Abstract: Discussion of perspectives of human existence is one of the eternal issues in world philosophy. This issue is mostly related to the three factors: tremendous achievements of human mind, transformation of human nature and realization of human destiny. Much can be said about scientific progress and expectations from it. Science has allowed to create the modern civilization as it is, with its wealthy life, unbelievable resources a nd grandiose communications. The whole picture of the world has been changed. Scientists have figured the human genome. Now they are trying to reveal the main secrets of nature by using the hadronic collider. People can now cure cancer of almost all organs, transplant the heart, attach legs and hands and even clone humans.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, human, existence, humankind, science, noosphere, evolution, cosmos, bios.

Abstract: The author of the article discusses the problem of selecting methods for modern cultural research including applied cultural studies of regional processes in culture. In this regard, the author suggests to use more opportunities of the British social (cultural) anthropology and the method of functionalism suggested by a British social anthropologist Alfred Reginald Radcliff-Brown. It is assumed that for Russian cultural research which is included towards theorization and even scholasticism it is very important to adopt the tradition of empiric cultural research including field studies and draw out these or those theoretical provisions based on accurate inductive generalization. Combination of applied and theoretical methods in cultural research can help to create a modern educational process for cultural research students at modern Russian Universities. Applied cultural research is an essential component of quality education in the sphere of culture. Induction method of cultural research is quite popular at a modern stage of development of Russian cultural science. Opportunities of this approach can be revealed through understanding of cultural anthropological models for analyzing social and cultural realities in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: cultural research, education in culture, cultural education, methodology, methods of cultural research, Alfred Reginald Radcliff-Brown, L. White, induction method, structuralism, functionalism, applied cultural researches.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of conceptual grounds for innovation culture. The author pays special attention at the need in formation of innovation culture as a conceptual space for innovation development. Taking into account the globalization of innovative development, the author of the article studies the formation of the global innovation culture from the point of philosophy as a new field for dialogue between cultures and civilizations.

Keywords: philosophy, innovation theory, culture, concepts, human, risk, sustainability, dialogue, civilization, reflection.

Abstract: The author views the terms ‘tempo-world’ and ‘temporal integrity’ as a system and synergetic interaction between the past, present and future. The author studies the futurization and retrospection processes and their accelerated forms based on the example of biological and cosmological evolution. It is suggested that the process of accelerated time flow at an inflationary stage of the Big Bang should be considered the process of inflationary futurization. ‘Temporal inflation’ can be viewed as an extremely accelerated, incredibly fast advancing by the future of other tempo-worlds and even spatial expansion.

Keywords: philosophy, biogenetic law, advanced reflection, reflection, tempo-world, inflationary futurization, information, dark energy, retrospection, futurization.

Abstract: Based on linguistic data, Kenyanthropus platyops could manage genetic and induction methods of discovering the essence of things.

Keywords: philosophy, analogy, metaphor, generalization, synonym, synthesis, nature, Kenyanthropus platyops, Oldie language, Keni sign language, Rudi language.

Abstract: The Vedas authors believed in the compound character of the Universe. They saw the Universe as an organization which elements are related to one another in a certain way. To their opinion, the world consisted of the five elements including sky, earth and airspace. Vedas authors admitted that there must be another space on the other side of the sky as well as the under world. The main elements of the Universe, sky and earth were the source of physical and moral strength and a reliable life support. Views on the Universe were based on the ontological idea of the universal genesis. The sky had the structure, too, and it was viewed as an environment for all kinds of life activities. Arian Rishis came to the conclusion that one could encounter objects and phenomena of a completely different kind if going deep into the Universe. In the airspace Gods performed their activities and had contacts with people. The day and night wheel rotated around the earth and allowed the change of night and day. The Arias did not question whether there was a support holding the sky and earth. To their mind, earth had a form of a sphere and was heliocentric, i.e. it had no borders. Their picture of the world was based on the geomorphic paradigm and the dynamism principle. Rishis were also attracted to ontological ideas of development and genetic connection between elements of the Universe. In general, their picture of the world shows the unbalanced archaic type of intellect reflecting different levels of development of its particular potentials. Such type of intellect was typical for other epochs and stages in the history of spiritual development of humankind.

Keywords: philosophy, cosmos, cogitation, world perception, method, space, Gods, paradigm, heliocentricism, inversion.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of defining the archeological find as a type of cultural values based on the analysis of International and Russian legislation and the legal scientific doctrine. The author studied legal and scientific definitions of the terms ‘cultural values’ and ‘cultural heritage’ and their relation in order to define their specific features and to avoid the conceptual contamination.

Keywords: philosophy, archeological find, cultural value, cultural heritage, convention, law, status, science, problem, definition.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relations between economics and identity. The author of the article shows their close interaction and mutual dependence. The author also reveals the role of economics as one of the contexts for identity formation influencing the human values. The author also views such important aspects of the above mentioned problem as the changing identity and capitalism future. According to the author, there is a certain need in the transfer from consumer society to the sustainable development ensuring the safety of nature and culture.

Keywords: philosophy, identity, economics, consumer society, capitalism, consumerism, modernization, social changes, globalization context.

Abstract: The author of the article relies upon a famous philosophical concept saying that the commencement of the modern world, unlike the traditional one, is closely connected with rationalization of both social institutions and humans’ behavior. The purpose of the article is to show how European left became the critics of the rational world and have been having this tendency up to now. The author proves her theory based by analyzing views of the French left and makes a conclusion that the political left refuses from the idea of progress and protests against all social rationalizations while setting forth the freedom ideal as an activity driven by impulses and goals lying beyond their borders.

Keywords: philosophy, supremacy, society, organization, rationalization, production, science, progress, autonomy, freedom.

Abstract: Politics are viewed as a special governmental phenomenon. The author of the article studies the nature of politics and the variety of its forms. It is shown that the state policy being developed in a modern democracy state institution is the most complicated and developed political form allowing to reveal not only the nature of each policy but also the patterns and rules of political existence. The author also gives the essential definition of politics.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, political existence, political content, variety of politics, political forms, state policy, nature of politics, leadership, leading resolution.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the appearance and development of female and gender researches in our country. Even though it was mostly perceived as the Western scientific trend in early 90th of XX century, Russian gender school actually has its on history, set of methods, concepts and ideas different from anything which has been created abroad. Since they did not have an opportunity to exchange experience with their foreign colleagues, Russian scientists, by trial and error, developed that branch of science based on unique state and private archives, self-biographies, personal correspondence, interviews and etc. They started to study topics that were previously closed not only for research but even for public discussion such as sex, sexuality, sexual violence, homosexuality, erotic, prostitution and etc. Some branches of science were created to satisfy a scientist’s personal interest towards such issues as the role of woman in the world history, history of women, history of femininity and history of masculinity, childhood history, everyday life, private life, female and male style of writing and etc. When the Soviet Union fell apart, female and gender researches started to grow and expand. Russian scientists got access to foreign studies and researches. New laboratories, divisions and sectors ere created to study these issues and the number of feminists jumped up in our country. It was the time when the Russian association of researchers of female history was created. The development of gender school in Russia, its founders, the scope of problems which interested scientists at different stages of their development and scientific publications and works created in this sphere – these are the matters and issues of the article.

Keywords: cultural research, history, historiography, researchers, gender, social studies, female male, feminism.

Abstract: The main cause of theoretical discussions and disputes about the origin and functions of morals is the difference in methodological and world perception principles forming the basis of ethical theories. Part of the problem is also the absence of generally accepted interpretation of the key term, morals. A common definition of the morals would allow to minimize the dissidences caused by terminology with multiple meanings. It would also allow to considerably narrow the scope of issues related to ethics. This article contains a critical analysis of approached to defining morals. The author underlines the following common errors: 1) confusion of the two functionally different use of the terms ‘morals’ – as a descriptive concept denoting a specific social and psychological phenomenon, and as an estimating term expressing some kind of a positive attitude to certain motives and behavior; 2) equation of morals and customs, therefore the variety of customs is interpreted as the variety of ‘morals’; 3) defining morals from the point of view of ‘higher values’ thus specific moral values are substituted by the others. Moreover, when giving the definition of morals, many researchers stress out the contents of moral principles and norms while the actually important indicator of its specific nature is the unique intention or ‘the must’. In those few cases when this intention is recognized as an essential feature of morals (for instance, in Kant’s works) when it is interpreted as a speculative ‘necessity’ deprived of the ‘desire material’ and any support in human psyche. The author of the article makes an assumption that the only way of existence of the moral intention is the feeling of moral duty as a special reality of individual and public consciousness which forms the common empire basis for theoretical (scientific and philosophical) interpretation and, consequently definition of the moral phenomenon and its special features.

Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics, definition, phenomenon, intention, intuition, value, reflection, the must.

Abstract: Modern Russian society is having an especially hard time overcoming religious or religious-related processes. These processes are usually accompanied with confrontation of followers of different views and result in completely polarized positions and bitter disputes in mass media. Quite obviously, it is very difficult to avoid estimating remarks reflecting a researcher’s personal experience and beliefs. One’s attitude to the process of religious knowledge is conditioned with a sacral personal attitude on one hand and an attempt to rationalize on the other hand. Still, it seems impossible to completely avoid prejudgment here. In such situation it is very important to form a certain attitude to religion outside the predetermined conditions. It is also very important to develop the position where there are no demonstrative neutralism at all.

Keywords: philosophy, religion, knowledge, self-consciousness, interpretation, human existence, supernatural, faith, transcendental, social consciousness.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the opinion of a catholic philosopher Roussat on the modern age and the future from the point of view of eschatology. The author shows anti-reformation orientation of Roussat’s eschatological conception. Roussat’s thoughts about the end of times were based on the Medieval tradition of thought (Roger Bacon, d’Ailly and others) that suggested an interesting synthesis of orthodox eschatology and astrology. Using astrology, Roussat made an attempt to discredit apocalypticism typical for different Reformation tendencies and to create an alternative eschatological perspective. From that perspective, apocalypses is moved from the nearest future to the distant future and thus loses its significance. As a result, the entire eschatological logic of Reformation was questioned because it viewed those ages as the ‘last times’, the Antichrist epoch and a fast outcome. The study of Roussat’s works provides additional facts proving that the distance of eschatological expectations was a specific tendency typical for the catholic perception of the world during Reformation.

Keywords: cultural research, astrology, apocalypticism, eschatology, anabaptism, millennialism, Antichrist, Reformation, Catholicism, theology.

Abstract: Turgot has ended the social and economic program of bourgeois innovations developing under conditions overripen feudalism of bourgeois concepts. Innovators acted within the framework of French Enlightenment. They prepared ideological revolution back in 1789. Turgot raised the economic theory up to the highest level, anticipating Adam Smith in some teachings – for instance, in his approach to origins of labor theory of price, relationship and turnover of national capitals in agriculture, trade, and et. As the minister of finances, Turgot implemented market measures of freedom of entrepreneurship activity overcoming opposition of the old philosophy adepts. His polemics with Louis the King about the administrative reform outlined distribution of forces during pre-revolutionary period. However, after Turgot lost his position, reactionists tried to eliminate all his work and reform. But then revolutionists of the 1789 adopted Turgot’s ideas and put them into life. Marx described Turgot as a great person both as an administrative figure and founder of social and economic theory. Even in modern Russia Turgot achievements help us to understand complicated processes of market economics.

Keywords: philosophy, Louis the 16th, capital, farmer, merchant, gobmeen man, banker, Luther, Dante, labor.