Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the rights and freedoms of an individual as the ideal values of the modern state. The work substantiates the position that human rights as a universal category serve as a significant dominant in development of civil society alongside the counterforce of absolutization of political power of the state in the process of establishment of constitutionalism. Rights and freedoms are the ideal value of any modern democratic state; because firstly, a person represents the highest value of social development, and, secondly, the purposes of existence and functionality of the government apparatus itself. Thus, the recognition, consolidation in the existing legislation (primarily the Constitution), adherence to and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, on one hand – is the cornerstone of  formation and functionality of the government apparatus in modern democratic state as; and on the other hand – one of the main goals and tasks of the state.

Keywords: democracy, Constitution, people, modern state, ideal value, citizen, man, freedom, law, government

References:
Parkhomenko R.N. Diskussii o liberalizme v sovremennoy Rossii // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2013. ¹ 8. C. 1052 - 1063. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.8.9067.
Grudtsyna L.Yu. Filosofsko-pravovaya kontseptsiya grazhdanskogo obshchestva kak samoorganizuyushcheysya sotsial'noy sistemy: ot Gegelya do nashikh dney // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2014. ¹ 4. C. 392 - 397. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.4.11370.
Kant E. Vzaimodopolnitel'nost' morali i prava. M., 1992. S. 52.
Grudtsyna L.Yu., Petrov S.M. Vlast' i grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v Rossii: vzaimodeystvie i protivostoyanie // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2012. ¹ 1. C. 19 - 29.
Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. A.A. Ivina. M., 2006. S. 584.
Goncharov V.V. Rol' i mesto politicheskikh partiy v formirovanii i razvitii sistemy ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2008. ¹ 24. S. 7-9.
Stremoukhov A.V. Pravovaya zashchita cheloveka: teoreticheskie problemy. SPb., 2001. S. 26.
Simakov K.A. Lichnost', grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, pravovoe gosudarstvo // Grazhdanin i pravo. 2007. ¹ 4. S. 15.
Goncharov V.V. Printsipy formirovaniya i funktsionirovaniya ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: institutsional'no-politicheskiy analiz: monografiya / V.V. Goncharov. M.: ID «ATISO», 2007. 253 s.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Mnozhestvennost' konstitutsionnogo poryadka // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2016. ¹ 3. S. 5-9.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Model' sovremennoy «russkoy vlasti»: usloviya paritetnosti // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2016. ¹ 3. S. 25-29.
Konstitutsionnye prava i svobody: kontseptual'nye podkhody, normativnoe voploshchenie i problemy realizatsii v Rossii. Ekspertnoe mnenie N.A. Bogdanovoy // Konstitutsionnyy vestnik. 2008. ¹ 1(19). S. 95.
Gegel' G.V.F. Politicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 84.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Vzaimodeystvie gosudarstva i grazhdanskogo obshchestva v kontekste konstitutsionalizma: teoretiko-metodologicheskie problemy i puti ikh razresheniya // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. ¹ 5. S. 19-25.
Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii v voprosakh i otvetakh. 2—e izd., pererab. i dop. / Pod red. A.V. Mal'ko. M.: Yurist', 2003. S. 73.
Goncharov V.V., Kovaleva L.I. Ob institutakh obshchestvennogo kontrolya ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Vlast'. 2009. ¹ 1. S. 72-75.
Goncharov V.V. Vzaimodeystvie i sovershenstvovanie zakonodatel'noy (predstavitel'noy) i ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossii // Yuridicheskiy mir. 2008. ¹ 6. S. 31-34.

References (transliteration):
Parkhomenko R.N. Diskussii o liberalizme v sovremennoy Rossii // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2013. ¹ 8. C. 1052 - 1063. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.8.9067.
Grudtsyna L.Yu. Filosofsko-pravovaya kontseptsiya grazhdanskogo obshchestva kak samoorganizuyushcheysya sotsial'noy sistemy: ot Gegelya do nashikh dney // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2014. ¹ 4. C. 392 - 397. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.4.11370.
Kant E. Vzaimodopolnitel'nost' morali i prava. M., 1992. S. 52.
Grudtsyna L.Yu., Petrov S.M. Vlast' i grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v Rossii: vzaimodeystvie i protivostoyanie // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2012. ¹ 1. C. 19 - 29.
Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. A.A. Ivina. M., 2006. S. 584.
Goncharov V.V. Rol' i mesto politicheskikh partiy v formirovanii i razvitii sistemy ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2008. ¹ 24. S. 7-9.
Stremoukhov A.V. Pravovaya zashchita cheloveka: teoreticheskie problemy. SPb., 2001. S. 26.
Simakov K.A. Lichnost', grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, pravovoe gosudarstvo // Grazhdanin i pravo. 2007. ¹ 4. S. 15.
Goncharov V.V. Printsipy formirovaniya i funktsionirovaniya ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: institutsional'no-politicheskiy analiz: monografiya / V.V. Goncharov. M.: ID «ATISO», 2007. 253 s.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Mnozhestvennost' konstitutsionnogo poryadka // Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2016. ¹ 3. S. 5-9.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Model' sovremennoy «russkoy vlasti»: usloviya paritetnosti // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2016. ¹ 3. S. 25-29.
Konstitutsionnye prava i svobody: kontseptual'nye podkhody, normativnoe voploshchenie i problemy realizatsii v Rossii. Ekspertnoe mnenie N.A. Bogdanovoy // Konstitutsionnyy vestnik. 2008. ¹ 1(19). S. 95.
Gegel' G.V.F. Politicheskie proizvedeniya. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 84.
Goncharov V.V., Poyarkov S.Yu. Vzaimodeystvie gosudarstva i grazhdanskogo obshchestva v kontekste konstitutsionalizma: teoretiko-metodologicheskie problemy i puti ikh razresheniya // Sovremennoe pravo. 2015. ¹ 5. S. 19-25.
Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii v voprosakh i otvetakh. 2—e izd., pererab. i dop. / Pod red. A.V. Mal'ko. M.: Yurist', 2003. S. 73.
Goncharov V.V., Kovaleva L.I. Ob institutakh obshchestvennogo kontrolya ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Vlast'. 2009. ¹ 1. S. 72-75.
Goncharov V.V. Vzaimodeystvie i sovershenstvovanie zakonodatel'noy (predstavitel'noy) i ispolnitel'noy vlasti v Rossii // Yuridicheskiy mir. 2008. ¹ 6. S. 31-34.

Abstract: The aim of the present article is to study essentialist and post-essentialist approaches towards the subject of power. Modern political philosophy has revealed methodological inconsistency of essentialist interpretation of the ruler which was regarded as a phenomenon determined by supreme metaphysical essence (Wesen). Unsound is today the classical subject-object model of power in general. Using the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, Alexandre Kojeve, Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault and other thinkers, the author examines in detail the causes of the crisis and heuristic incompleteness of essentialism in political philosophy. The article considers the attempts to overcome it. The author makes explicit ambiguity of the ways of describing and characterizing of the power subject represented in classical and modern concepts.Along with general scientific research methodology the author uses constructivist and poststructuralist approaches, hermeneutic methodology as well as the method of comparative analysis of philosophical doctrines.The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive and systematic characterization of essentialist theories of power, explication of methodological "problem areas" of essentialism and constructivism. The author concludes the methodological fruitless using of classical Cartesian subject category in modern political and philosophical studies. However, the total elimination of this category from the arsenal of the modern political and philosophical thought demonstrating a broad conceptual apparatus for the expression of subjectivity is also untenable. The special contribution of the author consists in non-classical interpretation of the category of power subject in the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Carl von Clausewitz.

Keywords: Foucault, Kojeve, Servant and master , Metaphysics, Essentialism, Political philosophy, Trancendency , Transgression, Power, Subject

References:
Nitsshe F. Chernoviki i nabroski 1887-1889 gg. // Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: V 13 tomakh. T. 13. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2006. – 656 s.
Balakleets N.A. Terra nullius i otnosheniya vlasti v sotsial'nom prostranstve // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. – 2015. – ¹ 396. – S. 38-42.
Levit K. Ot Gegelya k Nitsshe. Revolyutsionnyy perelom v myshlenii XIX veka. – SPb: Vladimir Dal', 2002. – 672 s.
Kozhev A. Ponyatie vlasti. – M.: Praksis, 2006. – 192 s.
Kozhev A. Vvedenie v chtenie Gegelya. – SPb.: Nauka, 2003. – 792 s.
Aristotel'. Politika. URL: http://royallib.ru/read/aristotel/politika.html#20480
Yampol'skiy M. Fiziologiya simvolicheskogo. Kniga 1. Vozvrashchenie Leviafana: Politicheskaya teologiya, reprezentatsiya vlasti i konets Starogo rezhima. – M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2004. – 800 s.
Balakleets N.A. Ontologicheskie aspekty monarkhicheskoy vlasti (na materiale romana I.I. Lazhechnikova «Delyanoy dom») // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2015. – ¹ 2. – S. 138-147. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2015.2.15475
Khaydegger M. Vremya kartiny mira // Vremya i bytie: stat'i i vystupleniya. – M.: Respublika, 1993. – S. 41-62.
Russo Zh.-Zh. Ob Obshchestvennom dogovore, ili Printsipy politicheskogo prava // Traktaty. – M.: Nauka, 1969. – S. 151-256.
Filippov A.V. Kritika Leviafana // Shmitt K. Leviafan v uchenii o gosudarstve Tomasa Gobbsa. – SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2006. – S. 5-100.
Zhuvenel' B. de. Vlast': Estestvennaya istoriya ee vozrastaniya. – M.: IRISEN, Mysl', 2011. – 546 s.
Fuko M. Nadzirat' i nakazyvat'. – M.: Ad Marginem, 1999. – 479 s.
Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira. – M.: Ladomir, 1994. – 868 s.
Laclau E., Mouffe Ch. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. – L.: Verso, 2001. – 198 p.
Burd'e P. Sotsiologiya sotsial'nogo prostranstva. – M.: Institut eksperimental'noy sotsiologii, SPb.: Aleteyya, 2007. – 288 s.
Khardt M., Negri A. Mnozhestvo: voyna i demokratiya v epokhu imperii. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2006. – 559 s.
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast' i golaya zhizn'. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011. – 256 s.
Faritov V.T. Sub'ekt i soznanie v rezhime transgressii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2015. – ¹ 4. – S. 496-504. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2015.4.10907
Faritov V.T. Ontologicheskiy status fenomena diskursa // Epistemologiya i filosofiya nauki. – 2014. – ¹ 1. – S. 124-136.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. – M.: Izd-vo Eksmo; Khar'kov: Izd-vo Folio, 2003. – 864 s.
Klauzevits K. O voyne. – M.: Logos; Nauka, 1994. – 446 s.
Fuko M. Germenevtika sub'ekta: Kurs lektsiy, prochitannykh v Kollezh de Frans v 1981-1982 uchebnom godu. – SPb.: Nau¬ka, 2007. – 677 s.
Al'tyusser L. Ideologiya i ideologicheskie apparaty gosudarstva (zametki dlya issledovaniya) // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2011. – ¹ 3 (77). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2011/3/al3.html
Fuko M. Intellektualy i vlast': Izbrannye politicheskie stat'i, vystupleniya i interv'yu. – M.: Praksis, 2006. – Ch. 3. – 320 s.
Fuko M. Psikhiatricheskaya vlast'. – SPb.: Nauka, 2007. – 450 s.
Nitsshe F. Chernoviki i nabroski 1880-1882 gg. // Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: V 13 tomakh. T. 9. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya. – 2013. – 688 s.
Khabermas Yu. Filosofskiy diskurs o moderne. Dvenadtsat' lektsiy. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Ves' Mir», 2008. – 416 s.
Matveev I. Fuko, Gruppa informatsii po tyur'mam i paradoksy politiki istiny // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2013. – ¹ 2 (88). – S. 48-66.
Spivak G. Ch. Mogut li ugnetennye govorit' // Vvedenie v gendernye issledovaniya. Ch. 2. – Khar'kov: KhTsGI; SPb.: Aleteyya, 2001. – S. 649-670.
Faritov V.T. Filosofskie aspekty vremeni i prostranstva v tvorchestve A.S. Pushkina // Litera. - 2015. - 1. - C. 1 - 30. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8698.2015.1.15098. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_15098.html

References (transliteration):
Nitsshe F. Chernoviki i nabroski 1887-1889 gg. // Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: V 13 tomakh. T. 13. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2006. – 656 s.
Balakleets N.A. Terra nullius i otnosheniya vlasti v sotsial'nom prostranstve // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. – 2015. – ¹ 396. – S. 38-42.
Levit K. Ot Gegelya k Nitsshe. Revolyutsionnyy perelom v myshlenii XIX veka. – SPb: Vladimir Dal', 2002. – 672 s.
Kozhev A. Ponyatie vlasti. – M.: Praksis, 2006. – 192 s.
Kozhev A. Vvedenie v chtenie Gegelya. – SPb.: Nauka, 2003. – 792 s.
Aristotel'. Politika. URL: http://royallib.ru/read/aristotel/politika.html#20480
Yampol'skiy M. Fiziologiya simvolicheskogo. Kniga 1. Vozvrashchenie Leviafana: Politicheskaya teologiya, reprezentatsiya vlasti i konets Starogo rezhima. – M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2004. – 800 s.
Balakleets N.A. Ontologicheskie aspekty monarkhicheskoy vlasti (na materiale romana I.I. Lazhechnikova «Delyanoy dom») // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2015. – ¹ 2. – S. 138-147. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2015.2.15475
Khaydegger M. Vremya kartiny mira // Vremya i bytie: stat'i i vystupleniya. – M.: Respublika, 1993. – S. 41-62.
Russo Zh.-Zh. Ob Obshchestvennom dogovore, ili Printsipy politicheskogo prava // Traktaty. – M.: Nauka, 1969. – S. 151-256.
Filippov A.V. Kritika Leviafana // Shmitt K. Leviafan v uchenii o gosudarstve Tomasa Gobbsa. – SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2006. – S. 5-100.
Zhuvenel' B. de. Vlast': Estestvennaya istoriya ee vozrastaniya. – M.: IRISEN, Mysl', 2011. – 546 s.
Fuko M. Nadzirat' i nakazyvat'. – M.: Ad Marginem, 1999. – 479 s.
Grotsiy G. O prave voyny i mira. – M.: Ladomir, 1994. – 868 s.
Laclau E., Mouffe Ch. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. – L.: Verso, 2001. – 198 p.
Burd'e P. Sotsiologiya sotsial'nogo prostranstva. – M.: Institut eksperimental'noy sotsiologii, SPb.: Aleteyya, 2007. – 288 s.
Khardt M., Negri A. Mnozhestvo: voyna i demokratiya v epokhu imperii. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2006. – 559 s.
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast' i golaya zhizn'. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011. – 256 s.
Faritov V.T. Sub'ekt i soznanie v rezhime transgressii // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2015. – ¹ 4. – S. 496-504. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2015.4.10907
Faritov V.T. Ontologicheskiy status fenomena diskursa // Epistemologiya i filosofiya nauki. – 2014. – ¹ 1. – S. 124-136.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. – M.: Izd-vo Eksmo; Khar'kov: Izd-vo Folio, 2003. – 864 s.
Klauzevits K. O voyne. – M.: Logos; Nauka, 1994. – 446 s.
Fuko M. Germenevtika sub'ekta: Kurs lektsiy, prochitannykh v Kollezh de Frans v 1981-1982 uchebnom godu. – SPb.: Nau¬ka, 2007. – 677 s.
Al'tyusser L. Ideologiya i ideologicheskie apparaty gosudarstva (zametki dlya issledovaniya) // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2011. – ¹ 3 (77). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2011/3/al3.html
Fuko M. Intellektualy i vlast': Izbrannye politicheskie stat'i, vystupleniya i interv'yu. – M.: Praksis, 2006. – Ch. 3. – 320 s.
Fuko M. Psikhiatricheskaya vlast'. – SPb.: Nauka, 2007. – 450 s.
Nitsshe F. Chernoviki i nabroski 1880-1882 gg. // Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: V 13 tomakh. T. 9. – M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya. – 2013. – 688 s.
Khabermas Yu. Filosofskiy diskurs o moderne. Dvenadtsat' lektsiy. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Ves' Mir», 2008. – 416 s.
Matveev I. Fuko, Gruppa informatsii po tyur'mam i paradoksy politiki istiny // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. – 2013. – ¹ 2 (88). – S. 48-66.
Spivak G. Ch. Mogut li ugnetennye govorit' // Vvedenie v gendernye issledovaniya. Ch. 2. – Khar'kov: KhTsGI; SPb.: Aleteyya, 2001. – S. 649-670.
Faritov V.T. Filosofskie aspekty vremeni i prostranstva v tvorchestve A.S. Pushkina // Litera. - 2015. - 1. - C. 1 - 30. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8698.2015.1.15098. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_15098.html

Abstract: The subject of this research is the history of development of Japanese Confucianism as the political philosophy, as well as the growing influence of the Confucian deontological ethics, expressed in the notions of righteousness truth, and agreement, upon the political and philosophical thought of Japan during the period of existence of its traditional culture subjected to its own logic of development. In parallel, the author examines the question of inconsistency of the influence of Shinto-Buddhist Syncretism upon the political aspects of the nation’s life, for the purpose of search for the intellectual grounds of such type of the statehood and society that can be associated with Japan. The author concludes that namely the Confucian political thought has formed the foundation of the deontological character of Japanese political culture. Analyzing the ancient legislative acts of Japan “The Seventeen-article Constitution”, the author believes that the crucial value for the Japanese political thought, along with the notions of righteousness and agreement, consists in the notion of the truth, which is the result of comprehension and reveals itself in realization; and thus, it can be understood as the moving force of the Japanese political culture.  

Keywords: Truth, Righteousness, Justice, Deontological ethics, Shinbutsu-shūgō, Shōtoku, Seventeen-article Constitution, Neo-Confucianism, Confucianism, Japanese philosophy

References:
Skvortsova E.L. Yaponskaya estetika:ot traditsii k filosofii // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2011. 4. - C. 5-19.
Ismailov N.O. Etika diskursa Khabermasa v kontekste spravedlivosti // Pravo i politika. 2014. 4. - C. 521-528. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11704.
Kitagava Dzh. M. Religiya v istorii Yaponii. SPb.: Nauka, 2005. 588 s.
Bachurin, A.S., Trubnikova, N.N. Istoriya religiy Yaponii. M.: Natalis, 2009. 560 s.
Molodyakov V.E. Sinto i yaponskaya mysl' // Sinto – put' yaponskikh bogov. V 2 t. T.I. Ocherki po istorii sinto. SPb.: Giperion, 2002. 634-688 s.
Ito J., A lexicon of philosophical terms // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Hayashi R. A vernacular guide to Confucianism // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Nagata Kh. Istoriya filosofskoy mysli Yaponii. M.: Progress, 1991. 416 s.
Samurai Thought: Overview // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Popov K.A. Konstitutsiya Setoku (604 g. n. e.): Narody Azii i Afriki. ¹ 1. 1980. URL: http://www.drevlit.ru/docs/japan/VII/600-620/Konst_Setoku/text2a1f1.php
Radul'-Zatulovskiy Ya.B. Konfutsianstvo i ego rasprostranenie v Yaponii. M.: LIBROKOM, 2011. 456 s.
Goto Jones C. S. Political philosophy in Japan. Nishida, the Kyoto School, and Co-prosperity. Abington: Routledge, 2005.

References (transliteration):
Skvortsova E.L. Yaponskaya estetika:ot traditsii k filosofii // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2011. 4. - C. 5-19.
Ismailov N.O. Etika diskursa Khabermasa v kontekste spravedlivosti // Pravo i politika. 2014. 4. - C. 521-528. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11704.
Kitagava Dzh. M. Religiya v istorii Yaponii. SPb.: Nauka, 2005. 588 s.
Bachurin, A.S., Trubnikova, N.N. Istoriya religiy Yaponii. M.: Natalis, 2009. 560 s.
Molodyakov V.E. Sinto i yaponskaya mysl' // Sinto – put' yaponskikh bogov. V 2 t. T.I. Ocherki po istorii sinto. SPb.: Giperion, 2002. 634-688 s.
Ito J., A lexicon of philosophical terms // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Hayashi R. A vernacular guide to Confucianism // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Nagata Kh. Istoriya filosofskoy mysli Yaponii. M.: Progress, 1991. 416 s.
Samurai Thought: Overview // Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2011.
Popov K.A. Konstitutsiya Setoku (604 g. n. e.): Narody Azii i Afriki. ¹ 1. 1980. URL: http://www.drevlit.ru/docs/japan/VII/600-620/Konst_Setoku/text2a1f1.php
Radul'-Zatulovskiy Ya.B. Konfutsianstvo i ego rasprostranenie v Yaponii. M.: LIBROKOM, 2011. 456 s.
Goto Jones C. S. Political philosophy in Japan. Nishida, the Kyoto School, and Co-prosperity. Abington: Routledge, 2005.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the analysis of integration possibilities and disintegration risks of the “Russian world” – a phenomenon that lately has attained a new sound, as well as became a subject for an extensive public discussion. The author makes an accent on the fact that the “Russian world” concept was being formed simultaneously in several platitudes: political, ethnical, economic, and cultural; thus the specificity of such phenomenon should undergo a comprehensive examination. Special attention is given to the issue of how the “Russian world” became an element of the Russian political culture; how harmoniously and/or controversially it combines ethnical, imperial, and national beginnings; which practical meanings can be determined with regards to this notion today. Based on the analysis of the theories on the heritage of the Russian philosophical thought, an attempt was made to translate a number of positions, associated with the “Russian world” concept, upon the modern sociopolitical reality of Russia, as well as critically apprehend the positive, promising, and potentially dangerous variants of interpretation of this notion in the current context. An impression can be formed that the term “Russian world” is an element of the present political language. At the same time, the attempts to mark the limits of the Russian world and to find its conceptual seed are taking place over a decade, and are certainly located not just in the political rhetoric, but also have a vivid philosophical aim.  The article presents a number of conclusions pertaining to the current stage of existence of the Russian world, which has to overcome the inner contradictions, and continues developing in the conditions of significant geopolitical shifts and complication of the sociopolitical space.

Keywords: nationalism, theory of culture, P. B. Struve, geocultural strategy, integration strategies, Russian world, empire, ethnic identity, nation, political philosophy

References:
Rattsel' F. Politicheskaya geografiya // Geopolitika: Khrestomatiya / Sost. B. A. Isaev. – SPb.: Piter, 2007.-512 str.
Deklaratsiya russkoy identichnosti. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.vrns.ru/experts/2840/#.VGNUWR8hFk8 20. 70 tys. chelovek oshtrafovany za sokrytie dvoynogo grazhdanstva // "Kommersant'", ¹46 ot 18 marta 2015 21. Berdyaev N. Russkaya ideya. SPb.: Azbuka-klassika, 2008.-320 str.
Remizov M. Restavratsiya "russkogo" // «Ekspert» ¹48 (925) ot 24 noyabrya 2014.
Inozemtsev V. Russkiy mir I protiv Russkogo mira II // «Vedomosti», ¹3640 ot 29 iyulya 2014.
Tsymburskiy V. Ostrov Rossiya. Tsikly pokhishcheniya Evropy (Bol'shoe primechanie k "Ostrovu Rossiya"). [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/cymbur.htm
Struve P. Dva natsionalizma // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Struve P. Velikaya Rossiya. Iz razmyshleniy o probleme russkogo mogushchestva. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://az.lib.ru/s/struwe_p_b/text_1908_velikaya_rossia.shtml
Struve P. Dnevnik politika. M.; Parizh: Russkiy put', 2004.-872 str.
Struve P. Otryvki o gosudarstve // «Russkaya Mysl'», V, 1908 g. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.mnemosyne.ru/library/struve-2.html
Zhukova O. Edinstvo kul'tury i politiki: liberal'no-konservativnyy proekt P. B. Struve v sozidanii Rossii // Petr Berngardovich Struve. M.: ROSSPEN, 2012.-327 s.
Teslya A. O «Russkom mire» // "Vedomosti", ¹3658 ot 22 avgusta 2014.
Men'shikov M. Veliko-vostochnyy vopros. Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Men'shikov M. Netsarstvennyy imperializm // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Struve P. Dva natsionalizma // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Men'shikov M. Velikorusskaya ideya. V 2 t. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2012.-688 str.
Men'shikov M. Velikorusskaya partiya. // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Kara-Murza A. Rossiya v treugol'nike "Etnokratiya – imperiya – natsiya". [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/krmrz.htm
Gefter M. Mir mirov: rossiyskiy zachin. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/geft.htm
Gromyko A. Russkiy mir: ponyatie, printsipy, tsennosti, struktura. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.russkiymir.ru/analytics/tables/news/119902/

References (transliteration):
Rattsel' F. Politicheskaya geografiya // Geopolitika: Khrestomatiya / Sost. B. A. Isaev. – SPb.: Piter, 2007.-512 str.
Deklaratsiya russkoy identichnosti. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.vrns.ru/experts/2840/#.VGNUWR8hFk8 20. 70 tys. chelovek oshtrafovany za sokrytie dvoynogo grazhdanstva // "Kommersant'", ¹46 ot 18 marta 2015 21. Berdyaev N. Russkaya ideya. SPb.: Azbuka-klassika, 2008.-320 str.
Remizov M. Restavratsiya "russkogo" // «Ekspert» ¹48 (925) ot 24 noyabrya 2014.
Inozemtsev V. Russkiy mir I protiv Russkogo mira II // «Vedomosti», ¹3640 ot 29 iyulya 2014.
Tsymburskiy V. Ostrov Rossiya. Tsikly pokhishcheniya Evropy (Bol'shoe primechanie k "Ostrovu Rossiya"). [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/cymbur.htm
Struve P. Dva natsionalizma // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Struve P. Velikaya Rossiya. Iz razmyshleniy o probleme russkogo mogushchestva. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://az.lib.ru/s/struwe_p_b/text_1908_velikaya_rossia.shtml
Struve P. Dnevnik politika. M.; Parizh: Russkiy put', 2004.-872 str.
Struve P. Otryvki o gosudarstve // «Russkaya Mysl'», V, 1908 g. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.mnemosyne.ru/library/struve-2.html
Zhukova O. Edinstvo kul'tury i politiki: liberal'no-konservativnyy proekt P. B. Struve v sozidanii Rossii // Petr Berngardovich Struve. M.: ROSSPEN, 2012.-327 s.
Teslya A. O «Russkom mire» // "Vedomosti", ¹3658 ot 22 avgusta 2014.
Men'shikov M. Veliko-vostochnyy vopros. Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Men'shikov M. Netsarstvennyy imperializm // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Struve P. Dva natsionalizma // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Men'shikov M. Velikorusskaya ideya. V 2 t. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2012.-688 str.
Men'shikov M. Velikorusskaya partiya. // Natsiya i imperiya v russkoy mysli nachala KhKh veka. M.: Skimen', 2004.-351 str.
Kara-Murza A. Rossiya v treugol'nike "Etnokratiya – imperiya – natsiya". [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/krmrz.htm
Gefter M. Mir mirov: rossiyskiy zachin. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://old.russ.ru/antolog/inoe/geft.htm
Gromyko A. Russkiy mir: ponyatie, printsipy, tsennosti, struktura. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.russkiymir.ru/analytics/tables/news/119902/

Abstract: The subject of this research is the prison metaphor in the Russian political discourse. The importance of metaphor in political statements and the dynamic of metaphoric preferences in the modern Russian political discourse are being demonstrated. The author determines the cultural-historical and philosophical aspects of the connection between the discourse of authority (both, official and oppositional) and the statements characteristic for prison culture; the social and cultural consequences of such interaction are also being detected. During the analysis of the literary and philosophical texts, two types of interpretation of the prison culture characteristic for the Russian culture, as well as their influence in the modern political discourse, are being detected. The author substantiates the methodology of defining the political metaphor, classification of metaphors, as well as distinguishes metaphorical models, which help interpreting the modern political reality. On the examples of speeches of the political figures of the XX-XXI centuries, the author emphasizes the typical ways of expression, within the context of which the prison metaphor is being used. Scientific novelty consists in challenging an entire list of debatable issues associated with the historical-cultural prerequisites of the formation of various types of political discourse, including foreign which attempts to interpret the Russian reality. The author defines the various strategies of application of a prison metaphor within political discourse, depending on its historical realities and ideological orientations.

Keywords: Political figure, Ideology, Human rights, Image of prisoner, Prison culture, Prison, Statement, Methodology of research, Metaphor, Political discourse

References:
Doklad Upolnomochennogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossiyskoy Federatsii za 2014 god // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 7 maya 2015. ¹ 6667.
Gurevich P. S. Ideologizatsiya i deideologizatsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. — 2014. — ¹ 2. — S. 155–161.
Religioznye chuvstva vs svoboda slova. Opros VTsIOM. Press-vypusk ¹2901. 2015. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115347
Prava cheloveka v Rossii. Opros Fonda Obshchestvennogo Mneniya. 2013. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10873
Budaev E.V. Postsovetskaya deystvitel'nost' v metaforakh rossiyskoy i britanskoy pressy. Nizhniy Tagil: Nizhnetagil'skaya gosudarstvennaya sotsial'no-pedagogicheskaya akademiya, 2007. 149 s.
Zakon i poryadok v gosudarstve. Opros «Levada-Tsentr». 2014. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.levada.ru/2014/12/22/zakony-i-poryadok-v-gosudarstve/
Evtushenko E.A. Kazanskiy universitet. Poema / E.A. Evtushenko. Kazan': Tatarskoy knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1971. 98 s.
Abramkin V.F. Kak vyzhit' v sovetskoy tyur'me. V pomoshch' uzniku / V.F. Abramkin, Yu.V. Chizhov. Krasnoyarsk: Vostok, 1992. 192 s.
Krakhmal'nikova Z.A. Slushay, tyur'ma! / Z.A. Krakhmal'nikova. M.: PIK, 1995. 150 s.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. Bodalsya telenok s dubom: Ocherki lit. zhizni / A.I. Solzhenitsyn. M.: Soglasie, 1996. 687 s.
Nadel'-Chervin'ska M. Zhargonnye elementy sovremennogo «novoyaza»: problema kul'tury rechi ili ugolovnoy psikhologii? // Politicheskaya lingvistika. 2008. Vyp. 3(26). S. 64–79.
Rudnev V. Russkie den'gi // Logos. 2000. ¹ 4(25). S. 78–84.
Shalamov V.T. Pis'ma. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.modernlib.ru/books/shalamov_varlam_tihonovich/pisma_k_a_i_solzhenicinu/read_1
Plutser-Sarno A. Nekodifitsirovannye spirtnye napitki v poeme V.V. Erofeeva «Moskva — Petushki» // Logos. 2000. ¹ 4(25). S. 112–133.
Chudinov A.P. Rossiya v metaforicheskom zerkale: kognitivnoe issledovanie politicheskoy metafory (1991–2000). Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural. gos. ped. un-ta, 2001. 238 s.
Tul'chinskiy G.L. Svoboda i smysl: Novyy sdvig gumanitarnoy paradigmy / L.G. Tul'chinskiy. M.: Nobel' Press, 2012. 144 s.
Pelipenko A.A., Yakovenko I. G. Kul'tura kak sistema. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Yazyki russkoy kul'tury», 1998. 376 s.
Tkachev P.N. Statisticheskie etyudy (opyt razrabotki russkoy ugolovnoy statistiki) / P.N. Tkachev // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. 1863. ¹ 10. S. 7–62.
Dril' D.A. Ssylka vo Frantsii i Rossii. Iz lichnykh nablyudeniy vo vremya poezdki v Novuyu Kaledoniyu, na o. Sakhalin, v Priamurskiy kray i Sibir' / D.A. Dril'. SPb.: Izd-vo L.F. Panteleeva, 1899. 179 s.
Kozlov Khr. P. Chislovye dannye dlya nravstvennoy statistiki naroda / Khr. P. Kozlov // Zapiski Imperatorskogo Kazanskogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva. 1859. ¹ 2. S. 27–89.
Zhirinovskiy V.V. Pochemu ya — kandidat v prezidenty Rossii // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 18.03.2000. ¹ 54. S. 18.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. nash dukh sil'nee gnetushchego bytiya / Lebed': nezavisimyy al'manakh. 28.01.2001. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://lebed.com/2001/art2403.htm
Filippova N.B. Sportivnaya metafora kak sublimatsiya sportivnoy metafory (na materiale politicheskoy kommunikatsii) // Izvestiya Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena. 2011. ¹ 130. S. 80–86.
Word P. Wisdom from the Oval Office. NY: History Publishing Co LLC, 2013. 302 r.
Chudinov A.P. Strukturnyy i kognitivnyy aspekty issledovaniya metaforicheskogo modelirovaniya // Lingvistika. Byulleten' Ural'skogo lingvisticheskogo obshchestva. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural. gos. ped. un-ta, 2001. T. 6. S. 38–53.
Lakoff G. Metaphor and War: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf in Pütz, M. (ed.), Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992. R. 463–481.
Lakoff D., Dzhonson M. Metafory, kotorymi my zhivem / Teoriya metafory: sbornik / Pod red. N.D. Arutyunovoy, M.A. Zhurinskoy. M.: Progress, 1990. S. 387–415.
Nezhdanov D.V., Rusakova O.F. «Politicheskiy rynok» kak sistemoobrazuyushchaya metafora sovremennogo politologicheskogo diskursa // Polis. 2011. ¹ 4. S. 158–170.
Bodriyyar Zh. Prozrachnost' zla / Zh. Bodriyar; per. s fr. L. Lyubarskoy E. Markovskoy. M.: Dobrosvet, 2000. 258 s.
Batalov R. Evropa, kuda tebya vedet «mamasha Merkel'» // Russkaya narodnaya liniya: informatsionno-analiticheskaya sluzhba. 07.10.2015. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://ruskline.ru/special_opinion/2015/10/evropa_kuda_tebya_vedyot_mamasha_merkel/

References (transliteration):
Doklad Upolnomochennogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossiyskoy Federatsii za 2014 god // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 7 maya 2015. ¹ 6667.
Gurevich P. S. Ideologizatsiya i deideologizatsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. — 2014. — ¹ 2. — S. 155–161.
Religioznye chuvstva vs svoboda slova. Opros VTsIOM. Press-vypusk ¹2901. 2015. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115347
Prava cheloveka v Rossii. Opros Fonda Obshchestvennogo Mneniya. 2013. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10873
Budaev E.V. Postsovetskaya deystvitel'nost' v metaforakh rossiyskoy i britanskoy pressy. Nizhniy Tagil: Nizhnetagil'skaya gosudarstvennaya sotsial'no-pedagogicheskaya akademiya, 2007. 149 s.
Zakon i poryadok v gosudarstve. Opros «Levada-Tsentr». 2014. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.levada.ru/2014/12/22/zakony-i-poryadok-v-gosudarstve/
Evtushenko E.A. Kazanskiy universitet. Poema / E.A. Evtushenko. Kazan': Tatarskoy knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1971. 98 s.
Abramkin V.F. Kak vyzhit' v sovetskoy tyur'me. V pomoshch' uzniku / V.F. Abramkin, Yu.V. Chizhov. Krasnoyarsk: Vostok, 1992. 192 s.
Krakhmal'nikova Z.A. Slushay, tyur'ma! / Z.A. Krakhmal'nikova. M.: PIK, 1995. 150 s.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. Bodalsya telenok s dubom: Ocherki lit. zhizni / A.I. Solzhenitsyn. M.: Soglasie, 1996. 687 s.
Nadel'-Chervin'ska M. Zhargonnye elementy sovremennogo «novoyaza»: problema kul'tury rechi ili ugolovnoy psikhologii? // Politicheskaya lingvistika. 2008. Vyp. 3(26). S. 64–79.
Rudnev V. Russkie den'gi // Logos. 2000. ¹ 4(25). S. 78–84.
Shalamov V.T. Pis'ma. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.modernlib.ru/books/shalamov_varlam_tihonovich/pisma_k_a_i_solzhenicinu/read_1
Plutser-Sarno A. Nekodifitsirovannye spirtnye napitki v poeme V.V. Erofeeva «Moskva — Petushki» // Logos. 2000. ¹ 4(25). S. 112–133.
Chudinov A.P. Rossiya v metaforicheskom zerkale: kognitivnoe issledovanie politicheskoy metafory (1991–2000). Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural. gos. ped. un-ta, 2001. 238 s.
Tul'chinskiy G.L. Svoboda i smysl: Novyy sdvig gumanitarnoy paradigmy / L.G. Tul'chinskiy. M.: Nobel' Press, 2012. 144 s.
Pelipenko A.A., Yakovenko I. G. Kul'tura kak sistema. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Yazyki russkoy kul'tury», 1998. 376 s.
Tkachev P.N. Statisticheskie etyudy (opyt razrabotki russkoy ugolovnoy statistiki) / P.N. Tkachev // Biblioteka dlya chteniya. 1863. ¹ 10. S. 7–62.
Dril' D.A. Ssylka vo Frantsii i Rossii. Iz lichnykh nablyudeniy vo vremya poezdki v Novuyu Kaledoniyu, na o. Sakhalin, v Priamurskiy kray i Sibir' / D.A. Dril'. SPb.: Izd-vo L.F. Panteleeva, 1899. 179 s.
Kozlov Khr. P. Chislovye dannye dlya nravstvennoy statistiki naroda / Khr. P. Kozlov // Zapiski Imperatorskogo Kazanskogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva. 1859. ¹ 2. S. 27–89.
Zhirinovskiy V.V. Pochemu ya — kandidat v prezidenty Rossii // Rossiyskaya gazeta. 18.03.2000. ¹ 54. S. 18.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. nash dukh sil'nee gnetushchego bytiya / Lebed': nezavisimyy al'manakh. 28.01.2001. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://lebed.com/2001/art2403.htm
Filippova N.B. Sportivnaya metafora kak sublimatsiya sportivnoy metafory (na materiale politicheskoy kommunikatsii) // Izvestiya Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena. 2011. ¹ 130. S. 80–86.
Word P. Wisdom from the Oval Office. NY: History Publishing Co LLC, 2013. 302 r.
Chudinov A.P. Strukturnyy i kognitivnyy aspekty issledovaniya metaforicheskogo modelirovaniya // Lingvistika. Byulleten' Ural'skogo lingvisticheskogo obshchestva. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural. gos. ped. un-ta, 2001. T. 6. S. 38–53.
Lakoff G. Metaphor and War: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf in Pütz, M. (ed.), Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992. R. 463–481.
Lakoff D., Dzhonson M. Metafory, kotorymi my zhivem / Teoriya metafory: sbornik / Pod red. N.D. Arutyunovoy, M.A. Zhurinskoy. M.: Progress, 1990. S. 387–415.
Nezhdanov D.V., Rusakova O.F. «Politicheskiy rynok» kak sistemoobrazuyushchaya metafora sovremennogo politologicheskogo diskursa // Polis. 2011. ¹ 4. S. 158–170.
Bodriyyar Zh. Prozrachnost' zla / Zh. Bodriyar; per. s fr. L. Lyubarskoy E. Markovskoy. M.: Dobrosvet, 2000. 258 s.
Batalov R. Evropa, kuda tebya vedet «mamasha Merkel'» // Russkaya narodnaya liniya: informatsionno-analiticheskaya sluzhba. 07.10.2015. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://ruskline.ru/special_opinion/2015/10/evropa_kuda_tebya_vedyot_mamasha_merkel/

Abstract: Nietzsche’s socio-political thought and proposed by him all-encompassing reformation of culture and society is subjected to a thorough examination and reframing. In the first part of the article, the author determines a theoretical base of the project of structuring a new society of New Beginning and follows its strict genetic link with the metaphysics, philosophy, history, ethics, and anthropology of the thinker. The second part is dedicated to the reconstruction of Nietzsche’s ideal state and detailed narration and analysis of his core principles. In the conclusion, Nietzsche’s image of the future and its alternative scenarios is being described. The topic of the article despite the scientific traditions of Nietzsche studies is being examined from the systematic positions. It allows eliminating the gaps that exist almost in all of the researches in this area: calling Nietzsche’s political thoughts “naïve”, fragmentary, and inconsequent, they do not attempt to reconstruct the socio-political ideal of the philosopher, rather list his opinions on various near-political issues. The main conclusion consists in the fact that Nietzsche definitely had a vivid idea about the society of the New Beginning, with the following key theses: Nietzsche’s state possesses a hierarchical social structure and free mutually-opposite vertical mobility between social categories; is polytechnic with no discrimination; is multicultural and pluralistic; is global in its aspirations, etc.  

References:
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Filosofiya Antuana de Sent-Ekzyuperi: opyt rekonstruktsii // Litera. 2013. ¹ 4. C. 1 – 33. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_10651.html
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Rim protiv Iudei: nitsshevskaya traktovka istorii i genealogii khristianstva // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2014. ¹ 10. C. 1478 – 1487.
Khaydegger M. Chto zovetsya myshleniem? M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2010.
Lingis A. The Will to Power // The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. – N.Y.: Dell Pub., 1977. P. 37-64.
Mochkin A.N. Labirint nigilisticheskoy revolyutsii F. Nitsshe // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2013. ¹ 6. C. 766 – 775.
Klossowski P. Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1998.
Ansell-Pearson K. An Introduction to Nietzsche as a Political Thinker: The Perfect Nihilist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Dombowsky D. Nietzsche’s Machiavellian Politics. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Conway D.W. Nietzsche & the Political (Thinking the Political). L., N.Y.: Routledge, 1997.
Nitsshe F. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: v 13 t. M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2005-2014.
Delez Zh. Nitsshe i filosofiya. M.: Ad Marginem, 2003.
Zhizhek S. Slavoy Zhizhek o brendakh, videoigrakh i iznanke kommunizma: interv'yu // Look at Me: setevoy zhurnal. 08.04.2014. URL: http://www.lookatme.ru/mag/people/experience/191353-slavoj-zizek (data obrashcheniya: 14.04.2015).
Altizer T.J. Eternal Recurrence and Kingdom of God // The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. N.Y., 1977.
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Aristokraticheskiy ideal filosofii Nitsshe // Vestnik RKhGA. 2015. ¹ 1. S. 46-55.
Fink E. Nietzsche’s Philosophy. L., N.Y.: Continuum, 2003

References (transliteration):
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Filosofiya Antuana de Sent-Ekzyuperi: opyt rekonstruktsii // Litera. 2013. ¹ 4. C. 1 – 33. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fil/article_10651.html
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Rim protiv Iudei: nitsshevskaya traktovka istorii i genealogii khristianstva // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2014. ¹ 10. C. 1478 – 1487.
Khaydegger M. Chto zovetsya myshleniem? M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2010.
Lingis A. The Will to Power // The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. – N.Y.: Dell Pub., 1977. P. 37-64.
Mochkin A.N. Labirint nigilisticheskoy revolyutsii F. Nitsshe // Filosofiya i kul'tura. 2013. ¹ 6. C. 766 – 775.
Klossowski P. Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1998.
Ansell-Pearson K. An Introduction to Nietzsche as a Political Thinker: The Perfect Nihilist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Dombowsky D. Nietzsche’s Machiavellian Politics. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Conway D.W. Nietzsche & the Political (Thinking the Political). L., N.Y.: Routledge, 1997.
Nitsshe F. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: v 13 t. M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2005-2014.
Delez Zh. Nitsshe i filosofiya. M.: Ad Marginem, 2003.
Zhizhek S. Slavoy Zhizhek o brendakh, videoigrakh i iznanke kommunizma: interv'yu // Look at Me: setevoy zhurnal. 08.04.2014. URL: http://www.lookatme.ru/mag/people/experience/191353-slavoj-zizek (data obrashcheniya: 14.04.2015).
Altizer T.J. Eternal Recurrence and Kingdom of God // The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. N.Y., 1977.
Tsendrovskiy O.Yu. Aristokraticheskiy ideal filosofii Nitsshe // Vestnik RKhGA. 2015. ¹ 1. S. 46-55.
Fink E. Nietzsche’s Philosophy. L., N.Y.: Continuum, 2003

Abstract: In her article Chernovitskaya analyzes the growth of the political, social, economic and other genocide practices in the world, their acceptability and emergence of new violent practices which underlines the conceptual crisis of the term 'genocide', its controversial and contradictory nature. This emphasizes the need for creating an objective criterion for defining genocide. Chernovitskaya underlines how important it is to move from the principle of political premeditation in determining genocide to the principle of the system regularities, according to which the political, economic and social changes combined with the negligence of the ruling regime lead to massive destruction of the group, despite the fact that the destruction of the group is not directly intended. At the same time, at the present stage of developmet of human society the most dangerous feature is becoming the tendency towards transformation of direct genocide into indirect kind of genocide. This tendency is manifested in delibirate economic interventions aimed at changing the cultural and historical environment, in biological interventions aimed at changing the natural environment, and etc. Widespread modern technology does not only brings a person beyond his physical abilities, but also reduces the responsibility of management systems and distorts the concept of responsibility leading to gradual weakening of personal moral responsibility.

Keywords: directed change, genocide, tendency towards transformation, intention, system regularities, indirect genocide, violent practices, technologies, moral responsibility, conceptual crisis

References:
Konventsiya o preduprezhdenii prestupleniya genotsida i nakazaniya za nego ot 9 dekabrya 1948 g. // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo v dokumentakh / Sostavitel' N.T.Blatova, G.M.Melkov. M.: Profobrazovanie, 2003. 879 s.
Sm.: Kochoi S. Genotsid: ponyatie, otvetstvennost', praktika // Ugolovnoe pravo. 2001. ¹ 2. S. 95-97.
Vartanyan V.M. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za genotsid. Avtoref... diss... k.yu.n. Stavropol', 2000. 27 s.
Sm. Traynin A.N. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. Zashchita mira i ugolovnyy zakon. M.: Nauka, 1969. 454 s.
Ternon Iv. Razmyshleniya o genotside. [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa www.hrights.ru (data obrashcheniya 13.02.2014)
Shatalov A.T., Myandina G.I. Evgenika v kontekste sovremennykh dostizheniy genetiki cheloveka // Evgenika v diskurse global'nykh problem sovremennosti / Otv. red. Yu.V.Khen. M.: Kanon+, 2005. S. 218-239.
Maylenova F.G. Vozmozhnosti modifikatsii prirody cheloveka segodnya // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 83-94.
Vartanyan V.M. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za genotsid. Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Stavropol', 2000. 166 s.
Madievskiy S. Pochemu Kholokost? // Novyy mir. ¹ 9. 1998. S. 219-227.
Zubets O.P. Ot diskussii o lzhi k molchaniyu o Kholokoste // Postigaya dobro: sbornik statey. K 60-letiyu Rubena Grantovicha Apresyana. M.: Al'fa-M, 2013. S. 290-310.
Panarin A.S. Strategicheskaya nestabil'nost' v KhKhI veke. M.: Algoritm, 2003. 560 s.
Kochetov E.G. Globalistika kak geoekonomika, kak real'nost', kak mirozdanie… M.: OAO Izdatel'skaya gruppa «PROGRESS», 2001. 704 s.
Kochetov E.G. Globalistika: Teoriya, metodologiya, praktika. M.: Izdatel'stvo NORMA, 2002. 647 s.
Sychev A.A. Eticheskie izmereniya bioraznoobraziya // Postigaya dobro: sbornik statey. K 60-letiyu Rubena Grantovicha Apresyana. M.: Al'fa-M, 2013. S. 385-401.
Panarin A.S. Iskushenie globalizmom. M., 2002. 415 s.
Mill J.St. The philosophy of John Stuart Mill. N.Y., 1961. P. 198. Tsit. po: Tishchenko P.D. Ugroza mnozhestvennosti i ideya gumanitarnoy ekspertizy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 102-128.
Tishchenko P.D. Ugroza mnozhestvennosti i ideya gumanitarnoy ekspertizy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 102-128.
Genotsid (entsiklopediya katastrof) / Pod red. Revyako T.I. Mn.: Literatura, 1996. 423 s.
Panarin A.S. Filosofiya politiki. M.: Novaya shkola, 1996. 424 s.
Merkulov I.P. Vzaimosvyaz' biologicheskoy i kul'turnoy evolyutsii // Biologiya i kul'tura. / Otv.red. Liseev I.K. M.: Kanon+, 2004. S. 288-317.
Liseev I.K. Predislovie // Evgenika v diskurse global'nykh problem sovremennosti / Otv.red. Khen Yu.V. M.: Kanon+, 2005. S. 3-6.
Jonas H. Philosophical Reflection on Experiments with Human Subjects // Experimentation with Human Subjects / Ed. By P.A.Freund, George Braziller Inc., 1970. P. 529. Tsit. po: Yudin B.G. Eticheskoe izmerenie sovremennoy nauki // Etika nauki. M.: IF RAN, 2007. S. 98-116.
Khen Yu.V. Tseli i sredstva evgeniki (eticheskiy i estestvennonauchnyy status distsipliny) // Filosofiya nauki. Vyp. 11: Etos nauki na rubezhe vekov. M.: IF RAN, 2005. S. 243-260.
Tishchenko P.D. Eticheskie problemy razvitiya biotekhnologiy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 55-82.
Emanuel', Iezekiil' Dzh. Eticheskaya i pravovaya storona provedeniya klinicheskikh issledovaniy (Ethical and regulatory aspects of clinical research): sbornik statey i kommentariev; per. s angl. pod. red. V. V. Vlasova. M.: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2013. 493 s.
Sm.: Bromley Yu.V. Ocherki teorii etnosa. M.: Nauka, 1983. 418 s.
Kozlov V.I. Osnovnye problemy etnicheskoy ekologii // Sov.etnografiya. 1983. S. 3-16.
Markuze G. Eros i tsivilizatsiya. Odnomernyy chelovek: Issledovanie ideologii razvitogo industrial'nogo obshchestva / G. Markuze; Per. s angl., poslesl., primech. A.A. Yudina; Sost., predisl. V.Yu. Kuznetsova. M: OOO "Izdatel'stvo ACT", 2002. 526 s.
Gerasimova I.A. Etos nauki. Problema dobra i zla // Etos nauki. M.: Academia, 2008. S. 317-337.
Skolimowski H. Freedom, Responsibility and the Information Society. Vital Speeches 50, no. 16 (June I, 1984), p. 495. Tsit. po: Mitchem K. Chto takoe filosofiya tekhniki? M.: Aspekt Press, 1995. 149 s.
Delyagin M. Mesto Rossii v usloviyakh globalizatsii // Nash sovremennik. ¹ 7, 2001.
Nasilie: sotsio-politicheskiy analiz / A.V.Dmitriev, I.Yu.Zalysin. M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. 328 s.
Arendt Kh. Otvetstvennost' i suzhdenie. M.: Izd. Instituta Gaydara, 2013. 352 s.
Brossat A. Tsit. po Kotek Zh., Rigulo P. Vek lagerey: lishenie svobody, kontsentratsiya, unichtozhenie. Sto let zlodeyaniy. M.: Tekst, 2003. 687 s.
Bibler V.S. Perestroyka i nravstvennost' (materialy Kruglogo stola) // Vopr. filosofii. 1990. ¹ 7. S. 13-14.
Mitchem K. Chto takoe filosofiya tekhniki? M.: Aspekt Press, 1995. 149 s.

References (transliteration):
Konventsiya o preduprezhdenii prestupleniya genotsida i nakazaniya za nego ot 9 dekabrya 1948 g. // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo v dokumentakh / Sostavitel' N.T.Blatova, G.M.Melkov. M.: Profobrazovanie, 2003. 879 s.
Sm.: Kochoi S. Genotsid: ponyatie, otvetstvennost', praktika // Ugolovnoe pravo. 2001. ¹ 2. S. 95-97.
Vartanyan V.M. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za genotsid. Avtoref... diss... k.yu.n. Stavropol', 2000. 27 s.
Sm. Traynin A.N. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. Zashchita mira i ugolovnyy zakon. M.: Nauka, 1969. 454 s.
Ternon Iv. Razmyshleniya o genotside. [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa www.hrights.ru (data obrashcheniya 13.02.2014)
Shatalov A.T., Myandina G.I. Evgenika v kontekste sovremennykh dostizheniy genetiki cheloveka // Evgenika v diskurse global'nykh problem sovremennosti / Otv. red. Yu.V.Khen. M.: Kanon+, 2005. S. 218-239.
Maylenova F.G. Vozmozhnosti modifikatsii prirody cheloveka segodnya // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 83-94.
Vartanyan V.M. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za genotsid. Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Stavropol', 2000. 166 s.
Madievskiy S. Pochemu Kholokost? // Novyy mir. ¹ 9. 1998. S. 219-227.
Zubets O.P. Ot diskussii o lzhi k molchaniyu o Kholokoste // Postigaya dobro: sbornik statey. K 60-letiyu Rubena Grantovicha Apresyana. M.: Al'fa-M, 2013. S. 290-310.
Panarin A.S. Strategicheskaya nestabil'nost' v KhKhI veke. M.: Algoritm, 2003. 560 s.
Kochetov E.G. Globalistika kak geoekonomika, kak real'nost', kak mirozdanie… M.: OAO Izdatel'skaya gruppa «PROGRESS», 2001. 704 s.
Kochetov E.G. Globalistika: Teoriya, metodologiya, praktika. M.: Izdatel'stvo NORMA, 2002. 647 s.
Sychev A.A. Eticheskie izmereniya bioraznoobraziya // Postigaya dobro: sbornik statey. K 60-letiyu Rubena Grantovicha Apresyana. M.: Al'fa-M, 2013. S. 385-401.
Panarin A.S. Iskushenie globalizmom. M., 2002. 415 s.
Mill J.St. The philosophy of John Stuart Mill. N.Y., 1961. P. 198. Tsit. po: Tishchenko P.D. Ugroza mnozhestvennosti i ideya gumanitarnoy ekspertizy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 102-128.
Tishchenko P.D. Ugroza mnozhestvennosti i ideya gumanitarnoy ekspertizy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 102-128.
Genotsid (entsiklopediya katastrof) / Pod red. Revyako T.I. Mn.: Literatura, 1996. 423 s.
Panarin A.S. Filosofiya politiki. M.: Novaya shkola, 1996. 424 s.
Merkulov I.P. Vzaimosvyaz' biologicheskoy i kul'turnoy evolyutsii // Biologiya i kul'tura. / Otv.red. Liseev I.K. M.: Kanon+, 2004. S. 288-317.
Liseev I.K. Predislovie // Evgenika v diskurse global'nykh problem sovremennosti / Otv.red. Khen Yu.V. M.: Kanon+, 2005. S. 3-6.
Jonas H. Philosophical Reflection on Experiments with Human Subjects // Experimentation with Human Subjects / Ed. By P.A.Freund, George Braziller Inc., 1970. P. 529. Tsit. po: Yudin B.G. Eticheskoe izmerenie sovremennoy nauki // Etika nauki. M.: IF RAN, 2007. S. 98-116.
Khen Yu.V. Tseli i sredstva evgeniki (eticheskiy i estestvennonauchnyy status distsipliny) // Filosofiya nauki. Vyp. 11: Etos nauki na rubezhe vekov. M.: IF RAN, 2005. S. 243-260.
Tishchenko P.D. Eticheskie problemy razvitiya biotekhnologiy // Bioetika i gumanitarnaya ekspertiza. Vyp. 2. M.: IF RAN, 2008. S. 55-82.
Emanuel', Iezekiil' Dzh. Eticheskaya i pravovaya storona provedeniya klinicheskikh issledovaniy (Ethical and regulatory aspects of clinical research): sbornik statey i kommentariev; per. s angl. pod. red. V. V. Vlasova. M.: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2013. 493 s.
Sm.: Bromley Yu.V. Ocherki teorii etnosa. M.: Nauka, 1983. 418 s.
Kozlov V.I. Osnovnye problemy etnicheskoy ekologii // Sov.etnografiya. 1983. S. 3-16.
Markuze G. Eros i tsivilizatsiya. Odnomernyy chelovek: Issledovanie ideologii razvitogo industrial'nogo obshchestva / G. Markuze; Per. s angl., poslesl., primech. A.A. Yudina; Sost., predisl. V.Yu. Kuznetsova. M: OOO "Izdatel'stvo ACT", 2002. 526 s.
Gerasimova I.A. Etos nauki. Problema dobra i zla // Etos nauki. M.: Academia, 2008. S. 317-337.
Skolimowski H. Freedom, Responsibility and the Information Society. Vital Speeches 50, no. 16 (June I, 1984), p. 495. Tsit. po: Mitchem K. Chto takoe filosofiya tekhniki? M.: Aspekt Press, 1995. 149 s.
Delyagin M. Mesto Rossii v usloviyakh globalizatsii // Nash sovremennik. ¹ 7, 2001.
Nasilie: sotsio-politicheskiy analiz / A.V.Dmitriev, I.Yu.Zalysin. M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. 328 s.
Arendt Kh. Otvetstvennost' i suzhdenie. M.: Izd. Instituta Gaydara, 2013. 352 s.
Brossat A. Tsit. po Kotek Zh., Rigulo P. Vek lagerey: lishenie svobody, kontsentratsiya, unichtozhenie. Sto let zlodeyaniy. M.: Tekst, 2003. 687 s.
Bibler V.S. Perestroyka i nravstvennost' (materialy Kruglogo stola) // Vopr. filosofii. 1990. ¹ 7. S. 13-14.
Mitchem K. Chto takoe filosofiya tekhniki? M.: Aspekt Press, 1995. 149 s.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of creative work, educative and teaching activities of a famous Russian historian, professor, dean of the Faculty of History and Language Studies at Moscow University Timofey Granovsky (1813 - 1855). Special attention is paid to the views on the historical process and philosophy of history. Based on the memories of his contemporaries, the author of the article demonstrates the highly important role of teaching activities and educative projects of Timofey Granovsky in the formation and development of the liberal philosophy and politics in Russia. Using the method of social and historical re-enactment, the author describes the social and political environment in Russia of the XIXth century. This allows to explain it was Granovsky who became the main figure of enlightenment and Westernism that was just budding in Russia. Analysis of Timofey Granovsky's views and his educative activity demonstrates that he was a liberal philosopher. Based on the analysis of recently published researches, the author of the article shows that Timofey Granovsky's legacy is still of great current interest and importance to researchers in the sphere of Russian social studies. 

Keywords: Timofey Granovsky, philosophy of history, philosophical club, educative activities, liberalism, Westernizers, Slavophiles, Alexander Herzen, Boris Chicherin, Moscow University

References:
Bestuzhev-Ryumin K.N. Biografii i kharakteristiki: Tatishchev, Shletser, Karamzin, Pogodin, Solov'ev, Eshevskiy, Gil'ferding. Sankt-Peterburg. Izdatel'stvo: Tipografiya V.S. Balasheva, 1882. URL: http://dugward.ru/library/bestujev-rumin_k_n/bestujev-rumen_k_n_o_biografii_i_harakteristiki.html (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Gertsen A.I. Byloe i dumy. M.: GIKhL, 1958. URL: http://az.lib.ru/g/gercen_a_i/text_0130.shtml (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Annenkov P. V. Literaturnye vospominaniya. M.: GIKhL, 1960. URL: http://az.lib.ru/a/annenkow_p_w/text_0100.shtml (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Chicherin B.N. Moskva sorokovykh godov. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1997. 304 s.
Granovskiy T.N. Lektsii T.N. Granovskogo po istorii pozdnego srednevekov'ya. M.: NAUKA, 1971. URL: http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000005/index.shtmlwww.vusnet.rubiblio (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Granovskiy T.N. Publichnye chteniya. Stat'i. Pis'ma / T.N. Granovskiy; [sost. A.A. Levandovskiy, D.A. Tsygankov, avtor vstup. st. i komment A.A. Levandovskiy, avtory komment. V.L. Semigin, D.A. Tsygankov]. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2010. 672 s.
Turgenev I.S. Sochineniya. T. 5. M.: Izdatel'stvo «NAUKA», 1980. 543 s.
Zhukova O.A. Smysl i naznachenie istorii: filosofskie idei T.N. Granovskogo // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 79-89.
Kara-Murza A.A. Mezhdunarodnyy kruglyy stol // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 65 – 66.
Sizemskaya I.N. T.N. Granovskiy o nauchnykh osnovaniyakh soedineniya filosofii s istoricheskim znaniem // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 67-78.
Offord D. Portraits of Early Russian Liberals: A Study of the Thought of T. N. Granovsky, V. P. Botkin, P. V. Annenkov, A. V. Druzhinin, and K. D. Kavelin. Cambridge: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1985. 281 s.
Tsygankov D.A. Formirovanie professorskoy subkul'tury v Rossii vtoroy pol. XIX v. i mif o T. N. Granovskom // Ezhegodnaya bogoslovskaya konferentsiya Pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. 2011. T. 2. ¹ 21. S. 123-125.
Prilenskiy V.I. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. M.: IF RAN, 1995. 312 s.
Levandovskiy A.A. Vremya Granovskogo. U istokov formirovaniya russkoy intelligentsii. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1990. 304 s.
Levandovskiy A.A. T.N. Granovskiy v russkom obshchestvennom dvizhenii. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1989. 256 s.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Pamyati T.N. Granovskogo // “Russkie vedomosti". 1905. 8 oktyabrya. ¹ 263. URL: http://dugward.ru/library/kluchevskiy/kluchevskiy_pamyati_t_n_granovskogo.html (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Kavelin K.D. Razgovor s sotsialistom-revolyutsionerom / Rossiyskaya politicheskaya nauka. T.1 XIX – nachalo KhKh v. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2008. 840 s.

References (transliteration):
Bestuzhev-Ryumin K.N. Biografii i kharakteristiki: Tatishchev, Shletser, Karamzin, Pogodin, Solov'ev, Eshevskiy, Gil'ferding. Sankt-Peterburg. Izdatel'stvo: Tipografiya V.S. Balasheva, 1882. URL: http://dugward.ru/library/bestujev-rumin_k_n/bestujev-rumen_k_n_o_biografii_i_harakteristiki.html (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Gertsen A.I. Byloe i dumy. M.: GIKhL, 1958. URL: http://az.lib.ru/g/gercen_a_i/text_0130.shtml (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Annenkov P. V. Literaturnye vospominaniya. M.: GIKhL, 1960. URL: http://az.lib.ru/a/annenkow_p_w/text_0100.shtml (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Chicherin B.N. Moskva sorokovykh godov. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1997. 304 s.
Granovskiy T.N. Lektsii T.N. Granovskogo po istorii pozdnego srednevekov'ya. M.: NAUKA, 1971. URL: http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000005/index.shtmlwww.vusnet.rubiblio (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Granovskiy T.N. Publichnye chteniya. Stat'i. Pis'ma / T.N. Granovskiy; [sost. A.A. Levandovskiy, D.A. Tsygankov, avtor vstup. st. i komment A.A. Levandovskiy, avtory komment. V.L. Semigin, D.A. Tsygankov]. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2010. 672 s.
Turgenev I.S. Sochineniya. T. 5. M.: Izdatel'stvo «NAUKA», 1980. 543 s.
Zhukova O.A. Smysl i naznachenie istorii: filosofskie idei T.N. Granovskogo // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 79-89.
Kara-Murza A.A. Mezhdunarodnyy kruglyy stol // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 65 – 66.
Sizemskaya I.N. T.N. Granovskiy o nauchnykh osnovaniyakh soedineniya filosofii s istoricheskim znaniem // Filosofskie nauki. 2013. ¹ 9. S. 67-78.
Offord D. Portraits of Early Russian Liberals: A Study of the Thought of T. N. Granovsky, V. P. Botkin, P. V. Annenkov, A. V. Druzhinin, and K. D. Kavelin. Cambridge: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1985. 281 s.
Tsygankov D.A. Formirovanie professorskoy subkul'tury v Rossii vtoroy pol. XIX v. i mif o T. N. Granovskom // Ezhegodnaya bogoslovskaya konferentsiya Pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. 2011. T. 2. ¹ 21. S. 123-125.
Prilenskiy V.I. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. M.: IF RAN, 1995. 312 s.
Levandovskiy A.A. Vremya Granovskogo. U istokov formirovaniya russkoy intelligentsii. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1990. 304 s.
Levandovskiy A.A. T.N. Granovskiy v russkom obshchestvennom dvizhenii. M.: MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, 1989. 256 s.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Pamyati T.N. Granovskogo // “Russkie vedomosti". 1905. 8 oktyabrya. ¹ 263. URL: http://dugward.ru/library/kluchevskiy/kluchevskiy_pamyati_t_n_granovskogo.html (data obrashcheniya 16.11.2015).
Kavelin K.D. Razgovor s sotsialistom-revolyutsionerom / Rossiyskaya politicheskaya nauka. T.1 XIX – nachalo KhKh v. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2008. 840 s.

Abstract: In his article Myth and Politics in the Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzche Mochkin analyzes the integrative approach to studying the unprecedented phenomenon of the Paris Commune Friedrich Nietzche witnessed himself. The Birth of Tragedy is a very important work in Friedrich Nietzche's creative legacy because it does not only present the new philosophical teaching of the philosophy of life but also offers a new approach to understanding the classical Greek heritage since the times of the Weimar classicism, new interpretation of the value and role of art in the life of Greeks, so called 'aesthetic preservation', new interpretation of Schopenhauer pessimism in terms of Friedrich Nietzche's philosophy of life and, most importantly, attempt to solve the problems of the social development, assessment of social justice and the role and meaning of Enlightenment rationalistic solutions opposed to the traditional interpretation of social justice as it is presented in myths of the ancient times, in particular, personal social justice of a very contradictory mythological image of Oedipus or the prince Hamlet. In his research Mochkin also underlines that the Birth of Tragedy is the only holistic, devoted to one topic and complete essay of the philosopher which nevertheless presents all the proceeding scope of Nietzche's philosophical searches and insights. This is the work in which the philosopher shares his social and political attitudes and his conservative views on German social reality of the 80th of the XIXth century. For the first time he viewed ancient myth and politics as the symbiosis of political mythology and mythological politics completely opposing to Gründerzeit that was spread all over Germany as a result of multi-billion reparations from conquered France after Franco-Prussian War of 1871.  

Keywords: philosophy, art, conservatism, liberalism, myth, modernism, justice, postmodernism, tragedy, traditionalism

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Keren'i K. Dionis. Proobraz neissyakaemoy zhizni. M., 2007.
Evripid Medeya. Ippolit. Vakkhanki. SPb, 1999.
Ivanov V. Dionis i pradionisiystvo. SPb, 2000.
Dodde E.R. Greki i irratsional'noe. SPb, 2000.
P.S. Gurevich Krasota kak polnota bytiya
(Retsenzii na knigi
izdatel'stva «Kanon+») // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2013. - 2. - C. 191 - 201. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.2.9030.
T.A. Kuz'mina filosofiya postmodernizma
kak kul'turnyy simptom // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 11. - C. 120 - 127.
A.N. Mochkin «Tretiy put'» Mellera Van Den Bruka.
Vzglyad sprava. // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 7. - C. 125 - 136.
P.S. Gurevich Pust' govoryat... // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 6. - C. 106 - 109.
I.P. Nikitina Estetika i khudozhestvennaya kritika // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 7. - C. 67 - 75.

References (transliteration):
Yung K.G. Izbrannye raboty. SPb, 2014.
Yung K.G. Dusha i mir. Kiev, 1996.
Elliot T.S. Polye lyudi. SPb, 2000.
Eliade M. Aspekty Mifa. M., 1995.
Eliade M. Mif o vechnom vozvrashchenii. SPb, 1998.
Eliade M. Mify, snovideniya, misterii. M., 1996.
Nitsshe F. Pis'ma. M., 2007.
Nitsshe F. PSS T.1. ch.1. M., 2012.
Nitsshe F. Soch. v 2 t.t. M., 1990.
Mochkin A.N. Fridrikh Nitsshe (intellektual'naya biografiya) M., 2005.
Mochkin A.N. Edip i Prometey v interpretatsii Nitsshe rannego perioda // Metodologicheskie i mirovozzrencheskie problemy istorii antichnoy i srednevekovoy filosofii. M., 1986.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M., 2005.
Lauenshtayn D. Elevsinskie misterii. M., 1996.
Mochkin A.N. Kul't Dionisa i ego paradigmaticheskaya rol' v filosofii Nitsshe. Postanovka problemy // Antichnaya filosofiya v interpretatsii burzhuaznykh filosofov. M., 1981.
Mochkin A.N. Labirint evropeyskoy metafiziki i volshebnaya gora ellinizma v interpretatsii Nitsshe // Zarubezhnoe filosofskie antikovedenie. M., 1990.
Keren'i K. Elevsin. Arkhetipicheskiy obraz materi i docheri. "Refl-buk", 2000.
Keren'i K. Dionis. Proobraz neissyakaemoy zhizni. M., 2007.
Evripid Medeya. Ippolit. Vakkhanki. SPb, 1999.
Ivanov V. Dionis i pradionisiystvo. SPb, 2000.
Dodde E.R. Greki i irratsional'noe. SPb, 2000.
P.S. Gurevich Krasota kak polnota bytiya
(Retsenzii na knigi
izdatel'stva «Kanon+») // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2013. - 2. - C. 191 - 201. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.2.9030.
T.A. Kuz'mina filosofiya postmodernizma
kak kul'turnyy simptom // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 11. - C. 120 - 127.
A.N. Mochkin «Tretiy put'» Mellera Van Den Bruka.
Vzglyad sprava. // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 7. - C. 125 - 136.
P.S. Gurevich Pust' govoryat... // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 6. - C. 106 - 109.
I.P. Nikitina Estetika i khudozhestvennaya kritika // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2010. - 7. - C. 67 - 75.

Abstract: The present work consists of the two parts. The first part is the translation of Leo Strauss' article 'On the Minos', a classical example of Strauss interpretation of ancient texts. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the aforesaid work in which Strauss raised one of the most important questions of classical political philosophy - what is the law? The analysis is focused on the main aspect of legislation - public consent described by Strauss as the agreement between Socrat, the philosopher who possessed knowledge, and his nameless interlocutor who did not possess knowledge. In order to provide an insight into Strauss philosophy, the author of the article uses the method of attentive reading described by Strauss that allows to avoid superficial or trivial interpretation of the text. Leo Strauss is the philosopher who created grounds of non-conservative political ideology and is not so well known in Russia. Very few of his works have been translated into Russian and very scarcely analyzed. The question whether an agreement (i.e. law) is possible between two different types of people is quite a usual one because quite often people have to obey rules of incompetent legislators who were elected by incompetent electors. Strauss gave quite an unusual and original answe to that question. 

Keywords: Leo Strauss, Socrates, Plato, Minos, Hipparch, Protagoras , consent, deception, politics, law

References:
Aristotel'. Politika. M.: AST, 2005.
Aristofan. Oblaka // Komedii. t. 1. M.: Iskusstvo, 1983. S. 153-234.
Ksenofont. Vospominaniya o Sokrate // Sokraticheskie sochineniya. Kiropediya. M.: Ladomir, 2003. S. 19-167.
Platon. Protagor // Sobranie sochineniy v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1990. S. 418-476.
Platon. Minos // Sobranie sochineniy v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 4. M.: Mysl', 1994. S. 581-592.
Shtraus L. Problema Sokrata // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik 2013. M.: Kanon+, 2014. S. 214-232.
Strauss L. On Plato’s Symposium. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 2001.
Strauss L. The argument and the action of Plato’s Laws. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1977.
Strauss L. On the Euthydemus // Studies in platonic political philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1986. P. 67-88.
Strauss L. On Plato’s Apology of Socrates and Crito // Studies in platonic political philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1986. P. 38-66.

References (transliteration):
Aristotel'. Politika. M.: AST, 2005.
Aristofan. Oblaka // Komedii. t. 1. M.: Iskusstvo, 1983. S. 153-234.
Ksenofont. Vospominaniya o Sokrate // Sokraticheskie sochineniya. Kiropediya. M.: Ladomir, 2003. S. 19-167.
Platon. Protagor // Sobranie sochineniy v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1990. S. 418-476.
Platon. Minos // Sobranie sochineniy v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 4. M.: Mysl', 1994. S. 581-592.
Shtraus L. Problema Sokrata // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik 2013. M.: Kanon+, 2014. S. 214-232.
Strauss L. On Plato’s Symposium. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 2001.
Strauss L. The argument and the action of Plato’s Laws. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1977.
Strauss L. On the Euthydemus // Studies in platonic political philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1986. P. 67-88.
Strauss L. On Plato’s Apology of Socrates and Crito // Studies in platonic political philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1986. P. 38-66.

Abstract: In his article Aliev makes an attempt to look at the general, special and universal mechanisms of transformation of the different political cultures in terms of political globalization.Political studies of the transformation of political culture in the globalization process are of particular importance because the transformation of different political cultures in the process of political globalization may lead to unexpected results.The political culture of the modern world in the society of global relations contains elements of traditional political culture of each particular state.The concept of "political culture" is investigated within the framework of the various sciences. It should be noted that the concept of political culture is used in the current political science to understand what distinguishes the political cultures of different countries. This article attempts to light the essence of political culture, and in particular the problems of its formation in modern Azerbaijani society. The author of the article also talks about the different approaches to the study of political culture in Azerbaijan.

Keywords: traditional political culture, transformation, diversity of political cultures, society, political globalization, political cultures, philosophy, values, civilization, Eurocentrism

References:
Gerder I.V. Idei k filosofii istorii chelovechestva / Otv. red. A.V. Gulyga. M.: Nauka, 1977. 703 s.
Gadzhiev K.S. Politicheskaya nauka. M., 1995.
Gadzhiev K. Politicheskaya kul'tura: kontseptual'nyy aspekt // Polis. 1991. ¹ 6.
Politicheskaya kul'tura: teoriya i natsional'nye modeli / Otv. red. K.S. Gadzhiev. M., 1994.
Galkin A.A., Krasin Yu.A. Rossiya: Quo vadis? M., 2003. S. 237-238.
Duka A.V. Politicheskaya kul'tura: problemy genezisa i printsipy tipologii: Diss. … kand. polit. nauk. SPb., 1995.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983.
Hanners U. Notes on Global Ecumene // Pablic Culture. 1989. ¹ 1. P. 65-75.
Mamedov F. Kul'turologiya. Baku, 2002. S. 7-14.
Gasanov R. Formirovanie grazhdanskogo obshchestva v usloviyakh transformatsii. Baku: «Kitab aləmi», 2003.
Ismaylova S.A. Liderstvo i formirovanie politicheskoy kul'tury v sovremennom Azerbaydzhane // Molodoy uchenyy. 2011. ¹ 3. T. 2. S. 84-88.
Mamed-zade I. Politika i moral'. Baku: Azerbaydzhanskoe gos. izd-vo, 1988. 198 c.
Mamed-zade I. Vvedenie v etiku. Baku: Muallim, 2004.
Aliev Geydar. Put' nezavisimosti: izbrannye mysli. Baku: Izd-vo Azerbaydzhanskogo Universiteta, 1997. 136 s.
Toynbi A., Ikada D. Chelovek dolzhen vybrat' sam. M., 1999.
Toynbi A. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1991.
Şükürov A. Fəlsəfə və qloballaşma. Bakı: Adiloğlu, 2002.
Dugin A. Osnovy geopolitiki. Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii. M., 1997.
Pantin V.I., Lapkin V.V. Politicheskaya modernizatsiya Rossii: tsikly, osobennosti, zakonomernosti. M., 2007. S. 112-115.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983.
Hanners U. Notes on Global Ecumene // Pablic Culture. 1989. ¹ 1. P. 65-75.
Hanners U. Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures. Bringhamton, 1989. 46 p.
Bzhezinskiy Z. Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska. M., 1998.
Huntington S. The Clash of Civilisation and Remarking of World Order. New York, 1996. 135 p.
Cua A/S Reflection on Moral Theory and Understanding Moral Tradition // Interpreting Across Boundaries. New Essays in Comparative Philosophy. Ed by G.J. Larson and E. Deutsch. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Geyusheva Z.Z. Eticheskie vzglyady vostochnykh mysliteley. Baku, 1982. S. 69-82.
İshida T. Japanese Political Culture: Change and Continuty. London, 1983.
Gryunebaum G. fon. Klassicheskiy islam. M., 1988.
Diskussiya vokrug tsivilizatsionnoy modeli // POLIS. 1994. ¹ 1.
Burov V. Modernizatsiya tayvanskogo obshchestva. M.: IF RAN, 1998.
Vsemirnoe pisanie. Sravnitel'naya ontologiya svyashchennykh tekstov. M.: Respublika, 1995.
Danilov V.I. Turtsiya vos'midesyatykh: «Ot voennogo rezhima do ogranichennoy demokratii». M.: Nauka, 1991.
Nadzhafov E.A. Tsivilizatsionnyy podkhod k issledovaniyu mezhdunarodnoy politiki. S. Khantingtona // Sosial Bilimler. 2002. ¹ 1. S. 24-43.
Skok N.V. Natsional'nye modeli politicheskoy kul'tury: posobie. Mogilev: MGU im. A.A. Kuleshova, 2001. 232 s.
Daya Krishna Comparative Philosophy: What it is Ought to be // Interpreting Across Boundaries. 1988.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983
A.A. Gezalov Proyavlenie sotsiokul'turnykh
protivorechiy v nelineynom
globaliziruyushchemsya mire
i puti ikh preodoleniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 2. - C. 71 - 79.
P.S. Gurevich Globalizatsiya i mul'tikul'turalizm // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 8. - C. 4 - 5.

References (transliteration):
Gerder I.V. Idei k filosofii istorii chelovechestva / Otv. red. A.V. Gulyga. M.: Nauka, 1977. 703 s.
Gadzhiev K.S. Politicheskaya nauka. M., 1995.
Gadzhiev K. Politicheskaya kul'tura: kontseptual'nyy aspekt // Polis. 1991. ¹ 6.
Politicheskaya kul'tura: teoriya i natsional'nye modeli / Otv. red. K.S. Gadzhiev. M., 1994.
Galkin A.A., Krasin Yu.A. Rossiya: Quo vadis? M., 2003. S. 237-238.
Duka A.V. Politicheskaya kul'tura: problemy genezisa i printsipy tipologii: Diss. … kand. polit. nauk. SPb., 1995.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983.
Hanners U. Notes on Global Ecumene // Pablic Culture. 1989. ¹ 1. P. 65-75.
Mamedov F. Kul'turologiya. Baku, 2002. S. 7-14.
Gasanov R. Formirovanie grazhdanskogo obshchestva v usloviyakh transformatsii. Baku: «Kitab aləmi», 2003.
Ismaylova S.A. Liderstvo i formirovanie politicheskoy kul'tury v sovremennom Azerbaydzhane // Molodoy uchenyy. 2011. ¹ 3. T. 2. S. 84-88.
Mamed-zade I. Politika i moral'. Baku: Azerbaydzhanskoe gos. izd-vo, 1988. 198 c.
Mamed-zade I. Vvedenie v etiku. Baku: Muallim, 2004.
Aliev Geydar. Put' nezavisimosti: izbrannye mysli. Baku: Izd-vo Azerbaydzhanskogo Universiteta, 1997. 136 s.
Toynbi A., Ikada D. Chelovek dolzhen vybrat' sam. M., 1999.
Toynbi A. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1991.
Şükürov A. Fəlsəfə və qloballaşma. Bakı: Adiloğlu, 2002.
Dugin A. Osnovy geopolitiki. Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii. M., 1997.
Pantin V.I., Lapkin V.V. Politicheskaya modernizatsiya Rossii: tsikly, osobennosti, zakonomernosti. M., 2007. S. 112-115.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983.
Hanners U. Notes on Global Ecumene // Pablic Culture. 1989. ¹ 1. P. 65-75.
Hanners U. Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures. Bringhamton, 1989. 46 p.
Bzhezinskiy Z. Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska. M., 1998.
Huntington S. The Clash of Civilisation and Remarking of World Order. New York, 1996. 135 p.
Cua A/S Reflection on Moral Theory and Understanding Moral Tradition // Interpreting Across Boundaries. New Essays in Comparative Philosophy. Ed by G.J. Larson and E. Deutsch. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Geyusheva Z.Z. Eticheskie vzglyady vostochnykh mysliteley. Baku, 1982. S. 69-82.
İshida T. Japanese Political Culture: Change and Continuty. London, 1983.
Gryunebaum G. fon. Klassicheskiy islam. M., 1988.
Diskussiya vokrug tsivilizatsionnoy modeli // POLIS. 1994. ¹ 1.
Burov V. Modernizatsiya tayvanskogo obshchestva. M.: IF RAN, 1998.
Vsemirnoe pisanie. Sravnitel'naya ontologiya svyashchennykh tekstov. M.: Respublika, 1995.
Danilov V.I. Turtsiya vos'midesyatykh: «Ot voennogo rezhima do ogranichennoy demokratii». M.: Nauka, 1991.
Nadzhafov E.A. Tsivilizatsionnyy podkhod k issledovaniyu mezhdunarodnoy politiki. S. Khantingtona // Sosial Bilimler. 2002. ¹ 1. S. 24-43.
Skok N.V. Natsional'nye modeli politicheskoy kul'tury: posobie. Mogilev: MGU im. A.A. Kuleshova, 2001. 232 s.
Daya Krishna Comparative Philosophy: What it is Ought to be // Interpreting Across Boundaries. 1988.
Hamelink C. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communications. New York: Logman, 1983
A.A. Gezalov Proyavlenie sotsiokul'turnykh
protivorechiy v nelineynom
globaliziruyushchemsya mire
i puti ikh preodoleniya // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 2. - C. 71 - 79.
P.S. Gurevich Globalizatsiya i mul'tikul'turalizm // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 8. - C. 4 - 5.

Abstract: In his article Mochkin analyzes Friedrich Nietzsche’s attempt to create the theory of the ‘eternal return’. This ‘positive’ philosophy (in Nietzsche’s interpretation) was opposed to the liberal and socialistic theories of social development or so called ‘theories of the future’ or ‘progressive development’ that dominated in the XIX century. Being a sort of anti utopia and a conservative traditional response to the challenges of those times, the concept of eternal return was taken by the philosopher as a ‘gift’ and ‘prophecy’ and became the central topic of late Nietzsche’s philosophy. This is an esoteric concept that can’t be verified or demonstrated. The concept of eternal return has the two levels: the ontological (cosmological or physicalized) level that was described by the philosopher only in his draft papers and the social-political or existential level that was presented in his books ‘Thus spoke Zarathustra’ (1883) and ‘Beyond Good and Evil’ (1886). As a ‘mental experiment’ the concept of eternal return is opposed to the moral and ethic values of the European civilization. The concept of eternal return re-interprets and re-phrases Kant’s categorical imperative into an existential law of the future society of ‘Great policy’, the theory of ‘superman’, ‘reassessment of values’, ‘nihilism’ and ‘will to power’. The theory of eternal return was popular during the crisis of the conservative revolution in Germany in the 20th – 30th of the XX century and had an influence on the society and the artistic elite of those times.

Keywords: philosophy, power, will, eternity, nihilism, reappraisal of values, superman, development, progress, conservatism, liberalism.

References:
Lowith K. Nietzsches Philosophie der ewigen Wiederkehr des Gleichen. Hamburg, 1978.
Schlechta Nietzsches grosser Mittag. Fra/M, 1954
Eliade M. Mif o vechnom vozvrashchenii. SPb, 1998.
Shopengauer A. Sobr. soch. T.:. M., 2011.
Khaydegger M. Metafizicheskaya kontseptsiya Nitsshe i ee rol' v evropeyskom myshlenii. Vechnoe vozvrashchenie ravnogo. M., 1995.
Khaydegger M. Nitsshe. V 2 t.t. SPb 2006.
Nitsshe F. Pis'ma. M., 2007.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M., 2005.
Nitsshe F. Zlaya mudrost'. M., 1993.
Nitsshe F. Soch. v 2 t.t. T.1. M., 1990.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 10. M., 2010.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 9. M., 2013.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 6. M., 2009.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 4. M., 2007.
Mochkin A.N. F.Nitsshe. Intellektual'naya biografiya. M., 2005.
Mochkin A.N. Paradoksy neokonservatizma. M., 1999.
Mochkin A.N. Rozhdenie "zverya iz bezdny" neokonservatizma. M., 2002.
Mochkin A.N. Ot idei sotsial'no-istoricheskogo razvitiya k tsiklicheskoy mifologii. (Kritika burzhuaznykh interpretatsiy obshchestvennogo razvitiya). M. 1984.
Losev A.F. Antichnaya filosofiya istorii. M., 1977.
Levit Ot Gegelya k Nitsshe. SPb. 2002.

References (transliteration):
Lowith K. Nietzsches Philosophie der ewigen Wiederkehr des Gleichen. Hamburg, 1978.
Schlechta Nietzsches grosser Mittag. Fra/M, 1954
Eliade M. Mif o vechnom vozvrashchenii. SPb, 1998.
Shopengauer A. Sobr. soch. T.:. M., 2011.
Khaydegger M. Metafizicheskaya kontseptsiya Nitsshe i ee rol' v evropeyskom myshlenii. Vechnoe vozvrashchenie ravnogo. M., 1995.
Khaydegger M. Nitsshe. V 2 t.t. SPb 2006.
Nitsshe F. Pis'ma. M., 2007.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M., 2005.
Nitsshe F. Zlaya mudrost'. M., 1993.
Nitsshe F. Soch. v 2 t.t. T.1. M., 1990.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 10. M., 2010.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 9. M., 2013.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 6. M., 2009.
Nitsshe F. PSS. T. 4. M., 2007.
Mochkin A.N. F.Nitsshe. Intellektual'naya biografiya. M., 2005.
Mochkin A.N. Paradoksy neokonservatizma. M., 1999.
Mochkin A.N. Rozhdenie "zverya iz bezdny" neokonservatizma. M., 2002.
Mochkin A.N. Ot idei sotsial'no-istoricheskogo razvitiya k tsiklicheskoy mifologii. (Kritika burzhuaznykh interpretatsiy obshchestvennogo razvitiya). M. 1984.
Losev A.F. Antichnaya filosofiya istorii. M., 1977.
Levit Ot Gegelya k Nitsshe. SPb. 2002.

Abstract: In his article Prokofiev points out that not all aspects of activity of presidency as an integrated institution of state authority can be regulated by legal and political means. In itself, scientific research of this institution is closely connected with the attempt of the humanity to solve the philosophical problem about creation an ideal legal model of state authority organization. In this regard, the purpose of the present article is to prove that it is possible to apply the method of epistemological analysis to studying the phenomenon of presidency. Using the methods of historical and comparative analysis Prokofiev demonstrates the fact that today the human mind is still rather blind in understanding the institution of presidency. Such understanding ‘degrades’ the nature of politics and law as the part of presidency and distorts it which, in its turn, hinders the evolutionary development. The novelty of the article is in viewing the institution of presidency as a phenomenon that was initially based on the philosophical-epistemological grounds and reflection. Therefore, the author of the article states that detachment of the institute of presidency from these elements contradicts to the nature of the phenomenon itself. In his research Prokofiev compares the epistemological paradigm with the rational paradigm as well as capacities of the legal political instruments when analyzing this phenomenon. According to the author, multi-paradigmality and inter-disciplinary basis of the reflective process associated with the phenomena prove that it can be a good topic for other researches. Applying the systems approach to analyzing philosophical categories, Prokofiev makes an assumption that each ‘paradigm’ locus and each element of the institution of presidency have their own epistemology and ontology. The epistemological approach offered by the author of the article is new and may turn out to be rather efficient because it has a complex methodology and allows to catalyze the evolution of the institution of presidency by better understanding elements of presidency and combining institutional and non-institutional factors of its development. At the same time, Prokofiev admits that this approach has certain drawbacks as a methodological instrument of analysis, too.

Keywords: episteme, institution of presidency, President of the Russian Federation, presidency, epistemology of power, epistemological competence, legal political reflection, reflection of governance, evolution of the institution of presidency, philosophical analysis.

References:
Bardakov A.I. Epistemologiya vlasti i kul'tury v kontseptologii// Politicheskaya kontseptologiya. 2009. ¹ 4. S.55-60.
Degtev G.V. Stanovlenie i razvitie instituta prezidentstva v Rossii: teo-retiko-pravovye i konstitutsionnye osnovy. M.: Yurist', 2008. 237 s.
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Zuykov A.V. Institut prezidentstva ili variatsii na zadannuyu temu // Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie. 2008. ¹
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Lobovikov V.O. Edinaya teoriya prava: matematicheskiy aspekt (Algebra postupkov kak diskretnaya matematicheskaya model' edinstva pozitivnogo, estestvennogo i obychnogo prava)// Nauchnyy ezhegodnik Instituta filosofii i prava UrO RAN. 2002. ¹ 17. S.304-358.
Lobovikov V.O. Gosudarstvo kak mashina (mekhanizm) i pravo kak pro-gramma (Algoritmy i tvorchestvo; bytie i materiya; vospriyatie i oshchushchenie; ponyatie i myshlenie, chisla i veshchi, soznanie i podsoznanie)// Estestvennoe pravo: sovremennaya teoriya i ee prilozhenie k ekonomike: Kritika politiche-skoy ekonomii: sovershennaya konkurentsiya i absolyutnaya monopoliya; sostoyanie ravnovesiya i predprinimatel'stvo; laissez-faire i gosudarstvennoe upravlenie rynkom. Matematicheskaya filosofiya ekonomiki i prava/ Lobovikov O.V.; nauch. red.: Bryanik N.V.: Ch. 1. Ekaterinburg: Institut filosofii i prava UrO RAN, 2003. S.275-289.
Lobovikov V.O. Matematicheskaya etika, metafizika i estestvennoe pravo (Algebra metafiziki kak algebra formal'noy aksiologii). Ekaterinburg: Institut filosofii i prava UrO RAN, 2007. 408 s.
Neretina S.S. Kontsepty politicheskogo soznaniya / S.S. Neretina, A.P. Ogurtsov // Politicheskaya kontseptologiya: zhurnal metadistsiplinarnykh issle-dovaniy. 2009. ¹ 1. S. 17-78.
Parechina S.G. Institut prezidentstva: istoriya i sovremennost' / Pod obshch. red.E.V. Matusevicha. Mn.: ISPI, 2003. 163 s.
Ponomareva N.D. K voprosu o politiko-epistemologicheskikh orientirakh sovremennogo obshchestva//Vlast'. 2010. ¹9. S.66-67.
Pyatigorskiy O.M., Alekseev O.B. Epistemologicheskoe posleslovie o politicheskoy filosofii// Razmyshlyaya o politike. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2008. 192 s.
Remizov M. Politicheskaya teologiya kak politicheskaya epistemologiya [Elektronnyy istochnik]// Russkiy zhurnal. Vyp.ot 14.07.2006. URL: http://old.russ.ru/politics/grammar/2000087_remizov.html (data obrashcheniya: 15.08.2014)
Shmitt K. Politicheskaya teologiya/ Per. s nem.; zaklyuchit, stat'ya i sostavlenie A. Filippova. M.: «KANON-press-Ts», 2000. 336 s.
Freire P. The Rolitics of Education. Sulture, Rower, and Liberation / Transl. by Macedo D. London: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, Inc., 2009. 236 p.
Silva L. Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems// Info Systems. 2007. N 17. P. 165–183.

References (transliteration):
Bardakov A.I. Epistemologiya vlasti i kul'tury v kontseptologii// Politicheskaya kontseptologiya. 2009. ¹ 4. S.55-60.
Degtev G.V. Stanovlenie i razvitie instituta prezidentstva v Rossii: teo-retiko-pravovye i konstitutsionnye osnovy. M.: Yurist', 2008. 237 s.
Digesty Yustiniana: Izbrannye fragmenty/ Per. i primech. I.S. Pereter-skogo; otv. red. Skripilev E.A. M.: Nauka, 2009. 456 s.
Zuykov A.V. Institut prezidentstva ili variatsii na zadannuyu temu // Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie. 2008. ¹
S.35-52. 5.Irkhin Yu.V. Vzaimosvyaz' politiki, morali i prava// Vestnik Rossiysko-go universiteta druzhby narodov. Ceriya: Politologiya. 1999. ¹ 1. S. 7-15.
Platon. Gosudarstvo. M.: Nauka, 2009. 576 s.
Kalmykov A.A. Epistemologiya politiki – kognitivy vsekh stran, soedinyaytes'! / Rossiyskaya politika XXI veka: nepoliticheskiy potentsial politicheskogo: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauch. konf. (23-24 aprelya 2009 g., Moskva). M.: RGGU, 2009. Ch. 1. 324 s. S.16-26.
Kenenova I.P. Vertikal' ispolnitel'noy vlasti» i nekotorye konstitutsionno-pravovye problemy sovremennogo tsikla razvitiya vlasti v Rossii // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2007. ¹ 3. S. 3-14.
Lebedev S.A. Filosofiya nauki: Slovar' osnovnykh terminov. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2004. 320 s.
Lobovikov V.O. Edinaya teoriya prava: matematicheskiy aspekt (Algebra postupkov kak diskretnaya matematicheskaya model' edinstva pozitivnogo, estestvennogo i obychnogo prava)// Nauchnyy ezhegodnik Instituta filosofii i prava UrO RAN. 2002. ¹ 17. S.304-358.
Lobovikov V.O. Gosudarstvo kak mashina (mekhanizm) i pravo kak pro-gramma (Algoritmy i tvorchestvo; bytie i materiya; vospriyatie i oshchushchenie; ponyatie i myshlenie, chisla i veshchi, soznanie i podsoznanie)// Estestvennoe pravo: sovremennaya teoriya i ee prilozhenie k ekonomike: Kritika politiche-skoy ekonomii: sovershennaya konkurentsiya i absolyutnaya monopoliya; sostoyanie ravnovesiya i predprinimatel'stvo; laissez-faire i gosudarstvennoe upravlenie rynkom. Matematicheskaya filosofiya ekonomiki i prava/ Lobovikov O.V.; nauch. red.: Bryanik N.V.: Ch. 1. Ekaterinburg: Institut filosofii i prava UrO RAN, 2003. S.275-289.
Lobovikov V.O. Matematicheskaya etika, metafizika i estestvennoe pravo (Algebra metafiziki kak algebra formal'noy aksiologii). Ekaterinburg: Institut filosofii i prava UrO RAN, 2007. 408 s.
Neretina S.S. Kontsepty politicheskogo soznaniya / S.S. Neretina, A.P. Ogurtsov // Politicheskaya kontseptologiya: zhurnal metadistsiplinarnykh issle-dovaniy. 2009. ¹ 1. S. 17-78.
Parechina S.G. Institut prezidentstva: istoriya i sovremennost' / Pod obshch. red.E.V. Matusevicha. Mn.: ISPI, 2003. 163 s.
Ponomareva N.D. K voprosu o politiko-epistemologicheskikh orientirakh sovremennogo obshchestva//Vlast'. 2010. ¹9. S.66-67.
Pyatigorskiy O.M., Alekseev O.B. Epistemologicheskoe posleslovie o politicheskoy filosofii// Razmyshlyaya o politike. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2008. 192 s.
Remizov M. Politicheskaya teologiya kak politicheskaya epistemologiya [Elektronnyy istochnik]// Russkiy zhurnal. Vyp.ot 14.07.2006. URL: http://old.russ.ru/politics/grammar/2000087_remizov.html (data obrashcheniya: 15.08.2014)
Shmitt K. Politicheskaya teologiya/ Per. s nem.; zaklyuchit, stat'ya i sostavlenie A. Filippova. M.: «KANON-press-Ts», 2000. 336 s.
Freire P. The Rolitics of Education. Sulture, Rower, and Liberation / Transl. by Macedo D. London: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, Inc., 2009. 236 p.
Silva L. Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems// Info Systems. 2007. N 17. P. 165–183.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of the imperial as a category of political philosophy. In the first part of the article the author analyzes common myths related to the term ‘empire’ and proves these myths to be indefensible and very different from actual historical events. The second part of the article views the category ‘imperial’ in terms of its relation to the ideologies that were popular in the 20th century, i.e. nationalism, socialism and liberalism. The author describes the connection between the imperial idea and liberal, nationalistic and socialistic ideas. The author also shows the close connection between the two categories, the ‘imperial’ and ‘civilizations’. The author gives a definition of the positive idea of the empire. The main research methods used by the author include methods obtained from comparative political studies, abstraction (which allows to withdraw from details that do not interest us), analysis and synthesis (which provide the integral concept of the ‘imperial’). There are a lot of conjectures and prejudices around the definition of ‘empire’ and these conjectures and prejudices do not allow us to see the essential features behind the process of establishment of a state which was later called ‘empire’ by historians. According to the author, the category ‘imperial’ is inseparable from the categories ‘universal’ and ‘order’. If we are to give a very short definition of the empire, we can call it a ‘universal order’. In the modern world captured by the wave of globalization, the question about the universal order grows especially important and so does the question about the empire.

Keywords: empire, civilization, ideology, universal order, state, history, global, liberalism, nationalism, socialism.

References:
E.I. Damirchiev. Problema imperii v nauke. // Pravo i politika.-2009.-¹ 11.
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Aksiologicheskoe osoznanie idei rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v kontekste natsional'nogo kharaktera // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-12.-C. 135-194. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_9902.html.
Fedotov G. P. Sud'ba imperiy // Fedotov G. P. «Sud'ba i grekhi Rossii». Tom 2, Sankt-Peterburg: izdatel'stvo «Sofiya», 1992.-S. 304-327.
Khardt M., Negri A. Imperiya / Per. s angl., pod red. G. V. Kamenskoy, M. S. Fetisovoy. — M.: Praksis, 2004.
Pain E. A. Mezhdu imperiey i natsiey. Modernistskiy proekt i ego traditsionalistskaya al'ternativa v natsional'noy politike Rossii. – M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2004.
Solov'ev V. S. Mir Vostoka i Zapada // Solov'ev V.S. Soch. V 2-kh t. T.2. M.: Pravda, 1989.
Mezhuev V. M. Ideya natsional'nogo gosudarstva v istoricheskoy perspektive // «Polis». 1992.-¹ 5.
Makhnach V. L. Imperii v mirovoy istorii. Russkiy Arkhipelag. 1995. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.archipelag.ru/geopolitics/nasledie/cosmopolis/31/
Kantor V. K. Sankt-Peterburg: Rossiyskaya imperiya protiv rossiyskogo khaosa. K probleme imperskogo soznaniya v Rossii-M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2007.
Lenin V. I. Polnoe sobranie soch., 5 izdanie. – M.: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury, 1965-70.
Makarov D. A. Sistema prava Vizantiyskoy imperii: istoriko-pravovoy aspekt: dissertatsiya kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk: 12.00.01.-Sankt-Peterburg, 2007.
Niall Ferguson. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. – New York, NY: Basic Books, 2004.
Mify i zabluzhdeniya v izuchenii imperii i natsionalizma (sbornik). Kollektiv avtorov. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2010.
Politicheskaya nauka: nauchnyy zhurnal. – M.: INION RAN, 2013.-¹3. Mezhdu imperiey i sovremennym gosudarstvom. Transformatsiya politicheskogo poryadka na postimperskikh prostranstvakh.
Vasil'ev A. A. Vizantiyskaya imperiya. – M.: Algoritm, 2012.
Vasil'ev A. A. Slava Vizantiyskoy imperii. – M.: Algoritm, 2013.
S. V. Volkov. Mesto i rol' aristokratii v traditsionnykh obshchestvakh Dal'nego Vostoka. // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2013.-¹ 2.-C. 188-193. DOI: .10.7256/2222-1972.2013.02.7.
E.I.Damirchiev. Transformatsiya imperializma i postklassicheskaya imperiya. // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2009.-¹ 12.
S.G. Dzheloukhov. Imperskiy gosudarstvenno-pravovoy rezhim: kriterial'nyy teoretiko-metodologicheskiy analiz. // Pravo i politika.-2009.-¹ 10

References (transliteration):
E.I. Damirchiev. Problema imperii v nauke. // Pravo i politika.-2009.-¹ 11.
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Aksiologicheskoe osoznanie idei rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v kontekste natsional'nogo kharaktera // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-12.-C. 135-194. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_9902.html.
Fedotov G. P. Sud'ba imperiy // Fedotov G. P. «Sud'ba i grekhi Rossii». Tom 2, Sankt-Peterburg: izdatel'stvo «Sofiya», 1992.-S. 304-327.
Khardt M., Negri A. Imperiya / Per. s angl., pod red. G. V. Kamenskoy, M. S. Fetisovoy. — M.: Praksis, 2004.
Pain E. A. Mezhdu imperiey i natsiey. Modernistskiy proekt i ego traditsionalistskaya al'ternativa v natsional'noy politike Rossii. – M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2004.
Solov'ev V. S. Mir Vostoka i Zapada // Solov'ev V.S. Soch. V 2-kh t. T.2. M.: Pravda, 1989.
Mezhuev V. M. Ideya natsional'nogo gosudarstva v istoricheskoy perspektive // «Polis». 1992.-¹ 5.
Makhnach V. L. Imperii v mirovoy istorii. Russkiy Arkhipelag. 1995. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.archipelag.ru/geopolitics/nasledie/cosmopolis/31/
Kantor V. K. Sankt-Peterburg: Rossiyskaya imperiya protiv rossiyskogo khaosa. K probleme imperskogo soznaniya v Rossii-M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN), 2007.
Lenin V. I. Polnoe sobranie soch., 5 izdanie. – M.: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury, 1965-70.
Makarov D. A. Sistema prava Vizantiyskoy imperii: istoriko-pravovoy aspekt: dissertatsiya kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk: 12.00.01.-Sankt-Peterburg, 2007.
Niall Ferguson. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. – New York, NY: Basic Books, 2004.
Mify i zabluzhdeniya v izuchenii imperii i natsionalizma (sbornik). Kollektiv avtorov. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2010.
Politicheskaya nauka: nauchnyy zhurnal. – M.: INION RAN, 2013.-¹3. Mezhdu imperiey i sovremennym gosudarstvom. Transformatsiya politicheskogo poryadka na postimperskikh prostranstvakh.
Vasil'ev A. A. Vizantiyskaya imperiya. – M.: Algoritm, 2012.
Vasil'ev A. A. Slava Vizantiyskoy imperii. – M.: Algoritm, 2013.
S. V. Volkov. Mesto i rol' aristokratii v traditsionnykh obshchestvakh Dal'nego Vostoka. // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2013.-¹ 2.-C. 188-193. DOI: .10.7256/2222-1972.2013.02.7.
E.I.Damirchiev. Transformatsiya imperializma i postklassicheskaya imperiya. // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2009.-¹ 12.
S.G. Dzheloukhov. Imperskiy gosudarstvenno-pravovoy rezhim: kriterial'nyy teoretiko-metodologicheskiy analiz. // Pravo i politika.-2009.-¹ 10

Abstract: The subject under review of the present article is the power as a management resource and its modernistic and post-modernistic definitions. The author of the article views the power not as itself or a category of its own but rather as a certain resource which is used to govern the state and which we try to view from the point of view of methodology used in researches of power and its being part of the management processes. The author also views the efficient use of power firstly as a rational process during which cause-and-effect connections and relations are predicted and traced and secondly as a process where a resource (power in our case) is used to the best advantage according to the ‘contribution-return’ criterion. The research is based on Jacques Derrida’s approach stating that the dynamics between centralization and decentralization of power are also binary and cyclic. The main conclusion made by the researcher is that the general solutions made regarding the ‘optimal’ balance between centralization and autonomy as well as the term ‘optimality’ in the state management will be only theoretical while practical solutions should be considered only temporary.

Keywords: Machiavelli, treatise, Derrida, power, government, efficiency, optimality, politics, modernism, post-modernism.

Contact information: Loktionov Mikhail Vyacheslavovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 408.

References:
A.A. Borisenkov O politicheskoy vlasti i ee svyazi s gosudarstvennoy vlast'yu // Pravo i politika.-2013.-5.-C. 634-641. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.05.4.
Popov E.A. Vliyanie postmodernizma na sotsioyuridicheskuyu interpretatsiyu fenomena sovremennogo grazhdanskogo obshchestva // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-1.-C. 190-222. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.1.461. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_461.html
E. I. Kozhukhovskaya Novye formy politicheskogo upravleniya (na primere ustoychivogo razvitiya) // Pravo i politika.-2011.-11.-C. 1798-1807.
Derrida Zh. O grammatologii. M., 2000. S. 19.
Kammings S. Rekonstruktsiya strategii. M., 2010. S. 110.
Derrida J. The gift of death. R. 14.
Derrida J. The gift of death. Second edition. N.Y., 2007. R. 11.
Zub A.T., Loktionov M.V. Strategicheskiy menedzhment. Sistemnyy podkhod. M., 2011.
Pfeffer J. Power in organizations. 1989.
McCan J., Galbraith J. Interdepartment relations // Nystrom P., Starbuck W. (eds). Handbook of organization design Vol. 2. 2003.
Loktionov M.V. Sistemnyy podkhod v menedzhmente. M., 2000.
Simon H. The new science of management decision. N.Y.: Harper and Row. 1960.

References (transliteration):
A.A. Borisenkov O politicheskoy vlasti i ee svyazi s gosudarstvennoy vlast'yu // Pravo i politika.-2013.-5.-C. 634-641. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.05.4.
Popov E.A. Vliyanie postmodernizma na sotsioyuridicheskuyu interpretatsiyu fenomena sovremennogo grazhdanskogo obshchestva // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-1.-C. 190-222. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.1.461. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_461.html
E. I. Kozhukhovskaya Novye formy politicheskogo upravleniya (na primere ustoychivogo razvitiya) // Pravo i politika.-2011.-11.-C. 1798-1807.
Derrida Zh. O grammatologii. M., 2000. S. 19.
Kammings S. Rekonstruktsiya strategii. M., 2010. S. 110.
Derrida J. The gift of death. R. 14.
Derrida J. The gift of death. Second edition. N.Y., 2007. R. 11.
Zub A.T., Loktionov M.V. Strategicheskiy menedzhment. Sistemnyy podkhod. M., 2011.
Pfeffer J. Power in organizations. 1989.
McCan J., Galbraith J. Interdepartment relations // Nystrom P., Starbuck W. (eds). Handbook of organization design Vol. 2. 2003.
Loktionov M.V. Sistemnyy podkhod v menedzhmente. M., 2000.
Simon H. The new science of management decision. N.Y.: Harper and Row. 1960.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the analysis of ‘slavery’ in Aristotle’s interpretation as well as Aristotle’s political concepts and theories applied to modern reality. The author of the article analyzes writings by Aristotle, Plato, Hans Gadamer and Zakiriya. The author stresses out that Aristotle had many ideas that are undeservingly forgotten nowadays or even rejected, mostly due to their wrong interpretation such as Aristotle’s concept of ‘mastery and slavery’. Aristotle’s ‘slave’ would mean a peasant, industrial worker or modern software programmer. Based on Aristotle, slavery is natural and it is quite natural that some people are born slaves even though they can be free officially while others would never be slaves even if they become slaves in reality. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that Aristotle’s ‘nature’ includes the entire universe structured according to a certain order. Besides that, Aristotle also analyzed such topics as family and up-bringing.

Keywords: philosophy, theories, economy, politics, government, structure, slavery, human, family, up-bringing.

Contact information: Matveychev Oleg Anatolievich, 101000, Russia, Moscow, ul. Myasnitskaya 20, kab. 205.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the nature and elements of the political system, specific features of its formation, its inseparable connection with the political life, and its value for the political development. The authors discuss the dependency of the political system upon the existence of political relations. The author supports the position that a political system is a general form of political life, which has a functional relation towards the components of political organism. The most important functions of political system are presented as functions of the government and the opposition. They serve as the key elements of the political system, they are interrelated and inevitable for the democratic political process. In the same line other elements of political system are possible, and they include the superstructure functions within the political organism, which are being formed in democratic condition. Establishing the nature of the political system allows to establish and formulate the related law of political development. The author offers analysis of the current interpretation of the political system within the official political science.

Keywords: politics, political activity, political government, political relations, government, opposition, political organism.

Contact information: Borisenkov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 109542, Russia, Moskva, Ryazanskiy pr., d. 99.

References:
1. Borisenkov A.A. O kriteriyakh politicheskoy deyatel'nosti // Nota Bene: Voprosy prava i politiki.
2013. ¹ 4.
2. Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskikh otnosheniyakh i ikh vidakh // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i po-
litiki. 2013. ¹ 7.
3. Borisenkov A.A. Osobennosti politicheskogo razvitiya // Nota Bene: Filosofskie issledovaniya.
2013. ¹ 6.
4. Borisenkov A.A. Politicheskaya vlast' — politicheskaya substantsiya // Nota Bene: Problemy obshche-
stva i politiki. 2013. ¹ 6.
5. Iston D. Kategorii sistemnogo analiza politiki // Antologiya mirovoy politicheskoy mysli: v
5 t. T. II. M., 1997.
6. Klyamkin I.M. Institutsional'nye vozmozhnosti «pakta Monkloa» v rossiyskikh usloviyakh // Po-
lis. 1999. ¹ 4.
7. Politologiya / pod red. V.A. Achkasova, V.A. Gutorova. M., 2009.
8. Politologiya / pod red. S.G. Kiseleva. M., 2008.
9. Politologiya / pod red. V.N. Lavrinenko. M., 2001.
10. Politologiya / A.Yu. Mel'vil' i dr. M., 2010.
11. Pugachev V.P. Politologiya. M., 2010.
12. Smirnov G.N., Petrenko E.L., Bursov A.V. Politologiya: kurs lektsiy. M., 2011.
13. Solov'ev A.I. Politologiya: Politicheskaya teoriya. Politicheskie tekhnologii. M., 2010.
14. Tavadov G.T. Politologiya. M., 2011.
15. Shabrov O.F. Politicheskoe upravlenie: problema stabil'nosti i razvitiya. M., 1997.

References (transliteration):
1. Borisenkov A.A. O kriteriyakh politicheskoy deyatel'nosti // Nota Bene: Voprosy prava i politiki.
2013. ¹ 4.
2. Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskikh otnosheniyakh i ikh vidakh // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i po-
litiki. 2013. ¹ 7.
3. Borisenkov A.A. Osobennosti politicheskogo razvitiya // Nota Bene: Filosofskie issledovaniya.
2013. ¹ 6.
4. Borisenkov A.A. Politicheskaya vlast' — politicheskaya substantsiya // Nota Bene: Problemy obshche-
stva i politiki. 2013. ¹ 6.
5. Iston D. Kategorii sistemnogo analiza politiki // Antologiya mirovoy politicheskoy mysli: v
5 t. T. II. M., 1997.
6. Klyamkin I.M. Institutsional'nye vozmozhnosti «pakta Monkloa» v rossiyskikh usloviyakh // Po-
lis. 1999. ¹ 4.
7. Politologiya / pod red. V.A. Achkasova, V.A. Gutorova. M., 2009.
8. Politologiya / pod red. S.G. Kiseleva. M., 2008.
9. Politologiya / pod red. V.N. Lavrinenko. M., 2001.
10. Politologiya / A.Yu. Mel'vil' i dr. M., 2010.
11. Pugachev V.P. Politologiya. M., 2010.
12. Smirnov G.N., Petrenko E.L., Bursov A.V. Politologiya: kurs lektsiy. M., 2011.
13. Solov'ev A.I. Politologiya: Politicheskaya teoriya. Politicheskie tekhnologii. M., 2010.
14. Tavadov G.T. Politologiya. M., 2011.
15. Shabrov O.F. Politicheskoe upravlenie: problema stabil'nosti i razvitiya. M., 1997.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the definition of political development. The author describes the content, stages, means, forms and grounds of political development and shows a close connection between political development and political life. It is established that political life is one of the means of political development or so called political evolution. Analysis of the structure of political development allows to make a conclusion and understand grounds and forms of political life as well as particular factors of its destruction.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, political being, political life, political dynamics, political changes, political development, political evolution, political process, political progress.

Contact information: Borisenkov Àlexander Alexandrovich, 109542, Russia, Moscow, Ryazansky prospekt 99.

References:
1. Borisenkov A.A. O demokraticheskoy politicheskoy kul'ture i politicheskom progresse // Nota Bene:
Filosofskie issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 2.
2. Borisenkov A.A. O novoy paradigme v politicheskoy nauke // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i po-
litiki. 2012. ¹ 2.
3. Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskom protsesse // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. 2012. ¹ 3.
4. Dmitriev A.V. Sotsial'nyy konflikt: obshchee i osobennoe. M., 2002.
5. Lapkin V.V. Tsikly, ritmy, volny: problemy modelirovaniya politicheskogo razvitiya // Polis.
2002. ¹ 4.
6. Momdzhyan K.Kh. Kategorii istoricheskogo materializma: sistemnost', razvitie. M., 1986.
7. Pantin V.I. Vozmozhnosti tsiklicheski-volnovogo podkhoda k analizu politicheskogo razvitiya //
Polis. 2002. ¹ 4.
8. Politologiya / A.Yu. Mel'vil' i dr. M., 2010.
9. Solov'ev A.I. Politologiya: Politicheskaya teoriya. Politicheskie tekhnologii. M., 2010.
10. Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. M., 1983.
11. Shabrov O.F. Politicheskoe upravlenie: problema stabil'nosti i razvitiya. M., 1997.

References (transliteration):
1. Borisenkov A.A. O demokraticheskoy politicheskoy kul'ture i politicheskom progresse // Nota Bene:
Filosofskie issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 2.
2. Borisenkov A.A. O novoy paradigme v politicheskoy nauke // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i po-
litiki. 2012. ¹ 2.
3. Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskom protsesse // Nota Bene: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. 2012. ¹ 3.
4. Dmitriev A.V. Sotsial'nyy konflikt: obshchee i osobennoe. M., 2002.
5. Lapkin V.V. Tsikly, ritmy, volny: problemy modelirovaniya politicheskogo razvitiya // Polis.
2002. ¹ 4.
6. Momdzhyan K.Kh. Kategorii istoricheskogo materializma: sistemnost', razvitie. M., 1986.
7. Pantin V.I. Vozmozhnosti tsiklicheski-volnovogo podkhoda k analizu politicheskogo razvitiya //
Polis. 2002. ¹ 4.
8. Politologiya / A.Yu. Mel'vil' i dr. M., 2010.
9. Solov'ev A.I. Politologiya: Politicheskaya teoriya. Politicheskie tekhnologii. M., 2010.
10. Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. M., 1983.
11. Shabrov O.F. Politicheskoe upravlenie: problema stabil'nosti i razvitiya. M., 1997.

Abstract: Perception of the Russian country after the October Revolution is well shown in Osip Mandelstam’s poems and very well completed with the memoirs written by his wife. What role did that October play for the country? What happened to people as a result of the civil war, ‘military communism’ and collectivization? How did the Bolsheviks power and Russian intelligentsia change over the twenty years after the Revolution? Answers to these questions can be found in Mandelstam’s works. The same questions are deeply and fairy addressed by his wife in her memoirs.

Keywords: philosophy, world perception, culture, power, nation, human, society, intelligentsia, life, death.

Contact information: Nikolsky Sergey Anatolyevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn 413.

References:
1. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda. Vospominaniya. T. 1. M.: Vagrius, 2006.
2. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda. Vtoraya kniga. M.: Vagrius, 2006.
3. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda Yakovlevna. Tret'ya kniga. M.: Agraf, 2006.
4. Mandel'shtam Osip. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy poezii i prozy v odnom tome. M.: Al'fa-kniga,
2010.
5. Struve N. Sud'ba Mandel'shtama // Struve N. Pravoslavie i kul'tura. M.: Russkiy put', 2000.

References (transliteration):
1. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda. Vospominaniya. T. 1. M.: Vagrius, 2006.
2. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda. Vtoraya kniga. M.: Vagrius, 2006.
3. Mandel'shtam Nadezhda Yakovlevna. Tret'ya kniga. M.: Agraf, 2006.
4. Mandel'shtam Osip. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy poezii i prozy v odnom tome. M.: Al'fa-kniga,
2010.
5. Struve N. Sud'ba Mandel'shtama // Struve N. Pravoslavie i kul'tura. M.: Russkiy put', 2000.

Abstract: The article presents the very first attempt to perform a positive reconstruction of Nihilistic Revolution outlined by Friedrich Nietzsche in his late works (1882-1888). Even though it was rarely noticeable in his works published during the philosopher’s life, the theory of nihilistic revolution showed itself in a form of certain sayings and expressions and remarks included in his ‘Will to Power’ which had never been finished. As a result of the ‘will to power’ and ‘eternal coming back’ developed by the philosopher during that period, the concept of nihilistic revolution opposed to social-democratic theories of social development, socialistic and Darwinism theories which dominated in XIX century. Completely denying the historical heritage of XVII-XVIII philosophy, Nietzsche developed the idea of ‘reevaluation’ and replaced Christian nihilism, social justice and Christian retribution with the idea of the Great Politcy and new social anthropology, i.e. the theory of a ‘superman’. When working on his ideas of nihilistic revolution, the philosopher developed a new time of reasoning which he called ‘Divine Image of Thought’. Applying the motto Sapere audi discovered by Kant, Nietzsche followed many socialistic and reformatory ideas to their logical end. The philosopher also formulated many ideas as a forecast of the future totalitarian regime of national states in XX century and anticipates global political activities of the ‘Masters of Earth’ and methods of future political order. In the process of writing his theory of nihilistic revolution, Nietzsche raises a question about the ‘social price’ or ressentiment of the future social development, methods of social development of the humankind in general, purposes of such development and the place of philosophy in this development.

Keywords: philosophy, power, will, nihilism, super-man, Darwinism, rationalism, utopia, revolution, Enlightenment.

Contact information: Mochkin Alexander Nikolaevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn 419.

References:
1. Arendt Kh. O revolyutsii. M., 2011.
2. Dostoevskiy F.M. Besy. Zapiski iz podpol'ya. M., 1994.
3. Dostoevskiy F.M. Prestuplenie i nakazanie. M., 1979.
4. Mochkin A.N. Velikaya politika F. Nitsshe i konservativnaya revolyutsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura.
2011. ¹ 4.
5. Mochkin A.N. Paradoksy neokonservatizma. M., 1999.
6. Mochkin A.N. Fridrikh Nitsshe. Intellektual'naya biografiya. M., 2005.
7. Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M., 2005.
8. Nitsshe F. Polnoe sobr. soch. T. 10. M., 2005.
9. Nitsshe F. Soch.: v 2 t. M., 1990.
10. Evola Yu. Lyudi i ruiny. M., 2007.
11. Eliade M. Nostal'giya po istokam. M., 2012.

References (transliteration):
1. Arendt Kh. O revolyutsii. M., 2011.
2. Dostoevskiy F.M. Besy. Zapiski iz podpol'ya. M., 1994.
3. Dostoevskiy F.M. Prestuplenie i nakazanie. M., 1979.
4. Mochkin A.N. Velikaya politika F. Nitsshe i konservativnaya revolyutsiya // Filosofiya i kul'tura.
2011. ¹ 4.
5. Mochkin A.N. Paradoksy neokonservatizma. M., 1999.
6. Mochkin A.N. Fridrikh Nitsshe. Intellektual'naya biografiya. M., 2005.
7. Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M., 2005.
8. Nitsshe F. Polnoe sobr. soch. T. 10. M., 2005.
9. Nitsshe F. Soch.: v 2 t. M., 1990.
10. Evola Yu. Lyudi i ruiny. M., 2007.
11. Eliade M. Nostal'giya po istokam. M., 2012.