.
Pechurina A. «Tam russkiy dukh…»: veshchi v dome kak sposob vizualizatsii identichnosti migrantov v Velikobritanii // Vizual'naya antropologiya: nastroyka optiki. M.: OOO «Variant», 2009. S.212-228.
Zakharyan I. “Smirilis' s novoy zhizn'yu”: retrospektivnaya identichnost' v zhiznennykh istori

Abstract: The subject of this research is the liminality of society as a result of influence of globalizational transformations. The article analyzes the transformations of social consciousness in the era of universal building of information society and digital revolution. Such changes in the spiritual life are reduced to the concept of liminality, in other words, marginality between the entirely human and machine-like state. The study  demonstrates the possible ways of overcoming the liminal state, associated with weakening of the impact of mass culture through introduction to the traditional folk forms of spiritual life, as well as production of mid-culture. The philosophical-anthropological method along with the approaches of existentialism, Freud-Marxism, and cognitivism were used in the course of research. The author’s special contribution into the study of the topic of social liminality lies in the analysis of its correlation with globalization, as well as in the formulated conclusions that namely globalization and the related trends of informatization, digitalization, computerization, and automation lead to the liminal state of society. A thesis is proposed on the mass consciousness as the emanation of liminality.

Keywords: mass culture, informatization, world integration, cognitivism, computer metaphor of consciousness, affects, consciousness, limiting, western civilization, mid-culture

References:
Smorgunov L. V. Politicheskoe «mezhdu»: fenomen liminal'nosti v sovremennoy politike . – Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 5. S. 159-169
Terner V. Simvol i ritual-M.: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva «Nauka», 1983.-277 s.
Kirillova, N.B. Mediakul'tura: ot moderna k postmodernu / N.B. Kirillova.-M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2005.-448 s.
Il'in A. N. Ierarkhicheskiy konstrukt massovoy kul'tury i kharakter ego vliyaniya na sub'ekt // Vestnik NGU. Seriya: Psikhologiya, 2009, Tom 3, vypusk. c. 116-122
Gennep A. van. Obryady perekhoda. Sistematicheskoe izuchenie obryadov. M: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya litera-tura» RAN, 1999. 198 s.
Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa – M.: Librokom, 2011 g. – 374 s.
Bobkov A.I. Sotsial'naya liminal'nost' i skonstruirovannaya etnoarkhaika razlichie smyslov // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2015. ¹ 394. S. 74-78.
Baryshnikov P.N. Mif i metafora: lingvofilosofskiy podkhod. SPb: Aleteyya, 2010. – S. 154-170
Agafonov A.Yu. Kognitivnaya psikhomekhani

Abstract: This article is an approbation of thesis on the topic of “The nature of social reality in the context of modern forms of cynicism”, dedicated to research of the fundamental of dynamic approach towards understanding of the essence of social reality. The object of this research is the social action as a behavioral model that always correlated with the behavioral patterns of other subjects of social interaction. The subject of this study is cynicism as a specific pattern of social behaviors. The goal of this work consists in the analysis of characteristics of “understanding sociology” in the context of reinterpretation of the question on the nature of social reality; as well as explication of the grounds of Weber’s concept of the “ideal types”, necessary for structuring the models that explain cynic social action. The author’s special contribution into this research lies in determining Weber’s idea on the reduction of value orientation to the “ideal types” in the course of analysis of the problem on ambiguity of value meanings. Such reduction results from the interpretation of values as the flexible heterogenic formations appearing in within social reality and coming into collision with each other. Such understanding of axiological structures reveals social reality for the dynamic description as the continuously reproducing and transforming in the course of social interaction. This idea is applicable to the analysis of the behavioral patterns of cynicism as they are also the axiological structures. Thus, it is acceptable to consider cynicism as a model of social behavior, and at the same time, the value-subjective foundation of social action.  

Keywords: Social, Purposefulness, Ideal type, Value orientations, Social action, Understanding sociology, Cynicism, Social reality, Deaxiologization, Moderate subjectivism

References:
Frayburgskaya (badenskaya) shkola neokantianstva. [Elektronnyy resurs] / BIBLIOTEKA PO FILOSOFII. URL: http://filosof.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000007/st022.shtml (data obrashcheniya: 12.09.17).
Veber, M. Osnovnye ponyatiya stratifikatsii // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1994. – No 5. – S. 152.
Veber, M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya: Per. s nem. / Sost., obshch. red. i poslesl. Yu. N. Davydova; Predisl. P. P. Gaydenko. – M.: Progress, 1990. – S. 496 – (Sotsiologich. mysl' Zapada).
Sm. tam zhe, S. 497.
Profili postmodernogo obshchestva. [Elektronnyy resurs] / Studfiles – faylovyy arkhiv materialov dlya ucheby. URL: https://studfiles.net/preview/3208288/page:2/ (data obrashcheniya: 09.08.17).
Sotsiologiya: Entsiklopediya / Sost. A.A. Gritsanov, V.L. Abushenko, G.M. Evel'kin, G.N. Sokolova, O.V. Tereshchenko. — Mn.: Knizhnyy Dom, 2003. — S. 157.
Sm. tam zhe, S. 157.
Homo economicus. [Elektronnyy resurs] / Vikipediya – svobodnaya entsiklopediya. URL: http://wikiredia.ru/wiki/Homo_economicus (data obrashcheniya: 09.06.17).
Veber, M. I

Abstract: This article examines the idea of establishment of the modern conceptual model for managing professionalism of the municipal officials. Based on the results of sociological survey, it is proven that the classical model in its traditional form does not quite correspond with the current social challenges, as well as new social expectation referred to the government institutions. The author outlines the conceptual basis for managing professionalism of the municipal officials as a social process, structured with consideration of the effective and adequate to modern trends modified system of human relations. The article presents the results of in-depth interview conducted in the city of Novokuznetsk (Kemerovo Region) in January 2019. The respondents were a small group of experts (46 people) who play a significant role in political and economic life of the city. The main conclusions lie in the schematically presented conceptual basis for managing professionalism of the municipal officials as a social process, structured considering the effective and adequate to current realities modified system of human relations. In the author’s opinion, it should be based on comparative analysis of stable representations of population in the functional-role designation, worldview priorities and behavioral stereotypes of the municipal officials; as well as the character of relationship between the professional group and society, substantiated by the need to respect social norms and rules of professional activity, built on the principle of professionalism.

Keywords: modernization, transformation, conceptual model, expert interview, management of professionalism, municipal employees, municipal management, local self-government, social nature of management, philosophical nature of management

References:
Chirikov A.E., Ledyaev V.G. Vlast' v malykh rossiyskikh gorodakh: modeli vzaimodeystviya ispolnitel'noy i predstavitel'noy vlasti. – Mir Rossii. – 2015.-¹3. – S. 6-32.
Turovskiy R.F. Rossiyskoe mestnoe samoupravlenie: agent gosudarstvennoy vlasti v lovushke nedofinansirovaniya i grazhdanskoy passivnosti // Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, 2015.-¹ 2. – s. 35-51.
Zyuzina E.B., Romanovskiy A.A. Reformy mestnogo samoupravleniya v sovremennoy Rossii: teoriya i praktika (na primere Voronezhskoy oblasti). – Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. Istoriya. Politologiya, Sotsiologiya. – 2015.-¹2. – S.66-70.
Gel'man V.Ya. Reforma vlasti v gorodakh Rossii: mery, siti-menedzhery i mestnaya demokratiya. – Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie.-2008.-¹6. – S.143-152.
Vasil'ev V.I. Mestnoe samoupravlenie na puti tsentralizatsii i sokrashcheniya vybornosti // Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava, 2015, ¹ 9. – s.149-161.
Balueva I.V. Mestnoe samoupravlenie v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: tsentralizatsiya ili detsentralizatsiya? – Vlast' .-2017

Abstract: The subject of this research is the methodological issues in studying socialization in the socio-philosophical aspect. The two main groups of issues are determined: related to pursuit of the meaning and essence of socialization; and differentiation of this process from the processes of development and social adaptation. It is substantiated that main methodological difficulty in studying socialization is the continuous transformations of social environment, which do not allow the scholars to document and describe the relevant aspects of personality becoming and its peculiarities in a specific historical period. The author reveals the fundamental difficulty in determining the essence and ontology and the process of socialization, which consists in the impact of objective factors of the environment, its constant changes, and drastic transformations within the very system of “human-society” that complicates the formulation of the universal systemic methodology for its examination. Moreover, the process of socialization should be distinguished  from the similar processes of development and social adaptation, which is certainly hard to accomplish empirically, but possible theoretically, using the philosophical system of the categories of common, special, and single. As the main methodological vector of studying socialization, the author suggests the tendency to view this process within the system of interconnection, cooperation, principles human-environment relationship that define his role in the society and characterize as an active subject of social life.

Keywords: social environment, changes, methodology, development, adaptation, socialization, common, special, single, activity

References:
Rostovtseva M. V. Adaptatsiya i sotsializatsiya: analiz obshchego i osobennogo / M.V. Rostovtseva // Sotsiodinamika. 2016.-¹ 7.-S. 31-37.
Rostovtseva M.V. Adaptive society: problems and prospects of its construction / Rostovtseva M.V., Kudashov V.I., Mashanov A.A. // Intellekt. Innovatsii. Investitsii. 2015.-¹ 1.-S. 170-174.
Noveyshiy filosofskiy slovar' [elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa // https://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/fil_dict/744
Mid, Dzh. Az i Ya / Dzh.Mid; Pod red. V. I. Dobren'kova. − M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1994. − 541 s.
Maslou, A. Motivatsiya i lichnost' / A.Maslou. − SPb.: Evraziya, 1999. – 408 s.
Kelli Dzh. Psikhologiya lichnosti. Teoriya lichnykh konstruktov. SPb., Rech', 2000
Gegel', G. Raboty raznykh let / G. Gegel' / Perev. I.G. Arzakan'yana i A.V. Mikhaylova − M.: Mysl', 1971. − 316 s.
Giddens, E. Sotsiologiya / E. Giddens. − M.: Sputnik, 1999. – 402 s.
Dyurkgeym, E. Sotsiologiya. Ee predmet, metod, prednaznachenie / E.Dyurkgeym. − M.: Kanon, 1995. – 3

Abstract: The object of this research is the political communication in the context of information space changes; while the subject is the personal freedom that can be realized in discussion. The goal of this work lies in comprehending the nature of personal freedom in political communication. The author reveals the social and ethical grounds of freedom as the basic values of relationship; gives phenomenological description of freedom in political communications; determines the terms for implementing communication freedom in the modern society; analyzes the external and internal freedom; considers the link correlation between communication system and power relations. For explication of freedom, the author refers to the communicative-activity approach, concept of positive and negative freedom of I. Berlin, and pragmatic interpretation of freedom by H. Arendt. It is revealed that the limitations of freedom are enrooted in media environment, which is characterized by the panoptic nature of human presence, ambiguity of ethical standards regarding the use of personal data. The conclusion is made that political communication is the factor of the establishment of subjectivity. The scientific novelty lies in application of the pragmatic concept of Hanna Arendt in interpretation of the current process of interaction in media environment.

Keywords: Hannah Arendt, Roger Berkowitz, morality, power, subject, discourse, political communication, freedom, Isaiah Berlin, rationality

References:
Arendt Kh. O nasilii. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2014. 148 c. s. 231.
Arendt Kh. O revolyutsii. M.: Evropa, 2011. 464 s.
Berkovits R. Protest i demokratiya: Khanna Arendt i uchrezhdenie svobody // Stasis. 2018. T. 6. ¹ 1. S. 56-78.
Gramshi A. Tyuremnye tetradi // Izbrannye proizvedeniya v trekh tomakh. M.: Izdatel'stvo Inostrannoy literatury, 1959. T. 3. 371 s.
Korolev S. A. Vlast': tselepolaganie i kartina mira // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2016. ¹ 1(97). S. 60-70.
K'erkegor S. Strakh i trepet (sbornik iz trekh proizvedeniy). M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2010. 488 s.
Markuze G. Odnomernyy chelovek. M.: REFL-book, 1994. 341 s.
Mill' Dzh. O svobode // Nauka i zhizn'. 1993. ¹ 11. S. 10-15; ¹ 12. S. 21-26.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya. Khar'kov: Folio, 2003. 503, [9] s.
Engel's F. Anti-Dyuring. Perevorot v nauke, proizvedennyy gospodinom Evgeniem Dyuringom // K. Marks, F. Engel's. Sobr. soch., izd. 2, 1961. T. 20, s. 116.
Arendt H. Civil Disobedience // Crises of the Republic. New York: Mariner Books, 1972. Pp. 51-102.

Abstract: The author attempts to views Stirner’s philosophical heritage and analyze the role of revolution within his philosophical system. This refers to revolution and revolutionary character of the ideas and indentions of Max Stirner in the broadest social, political and anthropological sense. The final part of the cycle is dedicated to Stirner’s ideas on the revolutionary nature of man and its role for in the prospects of global transformations. The author tends to interpret Stirner’s socio-philosophical thought as a distinct utopian project oriented towards the possible practical implementation. Methodology of this study is based on determination in the philosophical context of Stirner’s  “The Ego and His Own” of the ideas and theoretical constructs that carry revolutionary meaning, and comparing them with the established in the same historical conditions theories of the European utopic socialism and Marxism. The scientific novelty lies, first and foremost, in the desire to see in the philosophy of Max Stirner not one of the version of the traditions of German classical philosophy, as much as the creator of the unique theory of revolutionary transformation of the word, society and man. The author describes such ideas and concepts of Max Stirner, which in his opinion, carry not only theoretical, and may be not always evident practical, applied character. The author believes that many of the designed by creative thought of Max Stirner sounds much more significant at the present time, rather than the time of its creation.

Keywords: personality, society, revolution, peretvorennya, revolutionary man, only, Man., covenant, egoism, revolutionary will

References:
Zhil' Delez. Razlichie i povtorenie. – SPb. : Petropolis ,1998. – 384 s.
Zakharchenko G.V. O nekotorykh osobennostyakh otritsaniya gosudarstva Maksom Shtirnerom . // Filosofiya i kul'tura. ¹ 2, 2018. S.24-32
Zakharchenko G.V., Afanas'evskiy V.L Antroopologiya revolyutsii v filosofskoy kontseptsii Maksa Shtirnera. //Aspirantskiy vestnik Povolzh'ya. Filosofskie nauki ¹7-8, 2017. S.30-38.
Immanuil Kant. Traktaty. SPb. : Nauka, 1996. – 550 s.
Immanuil Kant . Sochineniya v shesti tomakh. T.4. Ch.2. – M.: Mysl' , 1961 – 478 s.
Maks Shtirner. Edinstvennyy i ego sobstvennost' . Khar'kov, : Osnova , 1994. – 560 s.
Maks Shtirner . Edinstvennyy i ego sobstvennost'. E.1-2. – SPb, 1907.
Marks K. Ekonomichesko-filosofskie rukopisi 1844 goda. / K.Marks i F.Engel's, Soch.t.42.
Marks K. Debaty po povodu zakona o krazhe lesa./ K.Marks i F.Engel's, Soch.t.1.
Mamardashvili M.K. Kantianskiee variatsii. M.: Agraf, 2002. – 320 s.
Platon. Gosudarstvo. / Platon. Izbrannoe , : M.: Izdatel'stvo AST, 2006. – 492 s.
Ryabov P.V. F

Abstract: This article analyzes and compares the theories of sociality of the prominent Western thinker I. Wallerstein and Russian philosopher V. Belyaev. Both authors use in their research the schemes and concepts from the various social disciplines (history, social philosophy, sociology, culturology, and others), adapting them to the context of solving the set tasks. The main objective of their study lies in unspelling of modernity; Belyaev also analyzes the approaches and thinking patterns of the philosophers and scholars who determined the key features of modernity. At the same time, Wallerstein implements systemic and synergetic approaches, while Belyaev – philosophical and methodological; the object of research of the first author is the world system, and for the second author – modernism. Both of them analyze the factors that substantiate sociality (although different ones), and the process of realization of the main social ideas and project. As a result, it is demonstrated that due to the character of implementation and systemic conditions, the established type of sociality is in crisis and is close to its completion. However, due to the complexity of unfolding processes, it seems nearly impossible to forecast the course of events. The article revels the similarities and differences of both theories and authors’ approaches. The author not only discusses these moments, but also expresses his opinion on possibility of analyzing modernity and sociality.

Keywords: criticism, thinking, approach, concept, theory, world system, modernity, sociality, contradictions, solutions

References:
Rozin V.M. Stanovlenie i razvitie evropeyskoy sotsial'nosti. Mezhdistsiplinarnyy podkhod. Kniga pervaya. Drevniy mir i Srednie veka. Izd. URSS (v pechati).
Rozin V.M. Stanovlenie sotsial'nosti Rimskoy imperii v period pravleniya Oktaviana Avgusta // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. — 2018.-¹ 2.-S.22-32:
Rozin V.M. Dorozhnaya karta rekonstruktsii stanovleniya antichnoy kul'tury i sotsial'nosti (period polisov, do obrazovaniya imperiy) // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2018. N 3. C. 8-20;
Rozin V.M. Predostavlenie svobody cheloveku kak uslovie stanovleniya antichnoy demokratii i lichnosti // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. — 2018.-¹ 1.-S.7-15;
Rozin V.M. Sotsial'nye osobennosti kul'tury drevnego mira (k razlicheniyu ponyatiy «protosotsial'nost'» i «sotsial'nost'») // Voprosy kul'turologi. 2018. N 4 i N 5. S. 28-36.
Derlug'yan G. Samyy neudobnyy teoretik // Vallerstayn I. Mirosistemnyy analiz. Vvedenie. S. 7-41.
Belyaev V. K sotsiokul'turnoy metodologii nauki (kritika kontseptsii nauki V.M.Rozina). V pechati.
Vallerstayn I. Mirosistemnyy analiz. Vved

Abstract: The subject of this research is the processes of economization as a universal phenomenon affecting the processes of cultural reproduction. The authors associated this occurrence with transformation of the place and role of a subject in economic life. As a result, the modern life observes a global monetization of the various spheres of human activities, including culture, sports, education and science. One of the reasons of such transformations, in the authors’ opinion, relates to the epistemological peculiarities of economic science, one of the basic questions of which remains the correlation between the economic reality and simulated reality. Examination of the communicative nature of economic management allows transferring the economic questions not into the rational-mathematical platitude, but rather anthropological, opening the new opportunities for studying the socio-philosophical aspects of economization. A conclusion is made that the modern economy changes the status of economic subject, forms the realm of subjectlessness that leads to the establishment of technosphere and posthuman economy, where the phenomenon of “alienation of work results” attains the sociocultural connotations. The results of this publication are relevant for further development of the philosophy of economy and economic science in light of the postclassical rationality.

Keywords: alienation, economic communication, performativity, economic subject, philosophy of economy, economization, non-subjectiveness, objectification, economics, humanism

References:
Miller, D. Turning Callon the right way up // Economy and Society. 2002. Vol. 31, No. 2. P. 218-233.
Mäki, U. Ontology: What? Why? Where? // The Economic World View. Studies in the Ontology of Economics. – Cambridge, 2001. – 400 p.
MacKenzie, D. Millo, Y. Constructing a market, performing theory: The historical sociology of a financial derivatives exchange //American journal of sociology. – 2003. – T. 109. – ¹ 1. – PP. 107-145.
Leeson, P.T., Boettke, P.J. Was Mises Right? //Review of Social Economy. – 2006. – T. 64. – ¹ 2. – PP. 247-265.
Hulsmann, J.G. Facts and counterfactuals in economic law //Journal of Libertarian Studies. – 2003. – T. 17. – ¹. 1; SEAS WIN. – PP. 57-102.
Davis, J.B. The turn in economics: neoclassical dominance to mainstream pluralism? //Journal of institutional economics. – 2006. – T. 2. – ¹1. – PP. 1-20.
Colander, D. Holt, R.P.F. Rosser, B. The changing face of mainstream economics //The Long Term View. – 2008. – T. 7. – ¹. 1. – PP. 31-42.
Chep'yuk, O.R. Fortunat

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of use of the past as a symbolic resource in tourism industry. Based on the materials from social networks, thematic forums and travelers’ blogs, the author examines the tourists’ attitude towards their native country and vacation destination, evaluation of the past and history of tourist countries, emotional factors of perception of the past. It is underlined that the growth of commercialization of the past leads to escalation of identification risks – the desire to “sell” at profit the past of a country emphasizes such elements of its history that enjoy popularity among tourists. The theoretical-methodological foundation contains the works of contemporary theoreticians “memory studies”, ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, Bruno Latour, objectification concept of Karin Knorr-Cetina, as well as representation on the “culture industry” of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Leaning on the works of predecessors, the author proves that the “memory industry” manifests as a continuation of colonialism, turning the carriers of culture into the exhibits, and the historical experience into the likeness of shopping. In such context, the past becomes a commodity, narrative about it – a service, which can threaten with the loss of distinctness.

Keywords: objectification, commemorative practices, tourism, commemoration, industry of memory, identifying risk, symbolic capital, social memory, cultural industry, commercialization of the past

References:
Assman A. Novoe nedovol'stvo memorial'noy kul'turoy. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2016. 232 s.
Assman A. Dlinnaya ten' proshlogo: Memorial'naya kul'tura i istoricheskaya politika. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014. 328 s.
Olik Dzh. Figuratsii pamyati: protsesso-relyatsionnaya metodologiya, illyustriruemaya na primere Germanii // Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie. 2012. T. 11. ¹ 1. S. 40–74.
Halas E. Issues of Social Memory and their Challenges in the Global Age // Time & Society. 2008. 17 (1). Pp.103-118.
Burd'e P. Kul'turnyy kapital // Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya. Tom
¹ 3. May 2005. c. 61. 6.Linchenko A.A. Proshloe kak ob'ekt kommertsializatsii: ontologicheskiy aspekt // Filosofskie traditsii i sovremennost'. 2-16. ¹ 1 (9). S. 73 – 81.
Burd'e P. Delo nauki. Kak sotsial'naya istoriya sotsial'nykh nauk mozhet sluzhit' ikh progressu // Burd'e P. Sotsial'noe prostranstvo: polya i praktiki. M.-SPb., 2007. c. 520-521
Lokk Dzh. Opyt o chelovecheskom razumenii // Dzh. Lokk. Sochineniya v 3-kh t. T.1. M.: Mysl', 1985.
Knorr-Tset

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of the finiteness of human existence within the framework of the philosophy of Russian cosmism. The article touches upon the theme of human perfection as an imperative factor of reaching immortality. The authors examine the two models of understanding of death and immortality within the philosophy of Russian cosmism in the context of comprehension of the phenomenon of perfection. The religious-philosophical and natural scientific models coexist in the Russian cosmism and divide cosmists into two factions; however, neither of the models fully reveal the possibility of the actual solution of the set by Russian cosmism tasks. Methodology of Russian cosmism implicates the need for the all-encompassing cognition of the world, studying of the subjects and occurrences in the process of their development and evolution, which potentially leads to the synthesis of the two diverse models of comprehension of the phenomena of death and immortality. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the philosophy of Russian cosmism on the assumption of achieving human immortality does not consider it outside the concept of perfection, but rather immortality is viewed as a result of reaching the human perfection. Depending on the model, there are differences in representations on the human perfection; but based on the methodology of the Russian cosmism, it is impossible to view a thing or occurrence in its relation to other thinks, cosmos, and its evolution. Thus, the path to solution of set by the Russian cosmism tasks lies in the synthesis of the two models, in other words, in synthesis of the religious-philosophical and natural scientific approach to the problem of death, immortality and human perfection.

Keywords: natural scientific model, religious and philosophical model, social philosophy, fear of death, perfection, death and immortality, Russian cosmism, evolutionism, organicism, Russian philosophy

References:
Aleshin A.I. Reflection on the phenomenon of Russian cosmism // Voprosy Filosofii. 2015. ¹ 4. P. 79-92
Abramov M.A. Problema smerti i voskresheniya v filosofii russkogo kosmizma i v praktike estestvoznaniya // Vestnik SGTU. 2006. ¹1. S.214-226
Antropologiya russkogo kosmizma : monografiya. Federal. agentstvo po obrazovaniyu, Krasnoyar. gos. un-t.-Krasnoyarsk : KrasGU, 2006.-89 s.
Berdyaev N.A. O naznachenii cheloveka. M.: Respublika, 1993. 383 s.
Vishev I.V. Sovremennaya nauchnaya revolyutsiya: perekhod ot smertnicheskoy paradigmy k paradigme bessmertnicheskoy // Vestnik YuUrGU. Seriya: Sotsial'no-gumanitarnye nauki. 2008. ¹6 (106). S.112-116
Gritskov Yu.V. Tema askezy v russkoy filosofii: illyuzornaya kompensatsiya i put' k svobode // Vestnik Krasnoyarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki.-2002, ¹ 2, S. 30-36
Demin I.V. Mozhet li bessmertie byt' tsel'yu chelovecheskikh ustremleniy? (osmyslenie idei bessmertiya v russkom kosmizme i v transgumanizme) // Filosofskie problemy informatsionnykh tekhnologiy i kiberprost

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the methodological problem of the study of tourism at the present stage of development of the scientific knowledge. The key goal consists in determination of the peculiarities of relevant approaches towards studying of tourism depending on such academic spheres as economics, culture, and philosophy. At the interdisciplinary level, the author examines the spatial, sociocultural, and anthropological approaches, as well as the approaches of cultural and creative industries. Particular attention is given to the philosophical concepts that underlie the foundation of the methodology of tourism. In the course of this research, the author applied the methods of analysis and synthesis of information from the open sources, including modern monographs of the national and foreign experts in the area of organization and development of tourism. For achieving the set goal, the author used the method of classification of the relevant scientific approaches to studying of tourism. The accent is made on the need for using the philosophical approach towards understanding the specificity of the development of tourism. The article carries out the comprehensive analysis of the modern scientific approaches in the area of tourism, which allowed determining the priorities in research of the national and foreign experts in the indicated area, as well as systematizing the acquired experience.

Keywords: sociocultural approach, economics of culture, economic geography, philosophy, culture, economics, scientific approaches, tourism, anthropological approach, philosophical approach

References:
Borovinskaya D.N. Kreativnost' i kul'turnyy produkt industrii turizma: aktual'nye zarubezhnye issledovaniya // Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2017. ¹ 13 (409). Filosofskie nauki. Vyp. 46. S. 83.
Weaver D. Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. – 240 p.
Mowforth M., Munt I. Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge, 1998. – 363 p.
Dzhandzhugazova E. A. Formirovanie strategii razvitiya regional'nogo turistsko-rekreatsionnogo kompleksa. M.: TEIS 2004. – 168 s.
Aleksandrova A.Yu. Sushchnost' i osobennosti turistskikh klasterov: sb. Rekreatsionnoe prirodopol'zovanie, turizm i ustoychivoe razvitie regionov. – Barnaul, 2007.
Kol' O. D. Kontseptual'nye osnovy formirovaniya klastera turistskikh predprinimatel'skikh struktur po v'ezdnomu turizmu v krupnom gorode // Problemy sovremennoy ekonomiki. 2010. ¹ 1 (33).
Kropinova E. G., Mitrofanova A. V. Regional'nyy turistskiy klaster kak turistsko-rekreatsionnaya sistema

Abstract: Over the last few decades, the concept of sustainable development has been forming within the social philosophy as an answer to the global human challenges. The scholars sufficiently detailed reveal the environmental component of sustainable development, while the social component just begins to formulate. The article attempts to examine some (less developed) social aspects through the prism of sustainable development of human civilization: urban environment, transport, family institution, social stratification, and social justice. The achievement of the set goal is realized based in the positions on humanity as a global interrelated and self-developing system (global evolutionism), as well as the principle of the overall connection between the phenomena, development principle, etc. The author considers the problems of formation of social component of sustainable development, such as: organization of ecologically safe transport infrastructure; family in “sustainable” future; substantiates the transformation of social stratification in global community for reaching the social justice. Despite of utopian nature of certain elements of the model of “sustainable” society, there currently exist the actual technical solutions, formulations, as well as the resource and intellectual potential for implementation of the indicated ideas.

Keywords: Green building, family, Social stratification, Sustainable development of territories, sustainable development, Eco-city, Noosphere settlement, globalization, Society, transport

References:
Al'-Kaddafi M. Zelenaya kniga. Kontseptual, 2012. – 208 s.
Gradostroitel'nyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 29.12.2004 N 190-FZ (red. ot 07.03.2017) [elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_51040/cdec16ec747f11f3a7a39c7303d03373e0ef91c4/ (data obrashcheniya 5.06.2017)
Il'in V.I. Sotsial'noe neravenstvo. – M., 2000. – 280 s.
Medouz D., Randers Y. Predely rosta. 30 let spustya/ Per. s angl. — M.: IKTs «Akademkniga», 2007.-342 s.: il.
Nashe obshchee budushchee. Doklad Mezhdunarodnoy komissii po okruzhayushchey srede i razvitiyu / Per. s angl. M., 1989.
Nemtsev I.A. Zelenoe stroitel'stvo: ekoposeleniya v kontseptsii ustoychivogo razvitiya // Urbanistika. — 2014.-¹ 3.-S.8-25. [elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://e-notabene.ru/urb/article_13525.html (data obrashcheniya 01.02.2016)
Ursul A.D., Marushevskiy G.B. Moral'no-eticheskie problemy chelovechestva v perspektive perekhoda k ustoychivomu razvitiyu // Sotsiodinamika. — 2013.-¹ 11.-S.1-68. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.11.1024. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/a

Abstract: This article examines the question of interrelation of the cultural policy with political culture in methodological aspect. Particular attention is given to the circumstance that being a part of political culture, perceived as an acquired by humanity experience of creative solution to the problems of communication and interaction between the subjects of cultural creativity, the cultural policy manifests as the means of achieving the goal indicated above. It is essential to follow these problems in our controversial time, when the entrenched within the social practice economic globalization, requires the search for adequate forms of its universal general cultural realization, capable of simultaneously keeping the distinctness of the separate ethnic cultures. Methodology of the research suggests necessary immersion into the history of political culture that actualizes its lessons. The illustrative material applies the current situation in the Western world, as well as globalization processes of regional character in the Ancient Eastern culture. The author attempts to not only provide the theoretical formulations, but also connect the conceptual assumptions with the actual modern practice, particularly with such tasks as the globalization and modernization of various ethnic cultures within the currently necessary and available limits.

Keywords: Social philosophy, Geopolitics, Multiculturalism, Ancient Eastern history, Universal human values, Unification of ethnic cultures, Globalization, Cultural policy, Political culture, History of culture

References:
Bibliya. Vetkhiy Zavet. Bytie. Gl. 11-52; Iskhod.
Vlasova V.B. Dialektika globalizatsii i modernizatsii v istoricheskom kontekste // Filosofskie nauki. 2014. ¹ 11. S. 44-57.
Vlasova V.B. Modernizatsiya sotsial'no-religioznoy orientatsii kul'tury v bibleyskikh tekstakh // Informatsionnyy gumanitarnyy portal «Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie». 2016. ¹ 3 (may-iyun'). [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2016/3/Vlasova_Modernization-Biblical-Texts/.
Evangelie ot Matfeya. Gl. 5 // Bibliya. Novyy Zavet. M.: Rossiyskoe Bibleyskoe obshchestvo, 2011. 1408 s.
Kosidovskiy Z. Bibleyskie skazaniya. M.: Izd-vo politicheskoy literatury, 1969. 456 s.
Mezhuev V.M. Kul'tura i istoriya. M.: Politizdat, 1977. 199 s.
Modernizatsiya i globalizatsiya: obrazy Rossii v XXI veke. M.: IF RAN, 2002. 205 s.
Sv. Ioann Zlatoust. Tolkovaniya na Mf. 6:10 // Tolkovaniya svyashchennogo pisaniya. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://bible.optina.ru/new:mf:06:19.
Sizemskaya I.N. Modernizatsionnye proekty i praktiki v istoricheskom opyte Rossii // Filos

Abstract: The object of this study is the phenomenon of the mediasphere examined within the framework of actively and progressively developing research programs. The relevance of highlighting of the essential characteristics of the concept of mediasphere that comprise a "conceptual core", along with the study of empirical results of consideration of its functional relations in all areas of social life, becomes the content of the evolving research programs. The subject of this research is focused on the content of evolving research programs, which forecast the facts of positive socio-cultural impact of media information, as well as minimization of the consequences of its negative, manipulative influence. Methodological basis implies the analysis and comprehension of the modern evolving information society in light of the competition between the research programs. The main conclusion of the study lies in determination of the necessity of media literacy and media education that are distributed onto the broad segments of population, primarily children, adolescents, and youth, being one of the relevant directions of research capable of generating technologies for compensating the negative processes in mediasphere; as well as their inclusion into the evolution of modern information society.

Keywords: media information, media text, mass media, Mediasphere, socio-cultural environment, research program, media education, media literacy, communication, social life

References:
Adorno T. Negativnaya dialektika. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2011. 538 s.
Antonova L.G. Mediateksty v sovremennoy massovoy kommunikatsii // Yaroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 275-278.
Bodriyar Zh. Obshchestvo potrebleniya. – M.: Respublika, 2006. 272 s.
Buryak, M. A. Mediasfera: Kontseptualizatsiya ponyatiya // Vestnik SPbGU. Ser. 9. 2014. Vyp. 2. S. 200-212.
Vartanova E.L. Mediasfera, mediasreda, mediaprostranstvo. URL:// www.journ.msu.ru/blog/blog_vartanovoy/ (Data obrashcheniya: 25.01.2017).
Vartanova E.L. Mediaekonomika zarubezhnykh stran. M.: Aspekt-Press, 2003. 336 s.
Dzyaloshinskiy I.M. K voprosu o ponyatiynom apparate mediaissledovaniy [Elektronnyy resurs] // Mediaskop. 2014. ¹ 4. URL:// http://www.mediascope.ru/node/1658 (Data obrashcheniya: 25.01.2017).
Debre R. Vvedenie v medialogiyu. M.: Praksis, 2010. 368 s.
Zhilavskaya I.V. Mediaobrazovanie molodezhi: monografiya. M.: RITs MGGU im. M.A. Sholokhova, 2013. 243 s.
Kazakov M.Yu. Spetsifika sovremennogo mediateksta. URL: http://discourseanalysis

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the denunciation (explication) of Nazi ideology. The author attempts to highlight the philosophical and psychological roots of this extremist movement, as well as answer the question: why did it not receive a proper rebuke from the side of German intellectuals and masses? According to the author’s opinion, Nazism, as a phenomenon, cannot be explained by economic or political generating reasons; its profound beginnings require a clearer disclosure, including the struggle against it. The research leans on the interdisciplinary synthesis as a modern trend of philosophical methodology. Particularly, detailed attention is given to the analysis of primary sources of Nazi ideology. The scientific novelty consists in the search for new approaches to the old topics. The ideology of Nazism is illustrated from the eyes of its creators. The author also attempts to find the new explanations: why it did not receive a rebuke in Germany – the country of great science and culture, and which “sensitive spots” in German’s soul Hitler was able to exert.

Keywords: anti-fascist struggle, modern society, criticism of modernity, nationalism, anti-Semitism, racism, Nazi ideology, analysis of ideology, social philosophy, cultural studies

References:
Yaspers K. Smysl i naznachenie istorii. // Dukhovnaya situatsiya vremeni. M.: Respublika, 1994. 527 s.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya. Khar'kov, «Folio», 2003. 503 s.
Khaydegger / Yaspers Perepiska 1920-1963. M.: Ad Marginem, 2001. 415 s.
Evola Yu. «Rabochiy» v tvorchestve Ernsta Yungera. SPb.: Nauka, 2005. 192 s.
Raykh V. Posmotri na sebya, malen'kiy chelovek! // https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S03Q6Mu6snIfVIT1iCPsG6RGzqzI3ghQm1Vkr6-LvsAjCcGRnKBWuzI_D4n2/view?pref=2&pli=1
Raykh V. Psikhologiya mass i fashizm. M.: «Izdatel'stvo AST», 2004. 539 s.
Safranski R. Khaydegger: germanskiy master i ego vremya. M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 2002. 614 s.
Uzlaner D.A. Evolyutsiya vzglyadov K.G. Yunga na khristianstvo i fenomen natsional-sotsializma. // VECTH. MOSK. UN-TA. SER. 7. FILOSOFIYa. 2007. ¹ 3 // http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/698/388/1223/x25B7laner_Evolyutsiya_vzglyadov_Yunga.pdf
Kropotkin P. Vzaimopomoshch' kak faktor evolyutsii. M.: Redaktsiya zhurnala «Samoobrazovanie», 2011. 256 c.
Kunts K. Sovest' natsistov. M.: Ladomir, 2007. // ht

Abstract: The object of this research is the virtual social communication, while the subject is the socio-ontological conditions for the existence of virtual social communication. The goal of the article consists in explication and examination of the conditions for realization of socio-ontological incomplete forms of communication, particularly the occurrences of communication involving an artificial actor. The key question raised by the author implies the following: is there is a possibility for semantic communications under the conditions of socio-ontological incompleteness. In other words, the problem of meaning-making in situation of the virtual communication is being formulated. During the course of this study, the author determines the two main directions in assessment of the role of virtual communication in development of the society: 1) pessimistic, according to which, virtualization of communication represents a meaningless path of the evolution of humanity; 2) optimistic, in which the virtual reality manifests as a factor of intensification of social dynamics in the society. It is established that the virtual communication contains the deterioration factors of the semantics of messages. The author identifies the conditions that reduce the effect of such factors.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, semiotics, transgression, metacommunication, social system, transhumanism, virtual communication, information, social evolution, cybernatization

References:
Shugurov M.V. The tensions between international human right to freedom of expression and copyright in digital age: perspectives
of theirs coinciding in the context of international law // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. 2012. ¹ 4. C. 6 - 23.
Lyusyy A.P. Avtonomnyy sub'ekt novoy mediynoy real'nosti: golograficheskiy teatr slova Aleksandra Ayzenberga // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 1. C. 35 - 41.
Sennitskaya E.V. Variant resheniya problemy opisaniya i izmereniya slovesnoy informatsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. 2016. ¹ 1. C. 31-36. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2016.1.17193.
Lotman Yu.M. Semiosfera. SPb.: «Iskusstvo—SPB», 2000. 704 s.
Leushkin R.V. Transgressivnost' virtual'noy kommunikatsii // Sotsiodinamika. 2015. ¹ 11. C. 158-167. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2015.11.16601. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_16601.html
Searle J. Chinese Room Argument // The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press, 2001. P. 115-116.
Leushk

Abstract: The experience of legal practice of the precedent encourages the generalizing methodological approach towards an important aspect of examination of society as a whole, culture, education, and development of personality that allows coming to a level of their socio-philosophical comprehension. Absence of the sufficient legal grounds in the statutory law for resolution of any case is compensated by referring to the previous judicial practice and precedents. The search for them is a specific aspect of solutions that are being constantly formed by a man in the surrounding environment and sociocultural reality. It is extremely important that in all spheres of activity, including judicial practice, emerges a need for referring to the corresponding precedents. In legal practice, such pursuit is reduced to juridical formalization. The article makes an attempt of socio-philosophical comprehension of society, legal culture, culture as a whole, socialization of personality, and process of cognition using the sociocultural approach and precedent method. Conceptual foundation of the conducted analysis consists in examination of public relations, human activity, and culture as the universal aspects of society, the description of which allows characterizing the latter as a phenomenon, essence, and reality. In other words, socio-philosophical categories such as “human activity – social relations – culture” manifest as the key logical means of perceiving society as a unique phenomenon of reality, complicated in the level of organization of formation of the actual reality. The particular historical source used for the methodological generalizations consists in the history and legal culture of Russia and Great Britain, as well as their impact upon the establishment and development of social institutions. The author analyzes the main notions of English common law and equity, legal precedent and statutory law, and system of sources of the existing law of England.

Keywords: Process of cognition, Legal thinking, Law, Socialization of personality, Social development, Precedent, Culture, Human activity, Social relations, Society

References:
Repkina L.I. Formirovanie inoyazychnoy leksicheskoy kompetentsii na raznykh etapakh inoyazychnogo obrazovaniya: teoriya i tekhnologii. Monografiya / Pod nauch. red. G.V. Sorokovykh, T.I. Zharkovoy-M.: UTs «Perspektiva», 2015. – 212 s. S. 161.
Romanov A. K. Pravovaya sistema Anglii. – M.: Delo, 2000. S. 51
Sungurov A. Yu. Institut Ombudsmana: evolyutsiya traditsiy i sovremennaya praktika (opyt sravnitel'nogo analiza). – SPb.: Norma, 2005. S. 7.
Kuchevskiy V.B. Filosofiya: problemy bytiya i poznaniya. M. 1998. S. 63.
Fedotova V.G. Novye idei v sotsial'noy filosofii. M. 2006. S.11.
Kuznetsova T.I. Pedagogicheskie osnovy lichnostnogo podkhoda v obuchenii studentov vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Avtoreferat po VAK 13.00. 01, 13.00.08, doktor pedagogicheskikh nauk.
Stepin V. S. Lichnost' v tekhnotronnuyu epokhu / V. S. Stepin // Nauka v Rossii. – 1993.-¹ 2. – S. 35 – 43. S. 35.
Nersesyants V. S. Filosofiya prava Gegelya. – M.: Yurist, 1998. S. 111 – 112.

Abstract: The subject of this research is one of the aspects of the modern discussion about human enhancement - the difference between human enhancement and medical treatment. Biomedical interventions are already used today to improve the physical abilities, to aestheticize the body and appearance, to enhance intellectual abilities and harmonize emotional life, etc. The boundary between human enhancement and medical treatment (as the adoption of preventive health promotion measures) is implicit. The purpose of the article is to show that there is a significant difference between medical treatment and human enhancement, and to determine the basis for carrying out this distinction. The author concludes that the foundation that allows differentiating the medical treatment from human enhancement consists in the generic range of normal functioning of the human body.

Keywords: moderate human enhancement, bioconservatism, posthuman, transhumanism, specific range of normal functioning, human nature, medical treatment, Human enhancement, humanitarian expertise, NBIC-technologies

References:
Agar N. Truly human enhancement: a philosophical defense of limits. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2014, 214 p.
Bostrom N. The Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction, ver. 2.1. URL:http://phil343.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/7/9/3179736/the_transhumanist_faq_-_bostrom.pdf
Bostrom N., Roach R. What is human enhancement // New Waves in Applied Ethics. 2008, p. 120-152. URL: www.nickbostrom.com
Savulevsku J. Enhancing human capacities. Blackwell Publishing. 2011, 557 p.
Schneider S. Future Minds: Transhumanism, Cognitive Enhancement and the Nature of Persons. URL: http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=neuroethics_pubs
Selgelid, M. A Moderate Approach To Enhancement // Philosophy Now. A Magazine of ideas. 2012. No. 91. URL: https://philosophynow.org/issues/91/A_Moderate_Approach_To_Enhancement
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Human Enhancement. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enhancement/
Ofitsial'nyy sayt Rossiyskogo Transgumanisticheskogo Dvizh

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of Hubris syndrome, viewed as one of the characteristics of authoritarian governing. Special attention is given to the analysis of the role of public interests in establishment of ethical and organizational culture of hubristic ruling. The cause of this correlation lies in the fact that the commonness of interests forms the foundations for identification of the subject and object of governing in the process of theirs social interaction. The author concludes that Hubris syndrome represents a typological property of any regime, but its manifestations under the conditions of authoritarianism gain its own specificity. The Hubris syndrome phenomenon is important for examination of the authoritarian thinking, as well as authoritarian personality in general. It allows understanding the mental, worldview, and other determinants that have impact upon the formation of authoritarian type of governing. In addition to that, such phenomenon did not receive sufficient reflection within the Russian social philosophy.

Keywords: authoritarianism, culture, identification, will, governing, Hubris syndrome, power, politics, consensus, competency

References:
Yarkova E.N. Nravstvennaya kul'tura kak tsennostno-smyslovaya sistema // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. 2012. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya. Vyp. 3(11). S. 76.
Ouen D. Istoriya bolezni: nedugi mirovykh politicheskikh liderov KhKh v. SPb.: Amfora, 2011. S. 637.
Martirosyan S. Sotsial'nyy interes v politicheskom prostranstve (sotsial'no-filosofskiy analiz). [Elektronnyy resurs] // Avtoref. kan.diss. R.-n.-D., 2005. URL http://cheloveknauka.com/sotsialnyy-interes-v-politicheskom-prostranstve (data obrashcheniya 02.10.2016)
Emelin V.A , Tkhostov A.Sh. Soblazny i lovushki temporal'noy identichnosti [Elektronnyy resurs // Voprosy filosofii. 2016. ¹ 8. URL : http://vphil.ru/index.php?option=com (data obrashcheniya: 12.10.2016)
Diev V.S. Filosofiya upravleniya. Oblast' issledovaniya i uchebnaya distsiplina. [Elektronnyy resurs] // Vestnik tomskogo gos. Universiteta 2012. ¹ 2. URL: http://cyberleninka.ru (data obrashcheniya 23.10.2016)

Abstract:  The subject of this research is the analysis of methodological approaches towards examination of the urban space. The goal of this work consists in development of the methodological complex that combines various angles of the review and approaches towards explanation of the phenomenon of city. Special attention is given to the concept of topos, idea of the contingency of space, analysis of the notion of “objectness”, which form the foundation of the topology of urban space. The city is presented as a derivative of sustainable multiplicities and relation networks. The author suggest the original concept of “palimpsest of the urban space”. The process of “erasing” physical objects of the city leads to the changes in the associated with them processes and projections. Application of the new text does not always thoroughly cover up the previous inscriptions, compelling to read the extruding text. The flatness attains the depth, and combination of the prospects becomes a vital demand. The conclusion is made that the urban space possesses the characteristic of the objectness, which is the correlation of the dynamic objects. The author determines the types of palimpsest: civilizational palimpsest; palimpsests of the ethnically controversial territories; and palimpsest of the previous capital.  

Keywords: topos, objectness, text, palimpsest, Actor-Network Theory, urban space, city, urban study, topology, contingency

References:
Adorno V. Teodor. Esteticheskaya teoriya. / per. s nem. A. V. Dranova. M.: Respublika, 2001. 527 s.
Aristotel'. Fizika // Soch. v 4 t. M: Mysl', 1981. – T. 3. S. 59-262.
Artemenko A. P. Topolog³ya Ya v merezherikh strukturakh sots³umu. — Khark³v: Persha tsifrova drukarnya, 2013. – 344 s.
Vakhshtain V. S. Peresborka goroda: mezhdu yazykom i prostranstvom // Sotsiologiya a.Vlasti. 2014 ¹ 2 S. 9-38.
Vakhshtain V. S. Metafory goroda i metaforika gorodskikh issledovanii: samoopisanie vs. metaopisanie // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2015. 1. C. 32-49. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2015.1.13173.
Gadamer G.-Kh. Istina i metod. M.: Inostrannaya literatura, 1988. 704 s.
Zimmel' G. Ruina // Izbrannoe T. 2. Sozertsanie zhizni. – M.: Yurist, 1996. S. 227-233.
Zimmel' G. Rama kartiny. Esteticheskii opit. // Sotsiologiya veshchei: sbornik statei / pod red. V. Vakhshtaina. M.: Izdatel'skii dom «Territoriya budushchego», 2006. S. 48-54.
Kastel's M. Informatsionnaya epokha: ekonomika, obshc

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of ideology and its understanding in the modern philosophical discourse. The author systematizes the main ideas about ideology established in philosophy; formulates the peculiarities of interpretations of the phenomenon of ideology depending on the scientific tradition; determines the most popular approaches towards understanding of the phenomenon of ideology that we formed within the modern philosophical discourse. During the course of this research, the author analyzes the modern philosophical interpretations of the phenomenon of ideology in the context of globalization as the dominant vector of development of the relations between the social groups at the modern stage of development pf society. The conclusion was made that the modern philosophical discourse is characterized by the attempt to establish the structure and functions of ideology, which in turn, is recognized as the objective phenomenon of social reality and viewed in the context of globalization. At the same time, the understanding of ideology within the modern philosophical discourse is based on the experience of studying this phenomenon in philosophy beginning from the XVIII century. In the result of this work, the author formulates the main directions in study of ideology throughout the XVIII-XXI centuries, as well as determines the succession in examination of the phenomenon of ideology within the philosophical discourse.

Keywords: Worldview, History philosophy, Social reality, Open society, Marxism, Society, History of ideas, Social theory, Globalization, Ideology

References:
Marks K., Engel's F. Nemetskaya ideologiya // Sobranie sochinenii. T. 3. M.: Politizdat, 1955. 689 s.
Engel's F. Pis'mo Frantsu Meringu // Sobranie sochinenii. T. 39. M.: Politizdat, 1966. 715 s.
Gramshi A. Tyuremnye tetradi. // Izbrannye proizvedeniya: v trekh tomakh. T. 3. M.: Inostrannaya literatura, 1959. 569 s.
Khorkkhaimer M., Adorno T. Dialektika Prosveshcheniya: Filosofskie fragmenty. M.-SPb.: Medium-Yuventa, 1997. 312 s.
Fromm E. Begstvo ot svobody. URL: http://lib.ru/PSIHO/FROMM/fromm02.txt_with-big-pictures.html (data obrashcheniya: 07.12.2015)
Manngeim K. Ideologiya i utopiya. URL: http://socialistica.lenin.ru/txt/m/manheim_1.htm (data obrashcheniya: 07.12.2015)
Al'tyusser L. Za Marksa. M.: Praksis, 2006. 392 s.
Al'tyusser L. Ideologiya i ideologicheskie apparaty gosudarstva. URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2011/3/al3.html (data obrashcheniya: 07.12.2015)
Fuko M. Slova i veshchi. URL: http://gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/fuko_slv/index.php (data obrashcheniya:

Abstract: The subject of this research is the history of development of Japanese Confucianism as the political philosophy, as well as the growing influence of the Confucian deontological ethics, expressed in the notions of righteousness truth, and agreement, upon the political and philosophical thought of Japan during the period of existence of its traditional culture subjected to its own logic of development. In parallel, the author examines the question of inconsistency of the influence of Shinto-Buddhist Syncretism upon the political aspects of the nation’s life, for the purpose of search for the intellectual grounds of such type of the statehood and society that can be associated with Japan. The author concludes that namely the Confucian political thought has formed the foundation of the deontological character of Japanese political culture. Analyzing the ancient legislative acts of Japan “The Seventeen-article Constitution”, the author believes that the crucial value for the Japanese political thought, along with the notions of righteousness and agreement, consists in the notion of the truth, which is the result of comprehension and reveals itself in realization; and thus, it can be understood as the moving force of the Japanese political culture.  

Keywords: Truth, Righteousness, Justice, Deontological ethics, Shinbutsu-shūgō, Shōtoku, Seventeen-article Constitution, Neo-Confucianism, Confucianism, Japanese philosophy

References:
Skvortsova E.L. Yaponskaya estetika:ot traditsii k filosofii // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2011. 4. - C. 5-19.
Ismailov N.O. Etika diskursa Khabermasa v kontekste spravedlivosti // Pravo i politika. 2014. 4. - C. 521-528. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11704.
Kitagava Dzh. M. Religiya v istorii Yaponii. SPb.: Nauka, 2005. 588 s.
Bachurin, A.S., Trubnikova, N.N. Istoriya religiy Yaponii. M.: Natalis, 2009. 560 s.
Molodyakov V.E. Sinto i yaponskaya mysl' // Sinto – put' yaponskikh bogov. V 2 t. T.I. Ocherki po istorii sinto. SPb.: Giperion, 2002. 634-688 s.
Ito J., A lexicon of philosophical terms // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Hayashi R. A vernacular guide to Confucianism // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Nagata Kh. Istoriya filosofskoy mysli Yaponii. M.: Progress, 1991. 416 s.
Samurai Thought: Overview // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai

Abstract:   The author substantiates the position that ideology as a socio-philosophical phenomena represents an intrinsic property of social being characteristic to any society, which objectivizes social reality by means of the human spiritual activity by sense-making through the generalization of separate uncertainties of social being with the following cooperation into an integrated system that allows determining the content of social development in the unified system of coordinated of the notions and values during a specific period of time and manifesting as a worldview core of society on peculiar stage of its development, as well as a system of criteria through which the individual understand social being as a whole, self-identification in the surrounding social reality along with formation of their attitude towards it. The article is dedicated to the examination of global constitutionalism as an ideology. The author studies the notions of ideology, state ideology, global constitutionalism, as well as gives their original definitions. The specificities of social being of the ideology of global constitutionalism in the modern world are being analyzed.    

Keywords: society, power, concept, ideology, global constitutionalism, social being, government, people, socio-philosophical, progress

References:
Krivenkova M.V. Otvetstvennost' gosudarstva za iskazhenie istoricheskikh faktov: mezhdunarodno-pravovoi aspekt // Pravo i politika. - 2016. - 5. - C. 605 - 609. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.5.14826.
Poyarkov S.Yu. Konstitutsionalizm kak osnova ratsional'noi politicheskoi sistemy sovremennogo obshchestva // Pravo i politika. - 2013. - 13. - C. 1882 - 1890. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.13.10094.
Poyarkov S.Yu. Vklad konstitutsionalizma v soderzhanie i dinamiku politicheskogo rezhima // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. - 2014. - 4. - C. 482 - 492. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.4.11186.
Poyarkov S.Yu. Problemy realizatsiya kontseptsii konstitutsionalizma na nadgosudarstvennom urovne // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 7. - C. 824 - 836. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.7.11595.
Aubakirova I.U. Ponyatie i sushchnost' instituta
gosudarstvennogo upravleniya:
filosofsko-pravovoi podkhod // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. - 2013. - 6. - C. 612 - 619. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2013.06

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the absurd as a spatial constant of the glamorous social from the perspective of philosophical reflection. In the modernity, the absurd has become the universe, having taken over all spheres of the social, and submitted the life of humanity to its logic. The absurd, having claimed about itself ontologically, affected the gnoseological and axiological constants of the being of individual, which significantly have transformed not only the subjective, but the objective as well. Double standards start to seep through the social, where the superiority belongs to the Nothing. Moreover, the ideology of the glamour itself appears to be absurd due to postulation of timelessness of the beauty, youth, and wealth within the limits of human life. The analysis of the absurd demonstrated its multifacetedness and expanding scale, which allows speaking about the universe of the absurd in the space of the glamorous. The subjective and the objective of the absurd are dialectically interconnected and justify each other. Paradoxicality of the situation consists in the fact that the Nothing in form of the absurd attains a status of the real, starting to live its own life.

Keywords: echo, intentionality, paradoxicality, simulation, oxymoron, absurd, ideology of the glamour, feedback, a glamorous individual, manipulation

References:
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. V gushche grozy// Inostrannaya literatura. 1998. ¹ 3. S. 247.
Shenkman Ya. Logika absurda Kharms: otechestvennyy tekst i mirovoy kontekst // Voprosy literatury. 1998. ¹4. S. 54-80.
Bashlyar G. Poetika prostranstva. M.: Ad Marginem Press, 2014. 352 s.
Kamyu A. Mif o Sizife. M.: AST, 2009. 318 s.
Kolyadko V.I. Predislovie// Sartr Zh.-P. Bytie i nichto. Opyt fenomenologicheskoy ontologii. M.: AST Moskva, 2009. S. 5-28.
Sartr Zh.-P. Toshnota. M.: AST Moskva, 2010. 317 s.
Sartr Zh.-P. Bytie i nichto. Opyt fenomenologicheskoy ontologii. M.: AST Moskva, 2009. 925 s.
Perek Zh. Prosto prostranstva. Dnevnik pol'zovatelya. SPb.: Izd-vo Ivana Limbakha, 2012. 152 s.
Ivanova S.A., Nagibina N.L. Modelirovanie sub'ektivnogo prostranstva «Telo, dusha, Ya» // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2015. - 2. - C. 194 - 204. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2015.2.14082.

Abstract: The subject of research in the article is a philosophical analysis of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia. Understanding the social and cultural space of post-Soviet Russia is presented in recognition of his phenomenological, geographical, social and anthropological bases. A significant aspect of the study is building a philosophical analysis of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia as a category and the phenomenon.The subject of the study is specified in the following sections of this article: Social and cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: an attempt categorical certainty "; "The structure and mechanisms of the dynamics of socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: an attempt of modeling"; "The man in the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russian system: the attempt to comprehend."Research methodology is defined by a combination of comparative aksiological, socio-cultural and socio-ontological approaches. Understanding the content and structural processes of socio-cultural dynamics of post-Soviet Russia space conducted by conjugation of philosophical research methodology with categorical apparatus and methods of social psychology, social cognitive science.The scientific novelty of the research is to identify some of the key characteristics of the socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia: 1) socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia can be defined as an integral phenomenon, ontologically centered on a geographical and social reality of our country, combining the key parameters of its cultural and social development; 2) in the hierarchy of social spiritual phenomena - social and cultural space is the primary and most far-reaching, including defining such cultural phenomena as language, social memory, mentality, social unconscious, social consciousness, social and cultural identity, habitus; 3) along with defining cultural phenomenon in the structure of the socio-cultural space includes significant images (for example, the image of a vast geographical area of Russia; the image of the Motherland) and the types of social and cultural interaction (eg installation on the perception of the head of state as the protector of the people, traditionalism structure of everyday life); 4) the main mechanisms of the dynamics of socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia are: fixation, conflict, integration, deactualization actualization; 5) significant ontological attribute socio-cultural space of post-Soviet Russia is its anthropological in nature, for it is man in his epistemological and social (in all aspects) activity is, firstly, the main actor of its constituent phenomena (images, types of interaction), and secondly - the main carrier these key parameters.

Keywords: Post-Soviet Russia, Structure, Mechanisms of dynamics, Consciousness, Culture, Human, Society, Images, Types of cooperation, Sociocultural space

References:
Khrapov S. A. Transformatsiya soznaniya rossiyskogo obshchestva v kontekste ego sotsiokul'turnoy dinamiki [Tekst] / S. A. Khrapov // Vlast'.-Moskva : OOO Redaktsiya zhurnala «Vlast'»-2009.-¹ 9. – S. 50-53.
Shabunova A.A. Aktual'nye problemy sotsiokul'turnoy modernizatsii regionov Rossii [Tekst] / A.A. Shabunova // Ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz.-¹ 6.-2013 g.-S. 167-171.
Khrapov S. A. Transformatsiya soznaniya rossiyskogo obshchestva v kontekste sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy dinamiki potrebleniya [Tekst] / S. A. Khrapov // Vlast'.-Moskva : OOO Redaktsiya zhurnala «Vlast'»-2010.-¹ 2. – S. 56-58.
Khrapov S. A. Transformatsiya obshchestvennogo soznaniya sovremennoy Rossii: sotsiokul'turnye osnovaniya i krizisnye tendentsii [Tekst] / S. A. Khrapov // Sotsial'naya politika i sotsiologiya. – M.: ORPI RGSU, 2008.-¹ 3 – S. 231-245.
Khrapov S.A. Tekhnogennyy chelovek: problemy sotsiokul'turnoy ontologizatsii[Tekst] / S.A. Khrapov // Voprosy filosofii. —

Abstract: The subject of research is a critical concept of "alienation", which was popular in social philosophy. In the rame of the Hegelian tradition it was regarded as a part of the dialectical mechanism that should facilitate the transition to a new organization of society. In XX century the concept of "alienation" has evolved, going beyond political economy and purchasing a humanistic interpretation. The author proposesto re-consider the phenomenon of "alienation", which acquired the immaterial, subjectivist elements. It allows to speak of it as a symbol of the relationship, and not as a real mechanism. The study observed a balance between the traditional dialectics and methods of modern science of self-organization. The author embarks to the concept of "entropy of social processes", illustrates the scientific narrattion by various statistical examples. The novelty of the study consists in examination of the question of "alienation" in the context of science on self-organization. Then it can be interpreted as a deviation to the very critical state, in which the behavior of the economic system becomes unstable and under the influence of some random factors can radically change. In this sense, the dialectic prediction about the impact of "alienation" in the course of social history can not come true, if the system transforms into a state of chaos, and "alienation" itself will not become a mechanism, but only a symbol of a particular stage of historical development of the society.

Keywords: self-organization, labor, social indifference, economic crisis, social philosophy, entropy, alienation, synergetics, creative economy, quality

References:
Gurevich P.S. Gegelevskaya traktovka truda // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2016. ¹ 3. S. 315-319. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2016.3.1828
Khaken G. Sinergetika. Ierarkhii neustoychivostey v samoorganizuyushchikhsya sistemakh i ustroystvakh. M.: Mir, 1985. 424 s.
Orlova E.A. Sinergeticheskie idei v izuchenii sotsiokul'turnoy mikrodinamiki // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 4. C. 18 - 31.
Zubareva I. Kak pod kopirku // Rossiyskaya gazeta. ¹ 1028(49). Dostup k resursu 15.05.2016 g.: http://rg.ru/2015/12/15/rinki.html
Debt and (not much) deleveraging. McKinsey Global Institute, February 2015. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/debt-and-not-much-deleveraging
Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra: Nravstvennaya filosofiya. M.: Respublika, 1996. 479 s.
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva / S.N. Bulgakov. M.: Institut Russkoy Tsivilizatsii, 2009. 600 s.
Cultural times: the first global map of cultural and creative industries. Ernst&Young Study, December 2015. 120 p. Ava

Abstract: The subject of this work is the systemic analysis of dialectic correlation between patriotism and cosmopolitism within the modern society. In the author’s opinion, in the conditions of globalization, this issue gains new essences and aspects, as well as includes news questions which lead to the involvement of new disciplines for its solution. The goal of this work is the formation of such model of understanding of the global political and cultural space, which will encourage a maximal productive dialogue of cultures and its carriers, but produce minimal damage for the uniqueness of each culture and consider the rights of a human. The author concludes that the problem of interrelation and interaction between patriotism and cosmopolitism in order to reach the maximal efficiency, have to be solved systemically and comprehensively, or the attempt to improve the situation without taking into account one or another factors or parameter can negatively affect the social system. At the same time, a special role belongs to understanding, “empathy” into the cultural and historical specificity of the conflicting sides, which besides the practical implementation of these knowledge, carries an important social and pedagogical aspect in educating the current and future generations. In order to prevent interchange of the terms patriotism, nationalism, and Nazism, these aspects should be better explained; and in order to prevent the spread of extremism among youth, the should know the real life of other nations alongside their living conditions, which will increase tolerance on one hand, and also preserve patriotism as love and pride for their own country, but eliminating the hatred towards other nations, on the other. The scientific novelty consists in the systemic approach and integration of various issues into e unified complex, which allows lowering the risks of the improper solution of the problem, as well as the possible negative consequences during the course of its solution.

Keywords: fascism, humanism, tolerance, systems approach, patriotism, cosmopolitanism, social philosophy, modern society, policy, global problems

References:
Thom Brooks The Global Justice Reader February 2008 , © 2008 , Wiley-Blackwel 768p.
Nussbaum M. patriotizm i kosmopolitizm //M. Nussbaum logos.-2006.-¹2.-S. 110-119.
Kanarsh G.Yu. Sotsial'naya spravedlivost': filosofskie kontseptsii i rossiyskaya situatsiya / G.Yu. Kanarsh – M.: izd-vo MGU, 2011. – 236s.
Slovar' filosofskikh terminov / Nauchnaya redaktsiya professora V.G. Kuznetsova – M.: INFRA-M, 2010. – XVI, 731s.
Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: v 4 t. / In-t filosofii RAN; Nats. obshchestv.-nauch. fond; Preds. nauchno-red. soveta V.S. Stepin. — M.: Mysl', 2000—2001

Abstract: The research’s object is the model of ideal society by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. This one is part of his project of proper development for India. Author analyzes the key ideas of his project and depicts traditional Hindu components in his social philosophy. Gandhi represents development of society as process of permanent creating the auspicious external conditions for people's spiritual development. Gandhi's model of ideal society is presented as interim stage at the path to the finish goal of Hinduism – moksha (spiritual freedom). Based on analysis of the categories, author investigates the content of the most important Gandhi's terms («true civilization», Ramarajya, Swaraj, Sarvodaya) and relations between them. Comparative approach helps to determine correlation of Hindu and Western ideas in Indian philosopher's model of ideal society. Firstly in Russian science is investigated the question about sources of different ideas, determined Gandhi's model of society, based on a justice. As a result in his project of social development is found both universal ground, applied to any society, and national component, applied to India.

Keywords: sarvodaiya, svaradzh, moksha, «istinnaya tsivilizatsiya», obshchestvennoe razvitie, M. K. Gandi

References:
Gandi M. K. [Izbrannye trudy] / Makhatma Gandi. Sost. i avt. perdisl. V. A. Vasilenko. – M.: Izd. Dom Shalvy Amonashvili, 1998. – 224 s.
Roy R. Self and Society: A Study in Gandhian Thought. – New Delhi: Sage Publicatinos, 1985. – 205 p.
Desai M. The Gospel of Selfless Action or The Gita according to Gandhi. – Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1946. – 390 p.
Skorokhodova T. G. Bengal'skoe Vozrozhdenie. Ocherki istorii sotsiokul'turnogo sinteza v indiyskoy filosofskoy mysli Novogo vremeni. – SPb.: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2008. – 320 s.
Bkhagavadgita / Per. s sanskr., issled. i primech. V. S. Sementsova. – M.: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 1999. – 256 s.
Vasil'ev L. S. Istoriya Vostoka: V 2 t. T. 2. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1993. – 495 s.
Gandhi M. K. Towards Non-Violent Socialism. – Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1951. – 165 p.
Kutsenkov A. A. Evolyutsiya indiyskoy kasty. – M.: Nauka, 1983. – 326 s.
Al'bedil' M. F. Indiya: bespredel'naya mud

Abstract: This article examines government as a specific constituent of the historical action, its interrelation with the nation and civil society, as well as characteristic to it algorithms of perception of reality and the effect upon it. A special attention is given to the analysis of the common to government type of rationality and formed by it worldview. An important place belongs to the characteristic of the two types of governments – creative and reactive. A special attention is given to the functioning of the reactive government, ways of its self-preservation, mechanisms of providing control over the society, as well as the prospects of the development of society itself under the similar circumstances. The author differentiates the notions of “state” and “government”, which allows him to identify a number of typological conflicts between the state (as a combination of institutions) and the government (as a political regime). Scientific novelty of the methodological approach consists in the ability to annihilate the whole layer of government mythology, which particularly suggests to identify the government and the state, and detect an entire chain of conflicts, without understanding of which it is impossible to establish control of the civil society over the government, as well as full functionality of the government institutions.

Keywords: government, state, society, rationality, goal-setting, reactivity, worldview, creativity, reality, national idea

References:
S. 97–121. Vlast' i real'nost'. Kruglyy stol // Vestnik analitiki. 2010. ¹
S. 89–111. Fuko M. Intellektualy i vlast'. Izbrannye politicheskie stat'i, vystupleniya i interv'yu. M.: Praksis, 2002. 384 s. Veber M. Politika kak prizvanie i professiya // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.: Progress, 1990. S. 644–706

Abstract: The subject of the present research is information as the reason and content of global transformations in the fields of science, technology and human existence. The author shows that information has ceased to play a supportive role and has become the main resource of social development. In this regard, in this paper the author proves the legitimacy and necessity of the information approach to the analysis of the surroundings. The author examines the relationship between the development of information, the emergence of post-industrial information society and the changes in lifestyle of a person. In this article, the author relies on the work of classical philosophical thought and modern scholars, analyzes the works of Russian and foreign philosophers. The article uses the methods of comprehensive analysis of the social reality, ascent from the abstract to the concrete and substantiation of the theoretical conclusions by empirical data. The content of the article is presented in the form of problem definitions. The author substantiates the conclusion that, despite the rapid development of specific science about information (information science), technically, information is not studied sufficiently and information studies do not provide a complete understanding of the role and importance of information in society and life of an individual. It is still necessary to answer a philosophical answer to the question "What is information and how information can be used for the benefits of a person, minimizing the negative effects of informational development?" The author emphasizes the need for the development of philosophy of information, focusing on the meaning, content and value of information in the modern information society. The article presents specific features of knowledge, which arises in the process of obtaining and interpreting information.

Keywords: post-industrial society, information society, information technology, philosophy of information, information, philosophy, information approach, knowledge, science, semantics of information

References:
Solov'ev I.V., Kochetkova L.N. Filosofiya informatsii kak vseobshchaya metodologiya razvitiya. // Elektronnyy setevoy nauchno-metodicheskiy zhurnal «Vestnik MGTU MIREA». 2014. – ¹3(4). – S. 29 – 38
Surma I.V. Sovremennoe informatsionnoe obshchestvo i aktual'nye voprosy upravleniya znaniyami // Kibernetika i programmirovanie.-2015.-3.-C. 30-46. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4196.2015.3.15001. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/kp/article_15001.html
Nazarenko M.A. Modernizatsiya ekonomiki i traditsii rossiyskogo obrazovaniya v usloviyakh sovremennogo miroporyadka: kriticheskiy analiz. /Trudy Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii «Innovatsionnye strategii razvitiya nauki, tekhniki i obshchestva. Sotsial'naya innovatika-2014» – M.: VNIIgeosistem, 2014, s. 28 – 32
Kudzh S.A., Nazarenko M.A. Filosofskie aspekty upravleniya kachestvom innovatsiy. /Trudy Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii «Innovatsionnye strategii razvitiya nauki, tekhniki i obshchestva. Sotsial'naya innovatika-2014» – M.: VNIIgeosistem, 2014, s. 5 – 12

Abstract: In the process of social development culture performs the function of 'crystallisation' of economic changes. At the time of social revolutions antagonism between different classes reaches the point when it can't be overcome and, as a result, culture and social values happen to be in different coordinate systems which leads to more misunderstanding between classes. Consequently, values that used to unite people of different social groups stop existing in the period of revolutions. The broken balance of values is expressed at the three levels, structural, cultural-historical and individual ones, which agrees to Marx' triad 'general-particular-singular'. The aforesaid disharmony is the subject of the present research. The research is based on the concept of socioeconomic formations that is used to study social development. Classical Marxism is enriched with the author admitting a more active role of the cultural 'superstructure' in the hsitorical process. The main method of the research is the historical comparative analysis. The author of the article describes the three groups of values. According to the author,  the balance between these groups of values 'crystallise' the interaction between the formal historical and specific historical logics of social development. Not only a specific culture changes the course of history but so does the historical memory of a nation, general symbols and myths that express the entire system of values of a community. The system of values legitimate (or reject) this or that form of social restructuring which makes it to be one of the drivers of social development. In some countries Peasants' War never turns into revolution (like in Germany of the XVIth century) and in other countries it does lead to a revolution or even an execution of a king (England of the XVIIth century). 

Keywords: specific historical logic, socioeconomic formation, social development, social revolution, cultural and historical values, structural values, individual values, formal historical rule, bourgeois revolution, balance of values

References:
Smith A., Myths and memories of the nation, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 288p.
Engel's F., Anti-Dyuring // K. Marks, F. Engel's, Sochineniya [T.20], Izdanie vtoroe – M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury, 1961. 828s.
Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / Redkol: S.S.Averintsev, E.A. Arab-Ogly, L.F. Il'ichev i dr.-2-e izd. – M.: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1989. 815s. – Slovarnye stat'i: Lichnost', tsennost'.
Sorokin P.A., Sotsiologiya revolyutsii. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Territoriya budushchego», ROSSPEN, 2005. 704s.
Simoniya N.A., Strany Vostoka: puti razvitiya. M.:Nauka,1975. 152s.
Parsons T., Sistema sovremennykh obshchestv / Per. s angl. L.A. Sedova i A.D.Kovaleva. Pod red. M.S. Kovalevoy. M.: Aspekt Press, 1997. 270s.
Merton R., Sotsial'naya teoriya i sotsial'naya struktura. M.: AST: AST MOSKVA: KhRANITEL', 2006. 873s.
Mishin V., Obshchestvennyy progress. Gor'kiy: Volgo-vyatskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1970. 296s.
Parsons T., O sotsi

Abstract: In this article Chepyuk analyzes the thesis about the transfer of a modern society to a new stage of development that is defined as the innovation society or knowledge society in literature. The present stage of technological development is characterized by the leading role of information and communication technologies and involvement of a human into new social relations or so called media reality. The author of the article raises a question about how our views on culture and economics are being transformed within the framework of the innovative paradigm of social development and gives a qualitative assessment of this process from the point of view of the entropy approach. The research method integrates several types of analysis, ethical-philosophical, cultural and dialectical analysis. One of the basic scientific approaches used by the author is the synergetic approach that has allowed to define similar tendencies in the development of society, culture and economics of modern social life. In this article the author proposes a thesis that innovation society does not present a new paradigm of social development. In fact, it represents the process of embodiment of the socio-cultural phenomenon. Moreover, growing IT and media industry are just the means of producing intangible forms of social life that have become the object of purchase and sale in the modern innovation society. The author also makes a suggestion that these processes can relate to entropic phenomena in the capitalist economy. 

Keywords: innovation society, media reality, information and communication technologies, entropy, knowledge economy, contemporary culture, capitalism, memory, cultural values, intangible assets

References:
P.S. Gurevich Globalizatsiya i mul'tikul'turalizm // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-8.-C. 4-5
V.V. Zhabina Riski innovatsionnoy transformatsii obshchestva v usloviyakh globalizatsii. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2011.-6.-C. 20-30.
P.I. Babochkin, E.Sh. Kamaldinova Sotsial'naya i kul'turnaya real'nost' sovremennogo rossiyskogo obshchestva // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-8.-C. 41-45.
Sommer D. S. Moral' XXI veka //M.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Sofiya. – 2004.
Berdyaev, N. Filosofiya svobodnogo dukha / N.Berdyaev.– M.: Respublika, 1994, s.425.
V. V. Zhabina Innovatsionnaya kul'tura kak faktor sbalansirovannogo innovatsionnogo razvitiya obshchestva i cheloveka // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-7.-C. 39-50.
Giddens, E. Uskol'zayushchiy mir. Kak globalizatsiya menyaet nashu zhizn'. – M.-2004.
Bauman Z. Globalizatsiya. Posledstviya dlya cheloveka i obshchestva / Per. s angl. Korobochkina M. L. – M.: Ves' Mir, 2004.
Nesbit, Dzh.Chto nas zhdet v 90-e gody. Megatendentsii, god 2000 / Dzh.Nesbit, P.E

Abstract: In his article Deryabin views body as the message rendered at the pre-grammatical level, i.e. the agrammatical message. Discovery of this type of message allows to see human in a new light as an ambivalent creature who combines the natural biological and social beginnings. As a rule, the statement that human has a dual nature takes a research to biological and anatomic features of human. However, by no means these features reveal the essential or conceptual (social) nature of human. The present research discovers the dual nature of human in messages rendered by human body, i.e. through social and communication expressions. The natural (biological) state of human and human body is being viewed as some kind of a message conveying social meanings. These meanings are important and should be understood by both human and his surroundings. Essential features of human body can be discovered when human body demonstates its limits (birth, dead body, sportsman, disabled or Paralympian body). This allows to discover the borders of possible messages from human body. The researcher views different states and transformations of human body as well as their influence on the agrammatical message of body. In his article Deryabin underlines the importance of the environment around human body in the process of creation of an arammatical body message.  The researcher shares his views on the communicative abilities of human body and meanings that human body represents through existence. According to the author, the research of human body as an agrammatical message could lead to the revision of some provisions of such applied sciences as sports economics, Olympic and Paralympic Games. 

Keywords: agrammatical message, agrammatism, body, physicality, social meaning, sport, Paralympic Games, communication environment, sportsman, disabled person

References:
Agamben Dzh. Gryadushchee soobshchestvo. M.: Tri kvadrata, 2008 . 144 c.
Agamben Dzh. Iskusstvo, bez-deyatel'nost', politika // URL: http://www.gif.ru/themes/society/biennale-konf/agamben. (data obrashcheniya 15 iyunya 2014 g.).
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast' i golaya zhizn'. M.: Izd-vo «Evropa», 2011. 256 c.
Bart R. Voyna yazykov // Bart R. Izbrannye raboty: Semiotika. Poetika. M. 1994. S. 538-540.
Bauman Z. Tekuchaya sovremennost' / Per. s angl. pod red. Yu.V. Asochakova. SPb.: Piter. 2008. 240 s.
Bogdanova M.A. Telo cheloveka kak mnemoorganicheskoe ustroystvo // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2012. ¹ 358. S. 18-20
Bushmakina O. N. Konstruirovanie real'nosti v diskurse sotsial'nogo konstruktivizma//Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. 2004, ¹ 2. S. 89-96.
Bushmakina O. N. Ontologiya postsovremennogo myshleniya. «Metafora postmoderna». Izhevsk: Izd-vo Udmurt. un-ta, 1998. 270 s
Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.: Progress, 1990. 880 s.
Gumbrekh

Abstract: The article deals with the problem «Russia – Europe» as is was put in the history of Russian philosophical thought and in the works of a prominent Russian cultural scientist and historian living outside Russia Vladimir Veydle in connection with his analysis of the European sources of Russian culture. According to the author, the works of Veydle, centered around the theme of historical formation and development of the cultural unity between Russian and Europe, is in tune with sociocultural problems faced nowadays by modern Russia. The underlying reason for the author’s turning to this topic is the acknowledgement of the extremely strong influence of spiritual culture (art, literature, poetry) on the development of society. Culture does not reflect the being of people but exists as their other-being, and therefore the fate of culture and the historical fate of a nation are inseparable. This methodological attitude has determined the direction of the research analysis. Attention is paid to the prevailing themes in Veydle’s creative works. 1. Adoption of Christianity, the Byzantine religion, determined the vector of historical movement and spiritual development of Russia and included it into the European cultural space «as a part and whole», i.e. predetermined to be Europe not only as a territory but also as a culture. 2. Inheritance of ancient Greek traditions from Byzantium that gave way for development of Orthodox national self-sufficiency distinguished Russian spirituality from the cultural world of Europe. That created the feeling of certain alienation of faith, ways of life and values, to which Europe did not object though contradistinction of Russia has always threatened with closure in its own being: losing itself in Russia, Europe was losing a historically established integrity of its cultural outlook. Therefore, the question about Russia’s place in Europe initially rose not only as the Russian question. 3. The most important outcome of Peter the First's activities was the appearance of the culture of Russian nobility that combined «Westernness» and «Russianness». To the most degree, according to Veydle, that could be said about Pushkin. In this sense, the fate of Russia was reflected in Pushkin's works more than in all subsequent overturns and revolutions. 4. The Silver Age of Russian culture that actualized the problem of the traditional and the new in creative works and its relation to religious consciousness coincided in time with the crisis of spirituality experienced by European art and accompanied by the predominance of the consumer and aesthetic standards of popular culture. Veydle in his essay «The dying of art» ponders about the fate of literature and artistic creation under these conditions and this topic is also reflected in the present article. 5. October 1917 introduced a split into Russian culture but both outside Russia and under new circumstances the best representatives of Russian culture maintained the relationship with the accumulated spiritual experience, established traditions of artistic creation and preserved Russian culture as a whole. Even though they lived and created in the violently divided world, Akhmatova and Merezhkovskiy, Tsvetaeva and Khodasevich, Nabokov and Pasternak equally introduced Russian culture. 6. The author of the article pays special attention to Veydle’s attitude to the Eurasian theme. Veydle took Eurasian interpretation of the sources of Russian culture and history as the desire to separate Russia from Europe and the attempt that did not meet the task of scientific interpretation of real cultural relations between Russia and Europe. Veydle's critical objections was dictated by the belief that Russian culture was born and developed in Europe and not in Asia, and therefore its «removal», even partial, from the cultural European space is violent to the spiritual life and history of both Russia and Europe.

Keywords: Eurasianism, new religious consciousness, Silver Age, spiritual tradition, artistic creation, Russian culture, European cultural space, Christianity, Russia and Europe, Pushkin

References:
Frank S.L. Russkoe mirovozzrenie / Vstup. st. A.A. Ermicheva. SPb.: Nauka, 1996
Leont'ev K.N. Vostok, Rossiya i slavyanstvo. Filosofskaya i politicheskaya publitsistika. M.: Respublika, 1996.
Belyy A. Simvolizm: Kniga statey. M.: Respublika, 2010.
Berdyaev N.A. Novoe religioznoe soznanie i obshchestvennost'. SPb., 1907.
Kara-Murza A.A. Intellektual'nye portrety. Ocherki o russkikh politicheskikh myslitelyakh XIX-XX vv. M.: IF RAN, 2006.
Florovskiy G.V. Evraziyskiy soblazn // Mir Rossii – Evraziya. Antologiya / Sost. i avtory vvodnogo ocherka L.I. Novikova, I.N. Sizemskaya. M., 1995. S. 354-386.
Savitskiy P.N. Step' i osedlost' // Mir Rossii – Evraziya: Antologiya / Sost. i avtory vvodnogo ocherka L.I. Novikova, I.N. Sizemskaya. M., 1995. S. 58-67.
Danilevskiy N.Ya. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politicheskie otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira k Germano-romanskomu. SPb., 1995.
Trubetskoy N.S. Obshcheevraziyskiy natsionalizm // Mir Rossii – Evraziya: Antologiya / Sost. i a

Abstract: The subject studied is the development of Adam Smith’s ideology in the course of his studying science, education, law, philosophy, religion and other branches of knowledge from the Ancient Times to the Early Modern Period. When studying the Ancient Times, Adam Smith adopted the concept of natural equality of all people from sophists of the older generation. The same ideas became famous in France before the revolution of 1789 in the teachings of utopian communists. Adam Smith got an opportunity to get to know them during his trip to France in 1764 – 1767. Smith disproved of their criticism of the private property institution but adopted their concept of natural equality of all people and used it to criticize the vestiges of feudalism in England. The author of the present article has used the method of materialistic dialectics and empiric analytical methods combining deduction wit induction and using each approach according to the targets of the present research. The author has also analyzed the historical struggle between Adam Smith’s theory and different teachings of communism throughout the XVIIIth – XXth centuries and arrived to the conclusion that Adam Smith’s ideas definitely won that centuries-long struggle. In the end, the ideas of scientific communism turned out to be as utopian as all the previous teachings of communism. However, after many generations of struggle the teaching of communism has managed to change the world and destroy the colonial system of imperialism. The Great Patriotic War was won under the banner of communism and soon the nation will be celebrating the 70th anniversary of Victory Day in 2015. Te author’s research of Adam Smith’s ideas from the point of view of the historical struggle of the XVIIIth – XXth centuries is a one-of-a-kind research in the academic literature.

Keywords: philosophy, science, antiphon, equality, utopianism, Stalin, economics, market, state institution, communism.

References:
Istoriya filosofii. Tom II / Pod red. G.F. Aleksandrova i dr. M.: Institut filosofii AN SSSR, Gospolitizdat, 1941.
Lenin V.I. Sochineniya. Izd. 4-oe. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1954-1955.
Marks K. Kapital. Tom II. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1949.
Marks K., Engel's F. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v 2-kh tt. M.: OGIZ, 1948.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Adam Smit: stanovlenie uchenogo. Chast' 1 // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2013. ¹ 7 (67). S. 1004-1019.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. Platon i sovremennaya antiteza liberalizma i totalitarizma. M.: Dialog – MGU, 1998.
Mikhalenko Yu.P. F. Bekon i ego uchenie. M.: Nauka, 1957.
Smit Adam. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov. V 2-kh tt. M., Leningrad: Sotsekgiz, 1935.
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Uin Frensis. Karl Marks. M.: AST, 2003.
Chanyshev A.N. Istoriya drevnego mira. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2003

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of creation and development of a civil society under the conditions of fast modernization. The author pays attention to the relation between these two processes and believes culture to be the uniting element between them. When the civil society is missing this element, social tension occurs and modernization processes slow down. The author of the present article appeals to the historical experience of Russia of the second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century and shows that during that period modernization of the country’s life style involved economic, institutional and socio-cultural transformations. That provided for a balanced and efficient modernization on one hand and the development of a civil society according to the pattern that was different from the European modernization and involved social and cultural factors. Civil society demonstrated itself through the development of zemstvos (district councils) which realized the self-government principle and self-organization principle under the control of the government. In parallel the author appeals to the history of the development of social philosophy of that period and demonstrates how the concepts of the law-governed state that were formed in the sphere of the Russian liberal thought (philosophy of law) including the concept of the legal socialism introduced by Kistyakov and Gessen with their idea of extended human rights influenced the practical implementation of modernization models and the process of the development of the Russian civil society. The author of the article also provides a full description of the features that defined the nature and directions of interaction in the opposition and consent with the state authorities. The author also views today’s issues of the development of the civil society and outlines the ‘painful points’ of this process. The author proves that it is necessary to view the aforesaid problems from the point of view of social philosophy.

Keywords: modernization, state of law, power, civil society, self-government, culture, responsible freedom, commodity exchange, legal awareness, tolerance.

References:
Khorina G.P. Demokratiya v sovremennoy rossiyskoy kul'ture: ideal i real'nost' // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva.-2013.-4.-C. 1-15. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.4.6973. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_6973.html28. Sysoeva E.K.. Podgotovka reformy sistemy obrazovaniya 1864 g.: vlast' i obshchestvo. // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2014.-¹ 1.-C. 45-57. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1972.2014.1.12181
Novikov S.G. VOSPITANIE SUB'EKTA MODERNIZATsII ROSSII: VZGLYaD NA SOVREMENNUYu PROBLEMU SKVOZ' PRIZMU OPYTA 1920-1930-kh GODOV // NB: Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2013.-4.-C. 54-73. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4188.2013.4.10105. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pp/article_10105.html
V.A. Oseychuk Ob ideale i konstitutsionno-pravovom aspekte modernizatsii rossiyskogo gosudarstva // Pravo i politika.-2012.-12.-C. 1982-1989.
R. F. Aynutdinov Politologicheskie aspekty sovremennoy rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-9.-C. 21-30.
V. V. Shelokhaev Stolypinskiy tip moderniza

Abstract: The authors of the article analyze tendencies in modern urban studies from the point of view of the controversion ‘rationally manageable — spontaneous’. The researchers offer their evaluation of such tendencies in urban development as de-urbanization, de-industrialization, comprehensive planning, legal regulation of economic issues and conversion of urban industrial enterprises. Evaluation of modern social phenomena are carried out based on the theory of the automated society offered by Adam Schaff. The tendencies and directions in the development of modern post-industrial city as these are viewed by the researchers demonstrate that there is a whole range of unsolved problems in modern urban studies. The direction of this socio-cultural dynamics is rather controversial and contradictory. According to the authors, only time will show which tendency — spontaneous development or planned development — prevails. There is only one thing which is quite clear though: today’s architects and architectonic experts have failed to control the spontaneous development or manage the processes that have been going on in cities over the last decades by engineering or municipal governance. We still have to answer the challenges of the industrial age.

Keywords: social philosophy, architectonics, automated society, suburb migration, urbanization, conversion, de-industrialization, urban development, industrial city, post-industrial city.

References:
Ellul J. Le bluff technologique. – P., Hachette, 1988. – 489 p.
Sakharov A. Postindustrial'nyy gorod. URL: http // www. club2050. ru // 2010 / 04 / postindustrial-city. Data obrashcheniya 20. 03. 2013.
Rossiya 2012: stat. spravochnik. – M.: Rosstat, 2012. – 59 s.
Mastera arkhitektury ob arkhitekture. Izbrannye otryvki iz pisem, statey, vystupleniy i traktatov / pod obshchey redaktsiey A.V. Ikonnikova, I.L. Matsa, G.M. Orlova. – M.: «Iskusstvo», 1972. – 610 s.
Park R. Gorod kak sotsial'naya laboratoriya // Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie. 2002. T. 2. ¹ 3. S. 4.
Iudin A.A., Shpilev D.A. Sovremennaya nemetskaya sotsiologiya (Obzor). Problemy razvitiya goroda. – N. Novgorod: izd. NISOTs, 2010. – 58 s.
Gorod i izmeneniya klimata: napravleniya strategii. Global'nyy doklad o naselennykh punktakh 2011 goda. Sokrashchennaya versiya. Programma OON po naselennym punktam. – London, Vashington, 2011. URL: http // www. un. org / ga / habitat / docs. shtml. Data obrashcheniya 20. 03. 2013.
V SShA pre

Abstract: The author of the article studies the problem of definition of the term ‘art’ in social philosophy. She analyzes the social and humanizing meaning of art and views factors of mutual interaction between art and society. According to the author, art is a special social world of sensual images created by using a particular form and material. This world can socialize and humanize, i.e. form a socially important personality. In art the world is felt through a dialogue and co-existence. Noteworthy that art is perceived as one’s experience and part of Self but not only the external image. Art directly influences our feelings and mind but this is not the only effect of art. Art influences one’s inner world through feelings, ‘gates of art’. Conclusions are made based on both theoretical sources and modern media technologies (the researcher carried out the survey on the Internet asking ‘Was the spiritual crisis of the society caused by art?’). From the point of view of the social and philosophical paradigm, art is a mean of interpersonal communication and the ‘personality-personality’ (subject-subject) coordinate system. It is the ‘dialogue of understanding’ being developed against the background of the historical development of the society. Social functions of art are in the fact that art is the dialogue between Self and You and co-existence of two personalities. This dialogue between an artist and the audience is the door to understanding, however, such understanding is not ‘complete’. It is an interpretation, experience of feelings and what an artist leaves for ‘co-creation’ or some kind of a ‘sensual area for interpretation’. Art is a personified intellectual social emotion, social ‘feeling of the thought’ and the ‘sixth sense’.

Keywords: social philosophy, art, social, ‘feeling of the thought’, socialization, humanization, society, personality, dialogue, culture.

References:
Gadamer G.-G. Aktual'nost' prekrasnogo. M.: Iskusstvo, 1991
Filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T.5.-M., 1970.
Rezhim dostupa: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/1434
Mamardashvili M.K. Problema cheloveka v filosofii. //Chelovecheskoe v cheloveke. –M., 1990.
Nemov R.S. Psikhologiya: V 2 kn. Kn. 1.-M., 1994.
Gurevich P.S. Filosofiya kul'tury. M.: AO «Aspekt Press», 1994. .
Adorno T. Izbrannoe: sotsiologiya muzyki. M.-SPb., 1998.
Rerikh N.K. Vrata v budushchee. [Pezhim dostupa] culture-into-life.ru/…h/Rerih_Vrata_v_buduschee.doc
Rezhim dostupa: http://otvet.mail.ru/question/56055666/opros/ Otvety.Mail.ru (filosofiya), http://otvet.mail.ru/question/56119862/opros/ Otvety.Mail.ru (iskusstvo i kul'tura), http://otvet.mail.ru/question/56174959/ Otvety.Mail.ru (obshchestvo, politika).
Zakhovaeva A.G. Iskusstvo i obshchestvo: vinovato li iskusstvo v dukhovnom krizise obshchestva? Filosofiya i obshchestvo.¹3. 2012. S. 79-84.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Degumanizatsiya iskusstva. /

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes economic culture as an object of social and philosophical reflection. Based on the legacy of classical philosophers, the author tries to define the nature of interaction between cultural and economic spheres of social life and describe this interaction as an individual branch of social reality. This becomes possible after the author explains the distinction between culture and economy and emphasizes economic culture as the connecting link between culture and economy. The author also describes functions of the esthetical in culture and touches upon the origin of the myth and ritual as well as their role in the genesis of religion and their connection with the public production. Moreover, the author describes the nature of values, their connection with labor and material and spiritual displays. The results of the author’s research prove the economic approach to have its own limits and therefore not allowing to take into account all the variety of determinants of the economic relations in a society. The author also emphasizes the need for philosophical reflection in solving economic issues.

Keywords: economic culture, values, production, labor, experience, esthetic, economics, life, spirit, harmonization.

References:
M.: «Yurist», 1996. Vitgenshteyn L. Filosofskie raboty. Chast' I. M.: «Gnozis», 1994. Avtonomova N.S. Filosofskie problemy strukturnogo analiza v gumanitarnykh naukakh. M.: «Nauka», 1977. Tkachev P.H. Sochineniya: v 2 t. T.
M.: «Mysl'», 1976. Fikhte I. Fakty soznaniya. Naznachenie cheloveka. Haukouchenie. M.: AST, 2000. Shitszin: Kniga pesen i gimnov. / Per. s kit. A.A. Shtukina. M.: Khud. lit., 198

Abstract: The author of the present article analyzes the main ideas shared by John Rawls in his book ‘A Theory of Justice’. John Rawl was one of the most famous modern philosophers who studied justice. The author of the article also studies the principles of distributive justice. The author also provides a brief analysis of the main ideas and conclusions made by Rawls in his later theory of political liberalism. The author views Rawls’ views as reflecting the reality of the modern society and tries to find particular points in Rawls’ theory that could have been used for the implementation of the principles of justice in the modern society. The author studies the problem of justice from the point of view of the unity of all spheres of social life, causal and functional relations and interconnection of needs, interests and values. Rawls’ theory is viewed as the ‘contract theory’. Theoretical ground of Rawls’ theory of justice is the deontological liberalism. Rawls’ theory has certain advantages, for example, his recommended measures to achieve the social consent, and disadvantages: the author does not see any interdependence between the must and the benefit, needs, interests and values or relation between the main spheres of social life and economic and ideological relations in Rawls’ studies.

Keywords: justice, freedom, equality, deontology, the must, needs, interests, values, benefit, social contract.

References:
O. V. Petrenko Kontseptsiya prav budushchikh pokoleniy v mezhdunarodnom i natsional'nom prave: problemy, tendentsii, perspektivy // Pravo i politika.-2011.-12.-C. 2077-2083.
N.I. Kudrinskaya Aksiologicheskie osnovaniya spravedlivosti // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-1.-C. 71-79.
Lapaeva V.V. Privatizatsiya sotsialisticheskoy sobstvennosti: konstitutsionno-pravovoy i filosofsko-pravovoy analiz // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2014.-2.-C. 1-46. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.2.10985. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_10985.html
Ezeeva I.R. Neravenstva dokhodov v Rossii // NB: Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie.-2013.-3.-C. 1-6. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4234.2013.3.8837. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/flc/article_8837.html
Rozin V.M. Problema i tri znacheniya sotsial'noy spravedlivosti // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-4.-C. 301-350. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.4.661. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_661.html
G.Yu. Kanarsh Teoriya spravedlivosti v zerkale natsional'nogo kharaktera (

Abstract: The author of the article describes the terms «economics’ and «economism» as opposed conceptions. He describes the relation between economism and mechanical philosophy and analyzes the existence of human and society, the role of economics and the origin of the phenomenon of economism. The article also deals with economics, its purpose and mode of existence. According to the author, the phenomenon of economism is opposed to the term «economics». The author demonstrates the inadequacy of mechanical philosophy and economism in philosophical ontology (dialectics of existence) and dynamics of science (existence of classical, non-classical and post-classical science). He shows that economism estranges human from the social reality just like mechanical philosophy estranges human from the material reality. The main method used by the author of the article is dialectics including the following combination of methods: method of objectivity, method of contradictions between positive and negative dialectics and between the historical and the logical, the method of ascension from abstract to concrete and the comparative method of research. The author of the article analyzes the philosophical grounds of economics and defines the phenomenon of economism as well as describes the influence of economism on economis, society and social spheres. The article contains a comparative analysis of economism and mechanical philosophy and their inadequacy in terms of existence, its development and philosophical picture of the world in general. Mechanical philosophy replaces philosophical ontology with natural science concepts (like in positivism) and economism replaces social ontology with the concepts described in the humanities.

Keywords: society, sphere, development, economism, mechanical philosophy, part, whole, evolution, philosophy, science.

References:
Daymond Dzh. Kollaps. Pochemu odni obshchestva vyzhivayut, a drugie umirayut. M.: AST: AST MOSKVA, 2008.
Markus G. Nesovershennyy chelovek: Sluchaynost' evolyutsii mozga i ee posledstviya. M.: Al'pina non-fikshn, 2011.
Rolz. Dzh. Teoriya spravedlivosti. M.: Izd-vo LKI, 2010.
Kharrison K. Strannosti nashey evolyutsii. M.: RIPOL klassik, 2010

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the analysis of theoretical concepts of Eurasian philosophy on the phenomenon of violence. The main issue in focus is the theoretical concept about the difference of Western and Eurasian civilizations as introduced by the followers of Eurasianism. The author of the article underlines the theoretical importance and potential of Eurasianism philosophical ideas in further researches of the phenomenon of violence in a modern society. Violence in a modern society continues to be an extremely topical issue and very important field of research. Russian philosophers have already tried to explain why images of violence are so spread in popular culture and acts of violence are so frequent in everyday life. Eurasian concept of violence being related to the core civilization processes raises new issues and creates new perspectives for their solutions. It is quite obvious that further researches in this sphere should necessarily take into account all the ideas and concepts offered by classical Eurasianism and developed by traditional Russian philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, Eurasianism, civilization, violence, culture, intuition, phenomenon, solution, life, issues in focus.

References:
Avanesova G.A. Osobennosti evraziyskogo analiza kul'tury // Nauka o kul'ture: Itogi i perspektivy. M., 1998. Vyp. 4. S. 28-50.
Vandalkovskaya M. G. Istoricheskaya nauka rossiyskoy emigratsii: "evraziyskiy soblazn". M., 1997. S. 248-307.
Vanchugov V. V. Status filosofii v evraziyskom dvizhenii.-Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya "Filosofiya". M., 1999, ¹ 1, S.64-75. S izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami v sbornike: "Evraziyskaya ideya i sovremennost'". M., 2002, S. 104-120.
Dugin A.G Preodolenie zapada [Elektronnyy resurs]: Filosofskiy portal «Arktogeya» rezhim dostupa: http://arcto.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=937 (data obrashcheniya 14.03.13)
Kal'sin M. G. Dvizhenie evraziytsev pervoy poloviny 20-kh godov: Opyt osmysleniya fenomena Rossii // Traditsii russkoy istoricheskoy mysli: Istoriofilosofiya. M., 1997. S. 50-76.
Karsavin L.P. Fenomenologiya revolyutsii // Klyuchnikov S. Russkiy uzel evraziystva. Vostok v russkoy mysli. Sbornik trudov evraziytsev. – M.: B

Abstract: Carlos Castaneda, the author of the Teachings of Don Juan, presented the teaching about the world and human which hasn’t been viewed as a philosophy yet due to its exoticism and intentional academicism. The world of Castaneda creates the ‘meta-reality’ that has a complex interaction structure, both internal and external. Similar to exoteric and mystic teachings, human is shown as a knower of unknown Transcendental Reality (nagual). Using special methods such as stalking (hunting), i.e. tracing back defects of one’s perception in order to get closer to nagual and therefore expend and extent our consciousness, and dreaming, i.e. unconsciously entering nagual for the same purpose by controlling one’s dreams, human gain control over himself and his perception which is, according to Castaneda, interpretation of existing energetic reality. These two methods, in their turn, include a number of other techniques such as inaction, erasing personal history, recapitulation, controlled stupidity and etc.). Castaneda’s ideas are somewhat similar to Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Meister Eckhart, Jakob Böhme, George Berkeley and others. The author of the article allows himself a comparative analysis. The analysis shows some similarities between ancient Indian wisdom partly adopted by Castaneda and famous Western and Eastern philosophies.

Keywords: philosophy, Castaneda, mysticism, esotericism, magic, transcendence, nagualism, apophatic theology, absolute, spiritualism.

References:

Abstract: The article contains an attempt to reveal nature, causes and forms of processes of de-individualization of a human being in the situation of global social and anthropological crisis. A human being in a modern age becomes dependent upon various forms of de-individualization (political, economic, media, religious, everyday). The variety of economic offers and political pluralism do not guarantee individual freedom. Rather, they mask the lack of freedom. The thinkers, who wrote about de-individualization of a human being pointed out that the main reason for it was lack of ability and wish to follow the high values. Aiming solely for success, an individual cannot find himself. Neither hypertrorphy Ego, nor dissolved Ego may bring happiness to a person. Such a tragic alternative serves as a basis for deviations, which are so common in the modern society. The nature of the de-individualization processes is that mass society forces a person to make his personality into the means for achieving success, which makes self-development a secondary factor.

Keywords: global social and anthropological crisis, human individuality, alienation, manipulation, freedom, dialogue, Fromm, Ortega-i-Gasset, Heyzinga, Buber, Markuze.

References:
Anchel E. Mify potryasennogo soznaniya. M., 1979.
Bek U. Obshchestvo riska. M., 2000.
Kamyu A. Buntuyushchiy chelovek. M., 1990.
Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. 2-izd. T. 42.
Markuze G. Odnomernyy chelovek. M., 1994.
Mun'e E. Personalizm. M., 1992.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Degumanizatsiya iskusstva. M., 1991.
Fromm E. Psikhoanaliz i etika. M., 1993.
Fromm E. Begstvo ot svobody. M., 1990.
Fromm E. Muzhchina i zhenshchina. M., 1998.
Kheyzinga Y. Homo ludens. V teni zavtrashnego dnya. M., 1992.
Sheler M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1994.
Yaspers K. Smysl i naznachenie istorii. M., 1991

Abstract: Researches of the social and political role of a holiday raised a question abut whether there are major regulators of social opinions other than the methods creating fear? Can a holiday with all its ‘emotional’ attributes such as laughter, joy and celebrating, become such a method of influence in certain life situations? Is it possible that some day the humankid will build their relations solely based on the grounds of humanity and mutual protection and care…

Keywords: philosophy, holiday, laughter, fear, death, political, power, culture, social, shared joy.

References:
Andrusenko V.A. Sotsial'nyy strakh (opyt filosofskogo analiza). Sverdlovsk: Izd-vo Ural. un-ta, 1991.
Aristotel'. O dushe // Soch. M., 1978. T. 3.
Bakhtin M.M. Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kul'tura srednevekov'ya i Renessansa. 2-e izd. M.: Khudozh. lit., 1990.
Bergson A. Smekh / Predisl. i primech. I.S. Vdovina. M.: Iskusstvo, 1992.
Borev Yu.B. Kratkiy kurs istorii XX veka v anekdotakh, chastushkakh, baykakh, memuarakh po chuzhim vos-pominaniyam, legendakh, predaniyakh i t.d. M.: Zvonnitsa — MG, 1995.
Borev Yu.B. Staliniada: memuary po chuzhim vospominaniyam s istoricheskimi pritchami i razmysh-leniyami avtora. M.: Kniga, 1991.
Kamyu A. Buntuyushchiy chelovek. M., 1990.
Kamyu A. Chuma // Kamyu A. Izbrannoe. M., 1988.
Lavrikova I. Politicheskiy prazdnik: kul'turfilosofskaya interpretatsiya: Monografiya. Saarbrűcken, Germany: LAP, 2012.
Likhachev D.S., Panchenko A.M., Ponyrko N.V. Smekh v Drevney Rusi. — L., 1984.
Montesk'e Sh. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of defining the archeological find as a type of cultural values based on the analysis of International and Russian legislation and the legal scientific doctrine. The author studied legal and scientific definitions of the terms ‘cultural values’ and ‘cultural heritage’ and their relation in order to define their specific features and to avoid the conceptual contamination.

Keywords: philosophy, archeological find, cultural value, cultural heritage, convention, law, status, science, problem, definition.

References:
Gaagskaya konventsiya 1954 goda o zashchite kul'turnykh tsennostey v sluchae vooruzhennogo konflikta. M.: Gosyurizdat, 1957. 46 s.
Rekomendatsiya YuNESKO O merakh, napravlennykh na zapreshchenie i preduprezhdenie nezakonno-go vvoza, vyvoza i peredachi prava sobstvennosti na kul'turnye tsennosti ot 19 noyabrya 1964 g // Mezhdunarodnye normativnye akty YuNESKO: konventsii, soglasheniya, protokoly, rekomendatsii, deklaratsii. M., 1993. 640 s.
Konventsiya YuNESKO o merakh, napravlennykh na zapreshchenie i preduprezhdenie nezakonnogo vvoza, vyvoza i peredachi prava sobstvennosti na kul'turnye tsennosti ot 14 noyabrya 1970 goda // Mezhdu-narodnye normativnye akty YuNESKO. M., 1993. S. 283-290.
Konventsiya YuNIDRUA ob ukradennykh i nezakonno peremeshchennykh kul'turnykh ob'ektakh ot 24 iyunya 1995 goda: podpisana po rasporyazheniyu Prezidenta RF ot 29.06.1996 ¹ 350-RG: vstup. v silu s 1 iyulya 1998 goda // Mezhdunarodnoe chastnoe pravo: sb. dok. M., 1997. S. 499-507.
Boguslavskiy M. M. Kul'turn

Abstract: The article is devoted to a rarely studied issue about the relationship between science and modernization, science and society of Art Nouveau. It is shown that this relationship is not reversible which makes the problem even more difficult. The author also describes the role of both natural and humanitarian sciences in modernization and reveals the important role of axiological adjustment of innovation technologies, the latter being especially important for Russia.

Keywords: philosophy, modern age, science, socio-humanitarian, natural scientific, knowledge, mastery, everyday life, dialogue, modernization.

References:
Dialog // Slovar' antichnosti. M., 1989.
Batay Zh. Proklyataya dolya. M., 2003.
Berger P., Lukman T. Sotsial'noe konstruirovanie real'nosti. Traktat po sotsiologii znaniya. M., 1995.
Kasavin I.T., Shchavelev S.P. Analiz povsednevnosti. M., 2004.
Stepin V.S. Nauchnoe poznanie i tsennosti tekhnogennoy tsivilizatsii // Voprosy filosofii. 1989. ¹ 10.
Stepin V.S. Teoreticheskoe znanie. M., 2000.
Fedotova V.G., Kolpakov V.A., Fedotova N.N. Global'nyy kapitalizm: Tri velikie transformatsii. Sotsial'no-filosofskiy analiz vzaimootnosheniy ekonomiki i obshchestva. M., 2008.
Utkin A.I. Konfessional'noe budushchee mira // Literaturnaya gazeta. 2004. Dekabr'.
Utkin A.I. XXI vek. M.: Institut ekonomicheskikh strategiy, 2012.
Khabermas Yu. Vovlechenie drugogo. Ocherki politicheskoy teorii. SPb, 2001.
Khabermas Yu. Diskussiya o proshlom i budushchem mezhdunarodnogo prava. Perekhod t natsional'noy k postnatsional'noy strukture // Vestnik Rossiyskogo filosofskogo obshchestva. 2003. ¹ 3

Abstract: The article provides an analysis of socio-cultural reality which represents the space with its own dimension, metrics and time. The structure of this new reality is defined by the type of society as a social subject. Social time is connected with the consciousness of society which has a history and is a history carrier itself. Previous social experience, knowledge of Russian cultural traditions plays an important role in socio-cultural formation of young people and personal up-bringing.

Keywords: philosophy, society, socio-culture, experience, subject, activity, human, mobility, development, world perception.

References:
Yablokova N.I. Sotsial'nyy sub'ekt: genezis, sushchnost' i faktory stanovleniya. M.: Stankin, 1999.
Sorokin P.A. Sotsiologicheskie teorii sovremennosti. M., 1992

Abstract: The article is devoted to the national minorities and immigrants in the system of social relations from the point of view of social studies and philosophy. It is proved that interaction between world cultures are considerably formed by ethnical minorities and migration processes. The result of the research allows to define and understand the problem of integration of national minorities and immigrations into the system of social relations.

Keywords: philosophy, marriages, immigrants, culture, minorities, translations, civilization, language, ethnos, interaction.

References:
B'yukenen P. Dzh. Smert' Zapada. M.: AST, 2003.
Moshnyaga E.V. Mezhkul'turnaya kommunikatsiya i dialog kul'tur v sfere mezhdunarodnogo turizma. M., 2011.
Mudrost' tysyacheletiy. M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2002.
Sorokin P. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M., 1992.
Sotsial'nye problemy krupnykh gorodov Rossii i Germanii: rossiyskiy i germanskiy opyt. Ma-terialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, 24-25 aprelya 2007 g.
Lindenberg W. Mysterium der Begegnung. Verl. Munchen Basel. 1997. (Na russkiy yazyk perevedena V. Khudaverdyanom. Tainstvo vstrechi. M.: Kripto-logos, 1997).
Heidernich R., Rokl G. Auslanderfragen Kontrovers. Olzog, 2000

Abstract: Technological revolution that uses nano-technologies (human initiated molecular, atomic and biological processes) leads to anthropological transformation of deep structures of the material foundation of universal existence. It also gives each human a power to interfere with fundamental living conditions of biosphere and to influence the evolution of the entire socio-natural universe. However, there are a lot of people who use technological revolution achievements in an infantile way and as the mean of production but not living. It can destroy humankind. Human will survive only if he changes his social activities, becomes mature and create a mature society.

Keywords: philosophy, evolution, society, culture, human, crisis, being, existence, technological revolution.

References:
Bauman Z. Individualizirovannoe obshchestvo. M., 2002.
Vernadskiy V.I. Khimicheskoe stroenie Zemli i ee okruzheniya. M., 1985.
Gorshkov V.G. Fizicheskie i biologicheskie osnovy ustoychivosti zhizni. M., 1995.
Dugin A.G. Sotsiologiya russkogo obshchestva. Rossiya mezhdu Khaosom i Logosom. M., 2011.
Zal'tsberg M. Istoricheskie paralleli // Zinov'ev. 2008. ¹ 2, (3).
Kaznacheev V.P., Akulov A.I., Kisel'nikov A.A., Mingezov I.F. Vyzhivanie naseleniya Rossii. Pro-blema sfinksa XXI. Novosibirsk, 2002.
Kara-Murza S.G. Poteryannyy razum. M., 2005.
Oleynikov Yu.V. Ekologicheskie al'ternativy NTR. M., 1987.
Oleynikov Yu.V., Borzova T.V. Ekologicheskoe vzaimodeystvie obshchestva s prirodoy (filosofskiy analiz). M., 2008.
Oleynikov Yu.V. Infantil'nyy sotsium? (analiticheskoe esse). M., 2007.
Oleynikov Yu.V., Onosov A.A. Noosfernyy proekt sotsial'noy evolyutsii. M., 1999.
Fukuyama F. Konets istorii i posledniy chelovek. M., 2004.
Engdal' U.F. Semena razrusheniya. Taynaya pod

Abstract: The article studies the conception of a famous French anthropologist Rene Girard about the nature of violence as a social phenomenon and ways of its transformation in the primitive society, in particular, during the transfer from barbarianism to civilization. Generally accepting this conception, the author yet notes that there is the logic ‘error of the circle’: transformation of violence creates the conception thinking. The latter is the condition for understanding the malignancy of violence for the survival of the primitive society.

Keywords: philosophy, violence, society, conception, phenomenon, civilization, transformation.

References:
Zhirar R. Kozel otpushcheniya / Per. s fr. G. Dashevskogo. M.: Izd-vo Ivana Limbakha, 2010. 336 s.
Zhirar R. Nasilie i svyashchennoe. 2-e izd. / Per. s fr. G. Dashevskogo. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obo-zrenie, 2010. 448 s.
Podoroga V.A. Mimezis // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. V 4-kh t. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 2010. S. 571-573

Abstract: The authors of the article views socialization as a term which content depends on the aspect selected by the researcher. It is shown that when interpreting this term, it is necessary to be based on provisions of social philosophy, social studies and social psychology and take into account how this term was established. The authors also describe the basics of thesaurus conception of socialization.

Keywords: philosophy, social studies, socialization, psychology, theory, thesaurus, society, process, problem, understanding.

References:
Aver'yanov L.Ya. (2000) Porog sotsializatsii [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://sbiblio.com/biblio/ archive/aver_porog/poisk5_12.aspx
Andreeva G.M. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya. M.: Nauka, 1994.
Dzheyms U. Psikhologiya / pod red. L.A. Petrovskoy. M.: Pedagogika, 1991.
Dyurkgeym E. Sotsiologiya obrazovaniya / pod red. V.S. Sobkina, V.Ya. Nechaeva. M.: INTOR, 1996.
Kovaleva A.I. Sotsializatsiya // Sotsiologiya molodezhi: eniklopedich. slovar' / otv. red. Yu.A. Zubok, V.I. Chuprov. M. : Academia, 2008.
Kovaleva A.I. Lichnost' i obshchestvo. M.: Izd-vo Mosk. gumanit. un-ta, 2011.
Kovaleva A.I., Reut M.N. Sotsializatsiya neslyshashey molodezhi. M.: Sotsium, 2001.
Kon I.S. Psikhologiya ranney yunosti: Kn. dlya uchitelya. M.: Prosveshchenie, 1989.
Lukov Val.A. Sotsial'noe proektirovanie. M.: Izd-vo Mosk. gumanit. un-ta ; Flinta, 2010.
Lukov Val.A. Teorii molodezhi: Mezhdistsiplinarnyy analiz. M.: Kanon+, 2012.
Lukov Val.A., Lukov Vl.A. Zigmund Freyd: idei tezaurusnogo podkhoda /

Abstract: in this paper we study the approach to the status of women in the civilizations of East and West with the social and philosophical point of view. The author cites studies comparing western and eastern scholars in this field and examines the specific features of the problem of \"Woman and Society\" in the East and West.

Keywords: cultural studies, the status of men, East, West, gender, social philosophy, human motives, the love of antiquity and modernity.

References:
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva. M., 1990.
Fromm E. Imet' ili byt'. M., 1989.
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva. M., 1990.
Rassel B. Kakie motivy chelovecheskogo povedeniya vliyayut na politiku? Nobelevskaya lektsiya // Ber-tran Rassel. Uinston Cherchill'. Izbrannye trudy, M., 1998.
Zimmel G. Zhenskaya kul'tura // Izbrannoe. M., 1996. t. 2.
Bur'de P.Universitetskaya doska i tvorchestvo: protiv skholasticheskaya//socio-Logos-96 Al'manakh Rossiysko-frantsuzskogo tsentra sotsiologicheskikh issledovaniy Instituta sotsiologii RAN. M., 1996.
Kozlova N.N. Gender i vkhozhdenie v modern. Gendernyy analiz i metodologiya sotsial'nogo znaniya // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. 1995.
Ryurikov Yu. Lyubov': ee nastoyashchee i budushchee // Filosofiya lyubvi. M., 1990.
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy, Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. 1998. t. 2.
Bulgakov S. Russkiy eros ili filosofiya lyubvi v Rossii.
Chanyshev A. Lyubov' v antichnoy Gretsii // Filosofiya lyubvi. M., 1990

Abstract: The article analyzes the process of institutionalization of responsibility. Responsibility is not only a factor limiting one’s behavior but also a component of human activity in all spheres of his social interactions. The authors of the article provide a very wide interpretation of responsibility which takes into account the diversity of its forms, types and underlying motives. The ethics of responsibility lay emphasis on anticipation of consequences of one’s activity and imply one’s choice based on the requirements of professional norms.

Keywords: philosophy, responsibility, ethics, values, norms, activity, freedom, individualism, motivation, personality.

References:
Belov A.V. Spetsifika sotsial'noy otvetstvennosti / A.V. Belov // Izvestiya Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Seriya Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie nauki i iskusstvo. Volgograd: Peremena, 2008. ¹ 8 (32). S. 22-25.
Buzgalin A.V. Desyat' printsipov sotsial'no-orientirovannogo razvitiya: novyy proekt? // Filosofiya khozyaystva. 2010. ¹ 5 (71). S. 85-99.
Veber M. «Ob'ektivnost'» sotsial'no-nauchnogo i sotsial'no-politicheskogo poznaniya / Per. s nem. M.I. Levinoy // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.: Progress, 1990. 696 s.
Veber M. Politika kak prizvanie i professiya // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M., 1990. 696 s.
Kravchenko E.I. Teoriya sotsial'nogo deystviya: ot Maksa Vebera k fenomenologam [Elektron-nyy resurs] / E.I. Kravchenko. 2007. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.nationalism.org/library/science/ sociology/kravchenko.htm.
Platon. Dialogi / Platon. M.: AST, 2001. 384 s.
Popper K.R. Otkrytoe obshchestvo i ego vragi. V 2-kh tt. T. 1. M.: Feniks, Mezhdun

Abstract: The article is devoted to creating theoretical, methodological and semantic grounds of risk as a concept of modern social theory and a phenomenon of social practice. The author draws our attention at the fact that rapid expansion of risk and its invasion into many spheres of human existence surely make us anxious. Many factors depend on that: how well human use his abilities; whether he will be able to subdue his mind and needs to the existing social situation and how well he will be able to align his actions with the reality. The author’s interpretation of the phenomenon of risk is based on the idea that risk is nothing else but activity aimed at overcoming uncertainty in a situation of unavoidable choice.

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenon of risk, social reality, social marcorisks, activity, danger, threat, situation of choice, existential risk, socio-cultural crisis.

References:
Al'gin A.P. Risk i ego rol' v obshchestvennoy zhizni. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Bek U. Obshchestvo riska. Na puti k drugomu modernu. M.: Progress — Traditsiya, 2000.
Bodriyyar Zh. V teni molchalivogo bol'shinstva, ili Konets sotsial'nogo. Ekaterinburg, 2000.
Dal' V.I. Tolkovyy slovar' zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka. SPb., 1882. T. 4.
Luk'yanov G.I. Ontologiya riska: monografiya. Volgograd: VolgGTU, 2005.
Nitsshe F. Soch. T. 2. M., 1990.
Ozhegov S.I. Slovar' russkogo yazyka. M.: Russkiy yazyk, 1990.
Stepin V.S. Nauka II Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. M., 2001. T. 3.
Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka. V 3-kh tt. T. 3 / Red. D.N. Ushakov. M.: Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya, 1999.
Jungermann H. & Slovic P. Psycologie der Kognition und die Evolution von Risiko // G. Bechmann (Hg.). Risiko und Gesellschaft, Opladen, 1990.
Lopez L.L. Between Hope and Fear: The Psychology of Risk // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 1987. V. 20.
Renn O. Risk Analysis: Scope and Limitatio

Abstract: Based on English texts, the author of the article describes and analyzes transformation of feministic theories under the influence of the global social processes and intellectual innovations during the age of Post-Modernism. The article considers the social and discursive grounds for new feministic conceptions (the third-wave feminism). Neoconservative political reaction to the seconds-wave feminism during the 80th as well as further development of globalization played a particular role among other social determinants of this process. Globalization resulted in activation of women of the Third World and formation of ethnic feministic conceptions centered on the multi-identity problem (on the basis of ethnicity, gender and social class). According to the author, discursive grounds for post-modernistic feminism included internal contradictions in the theories of the first- and second-wave feminism and criticism by anti-feminism, post-modernism, ‘black and colour’ feminism, feministic post-colonial theory and simply ‘other-minded’ feminists. The author also describes and analyzes the ‘new feministic movements’ of the X generation with their basic features being the refusal from the theory, values and mass political actions of the second-wave feminism; individualism; hedonism; and adoption of the concepts of the flexible or hybrid personal identities. This, in fact, shows that feminism does not exist as the theory and mass movement any more. The article introduces many English texts written both by the representative of the third-wave feminism and Western feminism researches.

Keywords: philosophy, feminism, anti-feminism, multi-culturalism, identity, gender, equality, individualism, society, counterculture.

References:
Baumgardner J. and Richards A. Manifesta: Young women, feminism, and the future. — New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2000.
Dicker R. and Piepmeier A. (eds) Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century. Boston, MA: Northwestern University Press, 2003.
Faludi S. Backlash. The Undeclared War against American Women. N.Y., Crown Publishers, 1991.
Findlen B. (ed.). Listen Up: Voices from the Next Feminist Generation. — Seattle, Washington: Seal Press, 1995.
Grant J. Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory. — New York-London: Routledge, 1993.
Heywood L. and Drake J. Third-Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
hooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston, MA, South And Press, 1984.hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics, Boston, 1991.
HYPATIA: a J. of Feminist Philosophy. Special Issue: Third Wave Feminism. — vol. 12. — ¹ 3. summer 1997. — p. 47.