Abstract: This article analyzes whether or not ideology can be eliminated, as well as the factors that affect it. The criticism of ideology as the “false consciousness” has deep roots. This type of consciousness is characterized as a manipulatory, selfishly implemented by ruling circles into masses. Multiple social thinkers appeal to debunk the ideology, as well as eliminate it from the social practice. At the same time, we can more and more often come across the opinion that such phenomenon cannot be overcome and cut to a minimum. Ideology performs certain functions in society. As demonstrated by the historical experience, a clear cognitive analysis does not change anything in its fate. The author is first in the Russian literature to give the descriptions and analysis of the social functions of ideology. It is noted that the interpretation of the functions of ideology naturally depends on the general interpretation of ideology as a social phenomenon. Due to the fact that in the modern sociology and psychology the understanding of ideology as social life for the most part does not exceed the simple contraposition of the ideological approach to scientific, or what happens even more rare – the value approach, the objective regulations of functioning of ideology on various stages of social development often escape the researchers.

Keywords: Utopia, Intelligentsia, Destructiveness, Values, Ideas, Deideologization, Social life, Social functions, Ideology, Philosophy

Abstract: Analyzing the specificity of perception of the Slavic world, this article demonstrates that after accepting Christianity, the Russian culture as if froze in the religious captivity. All the development was taking place within the framework of the religious, namely Christian Orthodox tradition. The authors examine the shift of the spiritual dominants in transition from Paganism to Christianity. If Paganism taught a man to live in harmony with nature, Christianity teaches how to live in society. Christianity has its own peculiarities; it was never abstract or theoretical, but practical, ethical, and educational. The work also reviews the human relation to nature and society in the context of Eastern and Western worldview paradigms. For East it is characteristic to be in accordance with the voice of nature, while the West struggles against the nature, and imposes a feeling of a supernatural being. Rationalism dominates in the West, and irrationalism – in the East. The authors attempt to determine to which type of world and life perception the Eastern Slavic community can be referred to. Based on the views of C. Jung and A. Schweitzer, the conclusion is made that the Western culture is more extravert, while the Eastern culture is introvert. The West is progressive, and the East is conservative. For Orthodoxy, it is more characteristic to deny the world and life; it is more valuable to realize how to live a life properly, understanding the meaning and goal of life, rather than study the question of how this world is structured. Analyzing the dispute between the Westerners and Slavophiles, we should note that the viewed the dilemma of East and West in the context of differences between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and not in a broader sense as the differences between the Eastern and Western worldview paradigms.

Keywords: Irrationalism, Rationalism, Extraversion, Introversion, Spiritual life, Worldview, Christianity, Paganism, Cataphatic theology, Apophatic theology

Abstract: At the present stage, when the development of material means of transformation of the surrounding world substantiates the possibilities of the antithetical scenarios of evolution of the planetary socio-natural Universe, the extreme relevance gain the forecasting and practical functions of social sciences, which are called to adequately reflect the changes that take place in society, as well as aim at the positive solution of the new drastically new issues arising before them. The modern social sciences, remaining in the grip of the old-fashioned worldview paradigm, are unable to handle this task. Determination of the conceptual fruitlessness of social sciences should encourage the overcoming of their stagnation. The scientific, historical-philosophical, and specific-historical methods of analysis of conception and development of the Russian philosophy and social sciences in Russia, as well as methodology of paradigm shift of Thomas Kuhn, allow defining the actual reasons of the conceptual fruitlessness of socio-humanitarian sciences that take their roots in the uncritical borrowing of the Western theories of social development, organization of the Russian science and education, and their ideological bias and niche specialization of the social scientists. The sensory-visual change of the human place and role in being of the planetary socio-natural Universe justifies the crucial need for the drastic transformation of the dominant worldview paradigm, which will inevitably lead to the qualitative reformation of the entire combination of the paradigm concepts of social sciences, as well as contribute into their development in a completely new direction for the purpose of achieving the practical goal of the limitless development of a human in space and time.

Keywords: ideology, development, creativity, education, science, paradigm, worldview, philosophy, expertise, denial

Abstract: In the context of the philosophy of M. Bakhtin and M. Heidegger, this article demonstrates the conditions of establishment of the authorship responsible for its creative work and life action in general. The understanding of its own wholeness separated from everything else, as well as the presence of interconnected boundaries, suggests the presence of the author of the composition and responsible life. Authorship represents self-establishment in unity of responsibility and claiming yourself through the action. The phenomenon of the visual illustration of a book is being views as the example of presence or absence of the visible boundaries between semantic worlds. The article uses the method of intermediate analysis aimed at determination of various ways of interaction of heterogeneous creative discourses in space of their conceptual intersection; hermeneutic method of understanding and interpretation of the test, as well as the “dialogical” concept of M. M. Bakhtin for detection of the organic interlink of the visual practices with the language and style. This work is first to attempt to signify the general core of M. Bakhtin’s philosophy through the “author-interpreter-reader” link. The author introduces the notion of “fractal” into the philosophical circulation, which defines the structure of interpretation of a text. The conclusion is made that the authorship of the word and image leads to the mutual enrichments and responsible creative position; while the anonymity leads to simplification, blurring of the boundaries, and irresponsibility.

Keywords: Dialogue, Kunstdasein, Dasein, Philosophy of illustration, Cognition, Author, Interpretation, Fractal, Language, Text

Abstract: The object of research is the phenomenon of communication in the context of media. The subject is the problem of harmonization of communication in terms of media-modernity. The authors begin their study with analizing the phenomenon of "digital natives" who violates the centuries-old tradition of generating and transmitting knowledge from elders to youth. Considering communication as the interaction, the authors identify the following features of it, which are the key in the context of the study: the nature of verbal communication; communicant's freedom and responsibility for the field of communication and his (her) role in it; communication as a necessary form of existence of homo sapiens; communication as a mutually beneficial interaction between people. Addressing to the phenomenon of media, the authors dwell on these effects in the media reality: the acceleration of information; simplification of information; "dissolution" of human in the information stream. The research methodology includes scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, abstraction. In addition, the procedure is carried out methodological conceptualization. A special contribution of the authors of the study is to identify communication requirements for the "new" reality to a human who is falling into a situation of communication. Among them should be marked: emotional reinforcement; selectivity in communication; overcoming narcissism and conformism; tolerance in communication; communicative activity and the attractiveness of the subject of communication; competence in communication.

Keywords: compensatory communication, digital immigrants, digital aborigens, media-modernity, media, interaction, communication, culture of communication, media effects, information field

Abstract: This article analyzes the arguments by means of which the Western European philosophers of the XIX century explained the qualitative asymmetry between the pain and pleasure. The anatomical and physiological confirmation of the existence of such asymmetry was acquired only in the XX century: pain represents an independent type of reception with a separate system of conductors and receptors (nociceptors); however, there is no specialized conductors and receptors of pleasure. Thus, the discovery of the qualitative asymmetry of pain and please represents a notable case of the successful philosophical “foresight”. The general philosophical interest contain the following question: why the success was achieved specifically in this area, and why it never gained the due recognition. As the examples of various approaches, the author considers the philosophies of pain and pleasure suggested by A. Schopenhauer, S. Freud, E. von Hartmann, and F. Nietzsche; as well as analyzes their arguments in confirmation of the asymmetry of pain and pleasure, source of doubts and theoretical controversies, and suggests formalization using the mathematical symbolics. The author proves that the recognition of the qualitative asymmetry of pain and pleasure was hindered by the linguistic obstacle – the circumstance, which states that in European languages, the pain and pleasure are the symmetric directions of single modality. This lead to multiple theoretical regressions and controversies in the views of A. Schopenhauer, S. Freud, E. von Hartmann, and F. Nietzsche upon the qualitative asymmetry of pain and pleasure. And therefore, the major philosophical discovery did not gain the due assessment.

Keywords: Suffering, Formalization, Philosophical anthropology, Philosophy of pain, Pleasure, Reception, Psychoanalysis, Modality, Pain, Axiology

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the principles of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical concept of global constitutionalism. The author argues that any socially-philosophical concept involves building your own model of socio-economic structure of society. Contemporary socio-philosophical concept, designing our own model of socio-economic structure of society must be defined with the basic principles of formation and functioning of its economic basis (at the level of the nation state and in planetary scale) and socio-political superstructure. The author identifies the main principles of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical conception of global constitutionalism: the increasing complexity of the socio-economic structure of society; the establishment of law as the Foundation of the socio-economic structure of society; the consolidation of the system of democratic values of the Western sample as the Supreme value of the socio-economic structure of society; the establishment of competition and market selection (the free market) as the basis of socio-economic structure of society. The paper examines criticism of the socio-economic structure of society in the philosophical conception of global constitutionalism formulated by supporters of alternative conceptions of globalization (e.g., alter), as well as the opponents of globalization "on the left" (proletarian internationalists, Marxists), and "on the right" (anti-globalists).In this scientific article the author used a number of scientific research methods, in particular: comparative law; formal logic; statistics; legal history; modeling; description.

Keywords: anti-globalization, Marxism, global constitutionalism, philosophical concept, society, structure, economic, social, principles, alter-globalization

Abstract: The subject of this research is the history of development of Japanese Confucianism as the political philosophy, as well as the growing influence of the Confucian deontological ethics, expressed in the notions of righteousness truth, and agreement, upon the political and philosophical thought of Japan during the period of existence of its traditional culture subjected to its own logic of development. In parallel, the author examines the question of inconsistency of the influence of Shinto-Buddhist Syncretism upon the political aspects of the nation’s life, for the purpose of search for the intellectual grounds of such type of the statehood and society that can be associated with Japan. The author concludes that namely the Confucian political thought has formed the foundation of the deontological character of Japanese political culture. Analyzing the ancient legislative acts of Japan “The Seventeen-article Constitution”, the author believes that the crucial value for the Japanese political thought, along with the notions of righteousness and agreement, consists in the notion of the truth, which is the result of comprehension and reveals itself in realization; and thus, it can be understood as the moving force of the Japanese political culture.  

Keywords: Truth, Righteousness, Justice, Deontological ethics, Shinbutsu-shūgō, Shōtoku, Seventeen-article Constitution, Neo-Confucianism, Confucianism, Japanese philosophy

Abstract:   This article is dedicated to the reviews of the annual international forum, which takes place in the Saint-Petersburg University of the Humanities and Social Sciences. At attempt is conducted to examine the types and trends of humanitarian thought, as well as designate the characteristics of the direction that is presented in Likhachev Readings. The author gives characteristics to the general topics of the latest forum discussion: the problem of mission of the philosophy and humanitarian thought in the modern world, and possibility of the universal unity; as well as reviews the presented approaches towards the solution of international conflicts. It is demonstrated how all the reporters, despite the discordance of opinions, support the common idea of humanitarization of the modern culture. The relevance of the general topic of the forum consists in the problems of the dialogue of culture in the global world, which is substantiated based on the general ethical ideas, as well as structural-historical grounds, i.e. the result of development of a certain type of thinking, which simultaneously leads to universalization of culture, and recognition of cultural differences. The modern humanitarian thought is classified by the two types of relation to the aforementioned conflict. On one hand, it can be understood as the source of specificity of the modern culture based on such conflict. Such thought is called “paradoxical” and contain the radical critical movements of the present time. On the other hand, we can suggest that the understanding of the conflict creates the conditions for its overcoming, as well as humanitarization of the existing type of culture. Such though is called “humanitarian” in the article. The academic community of Likhachev Readings leans namely to the latter type of interpretation of the modern processes.  

Keywords: global community, universalization of culture, cultural differences, conflict, humanitarization, paradox, international conflicts, modern culture, dialogue, humanitarian knowledge

Abstract:   The goal of this article is to demonstrate the relevance of Michel Foucault’s thinking in interpretation of the epistemological questions, which lately have become the subject of discussion, and namely the question on the processes of differentiation of knowledge and its grounds. Turning to the analysis of Foucault’s philosophy for the purpose of clarification of the aforementioned issue, the authors determine the specific dialectics that is based upon the notion of “other spaces”, within the framework of which the foundation can be established only by means of constitutive exception of its negative polis. At the same time, the authors raise the question posed in the beginning of Edmund Husserl’s Crisis: is it possible that the origin of such foundations is nothing except pure coincidence? The authors attempt to follow the stages of development of the main notions of Foucault’s philosophy in his early works. The conclusion is made that the dialectic definition of “other spaces” serves as a guide of epistemological analysis, with the help of which we can ascertain the question about the origins of humanitarian sciences. Based on interpretation of the problem of constitution of science, the link between Foucault and the late Husserl is being established.  

Keywords: Dialectical relation, Apriorism, Ontogenesis of knowledge, Foundations of sciences, Of Other Spaces, Philosophy of the limit, Historical a priori, Gesture of exception, Critical epistemology, Episteme

Abstract: The subject of the research is the logical-philosophical concept, which consists in the development of antinomian monodualism, as the logical-philosophical aspect. It can also be viewed as the development of ideas by the English-speaking researchers of anekantavada of the XX century. Its epistemological and anthropological prerequisites are present Ferdinand Schiller's humanism. The main conclusion of the study lies in the fact that the logical-philosophical ideas of S. L. Frank brought to life in the antinomian monodualism, can be in demand in the modern period, as well as contribute into the creation of epistemology of the contemporary direction of philosophy - neurophilosophy. At the same time, the examined concept incorporates in its development all related to it ideas. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time, although as a sketch, the antinomian monodualism as a logical-philosophical concept is substantiated by the modern neurophilosophical ontological basis. The experience of creation of the logical-philosophical additional structure for neurophilosophy also took place. In addition to that, the sketch for development of the studied concept within the framework of educational and worldviews functions of philosophy for training the non-extreme outlook.

Keywords: Hesychasm, Logical-philosophical, Humanism of Ferdinand Schiller, Anekantavada, Fanaticism, Antinomian monodualism, Neurophilosophy, P. Churchland, S. L. Frank, Fernidand Schiller

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the process of determination of existential dimension of illness in the culture of high and late Middle Ages. Based on the material of theological doctrines of this period, it is demonstrated how the illness becomes crucial and inevitable parameter of the human ontology. The analysis of the interconnections between the formed interpretations of bodily disorders and fundamental definitions of Christian anthropology, contributes into accenting the ethical productiveness of the medieval semiotics of illness. The author gives attention primarily to the theological interpretations of suffering in medieval culture, as well as examines how the latter predestined the existential autopoiesis of the sick. The followed in the article genealogy of the existential-phenomenological dimension of the experience of illness is realized by means of methodological orientations of the history of ideas based on the material of the tradition of understanding the sick flash of theological anthropology of the Middle Ages. The author concludes that the European culture owes to the medieval era regarding the discovery of the existential resource of an illness. The article also conceptualizes the formed within the stated chronological framework grounds of the cultural environment of sufferings, within the limits of which such manifestation of illness acts as a cultural constructive power.

Keywords: Metanoia, Personalization of illness, Spiritualization of the fact, Sin, Reflection of viciousness, Ontological dimension of inferiority, Facticity of the vice, Autopoiesis, Suffering, Existential of illness

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the emergence and development of the existential version of culture. The philosophy of culture as a specific sector of philosophical knowledge occurred in the pas millennium. Certainly a long period of the comprehension of culture as a peculiar phenomenon has preceded the emergence of the aforementioned discipline. The new direction of the understanding of culture originated the appearance of the philosophy of history. Having revealed the various opportunities of the cultural being, the historical knowledge contributed into the conception of adjacent area of philosophical reflection. The introduced into the discourse by Müller notion “Kulturphilosophie” has conclusively formed a new discipline. W. Windelband indicated that the academic philosophy of culture stood against positivism on one hand, and philosophy of life on the other. Nevertheless, it does not undermine the achievements in the area of understanding of culture that have established in positivism, as well as philosophy of life. As a result, the two different approaches towards comprehension of culture have formed. Neo-Kantians, having detected the multiplicity of cultures, turned the efforts towards the search of the universal foundations of culture. As far as the philosophy of culture and existentialism, the representatives of these directions based themselves upon the fact that the understanding of culture is impossible without submerging into the existential experience, as well as the roots of the inner world of a human as a creator of this phenomenon. The author uses the principle of historicism for comparison of the various approaches towards culture.  This allows observing not only the universalities of culture, but also the unusual versions of the cultural creativity. Many researchers believe that neither philosophy of life nor existentialism did not show interest towards culture. However, it is demonstrated that without revelation of the existential practice it is not possible no analyze the specificity of culture alongside the regularities of the historical-cultural process. These ideas are contained in the philosophical heritage of Søren Kierkegaard, whose views are being examined in this article.

Keywords: Transcendental idealism, Existentialism, Human, History, Universalities, Being, Choice, Existence, Culture, Philosophy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the memory as a part of public consciousness. The article examines its formations on the example of the works of one of the most renowned poets of the Soviet era Vladimir Mayakovsky. The author raises the question, how objectively does the poet reflect the historical reality, social phenomena, and events in his poetic ideas? We must acknowledge that the latest generations often base their perception about the revolution on his oeuvres and assessment of the events, and thus form their own. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in the following: the topics, precise storylines, and created images in Mayakovsky’ poetry in best case scenario have emerged based on the slogans and promises, which accompanied the revolutionary October. The further practice of the Bolshevik reformations was far from the, and at times antithetical. However, the poet preferred not noticing it, having lived his life with wide shut.

Keywords: Man, Public consciousness, People, Power, Philosophy of culture, History, Culture, Poetry, Literature, Memory

Keywords: literatura, poeziya, istoriya, narod, obshchestvennoe soznanie, chelovek