Abstract: The object of the research of this article is the modern philosophical discourse on the problem of identity of personality. The subject of the study is the substantial approach of R. Swinburne and his place in this discourse. The author analyzes R. Swinburne's approach and, in particular, its main advantages – the ability to solve the problem of personality reduplication. However, as the author of the article shows, the substantive approach itself is not devoid of vulnerabilities. First of all, he is vulnerable to criticism using the verification principle. Swinburne believes that his approach is not consistent only with a strong version of the verification principle. However, as the author of this article shows, even a weak version of the verification principle is a problem for Swinburne's substantive approach. The author presents his own alternative to the substantial approach for overcoming the reduplication argument and interpreting hypothetical situations associated with it. Such an alternative is the perdurant theory of personality. The article presents a study in the field of the history of modern analytical philosophy. Therefore, the key research method used is historical and philosophical. In particular, the study used a textual analysis of the works of philosophers, first of all, R. Swinburne, according to several sources, a reconstruction of his views was carried out. The article also uses the method of comparative analysis, in particular, a comparison of empiricist approaches and a substantive approach to the problem of identity of personality is made. The article is devoted to the substantial concept of identity of R. Swinburne's personality. Despite the fact that this concept represents an important alternative to solving the problem of identity, it has not been studied much, especially in the Russian history of philosophy. The novelty of the article also lies in a detailed analysis of the verification counterargument in relation to the substantive approach. The author of the article also presents his own alternative to the substantial approach, which allows overcoming the indicated difficulties. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the substantial approach only partially solves the problem of asynchronous identity of personality, and is most vulnerable to criticism with the help of the verification argument.

Keywords: Bill Williams, Richard Swinburne, The substantive approach, Physiological approach, Psychological approach, Identity of personality, David Parfitt, Verification principle, Reduplication argument, Empiricist theories

References:
Perry J. Review of Williams’s problems of the self // Journal of philosophy. Vol. 73, 1976. P. 421-457.
Shoemaker S., Swinburne R. Personal Identity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991. 325 p.
Misak C. Verificationsim. Its history and prospects. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. 180 p.
Noonan H. Personal identity. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. 256 p.
Lokk Dzh. Sochineniya v 3-kh t. T. 1. Opyt o chelovecheskom razumenii. M.: Mysl', 1985. 560 s.
Chisolm R. On the simplicity of the soul // Philosophical perspectives, Vol. 5, Philosophy of religion, 1991. P. 153-174.
Kind A. Persons and personal identity. Cambridge, 2015. 180 p.
Williams B. Personal identity and individuation // Proceedings of the Aristotelian society, New series, vol. 57, 1956-1957. P. 229-252.

Abstract: The object of this research is the contemporary philosophical discourse regarding the question of oneness of identity. The subject of this research is R. Swinburne’s substantive approach and its place within this discourse. The author analyzes Swinburne’s approach, and particularly its key advantages – ability to resolve the issue of reduplication of identity. However, the author demonstrates that the substantive approach also has certain vulnerabilities. First of all, it is susceptible to criticism with the help of the verification principle. Swinburne believes that his approach does not correspond with the strong version of verification principle. But as illustrated in the article, even the weak version of verification principle is an issue for the substantive approach of Swinburne. The author presents his original alternative to the substantive approach for the purpose of overcoming the argument of reduplication and interpretation of the associated with it hypothetical situations. Such alternative is the perdurance theory of identity. The article provides research in the area of history of the modern analytical philosophy, thus uses the historical-philosophical method as the key one. The work is dedicated to the substantial concept of Swinburne’s. Despite the fact that his concept represents an important alternative for resolution of the issue of the oneness of identity, it remains little-studied, especially within the Russian history of philosophy. The scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive analysis of the counterargument of verification pertaining to the substantive approach. The author concludes that the substantive approach is able to solve the issue of the asynchronous oneness of identity just partially, and most susceptible to criticism using the argument of verification.

Keywords: Reduplication argument, Verification principle, David Parfit, Bill Williams, Richard Swinburne, Substantive approach, Physical approach, Psychological approach, oneness of identity, Empiricist theories

References:
Perry J. Review of Williams’s problems of the self // Journal of philosophy. Vol. 73, 1976. P. 421-457.
Shoemaker S., Swinburne R. Personal Identity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991. 325 p.
Misak C. Verificationsim. Its history and prospects. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. 180 p.
Noonan H. Personal identity. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. 256 p.
Lokk Dzh. Sochineniya v 3-kh t. T. 1. Opyt o chelovecheskom razumenii. M.: Mysl', 1985. 560 s.
Chisolm R. On the simplicity of the soul // Philosophical perspectives, Vol. 5, Philosophy of religion, 1991. P. 153-174.
Kind A. Persons and personal identity. Cambridge, 2015. 180 p.
Williams B. Personal identity and individuation // Proceedings of the Aristotelian society, New series, vol. 57, 1956-1957. P. 229-252.

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the attempt to rehabilitate the category of “spirit” through the reasoning on its importance for humanitarian research tradition. The fundamental, capacious, and at the same time mundane and conservative notion of “spirit” can seem depleted and irrelevant at the present stage. It does not exactly fit into the dominating standards of anthropological knowledge. But it does not really matter which character carries a modern scientific discourse, because in human reality there is an unnoticeable, but permanent and fundamental power – the spirit. It is not subjected to the visual proof or rational understanding, as well as requires certain efforts and a specific reflexive stance for its achievement. During the course of this research the author reveals an explanatory potential of the notion of “spirit”, touches upon its interpretations which exist in anthropology. The author sees the sources and the heart of human nature that lie in the platitude of spirit, as well as concludes on the need to return the concept of “spirit” into the anthropological discourse.

Keywords: Scheler, Berdyaev, Psychology, Philosophical anthropology, Transcendence, Freedom, Personality, Human nature, Soul, Spirit

References:
Yung K.G. Analiticheskaya psikhologiya. Proshloe i nastoyashchee. M.: Martis, 1995. 320 s.
Kalshed D. Vnutrenniy mir travmy: arkhetipicheskie zashchity lichnostnogo dukha. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2001. 368 s.
Bodriyyar Zh. Obshchestvo potrebleniya. Ego mify i struktury. M.: Respublika, 2006. 269 s.
Yung K.G. Vvedenie v religiozno-psikhologicheskuyu problematiku alkhimii // Yung K.G. Arkhetip i simvol. M.: Kanon+, 2015. S. 248-282.
Sheler M. Polozhenie cheloveka v kosmose // Sheler M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.: Gnozis, 1994. S. 129-193.
Berdyaev N.A. Tvorchestvo i ob'ektivatsiya. Mn.: Ekonompress, 2000. 304 s.
Svyatitel' Luka Krymskiy (Voyno-Yasenetskiy). Dukh, dusha i telo. M.: Dar', 2014. 320 s.
Frezer Dzh.Dzh. Zolotaya vetv'. M.: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury, 1986. 704 s.
Balalykin D.A. Pervaya kniga traktata Galena «O doktrinakh Gippokrata i Platona» // Voprosy filosofii. ¹ 8, 2015 (internet-versiya). S. 124-132. URL: http://vphil.ru/index.php?option=com_conten

Abstract: This article analyzes the outlook of the renowned American sociologist, culturologist and philosopher E. Tiryakian upon the problem of human, as well as compares it with the interpretation of this issue by the representatives of Personalism, philosophical anthropology, and existentialism. In particular, the subject of examination is the correlation between Tirykian's thoughts with the concept of Personalism on transcendental orientation of personality; M. Scheler's interpretation of the essence of human as oppositeness and interconnection of life and spirit; G. Plesner's idea of systemic inequality human as a natural and spiritual creature; A. Gehlen's image of human as “insufficient creature”; M. Heidegger's and existentialistic ideas of projective character of human being, and philosophical image of a man in the modern society. The author concludes that the task of bringing together social philosophy (sociologism) and philosophy of existentialism initially posed by E.Tiryakian, considering the complementing corrections of their positions in understanding of interaction between the society and an individual, led to the formulation of principal statements of his original philosophical anthropology, based upon both, sociologism and existentialism.

Keywords: openness to the world, transcending, human eccentricity, existenz, personality, individual, Edward Tiryakian, human identity, philosophical anthropology, intersubjectivity

References:
Tam zhe.
Buber M. Problema cheloveka. – M., INION, 1992. – 146 s.
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobodnogo dukha. – M., Respublika, 1994. – 480 s.
Berdyaev N.A. O naznachenii cheloveka. – M., Respublika, 1993. – 478 s.
Yaspers K. Smysl i naznachenie istorii. – M., Politizdat, 1991. – 527 s.
Sheler M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya,-M., Gnozis, 1994. – 413 s.
Gubin V., Nekrasova E. Filosofskaya antropologiya. SPb, Universitetskaya kniga, 2000.-240s.
Tiryakian E.A. Sociologism and Existentialism. Two Perspectives on the Individual and Society. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. 1962. 176 pp.
Berdyaev N.A. Filosofiya svobodnogo dukha. – M., Respublika, 1994. – 480 s.
Berdyaev N.A. Opyt paradoksal'noy etiki.-M., AST, 2003. – 702 s.
Sartr Zh.-P. Ekzistentsializm – eto gumanizm // Sumerki bogov. M., Politizdat, 1989. – 398 s.
Scheler M. Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Francke Bern, Munchen, 1966. 659 S.
Sheler M. Polozhenie cheloveka v Kosmose

Abstract: Any research in the cultural field unchangeably turns to human – its creature and creator, who throughout centuries was establishing a structure of world culture. The constant relevance of such researches is substantiated by the fact that the essence of Homo Faber – the Creating Human is responsible for the achievements of humanity in culture, science, technologies, as well as for the blood shedding wars that took millions of lives. It is quite evident that the future of humanity always remains a topic of intense discussions, which are marked by the clashes of optimistic and pessimistic scenarios of its further development. A theoretical substantiation of the social role of an artist in the further formation of culture, arouses a significant interest. Scientific novelty consists in the determination of a number of relevant problems, which represent pressure points characteristic to a contemporary stage of cultural development, and in solution of which the society plays an essential role. The main conclusion is the message of the artist to the world – the process of creating artistic-aesthetic channels of spiritual communication, which allow involving its audience into an active intercultural dialogue that is based on the aesthetics of thinking, reflecting a creative essence of human. This explains the social mission of the artist that encourages realization of the optimistic scenarios of the further development of culture.

Keywords: Art, Culture, Music, Musician, Creative work, Artist, Spiritual communication, Artistic-aesthetic values, Aesthetics of thinking, Aesthetics of feelings

References:
Tishchenko B. Geniy  v sostoyanii preodolet' durnoe vliyanie svoey epokhi //Muzykal'nyy mir v novom tysyacheletii: vzglyad iz Peterburga. Chast' I. Interv'yu s kompozitorami.-Sost. i otv. hed. A.V. Epishin.-SPb.: Kompozitor * Sankt-Peterburg, 2012.-S.87-93.
Belov G. Iskusstvo snachala dolzhno proniknut' v serdtse, a zatem — rastrevozhit' razum // Muzykal'nyy mir v novom tysyacheletii: vzglyad iz Peterburga. Chast' I. Interv'yu s kompozitorami.-Sost. i otv. hed. A.V. Epishin.-SPb.: Kompozitor * Sankt-Peterburg, 2012.-S. 39-53.
Mamardashvili M. Estetika myshleniya.-M.: «Moskovskaya shkola politicheskikh issledovaniy», 2001.-416 s.
Belimov S. Novoe-eto khorosho zabytoe vechnoe // Muzykal'nyy mir v novom tysyacheletii: vzglyad iz Peterburga. Chast' I. Interv'yu s kompozitorami.-Sost. i otv. hed. A.V. Epishin.-SPb.: Kompozitor * Sankt-Peterburg, 2012.-S. 29-38.
Desyaterik D. Al'ternativnaya kul'tura: Entsiklopediya.-Ekaterinburg: Ul'tra, Kul'tura, 2005.-240 s.
Ivanov S.P. Psikhologiya khudozhes

Abstract: The subject of the research is the intersubjective nature of human Self. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the works of 'late Fichte' whose methodology is described by the author of the article as an 'abstract variant' of the approach to this problem first presented in Russian philosophical and psychological researches of the XXth century. In his article Sorvin carries out a critical analysis of the concept of developing the 'idea of the other Self' based on one's external experience and proves the relation of this idea to the social nature of consciousness. The author also studies the question whether it is necessary to change the idea about the ontological status of symbolic items within the framework of the reflexive theory of human. In his article Sorvin performs the comparative analysis of the approaches to studying the intersubjective nature of human Self as it is presented in late Fichte's works and researches of Russian psychologists and philosophers of culture-historical orientation. The researcher also studies the methodological potential of the category 'Du-heit' ('You-being') offered by M. Sheller and emphasizes the importance of this category in examining symbolic items. According to the author, so-called 'Spinozian' methodology used by Russian psychological (L. Vygotsky) and philosophical (E. Ilyenkov) schools have both advantages and disadvantages for studying the aforesaid topic. Meanwhile, the methodology of late Fichte's works creates the general basis for modern researches of the intersubjective nature of consciousness including reflective understanding of the nature of symbolic items and adequate understanding of the relationship between the material and the ideal demonstrated by these symbolic items. 

Keywords: estrangement, solidarity, symbol, self-consciousness, animism, thinking, subject, spirituality, sign, matter

References:
Zhizhek S. Vozvyshennyy ob'ekt ideologii. – M.: Khudozhestvennyy zhurnal,1999, s. 23.
Il'enkov E.V. Filosofiya i kul'tura. – M.: Politizdat, 1991.
Kant. I. Kritika chistogo razuma. Spb.: Taymaut, 1993,
Mikhaylov F.T. Izbrannoe. – M.: Indrik, 2001.
Mikhaylov F.T. Obshchestvennoe soznanie i samosoznanie individa. – M.: Nauka, 1990.
Mikhaylov F.T. Samoopredelenie kul'tury. Filosofskiy poisk. – Indrik, 2003.
Fikhte I.G. Naznachenie cheloveka // Fikhte I.G. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh, t. 2, Spb.: Mifril, 1993
Fikhte I.G. Fakty soznaniya // Fikhte I.G. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh, t. 2, Spb.: Mifril, 1993.
Freyd Z. O snovidenii // Freyd Z. Psikhologiya bessoznatel'nogo. Sbornik proizvedeniy. – M.: Prosveshchenie, 1989
Sheller M. Problemy sotsiologii znaniya. – M.: Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy, 2011
Vygotskiy L.S. Istoriya razvitiya vysshikh psikhicheskikh funktsiy // Vygotskiy L.S. Sobr. soch. M.: Pedagogika, 1983, t.3.
Aron R. Etapy razvitiya sotsiologiches

Abstract: The subject under research is the moral essence of a young man Raphael de Valentin in Honore de Balzac’s novel ‘La Peau de Chagrin’ (‘The Magic Skin’). The main attention is paid to studying amoral qualities of the main character who was after sensual pleasures and as a result, came to the idea of overindulgence. The author of the present article focuses on the following paradox: what was the actual cause of the marquis’ death? Was it poverty, richness or any other phenomena and forces that usually make a man to suicide? To answer this question, the author of the present article views the image of Raphael de Valentin from the point of view of catastrophism hanging over Raphael. The research method used by the author is based on the combination of the five types of analysis including legal, philosophical, psychological, literary and musicological analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is expressed in several aspects. From the point of view of legal studies, Raphael de Valentin is classified as an ‘accidental’ criminal with reference to others and an ‘unstable’ criminal towards himself. From the point of view of philosophy, the image of Raphael developed from the victim of catastrophism to the bearer of catastrophism and therefore a threat for the society and particular people, but then he appeared to be the victim of catastrophism again or, in fact, the victim of his own desires. From the psychological point of view, the marquis had a thinking stereotype which made him react similarly to different events and therefore brought him to the continuous neurosis leading to the suicide. From the musicological point of view, Raphael’s conflict had the three phases which allows to understand Raphael’s conflict as a psychological conflict between desire and ability, i.e. desire and inability to achieve his desire. As a conclusion, the author establishes that the never-ending power and control over the society granted by the Devil is just an unreal illusion. In Balzac’s novel the Devil’s almightiness was limited by the three circumstances: quite an ‘average’ personality of the marquise, his blindness for true love and the fact that Satan’s abilities were still less powerful than those of the higher forces.

Keywords: Honore de Balzac, Raphael de Valentin, Foedora, man and devil, desire, talisman, catastrophism, soul and mind, death, image.

References:
Bal'zak O. Predislovie k «Chelovecheskoy komedii» // Bal'zak O. Chelovecheskaya komediya. Sobranie sochineniy v 24 tt. / Sost. D. Oblomievskiy. — M.: Pravda, 1960. T. I. — S. 21–38.
Bal'zak O. Shagrenevaya kozha // O. Bal'zak. Chelovecheskaya komediya: Etyudy o nravakh. Stseny sel'skoy zhizni // Sobranie sochineniy v 24 tt. / Per. B. Griftsova. — M.: Pravda, 1960. T. 18. — S. 337–591.
O. Bal'zak: Shagrenevaya kozha. URL: http://hohleinsidler.livejournal.com/9350.html.
Kantor V. K. O kodakh tsivilizatsii // Tsivilizatsii. Vypusk 2. — M., 1993. URL stat'i: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/Article/Kant_KodCiv.php. [Data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2013.]
Morua A. Prometey, ili zhizn' Bal'zaka / Per. s frants. N. Nemchinoy i Ya. Lesyuka; Predisl. F. Narkir'era; Red. E. Babun. — M.: Progress, 1967. — 639 s.
Priap / Bogi i bozhestva Gretsii. URL: http://www.greekroman.ru/priapus.htm. [Data obrashcheniya: 05.12.2012.]
Reizov B.G. Frantsuzskiy roman XIX veka: Ucheb. posob. dlya filolog. s

Abstract: The article analyzes Karl Marx’s teaching from the point of view of natural-science approach in characterological creatology. Characterological creatology is an approach to studying life and creative work (in the broadest sense of the word) based on natural personalities and national-psychological features. The purpose of this study is to analyze Marx’s scientific writings from the point of view of Marx’s personality. Such approach opposes to a traditional academic approach to studying Marx’s legacy. Moreover, when analyzing Marx’s ideas, the author relies on a number of modern researches of Marx by Russian and foreign researchers (economists, sociologists and philosophers) which allows to cover Marx’s teachings and highlight the most important points. The author of the article also compares concepts of human and society in Marxism (dialectical materialism) and natural-science materialism. It is concluded that each of the represented materialistic conceptions is needed in its own way and must be developed in the cultural environment.

Keywords: Marx, Marxism, dialectic materialism, historical materialism, natural-science materialism, characterological creatology, syntonic character, idealism, human nature, national peculiarities.

References:
Ballaev A.B. Chitaya Marksa: Istoriko-filosofskie ocherki. M.: Praksis, 2004.
Boronenkova Ya.S. Freydomarksizm frankfurtskoy shkoly // Polignozis. 2011. ¹ 1 (40). (URL: http://www.polygnozis.ru/default.asp?num=6&num2=533 (data obrashcheniya: 12.06.13)).
Burno M.E. O «Kharakterologicheskoy kreatologii» i «psikhoterapii zdorovykh» // Psikhoterapiya. 2011. ¹ 10. Spets. vyp. S. 54-62.
Burno M.E. O samom glavnom v Terapii tvorcheskim samovyrazheniem (M.E. Burno) (TTSB) segodnya // Burno M.E. Terapiya tvorcheskim samovyrazheniem (otechestvennyy klinicheskiy psikhoterapevtiche-skiy metod). 4-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt; Al'ma Mater, 2012. S. 437-467.
Burno M.E. O kharakterakh lyudey (psikhoterapevticheskaya kniga). Izd-e 3-e, ispr. i dop. M.: Akademi-cheskiy Proekt; Fond «Mir», 2008.
Burno M.E. Tselebnye krokhi vospominaniy. K zhivoy istorii moskovskoy psikhiatrii i psikhoterapii i o mnogom drugom. Posobie po psikhoterapii (v avtor. redaktsii). M.: Institut konsul'tirovaniy

Abstract: The leading universalizing tendency of the development of culture in XX century is now changing into national and racial self-awareness, not only in Russia, but in many states. Due to this situation, there is a number of questions, raised in this article. How it is possible to gain national identification in the modern world? What are the modern forms of messianism? What is the alternative to the modern nationalism? These issues obviously lead us to culturology…

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References: