Abstract: The object of this research is the category of Maqam, which is ambiguously understood in the process of the description of "classical" music traditions of the Muslim East nowadays. To identify the genesis of this category the researcher has involved historical data about mode systematization in the medieval culture of the Islamic civilization (VII-XVII century). The researcher has also introduced the concept of the three stages in the development of music in the Islamic civilization, defined by the birth of the literary languages (Arabic, Persian, Turkish) with the domination of Iranian culture in the XI-XIVth centuries. Features of musical creativity of Barbad, Ibrahim al-Mawsili, Safi ad-Din, Qutb ad-Din and others are considered; these musicians took part in the formation of the modes. The analysis of musical terms, which describe the medieval modes, their names, nomenclature, helps to understand the following: the term Maqam began to be used not in Arabic, but in Persian and Turkish treatises after the XIVth century, along with similar terms (shadd, angam, parde, dawr) designed for determining interval patterns – scales. However, the category of Maqam/Maqamat is not analogous to the category of "mode"/"folk modes", it expresses the essence of a new civilization, the disclosure of which contributed to the system of modes (12 shudud and 6 avazat) developed in the XIII century by Safi al-Din. This system was based on the idea of “ta’sir” ("ethos") – emotional impact of twelve modes (not single tones) on the person and the character of the nations. Anthropopathetically the character of this teaching connects music with astrology and therapy, and develops the concept of musical art that was enriched with esoteric experience with the help of the widespread term 'Maqam' (meaning 'place' or 'station'), which was introduced into the Sufi teaching, therapeutic and musical treatises. For musicians the Maqam concept has become rather the basic concept for determining the place of music in the culture of Muslims than the theoretical category to signify a mode. The main research methods used include historical and cultural analysis. These methods allow to define peculiarities of the Muslim culture as well as to develop an adequate understanding of Muslim musical art when analyzing historical data and facts about music and theoretical interpretation of authentic musical categories which refer to the development of the ideas about modes in general and Maqam in particuylar. For the first time in the academic literature Maqam is studied from the historical point of view and as a an object of musicological research. The researcher also describes the later genesis of that category in musical treatises and analyzes its theoretical concept in the writings created before the XVth century. These findings provide an opportunity to study the contemporary regional (national) musical events associated with the phenomenon of Maqam and to make the comparative studies in a more adequate way.
Keywords: Arabic, Islamic civilization, Iranian, treatises, Middle East, maqam, Study Group maqam, mode system, civilization stage of music, medieval
References:
Dzhani-zade T.M. Mugam – improvizatsiya na lad // Sovremennye metody issledovaniya v muzykovedenii. – Vyp. 31 – Sb. trudov. Gos. muzykal'no-pedagogicheskiy institut im. Gnesinykh – Moskva, 1977. – S.56-82
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Tematizm mugamnoy improvizatsii // Teoreticheskie problemy vneevropeyskikh muzykal'nykh kul'tur. – Vyp. 67 – Sb. trudov. Gos. muzykal'no-pedagogicheskiy institut im. Gnesinykh – Moskva, 1983. – S.36-84
Dzhani-zade T.M. Kanon i improvizatsiya // Makomy, mugamy i sovremennoe kompozitorskoe tvorchestvo – Tashkent: izdatel'stvo literatury i iskusstva im. Gafura Gulyama, 1978. – S.87-93
Dzhani-zade T.M. Lichnost' i kanon v azerbaydzhanskikh mugamakh/ Sost. i red. V.S. Vinogradova // Muzyka narodov Azii i Afriki – Vyp. 5 – Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor, 1987. – S.101-132
Elsner Jürgen. Der Begriff des maqām in Ägypten in neuerer Zeit // Beiträge zur musikwissenschaftlichen Forschung in der DDR – Bd.5. – Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1973. – 126 s.
Dzhani-zade T. Muzyka Islamskoy tsivilizatsii // Vestnik Rossiyskogo gumanitarnogo nauchnogo fonda. – ¹ 1(30). – Moskva, 2003. – S.156-169
Dzhani-Zade T. Islamskaya muzyka // Entsiklopediya Krugosvet – 2003 – Elektronnyy resurs – URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/106/1010663/1010663a-1.htm
Dzhani-zade T.M. Azerbaydzhanskie mugamy. Problema muzykal'nogo myshleniya v iskusstve "makamat" // Diss. …kand. isk. – Moskva, 1983. – 224 s. (prilozh. – 140 s.)
Dzhani-zade T.M. Khal-makam kak printsip iskusstva "makamat" // Sufizm v kontekste musul'manskoy kul'tury. – Moskva: GRVL Nauka, 1989. – S. 319-338
Karomatov F., El'sner Yu. Makam i makom / Sost. i red. V.S. Vinogradova // Muzyka narodov Azii i Afriki. – Vyp.4. – Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor, 1984. – S. 88-134
Maqām – Rāga – Zeilenmelodik, Konzeptionen und Prinzipien der Musikproduktion / Hrg. von J. Elsner // Materialien der 1. Arbeitstagung der Study Group "maqām" beim International Council for Traditional Music vom 28. Juni bis 2. Juli 1988 in Berlin. – Berlin, 1989. – 344 p.
Regionale maqām-Traditionen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Hrg. von J. Elsner gemeinsam mit G. Jähnichen // Materialien der 2. Arbeitstagung der Study Group "maqām" des International Council for Traditional Music vom 23. bis 28. März 1992 in Gosen bei Berlin. – Berlin, 1992. – 593 p.
The Structure and Idea of Maqām, Historical Approaches / Ed. by J. Elsner and R.P. Pennanen // Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the ICTM Maqām Study Group Tampere-Virrat, 2-5 October 1995. – Tampere: University of Tampere, 1997. – 202 p. (Department of Folk Tradition Publication – Vol. 24)
Maqām Traditions of Turkic Peoples / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Istanbul, 18-24 October 1998. – Berlin: trafo verlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2006. – 278 p.
Intercultural Comparison of Maqām and Related Phenomena / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Samarkand, 26-30 August 2001. – Berlin: trafo Verlagsgruppe Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2008. – 222 p.
Muqam in and outside of XinjiangChina / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen// Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām”, Urumqi 2006. – Urumqi: Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House, 2009. – 453 p.
The mugam of Azerbaijan and related traditions in Middle East / Ed. by F. Ali-Sade and S. Agaeva // Proceedings of the 7th Symposium of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” within the framework of the International Festival “Space of Mugam”, Baku 15-17 March 2011. – Baku: Şərq-Qərb, 2013. – 191 p.
Dzhani-zade T. Makam kak ob'ekt muzykovedeniya // Mezhdunarodnaya assotsiatsiya po izucheniyu kul'tur Tsentral'noy Azii. – Informatsionnyy byulleten'. – Vyp. 14. – Moskva: Nauka,1988. – S.76-82
Dzhani-zade T.M. Poetika muzyki v islame: k postizheniyu rituala i muzyki v sufizme // Neverbal'noe pole kul'tury. Telo, veshch', ritual. – Moskva: Rossiyskiy gos. gumanitarnyy universitet, 1996. – S.102-109
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Etnicheskiy faktor v kul'ture Islamskoy tsivilizatsii: k voprosu o tyurkskoy muzykal'noy subkul'ture v islame // Muzykal'naya kul'tura v islamo-khristianskom kontekste. – Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. – Kazan': Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya, 2009. – S.44-54
Dzhani-zade T.M. Iz muzykal'noy orientalistiki: Genri Dzhordzh Farmer i ego perepiska s V.M. Belyaevym // Al'manakh N 2. – Trudy Gos. tsentral'nogo muzeya muzykal'noy kul'tury im. M.I. Glinki. –Moskva: Deka-VS, 2003. – S.23-72.
Neubauer E. Die Theorie vom īqā‘ // Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1998. – S. 185-308 (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol.3)
Neubauer E. Die acht “Wege” der arabischen Musiklehre und der Oktoechos // Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1998. – S.1-42 (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol.3)
Wright O. The Modal System of Arab and Persian Music A.D. 1250 – 1300. – London: Oxford University Press, 1978. – 302 p. (London Oriental Series. Vol. 28)
Radzhabov A. Traditsii muzykal'noy kul'tury epokhi Sasanidov. – Dushanbe, 2004. – 108 s.
Reysner M.L., Chalisova N.Yu. Persidskaya klassicheskaya lirika: k probleme genezisa // Trudy po kul'turnoy antropologii. – Pamyati G.A. Tkachenko. – Moskva: GRVL Nauka, 2002. – S. 275-322
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Perelistyvaya stranitsy arkhiva M.G. Kharlapa // Al'manakh. – Vyp.4 – Sb. nauchn. trudov VMOMK im. M.I. Glinki. – Moskva: Kompozitor, 2013. – S.490-502
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Tipologiya «lyuten» v kul'ture islamskoy tsivilizatsii (VII-XVII veka) // Voprosy etnomuzykoznaniya – ¹ 1 (10) – Moskva: Rossiyskaya akademiya muzyki im. Gnesinykh, 2015 – S.66-113
Djani-zade Tamila. The concept of radif in Iranian and Azerbaijanian dastgāh/ Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Samarkand, 26-30 August 2001. – Berlin: trafo Verlagsgruppe Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2008. – P.41-66
Neubauer E. Arabische Anleitungen zur Musiktherapie // Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften. – Bd.6. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 1990. – S. 227-272
Kābous nāmah par L’emir Unsur-Ul-Ma’āli Keykāvous, Ibn Eskandar, Ibn Qabous, IbnVushmgir, Ibn Ziār, Prince de la dynastie des Ziārides / Ed. par Said Naficy. – Teheran, 1312 H.-1933. – P.131-134.
Nizami Gyandzhevi. Khosrov i Shirin // Filologicheskiy perevod s farsi i kommentarii G.Yu. Alieva, M.N. Osmanova. – Baku: Elm, 1985. – 440 s.
Farmer, Henry George. The influence of Music from Arabic Sources / Ed. by Eckhard Neubauer // Studies in Oriental Music. – First Volume: History and Theory. – Frankfurt am Main: Institute for History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1997. –P.291-326. (Reprint of writings published in the years 1925-1966)
Şükrullah Ahmed Oğlu. Şükrullah’in Risālesi ve 15.Yüzyıl Şark Musikisi Nazariyatı / Açılamalı, Tenkidli ve Tıpkıbasım Murat Bardakçı. – Istanbul: Pan Yaymeılık, 2011. – 273 p.
Seydī’s Book on Music. A 15-th Century Turkish Discourse/ Translated, Annotated and Edited by E. Popescu-Judetz in Collaboration with E. Neubauer // Ed. by Fuat Sezgin. – Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 2004. – 276 p. (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 6)
Neubauer E. Glimpses of Arab Music in Ottoman Times from Syrian and Egyptian Sources // Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften. – Bd. 13. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 2000. – S.317-365
References (transliteration):
Dzhani-zade T.M. Mugam – improvizatsiya na lad // Sovremennye metody issledovaniya v muzykovedenii. – Vyp. 31 – Sb. trudov. Gos. muzykal'no-pedagogicheskiy institut im. Gnesinykh – Moskva, 1977. – S.56-82
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Tematizm mugamnoy improvizatsii // Teoreticheskie problemy vneevropeyskikh muzykal'nykh kul'tur. – Vyp. 67 – Sb. trudov. Gos. muzykal'no-pedagogicheskiy institut im. Gnesinykh – Moskva, 1983. – S.36-84
Dzhani-zade T.M. Kanon i improvizatsiya // Makomy, mugamy i sovremennoe kompozitorskoe tvorchestvo – Tashkent: izdatel'stvo literatury i iskusstva im. Gafura Gulyama, 1978. – S.87-93
Dzhani-zade T.M. Lichnost' i kanon v azerbaydzhanskikh mugamakh/ Sost. i red. V.S. Vinogradova // Muzyka narodov Azii i Afriki – Vyp. 5 – Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor, 1987. – S.101-132
Elsner Jürgen. Der Begriff des maqām in Ägypten in neuerer Zeit // Beiträge zur musikwissenschaftlichen Forschung in der DDR – Bd.5. – Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1973. – 126 s.
Dzhani-zade T. Muzyka Islamskoy tsivilizatsii // Vestnik Rossiyskogo gumanitarnogo nauchnogo fonda. – ¹ 1(30). – Moskva, 2003. – S.156-169
Dzhani-Zade T. Islamskaya muzyka // Entsiklopediya Krugosvet – 2003 – Elektronnyy resurs – URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/106/1010663/1010663a-1.htm
Dzhani-zade T.M. Azerbaydzhanskie mugamy. Problema muzykal'nogo myshleniya v iskusstve "makamat" // Diss. …kand. isk. – Moskva, 1983. – 224 s. (prilozh. – 140 s.)
Dzhani-zade T.M. Khal-makam kak printsip iskusstva "makamat" // Sufizm v kontekste musul'manskoy kul'tury. – Moskva: GRVL Nauka, 1989. – S. 319-338
Karomatov F., El'sner Yu. Makam i makom / Sost. i red. V.S. Vinogradova // Muzyka narodov Azii i Afriki. – Vyp.4. – Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor, 1984. – S. 88-134
Maqām – Rāga – Zeilenmelodik, Konzeptionen und Prinzipien der Musikproduktion / Hrg. von J. Elsner // Materialien der 1. Arbeitstagung der Study Group "maqām" beim International Council for Traditional Music vom 28. Juni bis 2. Juli 1988 in Berlin. – Berlin, 1989. – 344 p.
Regionale maqām-Traditionen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Hrg. von J. Elsner gemeinsam mit G. Jähnichen // Materialien der 2. Arbeitstagung der Study Group "maqām" des International Council for Traditional Music vom 23. bis 28. März 1992 in Gosen bei Berlin. – Berlin, 1992. – 593 p.
The Structure and Idea of Maqām, Historical Approaches / Ed. by J. Elsner and R.P. Pennanen // Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the ICTM Maqām Study Group Tampere-Virrat, 2-5 October 1995. – Tampere: University of Tampere, 1997. – 202 p. (Department of Folk Tradition Publication – Vol. 24)
Maqām Traditions of Turkic Peoples / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Istanbul, 18-24 October 1998. – Berlin: trafo verlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2006. – 278 p.
Intercultural Comparison of Maqām and Related Phenomena / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Samarkand, 26-30 August 2001. – Berlin: trafo Verlagsgruppe Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2008. – 222 p.
Muqam in and outside of XinjiangChina / Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen// Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām”, Urumqi 2006. – Urumqi: Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House, 2009. – 453 p.
The mugam of Azerbaijan and related traditions in Middle East / Ed. by F. Ali-Sade and S. Agaeva // Proceedings of the 7th Symposium of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” within the framework of the International Festival “Space of Mugam”, Baku 15-17 March 2011. – Baku: Şərq-Qərb, 2013. – 191 p.
Dzhani-zade T. Makam kak ob'ekt muzykovedeniya // Mezhdunarodnaya assotsiatsiya po izucheniyu kul'tur Tsentral'noy Azii. – Informatsionnyy byulleten'. – Vyp. 14. – Moskva: Nauka,1988. – S.76-82
Dzhani-zade T.M. Poetika muzyki v islame: k postizheniyu rituala i muzyki v sufizme // Neverbal'noe pole kul'tury. Telo, veshch', ritual. – Moskva: Rossiyskiy gos. gumanitarnyy universitet, 1996. – S.102-109
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Etnicheskiy faktor v kul'ture Islamskoy tsivilizatsii: k voprosu o tyurkskoy muzykal'noy subkul'ture v islame // Muzykal'naya kul'tura v islamo-khristianskom kontekste. – Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. – Kazan': Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya, 2009. – S.44-54
Dzhani-zade T.M. Iz muzykal'noy orientalistiki: Genri Dzhordzh Farmer i ego perepiska s V.M. Belyaevym // Al'manakh N 2. – Trudy Gos. tsentral'nogo muzeya muzykal'noy kul'tury im. M.I. Glinki. –Moskva: Deka-VS, 2003. – S.23-72.
Neubauer E. Die Theorie vom īqā‘ // Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1998. – S. 185-308 (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol.3)
Neubauer E. Die acht “Wege” der arabischen Musiklehre und der Oktoechos // Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1998. – S.1-42 (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol.3)
Wright O. The Modal System of Arab and Persian Music A.D. 1250 – 1300. – London: Oxford University Press, 1978. – 302 p. (London Oriental Series. Vol. 28)
Radzhabov A. Traditsii muzykal'noy kul'tury epokhi Sasanidov. – Dushanbe, 2004. – 108 s.
Reysner M.L., Chalisova N.Yu. Persidskaya klassicheskaya lirika: k probleme genezisa // Trudy po kul'turnoy antropologii. – Pamyati G.A. Tkachenko. – Moskva: GRVL Nauka, 2002. – S. 275-322
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Perelistyvaya stranitsy arkhiva M.G. Kharlapa // Al'manakh. – Vyp.4 – Sb. nauchn. trudov VMOMK im. M.I. Glinki. – Moskva: Kompozitor, 2013. – S.490-502
Dzhani-Zade T.M. Tipologiya «lyuten» v kul'ture islamskoy tsivilizatsii (VII-XVII veka) // Voprosy etnomuzykoznaniya – ¹ 1 (10) – Moskva: Rossiyskaya akademiya muzyki im. Gnesinykh, 2015 – S.66-113
Djani-zade Tamila. The concept of radif in Iranian and Azerbaijanian dastgāh/ Ed. by J. Elsner and G. Jähnichen // Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the ICTM Study Group “maqām” Samarkand, 26-30 August 2001. – Berlin: trafo Verlagsgruppe Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2008. – P.41-66
Neubauer E. Arabische Anleitungen zur Musiktherapie // Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften. – Bd.6. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 1990. – S. 227-272
Kābous nāmah par L’emir Unsur-Ul-Ma’āli Keykāvous, Ibn Eskandar, Ibn Qabous, IbnVushmgir, Ibn Ziār, Prince de la dynastie des Ziārides / Ed. par Said Naficy. – Teheran, 1312 H.-1933. – P.131-134.
Nizami Gyandzhevi. Khosrov i Shirin // Filologicheskiy perevod s farsi i kommentarii G.Yu. Alieva, M.N. Osmanova. – Baku: Elm, 1985. – 440 s.
Farmer, Henry George. The influence of Music from Arabic Sources / Ed. by Eckhard Neubauer // Studies in Oriental Music. – First Volume: History and Theory. – Frankfurt am Main: Institute for History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1997. –P.291-326. (Reprint of writings published in the years 1925-1966)
Şükrullah Ahmed Oğlu. Şükrullah’in Risālesi ve 15.Yüzyıl Şark Musikisi Nazariyatı / Açılamalı, Tenkidli ve Tıpkıbasım Murat Bardakçı. – Istanbul: Pan Yaymeılık, 2011. – 273 p.
Seydī’s Book on Music. A 15-th Century Turkish Discourse/ Translated, Annotated and Edited by E. Popescu-Judetz in Collaboration with E. Neubauer // Ed. by Fuat Sezgin. – Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 2004. – 276 p. (The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 6)
Neubauer E. Glimpses of Arab Music in Ottoman Times from Syrian and Egyptian Sources // Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften. – Bd. 13. – Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 2000. – S.317-365
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