Abstract: The authors of the article analyze meanings and definitions of the terms ‘human nature’ and ‘human essence’
and grounds for their development, generalization and convergence taking into account modern genetic,
anthropological and cultural discoveries. Historically, differentiation of these two concepts was caused by the formation
of the ‘nature and culture’ opposition during the Early Modern Period when it was believed that expansion of
the cultural sphereled to narrowing of the sphere of nature and cultural degradation, on the contrary, resulted in
the revival of nature. The authors of the article show to what degree the aforesaid conclusion can be related to the
human himself and what grounds there are for creating the ‘savage (animal) and civilized human’ opposition. The
article is based on philosophical and general scientific principles of monism and development, integrity and consistency,
concepts of historicism, evolutionism and self-organization. The discovered contradiction between rather conservative
human nature and his free and creative ‘essence’ dictates the discourse about the manageable evolution of
human as an actor of self-development. Philosophical and anthropological terms ‘cultural adaptation’ and ‘cultural
evolution’ are described as a typological factor of human self-development. In fact, the authors describe the path to
creating a new humanism — the goal UNESCO has been actively calling the world community for.
Keywords: human nature, human essence, generic human, individual, personality, culture, human ecology, post-human history, humanism, trans-humanism.
Contact information: Mamedov Nizami Mustafa ogly, 119571, Russia, Moscow, prospect Vernadskogo 82, bld. 1.
References:
I.V. Egorova Pedagogicheskaya antropologiya I. Kanta // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2011.-1.-C. 15-25.
A.A. Razin Etnokul'tura: mesto i rol' v stanovlenii tselostnogo cheloveka. Chast' 1 // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-12.-C. 23-37.
A.A. Razin Etnokul'tura: mesto i rol' v stanovlenii tselostnogo cheloveka. Chast' 2. Okonchanie // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2013.-1.-C. 58-75. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.01.7.
V.A. Kutyrev Rekonstruktsiya cheloveka // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2010.-1.-C. 61-66.
E.M. Spirova Filosofskaya antropologiya kak sistema ponyatiy. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2010.-11.-C. 128-137.
Sel'e G. Stress bez distressa-M.: Progress, 1982. – S.112
Mamedov N.M. Priroda cheloveka i gumanizm.// Etnopsikhologicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp.3, M.-Spb.2013
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S.205.
Khaken G. Samoorganizuyushcheesya obshchestvo. // Budushchee Rossii v zerkale sinergetiki. M.: KomKniga/URSS, 2006. – S. 207
Moiseev N.N. Chelovek vo Vselennoy i na Zemle.// Mnogomernyy obraz cheloveka: Kompleksnoe mezhdistsiplinarnoe issledovanie cheloveka. – M.: Nauka, 2001. – S.60
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S. 267
Deklaratsiya Zemli (Khartiya Zemli) – Parizh, Yunesko. – 2000.
Dubrovskiy D.I. Soznanie, mozg, iskusstvennyy intellekt. M., «Strategiya-Tsentr», 2007.
Khaydegger M. Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1992.-S. 106.
Fukuyama F. Nashe postchelovecheskoe budushchee: Posledstviya biotekhnologicheskoy revolyutsii – M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo ACT»: OAO «LYuKS», 2004. – S.7.
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S. 54
Moiseev N.N. Byt' ili ne byt'... chelovechestvu? – M., 1999.
Kholliner V. Chelovek i agressiya. M ., 1975.-S . 109.
Khaskin V. V. Uyazvimost' roda chelovecheskogo: ekologiya i krizis tsivilizatsii // Ekologiya i zhizn'. – 2007. – ¹ 6. – S. 77-80
Watters Ethan. DNA is not destiny: the new science of epigenetics rewrites the ules of disease, heredity, and identity. 2006. November. Vol.
No. 11. 27.Wilson E.O. On Human Nature. Cambridge (MA), 1978.P. 167.
Sorokin P.A. Chelovek i obshchestvo v usloviyakh bedstviy: Vliyanie voyny, revolyutsii, goloda, epidemii na intellekt i povedenie cheloveka, sotsial'nuyu organizatsiyu i kul'turnuyu zhizn'/ Per. s angl., vstup. st. i primech. V.V. Sapova. – SPb.: Mir, 2012.
Markov A. Evolyutsiya cheloveka: obez'yany, neyrony i dusha.-M.: Astrel', 2011
Efroimson V.P. Genetika etiki i estetiki.-SPb: «Talisman»,1995.
Lorents K. Agressiya (tak nazyvaemoe zlo). M.-2009.
Fesenkova L. V. Teoriya evolyutsii i ee otrazhenie v kul'ture. – M., 2003. – S. 153
Freyd Z. Vvedenie v psikhoanaliz. SPb.: Piter.-2007.
Gilad Y., Rosenberg S., Przeworski M. et al. Evidence for positive selection and population structure at the human mao-a gene // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2002. V. 99. P. 862–867.
Erlik S.N. Biofilosofiya i chelovekoznanie// Biofilosofiya. – M., 1997.
Lumsden C.J. Does Culture Need Genes? // Ethology and Sociobiology. 1989. N 10. P. 11-28.
Mansurova S.E. Integratsiya znaniy o cheloveke kak teoreticheskoe osnovanie gumanizatsii obrazovaniya: Monografiya. – M.: GAOU VPO MIOO, 2012.
Ashley Montagu, Man and Aggression (New York, 1968), 9.
Dobzhansky Th. Evolution and Man's Self-Image // Evolution Anthropology, Physical. London, 1975. P. 189–220.
Tul'chinskiy G.L. Novaya antropologiya: lichnost' v perspektive postchelovechnosti. //Voprosy filosofii, 2009. – ¹4. – S.41-56
Gurevich P.S. Filosofiya cheloveka. Ch. 1. M.: IF RAN, 2001.
Talhelm et al. Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained By Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture. Science 9 May 2014: Vol. 344 no. 6184 pp. 603-608
Mamedov N.M. Priroda cheloveka i smysl kul'tury.// Kul'tura ustoychivogo razvitiya: ot idei k real'nosti. Baku, 2013
Sharden T.P. Fenomen cheloveka – M.:Nauka, 1987
Stepin V.S. Kul'tura // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T.2. M., 2001.-S.341
Byars, S. G.; Ewbank, D.; Govindaraju, D. R.; Stearns, S. C. "Natural selection in a contemporary human population". PNAS 107 (suppl_1): 1787–1792.
Teyyar de Sharden. Fenomen cheloveka. M.: Nauka, 1987.-S. 178.
Yankovskiy N. K., Borinskaya S. A. Lyudi i ikh geny: niti sud'by. – M., Izd-vo «Vek 2», 2006
Yung K.G. Problemy dushi nashego vremeni. M.: "Progress", 1994.-S.185
Gerder I. Idei k filosofii istorii chelovechestva. M.: Nauka, 1977. – S.102
Kant, I. Sochineniya v shesti tomakh. / I.Kant – M., Mysl', 1966. (Filosof. nasledie). – T. 6 – S.350
Khomich E.V.Chelovek // Istoriya filosofii: Entsiklopediya.— Mn.: Interpresservis; Knizhnyy Dom. 2002.— S. 1247
I.V. Egorova V. Gumbol'dt o filosofskom obraze cheloveka // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2011.-4.-C. 26-37.
Shilovskaya N.S. Chelovek kak sub'ekt, bytie i bytie sub'ekta v istorii i sovremennosti // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. — 2012.-¹ 1.-S.171-203. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.88. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_88.htm
References (transliteration):
I.V. Egorova Pedagogicheskaya antropologiya I. Kanta // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2011.-1.-C. 15-25.
A.A. Razin Etnokul'tura: mesto i rol' v stanovlenii tselostnogo cheloveka. Chast' 1 // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-12.-C. 23-37.
A.A. Razin Etnokul'tura: mesto i rol' v stanovlenii tselostnogo cheloveka. Chast' 2. Okonchanie // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2013.-1.-C. 58-75. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.01.7.
V.A. Kutyrev Rekonstruktsiya cheloveka // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2010.-1.-C. 61-66.
E.M. Spirova Filosofskaya antropologiya kak sistema ponyatiy. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2010.-11.-C. 128-137.
Sel'e G. Stress bez distressa-M.: Progress, 1982. – S.112
Mamedov N.M. Priroda cheloveka i gumanizm.// Etnopsikhologicheskie issledovaniya. Vyp.3, M.-Spb.2013
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S.205.
Khaken G. Samoorganizuyushcheesya obshchestvo. // Budushchee Rossii v zerkale sinergetiki. M.: KomKniga/URSS, 2006. – S. 207
Moiseev N.N. Chelovek vo Vselennoy i na Zemle.// Mnogomernyy obraz cheloveka: Kompleksnoe mezhdistsiplinarnoe issledovanie cheloveka. – M.: Nauka, 2001. – S.60
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S. 267
Deklaratsiya Zemli (Khartiya Zemli) – Parizh, Yunesko. – 2000.
Dubrovskiy D.I. Soznanie, mozg, iskusstvennyy intellekt. M., «Strategiya-Tsentr», 2007.
Khaydegger M. Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1992.-S. 106.
Fukuyama F. Nashe postchelovecheskoe budushchee: Posledstviya biotekhnologicheskoy revolyutsii – M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo ACT»: OAO «LYuKS», 2004. – S.7.
Pechchei A. Chelovecheskie kachestva. – M.: Progress, 1980. – S. 54
Moiseev N.N. Byt' ili ne byt'... chelovechestvu? – M., 1999.
Kholliner V. Chelovek i agressiya. M ., 1975.-S . 109.
Khaskin V. V. Uyazvimost' roda chelovecheskogo: ekologiya i krizis tsivilizatsii // Ekologiya i zhizn'. – 2007. – ¹ 6. – S. 77-80
Watters Ethan. DNA is not destiny: the new science of epigenetics rewrites the ules of disease, heredity, and identity. 2006. November. Vol.
No. 11. 27.Wilson E.O. On Human Nature. Cambridge (MA), 1978.P. 167.
Sorokin P.A. Chelovek i obshchestvo v usloviyakh bedstviy: Vliyanie voyny, revolyutsii, goloda, epidemii na intellekt i povedenie cheloveka, sotsial'nuyu organizatsiyu i kul'turnuyu zhizn'/ Per. s angl., vstup. st. i primech. V.V. Sapova. – SPb.: Mir, 2012.
Markov A. Evolyutsiya cheloveka: obez'yany, neyrony i dusha.-M.: Astrel', 2011
Efroimson V.P. Genetika etiki i estetiki.-SPb: «Talisman»,1995.
Lorents K. Agressiya (tak nazyvaemoe zlo). M.-2009.
Fesenkova L. V. Teoriya evolyutsii i ee otrazhenie v kul'ture. – M., 2003. – S. 153
Freyd Z. Vvedenie v psikhoanaliz. SPb.: Piter.-2007.
Gilad Y., Rosenberg S., Przeworski M. et al. Evidence for positive selection and population structure at the human mao-a gene // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2002. V. 99. P. 862–867.
Erlik S.N. Biofilosofiya i chelovekoznanie// Biofilosofiya. – M., 1997.
Lumsden C.J. Does Culture Need Genes? // Ethology and Sociobiology. 1989. N 10. P. 11-28.
Mansurova S.E. Integratsiya znaniy o cheloveke kak teoreticheskoe osnovanie gumanizatsii obrazovaniya: Monografiya. – M.: GAOU VPO MIOO, 2012.
Ashley Montagu, Man and Aggression (New York, 1968), 9.
Dobzhansky Th. Evolution and Man's Self-Image // Evolution Anthropology, Physical. London, 1975. P. 189–220.
Tul'chinskiy G.L. Novaya antropologiya: lichnost' v perspektive postchelovechnosti. //Voprosy filosofii, 2009. – ¹4. – S.41-56
Gurevich P.S. Filosofiya cheloveka. Ch. 1. M.: IF RAN, 2001.
Talhelm et al. Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained By Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture. Science 9 May 2014: Vol. 344 no. 6184 pp. 603-608
Mamedov N.M. Priroda cheloveka i smysl kul'tury.// Kul'tura ustoychivogo razvitiya: ot idei k real'nosti. Baku, 2013
Sharden T.P. Fenomen cheloveka – M.:Nauka, 1987
Stepin V.S. Kul'tura // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T.2. M., 2001.-S.341
Byars, S. G.; Ewbank, D.; Govindaraju, D. R.; Stearns, S. C. "Natural selection in a contemporary human population". PNAS 107 (suppl_1): 1787–1792.
Teyyar de Sharden. Fenomen cheloveka. M.: Nauka, 1987.-S. 178.
Yankovskiy N. K., Borinskaya S. A. Lyudi i ikh geny: niti sud'by. – M., Izd-vo «Vek 2», 2006
Yung K.G. Problemy dushi nashego vremeni. M.: "Progress", 1994.-S.185
Gerder I. Idei k filosofii istorii chelovechestva. M.: Nauka, 1977. – S.102
Kant, I. Sochineniya v shesti tomakh. / I.Kant – M., Mysl', 1966. (Filosof. nasledie). – T. 6 – S.350
Khomich E.V.Chelovek // Istoriya filosofii: Entsiklopediya.— Mn.: Interpresservis; Knizhnyy Dom. 2002.— S. 1247
I.V. Egorova V. Gumbol'dt o filosofskom obraze cheloveka // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2011.-4.-C. 26-37.
Shilovskaya N.S. Chelovek kak sub'ekt, bytie i bytie sub'ekta v istorii i sovremennosti // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. — 2012.-¹ 1.-S.171-203. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.88. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_88.htm