Review: The subject of the research is the scientific grounds for the interdisciplinary research of ethnocultural symbolics of Kabardians and Balkarians as the basis of perception as well as issues of ethnogenesis, artistic creativity, rituals and other phenomena in the region.  The author of the article examines such aspects of the topic as the philosophical, aesthetical and cultural analysis and research of literary sources in order to describe artistic and aesthetic grounds of syncretism in the spiritual culture of Kabarians and Balkarians based on their folklore. The research is based on the enthonational concept of folklore as a carrier of spiritual ethnic values and traditions and certain view of life as one of the elements that ensure the continuity of culture and preservation of the basic fundamental national values. The methodological basis of the research includes the elements of the systems and dialectical approaches to studying ethnocultural symbolics of the Kabardino-Balkar Region. Such approach to the analysis of contradictory and perceptible nature of symbol has made the research integral. The main conclusions of the research is that ethnocultural symbolics either preserves the substantial unity of Idea and Item or implicates the image that predetermines the presence of a certain semantic meaning that, in their turn, collectively create insaparable elements of a symbol. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author develops a systems approach that may be useful for further research of ethnocultural symbolics and genesis of the graphic symbol - family signs (tamgas) as an aspect of spiritual and material culture of Kabardians and Balkarians. 

Keywords: ethno-cultural symbolism, folklore, ethnography, ornament, spiritual culture of the Kabardino-Balkar Region, tamga, graphic symbol, tradition, solar signs, musical symbols

References:
URL:Znachenie slova "SIMVOL" (data obrashcheniya: 23.05.2016).
Kassirer Ernst. Filosofiya simvolicheskikh form. Tom 1. Yazyk. M.; SPb.: Un. kniga, 2002. 272 s.
Kudaev M.Ch. Karachaevo-Balkarskaya etnokhoreografiya i simvolika. Nal'chik: El'brus, 2003.108 s.
Yakhtanigov Kh.Kh. Severokavkazskie tamgi. Nal'chik: «Leyter-ibn-Marat», 1993. 204 s.
Lavrov L.I. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki Kavkaza. L.: Nauka, 1978. 91 s.
Kudaev M.Ch. Karachaevo-balkarskaya etnokhoreografiya i simvolika. S. 80-95.
Smirnova Ya.S. Sem'ya i semeynyy byt narodov Severnogo Kavkaza, vtoraya polovina XIX – XX vv. M: Nauka, 1983. 265 s.
Dumanov Kh.M. Obychnoe imushchestvennoe pravo kabardintsev. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1976. 140 s.
Mambetov G.Kh. Iz istorii skotovodcheskogo byta kabardintsev i balkartsev vo vtoroy polovine XIX v. – nachala XX v.// Vestnik. Nal'chik,1973. KBNII ¹7.
Shafiev N.A. Istoriya i kul'tura kabardintsev v period pozdnego srednevekov'ya. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1968. 170 s.
Nogmov Sh.B. Istoriya adygeyskogo naroda. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1994. 232 s.
Alieva A.I. Fol'klor Adygov. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1979. 404 s.
Khan-Girey Sultan. Cherkesskie predaniya. Ch 1 i 2. Russkiy vestnik, 1841, t. 2, Spb., ¹4, S. 1-78.
Losev A. F. Ocherki antichnogo simvolizma i mifologii.URL: http://www. psyoffice.ru/2732-9-lose000-index.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.05.2016).
Tinyakova E.A. Kak fol'klor mozhet stat' istochnikom istoricheskikh issledovaniy // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2016. - 1. - C. 21 - 25. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2016.1.17898.
Kaminskaya E.A. Antropologicheskie izmereniya kul'turnykh smyslov traditsionnogo fol'klora // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2016. - 3. - C. 430 - 439. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2016.3.16974.
Khokon S.E., Siyukhova A.M. Adygskiy etnokostyum v sotsiokul'turnoy situatsii sovremennogo polietnichnogo regiona // Chelovek i kul'tura. - 2014. - 5. - C. 1 - 31. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2014.5.14593. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_14593.html
M. Moss Uchebnik etnografii (perevod fragmentov M.N. Prorokovoy) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 7. - C. 85 - 98.
M. I. Kravchuk Severnyy Kavkaz: problemy vosstanovleniya Perechnya kollektsiy fotodokumentov moskovskikh etnograficheskikh ekspeditsiy (1920–1931), khranyashchikhsya v RGAKFD RF // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2011. - 6. - C. 38 - 50.

References (transliteration):
URL:Znachenie slova "SIMVOL" (data obrashcheniya: 23.05.2016).
Kassirer Ernst. Filosofiya simvolicheskikh form. Tom 1. Yazyk. M.; SPb.: Un. kniga, 2002. 272 s.
Kudaev M.Ch. Karachaevo-Balkarskaya etnokhoreografiya i simvolika. Nal'chik: El'brus, 2003.108 s.
Yakhtanigov Kh.Kh. Severokavkazskie tamgi. Nal'chik: «Leyter-ibn-Marat», 1993. 204 s.
Lavrov L.I. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki Kavkaza. L.: Nauka, 1978. 91 s.
Kudaev M.Ch. Karachaevo-balkarskaya etnokhoreografiya i simvolika. S. 80-95.
Smirnova Ya.S. Sem'ya i semeynyy byt narodov Severnogo Kavkaza, vtoraya polovina XIX – XX vv. M: Nauka, 1983. 265 s.
Dumanov Kh.M. Obychnoe imushchestvennoe pravo kabardintsev. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1976. 140 s.
Mambetov G.Kh. Iz istorii skotovodcheskogo byta kabardintsev i balkartsev vo vtoroy polovine XIX v. – nachala XX v.// Vestnik. Nal'chik,1973. KBNII ¹7.
Shafiev N.A. Istoriya i kul'tura kabardintsev v period pozdnego srednevekov'ya. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1968. 170 s.
Nogmov Sh.B. Istoriya adygeyskogo naroda. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1994. 232 s.
Alieva A.I. Fol'klor Adygov. Nal'chik: El'brus, 1979. 404 s.
Khan-Girey Sultan. Cherkesskie predaniya. Ch 1 i 2. Russkiy vestnik, 1841, t. 2, Spb., ¹4, S. 1-78.
Losev A. F. Ocherki antichnogo simvolizma i mifologii.URL: http://www. psyoffice.ru/2732-9-lose000-index.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.05.2016).
Tinyakova E.A. Kak fol'klor mozhet stat' istochnikom istoricheskikh issledovaniy // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2016. - 1. - C. 21 - 25. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2016.1.17898.
Kaminskaya E.A. Antropologicheskie izmereniya kul'turnykh smyslov traditsionnogo fol'klora // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2016. - 3. - C. 430 - 439. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2016.3.16974.
Khokon S.E., Siyukhova A.M. Adygskiy etnokostyum v sotsiokul'turnoy situatsii sovremennogo polietnichnogo regiona // Chelovek i kul'tura. - 2014. - 5. - C. 1 - 31. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2014.5.14593. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_14593.html
M. Moss Uchebnik etnografii (perevod fragmentov M.N. Prorokovoy) // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2012. - 7. - C. 85 - 98.
M. I. Kravchuk Severnyy Kavkaz: problemy vosstanovleniya Perechnya kollektsiy fotodokumentov moskovskikh etnograficheskikh ekspeditsiy (1920–1931), khranyashchikhsya v RGAKFD RF // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2011. - 6. - C. 38 - 50.

Review: The subject of the research is the philosophy of the Japanese martial arts schools. The article deals with the philosophical category of "essence" and "phenomenon", as the most developed components of the philosophical system of Japanese martial arts schools. On the basis of Zen Neo-Confucian and Buddhist concepts, martial arts masters and founders  developed their own philosophical system aimed primarily at the practical implementation of philosophical principles in martial arts and warrior path in general. The research is based on the analysis of historical sources, works of masters of martial arts as well as articles and scientific papers of leading specialists in this field. The author of the article demonstrates that based on the conceptual framework 'essence - phenomenon' the masters and founders of Japanese martial arts schools developed strategic principles and tactics that implied the application of theoretical philosophical concepts to daily practice and training of a soldier. In addition, theoretical description of these categories is also interesting.

Keywords: philosophy of martial arts, essence, phenomenon, martial arts, Japanese philosophy, orientalism, oriental philosophy, zen, Neo-Confucianism, philosophical categories

References:
Khattori Kh. Ninpiden. Taynaya peredacha znaniy nindzya. – Kh.: "NTMT", 2013. – 136 s.
Nagata Kh. Istoriya filosofskoy mysli Yaponii. – M.: Progress, 1991. – 416 s.
Mishchenko A. A. Predislovie perevodchika// Kniga Samuraya: Takuan Sokho. Pis'ma mastera dzen masteru fekhtovaniya. Vechernie besedy v khrame Tokaydzi. Predaniya o Takuane. Miyamoto Musasi. Kniga pyati kolets. – M-SPb.: Evraziya; Knizhnyy Klub 36.6, 2008. – S. 7-17.
Yagyu M. Kheykho kaden se (Kniga o semeynoy traditsii iskusstva fekhtovaniya mechom) / Yagyu Munenori / Nauchno-metodicheskiy sbornik «Khiden» (boevye iskusstva i rukopashnyy boy), vypusk 5 / A.M. Gorbylev i dr. – M.: A.M. Gorbylev, 2010. – S. 29-172
Gorbylev A.M. Nindzya: boevoe iskusstvo. - M.: Yauza : Eksmo, 2010. - 480 s.
Musasi M. Kniga pyati kolets / M. Musasi i dr./ Iskusstvo samuraya: kniga pyati kolets. – SPb.: Azbuka, Azbuka-Attikus, 2012. – 256 s.
Gorbylev A. Predislovie perevodchika / Kheykho kaden se (Kniga o semeynoy traditsii iskusstva fekhtovaniya mechom) / Nauchno-metodicheskiy sbornik «Khiden» (boevye iskusstva i rukopashnyy boy), vypusk 5 / A.M. Gorbylev i dr. – M.: A.M. Gorbylev, 2010. – S. 4 – 29.
Voennyy kanon Yaponii / Sost. T. Kliri. – M.: POSTUM; SPb.: EVRAZIYa, 2015. - 256 s.
Men'chikov G.P. Zhizn' kak filosofskaya kategoriya / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik MGUKI. 2008. ¹5. - S. 13 – 17.
Reyd G., Kroucher M. Put' voina: Paradoks boevykh iskusstv. - M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2006. - 272 s.
Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'.– M.: Sov. Entsiklopediya, 1983. – 840 s.
Dreger D. F. Klassicheskie budo. – M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2001. – 240 s.
Fudzinoissuysi M. Se:ninki. Zapisi ob istinnom nindzyutsu. – Kh.: "NTMT", 2011. – 152 s.
Lestev A.E. Mesto i rol' poezii v voinskoy kul'ture Yaponii // Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2015. ¹ 1. - S. 35-43.
Kulizade Z. O filosofskoy kontseptsii vseedinstva v svete sovremennoy nauki // Problemy vostochnoy filosofii. 2010. ¹ 1. – S. 7 – 11.

References (transliteration):
Khattori Kh. Ninpiden. Taynaya peredacha znaniy nindzya. – Kh.: "NTMT", 2013. – 136 s.
Nagata Kh. Istoriya filosofskoy mysli Yaponii. – M.: Progress, 1991. – 416 s.
Mishchenko A. A. Predislovie perevodchika// Kniga Samuraya: Takuan Sokho. Pis'ma mastera dzen masteru fekhtovaniya. Vechernie besedy v khrame Tokaydzi. Predaniya o Takuane. Miyamoto Musasi. Kniga pyati kolets. – M-SPb.: Evraziya; Knizhnyy Klub 36.6, 2008. – S. 7-17.
Yagyu M. Kheykho kaden se (Kniga o semeynoy traditsii iskusstva fekhtovaniya mechom) / Yagyu Munenori / Nauchno-metodicheskiy sbornik «Khiden» (boevye iskusstva i rukopashnyy boy), vypusk 5 / A.M. Gorbylev i dr. – M.: A.M. Gorbylev, 2010. – S. 29-172
Gorbylev A.M. Nindzya: boevoe iskusstvo. - M.: Yauza : Eksmo, 2010. - 480 s.
Musasi M. Kniga pyati kolets / M. Musasi i dr./ Iskusstvo samuraya: kniga pyati kolets. – SPb.: Azbuka, Azbuka-Attikus, 2012. – 256 s.
Gorbylev A. Predislovie perevodchika / Kheykho kaden se (Kniga o semeynoy traditsii iskusstva fekhtovaniya mechom) / Nauchno-metodicheskiy sbornik «Khiden» (boevye iskusstva i rukopashnyy boy), vypusk 5 / A.M. Gorbylev i dr. – M.: A.M. Gorbylev, 2010. – S. 4 – 29.
Voennyy kanon Yaponii / Sost. T. Kliri. – M.: POSTUM; SPb.: EVRAZIYa, 2015. - 256 s.
Men'chikov G.P. Zhizn' kak filosofskaya kategoriya / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik MGUKI. 2008. ¹5. - S. 13 – 17.
Reyd G., Kroucher M. Put' voina: Paradoks boevykh iskusstv. - M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2006. - 272 s.
Filosofskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'.– M.: Sov. Entsiklopediya, 1983. – 840 s.
Dreger D. F. Klassicheskie budo. – M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2001. – 240 s.
Fudzinoissuysi M. Se:ninki. Zapisi ob istinnom nindzyutsu. – Kh.: "NTMT", 2011. – 152 s.
Lestev A.E. Mesto i rol' poezii v voinskoy kul'ture Yaponii // Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2015. ¹ 1. - S. 35-43.
Kulizade Z. O filosofskoy kontseptsii vseedinstva v svete sovremennoy nauki // Problemy vostochnoy filosofii. 2010. ¹ 1. – S. 7 – 11.

Review: The subject of the present research is the nature and functions of publicity as a cultural phenomenon. Among numerous forms of historical research, the most famous ones are history of society, history of state, history of culture, history of communication and history of art. However, the development of history of art goes in parallel with history of public, i.e. the environment where art functions. The environment either contributes to the development of an intensive art life or, on the contrary, puts brakes on the development of art. Moreover, history of public is also the history of a more general phemonenon - publicity that is manifested not only in art but also in rituals, fairies, festive, sport, entertaining and theatrical forms. What is publicity considering that it is an intermediate element between history of art and history of society? What forms of publicity have been known throughout history? What functions has publicity performed in history? These are the questions the author covers in his article and chooses as the subject of his research. Taking into account that history of publicity is a form of history of society, the author has used the sociological approach to studying features of publicity because the sociological approach completes the historical approach. Sociology dictates a differentiated approach to society and, therefore, to publicity. In his article Khrenov describes the features of publicity attributed to pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial societies. The author also focuses on the transfer of publicity forms that are typical for the industrial society to the publicity forms that are representative for post-industrial societies that create virtual forms of publicity based on developed technologies. Khrenov also pays attention to the contribution of so-called 'the third class' to the development of new forms of publicity. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the processes ongoing in the cities of the Modern and Contemporary Periods, in particular, those that are typical for new forms of publicity, have consequences for not only the society but also culture in general. Publicity is also a sphere of creative culture, thus the author has also applied the cultural approach to studying publicity as the subject of the present research. Publicity is the phenomenon that is related to both culture and society. To prove it, the author appeals to the theatrical life of the XVIIIth century when future virtual forms of publicity associated with television and Internet started to appear. 

Keywords: virtual publicity, festivity, emotional contact, emotional deficiency, theatricism, duality, communication, publicity, industrial society, public

References:
Sigele S. Prestupnaya tolpa. M., 1998;
Sennet R. Padenie publichnogo cheloveka. M., 2002;
Russo Zh.-Zh. Pis'mo d, Alamberu o zrelishchakh // Russo Zh.-Zh. Izbrannye sochineniya v 3 t., t. 1., M., 1961;
Redklif-Braun A. Struktura i funktsiya v primitivnom obshchestve. M., 2001;
Po E. Polnoe sobranie rasskazov. M., 1970;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3 t., t. 2., M., 1970;
Pisemskiy A. Sobranie sochineniy v 9 t., t. 7. M., 1957;
Obukhovskiy K. Psikhologiya vlecheniy cheloveka. M., 1972;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya v 2 t., t. 2., M., 1990;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostey. M., 2005;
Mel'nikov A. Ocherki bytovoy istorii Nizhegorodskoy yarmarki. 1917-1917. Nizhniy Novgorod., 1917;
Moskovskoe kupecheskoe sobranie. Istoricheskiy ocherk. M., 1914;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Lotman Yu. Poetika bytovogo povedeniya v russkoy kul'ture KhUIII veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye stat'i v 3 t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn., 1992;
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass. SPb., 1995;
Lotman Yu. Teatr i teatral'nost' v stroe kul'tury nachala KhIKh veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye raboty v 3 t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn., 1992;
Levi-Stros L. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Karamzin N. Pis'ma russkogo puteshestvennika. L., 1984;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Istoriya chteniya v zapadnom mire ot antichnosti do nashikh dney. M., 2008;
Zombart V. Sovremennyy kapitalizm. t. 2., M., 1904;
Zolotarev A. Rodovoy stroy i pervobytnaya mifologiya. M., 1964;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Dodonov B. Emotsiya kak tsennost'. M., 1978;
Dzhekobs D. Smert' i zhizn' bol'shikh amerikanskikh gorodov. M., 2011;
Dzhekobs D. Zakat Ameriki. Vperedi Srednevekov'e. M., 2007;
Debor G. Obshchestvo spektaklya. M., 2011;
Golubinskiy E. istoriya russkoy tserkvi., t. 1. Period pervyy, kievskiy ili domongol'skiy. 1 pol. toma. M., 1901;
Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa. M., 1984;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovanie o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Biblioteka literatury Drevney Rusi., t. 1. KhI-KhII veka. SPb., 1997;
Bernshtam T. Molodezh' v obryadovoy zhizni russkoy obshchiny KhIKh-nachala KhKh v., L., 1988;
Bernshtam T. Budni i prazdniki: povedenie vzroslykh v russkoy krest'yanskoy srede (KhIKh-nachalo KhKh v. ) // Etnicheskie stereotipy povedeniya. L., 1985;
Abramyan L. Pervobytnyy prazdnik i mifologiya. Erevan., 1983;
Snegirev A. Russkie v svoikh poslovitsakh. M., 1834;
Tard G. Zakony podrazhaniya. M., 2011;
Tennis F. Obshchnost' i obshchestvo. SPb., 2002;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Galantnyy vek. M., 1994;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Burzhuaznyy vek. M., 1964;
Khrenov N. Chelovek igrayushchiy v russkoy kul'ture. SPb., 2005;
Khrenov N. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2014., ¹ 1-2;
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Charskiy V. Khudozhestvennyy teatr // Krizis teatra. 1908;
Shchepanskaya T. Molodezhnye soobshchestva // Sovremennyy gorodskoy fol'klor. M., 2003
D. G. Trunov Performans kak artterapevticheskaya tekhnika. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 11. - C. 63 - 69.
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Yu.V. Lobanova Sotsiokul'turnye posledstviya globalizatsii
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References (transliteration):
Sigele S. Prestupnaya tolpa. M., 1998;
Sennet R. Padenie publichnogo cheloveka. M., 2002;
Russo Zh.-Zh. Pis'mo d, Alamberu o zrelishchakh // Russo Zh.-Zh. Izbrannye sochineniya v 3 t., t. 1., M., 1961;
Redklif-Braun A. Struktura i funktsiya v primitivnom obshchestve. M., 2001;
Po E. Polnoe sobranie rasskazov. M., 1970;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3 t., t. 2., M., 1970;
Pisemskiy A. Sobranie sochineniy v 9 t., t. 7. M., 1957;
Obukhovskiy K. Psikhologiya vlecheniy cheloveka. M., 1972;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya v 2 t., t. 2., M., 1990;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostey. M., 2005;
Mel'nikov A. Ocherki bytovoy istorii Nizhegorodskoy yarmarki. 1917-1917. Nizhniy Novgorod., 1917;
Moskovskoe kupecheskoe sobranie. Istoricheskiy ocherk. M., 1914;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Lotman Yu. Poetika bytovogo povedeniya v russkoy kul'ture KhUIII veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye stat'i v 3 t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn., 1992;
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass. SPb., 1995;
Lotman Yu. Teatr i teatral'nost' v stroe kul'tury nachala KhIKh veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye raboty v 3 t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn., 1992;
Levi-Stros L. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Karamzin N. Pis'ma russkogo puteshestvennika. L., 1984;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Istoriya chteniya v zapadnom mire ot antichnosti do nashikh dney. M., 2008;
Zombart V. Sovremennyy kapitalizm. t. 2., M., 1904;
Zolotarev A. Rodovoy stroy i pervobytnaya mifologiya. M., 1964;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Dodonov B. Emotsiya kak tsennost'. M., 1978;
Dzhekobs D. Smert' i zhizn' bol'shikh amerikanskikh gorodov. M., 2011;
Dzhekobs D. Zakat Ameriki. Vperedi Srednevekov'e. M., 2007;
Debor G. Obshchestvo spektaklya. M., 2011;
Golubinskiy E. istoriya russkoy tserkvi., t. 1. Period pervyy, kievskiy ili domongol'skiy. 1 pol. toma. M., 1901;
Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa. M., 1984;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovanie o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Biblioteka literatury Drevney Rusi., t. 1. KhI-KhII veka. SPb., 1997;
Bernshtam T. Molodezh' v obryadovoy zhizni russkoy obshchiny KhIKh-nachala KhKh v., L., 1988;
Bernshtam T. Budni i prazdniki: povedenie vzroslykh v russkoy krest'yanskoy srede (KhIKh-nachalo KhKh v. ) // Etnicheskie stereotipy povedeniya. L., 1985;
Abramyan L. Pervobytnyy prazdnik i mifologiya. Erevan., 1983;
Snegirev A. Russkie v svoikh poslovitsakh. M., 1834;
Tard G. Zakony podrazhaniya. M., 2011;
Tennis F. Obshchnost' i obshchestvo. SPb., 2002;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Galantnyy vek. M., 1994;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Burzhuaznyy vek. M., 1964;
Khrenov N. Chelovek igrayushchiy v russkoy kul'ture. SPb., 2005;
Khrenov N. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2014., ¹ 1-2;
Khrenov n. Zrelishcha v epokhu vosstaniya mass. M., 2006;
Chaadaev P. Stat'i i pis'ma. M., 1989;
Charskiy V. Khudozhestvennyy teatr // Krizis teatra. 1908;
Shchepanskaya T. Molodezhnye soobshchestva // Sovremennyy gorodskoy fol'klor. M., 2003
D. G. Trunov Performans kak artterapevticheskaya tekhnika. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2010. - 11. - C. 63 - 69.
Dunyaeva M.M. Rol' i znachenie sredstv massovoy kommunikatsii v sovremennykh politicheskikh protsessakh // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 10. - C. 1252 - 1257. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.10.13267.
Dunyaeva M.M. K voprosu ob osobennostyakh informatsionnogo protivostoyaniya Rossii i Gruzii // Pravo i politika. - 2014. - 11. - C. 1686 - 1690. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.11.13266.
Yu.V. Lobanova Sotsiokul'turnye posledstviya globalizatsii
i problema dialoga kul'tur. // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 4. - C. 130 - 136.

Review: The subject of the present research is the nature and functions of publicity as a cultural phenomenon. However, the concept of publicity as it is viewed by the author of the article has a very distinct chronological framework. In particular, the author views the process of creation of a new form of publicity in the cities of the Modern and Contemporary Periods. If we apply the sociological approach to the matter, we can see that the creation and development of a new form of publicity relates to the transfer from the pre-industrial society to the industrial society. Generations of the second half of the XXth century have already faced another kind of transfer, i.e. the transfer from the industrial soiety to the post-industrial society. As far as publicity in the cities of the Modern Period are concerned, it retains most of its traditional forms. However, as public communications develop based on new technologies, publicity loses its traditional forms and becomes an expression of space virtualization. The author tries to define anthopological features of publicity both in traditional and virtual forms. The main methological approach to the analysis of publicity is the sociological approach. In addition, the author has used the historico-genetic approach. Khrenov has also appealed to observations made by experts in social and culural studies who study early forms of the society. The author of the article believes that archetypical dual formulas that appeared at the early stages of history can become active at the later stages of the social development. As an example, the author analyzes the playful opposition between Great Russians and Lesser Russians described in ancient Russian chronicles. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that as a research object the author views different forms of publicity starting from archaic funny rituals, behavior of merchants at fairs, noble and merchant clubs and ending with publicity forms realized in virtuality. The author tries to define and specify such features of publicity as theatricism, spectacularity, playful and festive nature. Special attention is paid to the relation between the society and theatre. 

Keywords: publicity, public space, duality, theatricism, emotional deficiency, emotional contact, festivity, identity, society, public

References:
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Burzhuaznyy vek. M., 1964;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Galantnyy vek. M. 1994;
Tennis F. Obshchnost' i obshchestvo. SPb., 2002;
Tard G. Zakony podrazhaniya. M., 2011;
Sigele S. Prestupnaya tolpa. M., 1998;
Sennet R. Padenie publichnogo cheloveka. M., 2002;
Snegirev A. Russkie v svoikh poslovitsakh. M., 1834;
Russo Zh.-Zh. Pis'mo d, Alamberu o zrelishchakh // Russo Zh.-Zh. Izbrannye sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 1. M., 1961;
Redklif-Braun A. Struktura i funktsiya v primitivnom obshchestve. M., 2001;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 2., M., 1970;
Po E. Polnoe sobranie rasskazov. M., 1970;
Pisemskiy A. Sobranie sochineniy v 9 t., t. 7., M., 1957;
Obukhovskiy K. Psikhologiya vlecheniy cheloveka. M., 1972;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya v 2-kh t., t. 2., M., 1990;
Mel'nikov A. Ocherki bvtovoy istorii Nizhegorodskoy yarmarki. 1817-1917. Nizhniy Novgorod. 1917;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennsotey. M., 2005;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Moskovskoe kupecheskoe sobranie. Istoricheskiy ocherk. M., 1914;
Lotman Yu. Poetika bytovogo povedeniya v russkoy kul'ture KhUIII veka // Izbrannye raboty v 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury . Tallinn. 1992;
Lotman Yu. Teatr i teatral'nost' v stroe kul'tury nachala KhIKh veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye raboty v 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn. 1992;
Levi-Stros K. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass. SPb., 1995;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Karamzin N. Pis'ma russkogo puteshestvennika. L., 1984;
Istoriya chteniya v zapadnom mire ot antichnosti do nashikh dney. M., 2008;
Zombart V. Sovremennyy kapitalizm.t. 2. M.,104;
Zolotarev A. Rodovoy stroy i pervobytnaya mifologiya. M., 1964;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Dodonov B. Emotsiya kak tsennost'. M., 1978;
Dzhekobs D. Zakat Ameriki. Vperedi Srednevekov'e. M., 2007;
Dzhekobs D. Smert' i zhizn' bol'shikh amerikanskikh godov. M. 2011;
Golubinskiy E. Istoriya russkoy tserkvi.t. 1., Period pervyy, kievskiy ili domongol'skiy. 1 pol. toma.M. 1901;
Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa. M., 1984;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovanie o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Biblioteka literatury Drevney Rusi., t. 1. KhI-KhII veka. SPb., 1997;
Bernshtam T. Molodezh' v obryadovoy zhizni russkoy obshchiny KhIKh-nachala KhKh v., L. 1988;
Abramyan L. Pervobytnyy prazdnik i mifologiya. Erevan. 1983;
Bernshtam T. Budni i prazdniki: povedenie vzroslykh v russkoy krest'yanskoy srede (KhIKh-nachalo KhKh v.) // Etnicheskie stereotipy povedeniya., L. 1985;
Khrenov N. Chelovek igrayushchiy v russkoy kul'ture. SPb., 2005;
Khrenov N. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2014., ¹ 1-2;
Khrenov N. Zrelishcha v epokhu vosstaniya mass. M., 2006;
Chaadaev P. Stat'i i pis'ma. M., 1989; Charskiy V. Khudozhestvennyy teatr // Krizis teatra. 1908;
Shchepanskaya T. Molodezhnye soobshchestva // Sovremennyy gorodskoy fol'klor. M., 2003
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo.-2012.-5.-C. 46-58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo.-2013.-5.-C. 544-555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh
zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo
prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 46 - 58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 5. - C. 544 - 555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh
zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo
prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 46 - 58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 5. - C. 544 - 555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.

References (transliteration):
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Burzhuaznyy vek. M., 1964;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Fuks E. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya nravov. Galantnyy vek. M. 1994;
Tennis F. Obshchnost' i obshchestvo. SPb., 2002;
Tard G. Zakony podrazhaniya. M., 2011;
Sigele S. Prestupnaya tolpa. M., 1998;
Sennet R. Padenie publichnogo cheloveka. M., 2002;
Snegirev A. Russkie v svoikh poslovitsakh. M., 1834;
Russo Zh.-Zh. Pis'mo d, Alamberu o zrelishchakh // Russo Zh.-Zh. Izbrannye sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 1. M., 1961;
Redklif-Braun A. Struktura i funktsiya v primitivnom obshchestve. M., 2001;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 2., M., 1970;
Po E. Polnoe sobranie rasskazov. M., 1970;
Pisemskiy A. Sobranie sochineniy v 9 t., t. 7., M., 1957;
Obukhovskiy K. Psikhologiya vlecheniy cheloveka. M., 1972;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya v 2-kh t., t. 2., M., 1990;
Mel'nikov A. Ocherki bvtovoy istorii Nizhegorodskoy yarmarki. 1817-1917. Nizhniy Novgorod. 1917;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennsotey. M., 2005;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Moskovskoe kupecheskoe sobranie. Istoricheskiy ocherk. M., 1914;
Lotman Yu. Poetika bytovogo povedeniya v russkoy kul'ture KhUIII veka // Izbrannye raboty v 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury . Tallinn. 1992;
Lotman Yu. Teatr i teatral'nost' v stroe kul'tury nachala KhIKh veka // Lotman Yu. Izbrannye raboty v 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i po semiotike i tipologii kul'tury. Tallinn. 1992;
Levi-Stros K. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Lebon G. Psikhologiya narodov i mass. SPb., 1995;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Karamzin N. Pis'ma russkogo puteshestvennika. L., 1984;
Istoriya chteniya v zapadnom mire ot antichnosti do nashikh dney. M., 2008;
Zombart V. Sovremennyy kapitalizm.t. 2. M.,104;
Zolotarev A. Rodovoy stroy i pervobytnaya mifologiya. M., 1964;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Dodonov B. Emotsiya kak tsennost'. M., 1978;
Dzhekobs D. Zakat Ameriki. Vperedi Srednevekov'e. M., 2007;
Dzhekobs D. Smert' i zhizn' bol'shikh amerikanskikh godov. M. 2011;
Golubinskiy E. Istoriya russkoy tserkvi.t. 1., Period pervyy, kievskiy ili domongol'skiy. 1 pol. toma.M. 1901;
Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa. M., 1984;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovanie o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Biblioteka literatury Drevney Rusi., t. 1. KhI-KhII veka. SPb., 1997;
Bernshtam T. Molodezh' v obryadovoy zhizni russkoy obshchiny KhIKh-nachala KhKh v., L. 1988;
Abramyan L. Pervobytnyy prazdnik i mifologiya. Erevan. 1983;
Bernshtam T. Budni i prazdniki: povedenie vzroslykh v russkoy krest'yanskoy srede (KhIKh-nachalo KhKh v.) // Etnicheskie stereotipy povedeniya., L. 1985;
Khrenov N. Chelovek igrayushchiy v russkoy kul'ture. SPb., 2005;
Khrenov N. Predely eskalatsii kommunikativnykh tekhnologiy: nostal'giya po ploshchadi // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2014., ¹ 1-2;
Khrenov N. Zrelishcha v epokhu vosstaniya mass. M., 2006;
Chaadaev P. Stat'i i pis'ma. M., 1989; Charskiy V. Khudozhestvennyy teatr // Krizis teatra. 1908;
Shchepanskaya T. Molodezhnye soobshchestva // Sovremennyy gorodskoy fol'klor. M., 2003
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo.-2012.-5.-C. 46-58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo.-2013.-5.-C. 544-555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh
zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo
prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 46 - 58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 5. - C. 544 - 555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.
A. V. Tolstokorova Prostranstvennaya emansipatsiya ukrainskikh
zhenshchin kak sposob osvoeniya publichnogo
prostranstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 46 - 58.
Khrenov N.A. Modernizatsionnye protsessy na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov i sud'ba traditsionnykh tsennostey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 5. - C. 544 - 555. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.5.9570.

Review: The article touches upon one of the most topical issues in the methodology of art history. The absolute priority given in the history research to the linear principle which genesis goes back to the age of Enlightenment has made art historians to pay more attention to certain periods while leaving other periods without adequate interpretations. In the latter case art is perceived as declining and not demonstrating complete or definite artwork as it seemed. This is the reason why those periods in art history were rarely studied. The example is the perception of the Western or Byzantine medieval art. As the science that was formed in the age of Enlightenment, esthetics took the exclusive Renaissance art as the starting point in the art development. Based on that approach, all artistic values were interpreted disregarding the type of culture they represented. In his first article the author described how Pitirim Sorokin destroyed stereotypes of the academic community and applied the cyclic principle to all historical periods as an alternative to the linear principle. In the second article the author shows how the absolute priority given to the linear principle in art history created an abundance of insoluble questions and how the cyclic principle applied by Pitirim Sorokin to art history help to solve these questions. The present article focuses on the constructability of the cyclic principle used by Pitirim Sorokin. It is also very important that Pitirim Sorokin talked not only about methodology but also about application of that methodology to all periods of art history. Pitirim Sorokin shows how the three types of culture have been constantly taking turns thought the history: sensate culture, ideational culture and integrated or synthesized culture. Development of each artistic style is shown within the framework of a particular cultural environment. Therefore, art history appears to be closely connected with cultural history. Thus, Pitirim Sorokin’s concept of social dynamics offers a very useful methodological approach to researchers. Despite the fact that Pitirim Sorokin introduced his ideas in the middle of the last century, nevertheless, his ideas were left unnoticed by both Russian and Western scientists and sociologists for quite a long time. It was partly due to the fact that social studies and history have always had quite uneasy elations. Sociologists very rarely referred to history but Pitirim Sorokin eliminated that prejudice. The intensive development of cultural research in modern Russian makes researchers be more interested in Pitirim Sorokin’s theory of social dynamics because his theory combined both the historical and cultural approaches. Pitirim Sorokin’s theory is one of the brightest examples of the interaction between different branches of modern science. The author of the present article very well shows how useful such inter-disciplinary interaction may be for art history researches.

Keywords: Cultural dynamics, crisis of culture, linear principle, cyclic principle, longue duree, sensate culture, ideational culture, synthesized culture, medieval art, super-sensate reality.

References:
Bazen Zh. Istoriya istorii iskusstva. Ot Vazari do nashikh dney. M., 1995;
Bel'ting Kh. Obraz i kul't. Istoriya obraza do epokhi iskusstva. M., 2002;
Berdyaev N. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. M., 1989;
Brodel' F. Istoriya i obshchestvennye nauki. Istoricheskaya dlitel'nost' // Filosofiya i metodologiya istorii. M., 1977;
Bryusov V. Sobranie sochineniy v 7 t., t. 7., M., 1975;
Burkkhardt Ya. Kul'tura Italii v epokhu Vozrozhdeniya. M., 1996;
Dvorzhak M. Istoriya iskusstva kak istoriya dukha. SPb., 2001;
Zavadskaya E. Kul'tura Vostoka v sovremennom mire. M., 1977;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Iskusstvo v situatsii smeny tsiklov. Mezhdistsiplinarnye issledovaniya khudozhestvennoy kul'tury v perekhodnykh protsessakh.(Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov)., M., 2002;
Kozer L. O Pitirime Sorokine // Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Konrad N. Polibiy i Syma Tsyan' // Konrad N. Zapad i Vostok. M., 1972;
Kessidi F. Ot mifa k logosu. M., 1972;
Leont'ev K. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo // Vostok, Rossiya i slavyanstvo., t. 1., M., 1885;
Merton R. Sotsial'naya teoriya i sotsial'naya struktura. M., 2006;
Muratov P. Drevnerusskaya zhivopis'. Istoriya otkrytiya i issledovaniya. M., 2005;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya. V 2-kh t., t. 1., M., 1990;
Osipov G. Tri vstrechi s P. Sorokinym // Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Perekhodnye protsessy v russkoy khudozhestvennoy kul'ture. Novoe i Noveyshee vremya (Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov),M., 2003;
Palomnichestvo Germana Gesse v stranu Vostoka // Vostok-Zapad. Issledovaniya, Perevody. publikatsii.M., 1982;
Panofskiy E. Idea. K istorii ponyatiya v teoriyakh iskusstva ot antichnosti do klassitsizma. SPb., 1999;
Sorokin P. Sistema sotsiologii. V 2-kh t., M., 1993;
Sorokin P. Sotsiologicheskie teorii sovremennosti. M., 1992;
Sorokin P. Sotsial'naya i kul'turnaya dinamika. Issledovanie izmeneniy v bol'shikh sistemakh iskusstva, istiny, etiki, prava i obshchestvennykh otnosheniy. SPb., 2000;
Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Sorokin P. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M., 1992;
Sorokin P. Obzor tsiklicheskikh kontseptsiy sotsial'no-istoricheskogo protsessa // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1998., ¹ 11;
Sorokin P. Sotsial'naya dinamika i evolyutsionizm // Amerikanskaya sotsiologicheskaya mysl'. M., 1994;
Florenskiy P.Sochineniya. V 4-kh t., t. 1., M., 1994;
Kheyzinga Y. Teni zavtrashnego dnya. Chelovek i kul'tura. Zatemnennyy mir. SPb., 2010;
Khrenov N. Izbrannye raboty po kul'turologii. Kul'tura i imperiya. M., 2014;
Tsiklicheskie ritmy v istorii, kul'ture, iskusstve (Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov)., M., 2004;
Yaspers K. Nitsshe. Vvedenie v ponimanie ego filosofstvovaniya. SPb., 2004;
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993;
Shelling F. Vvedenie v filosofiyu mifologii. V 2-kh t., SPb., 2013;
Shubart V. Evropa i dusha Vostoka. M., 199
A. V. Makeenkova Fenomeny «klassicheskogo» i «sovremennogo»
v istorii izobrazitel'nogo iskusstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 2. - C. 215 - 227. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.02.10.
V. V. Vanslov Kul'tura i iskusstvo v sovremennom mire // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 3. - C. 99 - 103.

References (transliteration):
Bazen Zh. Istoriya istorii iskusstva. Ot Vazari do nashikh dney. M., 1995;
Bel'ting Kh. Obraz i kul't. Istoriya obraza do epokhi iskusstva. M., 2002;
Berdyaev N. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl tvorchestva. M., 1989;
Brodel' F. Istoriya i obshchestvennye nauki. Istoricheskaya dlitel'nost' // Filosofiya i metodologiya istorii. M., 1977;
Bryusov V. Sobranie sochineniy v 7 t., t. 7., M., 1975;
Burkkhardt Ya. Kul'tura Italii v epokhu Vozrozhdeniya. M., 1996;
Dvorzhak M. Istoriya iskusstva kak istoriya dukha. SPb., 2001;
Zavadskaya E. Kul'tura Vostoka v sovremennom mire. M., 1977;
Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008;
Iskusstvo v situatsii smeny tsiklov. Mezhdistsiplinarnye issledovaniya khudozhestvennoy kul'tury v perekhodnykh protsessakh.(Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov)., M., 2002;
Kozer L. O Pitirime Sorokine // Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Konrad N. Polibiy i Syma Tsyan' // Konrad N. Zapad i Vostok. M., 1972;
Kessidi F. Ot mifa k logosu. M., 1972;
Leont'ev K. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo // Vostok, Rossiya i slavyanstvo., t. 1., M., 1885;
Merton R. Sotsial'naya teoriya i sotsial'naya struktura. M., 2006;
Muratov P. Drevnerusskaya zhivopis'. Istoriya otkrytiya i issledovaniya. M., 2005;
Nitsshe F. Sochineniya. V 2-kh t., t. 1., M., 1990;
Osipov G. Tri vstrechi s P. Sorokinym // Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Perekhodnye protsessy v russkoy khudozhestvennoy kul'ture. Novoe i Noveyshee vremya (Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov),M., 2003;
Palomnichestvo Germana Gesse v stranu Vostoka // Vostok-Zapad. Issledovaniya, Perevody. publikatsii.M., 1982;
Panofskiy E. Idea. K istorii ponyatiya v teoriyakh iskusstva ot antichnosti do klassitsizma. SPb., 1999;
Sorokin P. Sistema sotsiologii. V 2-kh t., M., 1993;
Sorokin P. Sotsiologicheskie teorii sovremennosti. M., 1992;
Sorokin P. Sotsial'naya i kul'turnaya dinamika. Issledovanie izmeneniy v bol'shikh sistemakh iskusstva, istiny, etiki, prava i obshchestvennykh otnosheniy. SPb., 2000;
Sorokin P. Krizis nashego vremeni. M., 2009;
Sorokin P. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M., 1992;
Sorokin P. Obzor tsiklicheskikh kontseptsiy sotsial'no-istoricheskogo protsessa // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 1998., ¹ 11;
Sorokin P. Sotsial'naya dinamika i evolyutsionizm // Amerikanskaya sotsiologicheskaya mysl'. M., 1994;
Florenskiy P.Sochineniya. V 4-kh t., t. 1., M., 1994;
Kheyzinga Y. Teni zavtrashnego dnya. Chelovek i kul'tura. Zatemnennyy mir. SPb., 2010;
Khrenov N. Izbrannye raboty po kul'turologii. Kul'tura i imperiya. M., 2014;
Tsiklicheskie ritmy v istorii, kul'ture, iskusstve (Otvetstvennyy redaktor N. A. Khrenov)., M., 2004;
Yaspers K. Nitsshe. Vvedenie v ponimanie ego filosofstvovaniya. SPb., 2004;
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993;
Shelling F. Vvedenie v filosofiyu mifologii. V 2-kh t., SPb., 2013;
Shubart V. Evropa i dusha Vostoka. M., 199
A. V. Makeenkova Fenomeny «klassicheskogo» i «sovremennogo»
v istorii izobrazitel'nogo iskusstva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2013. - 2. - C. 215 - 227. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.02.10.
V. V. Vanslov Kul'tura i iskusstvo v sovremennom mire // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 3. - C. 99 - 103.

Review: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of composition of television programs which is usually called ‘the line of television programs’. The author describes the prehistory of the process of composing television content in the theater culture, studies the principles of composition of the ancient and medieval performances, Renaissance civic and court theatre and entertainment in the Western Europe and Russia of the early modern period. The author studies the phenomenon of co-existence of theatre acts and plays of different genres and styles within the framework of one performance in the old Russian forms of entertainment, for example, in Skomorokh performances, puppet theatre, bear-baiting and school theatre. The author also compares entertainment performances of different national cultures where actors were not involved such as the Russian raree show and English Eidophusikon. In her research the author combines methods of cultural research and art history and extensively uses typological analysis of the phenomena that are related to different national cultures. The modern stage of the development of screen culture is perceived as the latest modification of the entertainment art closely connected with the pre-screen forms of art. The author describes the two patterns of organization of the conditional ‘play’ reality. The first pattern involves the presence of a solid form-containing statement that can and should be perceived only as an integral and successively developing phenomenon. The second pattern is a sequence of different form-containing statements that do not have to be related in their narrative. These ‘play’ statements do not have to be of the same genre or style. The line of television programs relates to the second pattern of the conditional entertainment reality that has been quite popular in the history of culture. The author concludes that the composition of television programs has a traditional pattern as well as the demonstrative nature of creative impersonal processes while there is the continuous sequence of television forms and frustration of responsive creative needs of the audience. This contradiction of the television art is solved within the framework of the computer culture, the latter being a more complicated and interactive screen form of art.

Keywords: cultural research, ‘archeology’ of mass media, television, theatre, miracle-play, raree show, cinema at the fair, line of television programs, interactivity, entertainment.

Contact information: Salnikova Ekaterina Viktorovna, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Kozitsky per., d. 5

References:
Avdeev A. D. Maska i ee rol' v protsesse vozniknoveniya teatra. M. : Nauka. 1964.
Belkin A. A. Russkie skomorokhi. M.: Nauka. 1975.
Val'ter Ben'yamin. Proizvedenie iskusstva v epokhu ego tekhnicheskoy vosproizvodimosti. Izbrannye esse. M.: Medium. 1996.
Berezkin V. I. Iskusstvo stsenografii mirovogo teatra. Ot istokov do nachala XX veka. M.: Gosudarstvennyy institut iskusstvoznaniya. 1995.
Berkov P. N. Russkaya narodnaya drama XVII-XX vv. M.: Iskusstvo. 1953.
Bodriyyar Zh. K kritike politicheskoy ekonomii znaka. M.: Biblion-Russkaya kniga. 2003.
Gonzaga P. di G. 1751-1831. Zhizn' i tvorchestvo. Sochineniya. (Monograficheskoe issledovanie F. Ya. Syrkinoy.) M. : Iskusstvo. 1974.
Dukov E. V. Kontsert v istorii zapadnoevropeyskoy kul'tury. Ocherki sotsial'nogo bytiya iskusstva. M.: Gosudarstvennyy institut iskusstvoznaniya. 1999.
Zabelin I. E. Domashniy byt russkikh tsarey. T. 1. M.: Sinodal'naya tipografiya. 1915.
Kolyazin V. F. Ot misterii k karnavalu: teatral'nost' nemetskoy religioznoy i ploshchadnoy stseny rannego i pozdnego Srednevekov'ya. M.: Nauka. 2002.
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M.: Praksis. 2005.
Marten-Fyuzh'e A. Elegantnaya zhizn', ili Kak voznik «ves' Parizh». 1815-1848. M.: Izdatel'stvo im. Sabashnikovykh. 1998.
Repertuar «Siney bluzy». Sbornik. M.: Trud i kniga. 1928.
Sarieva E. A. Kafeshantan: iskusstvo i razvlechenie. // Razvlechenie i iskusstvo. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2008. S. 292-303.
Silyunas V. Yu. Ispanskiy teatr XVI-XVII vekov. Ot istokov do vershin. M.: RIK-Kul'tura. 1995.
Skrzhinskaya M. V. Drevnegrecheskie prazdniki v Ellade i Severnom Prichernomor'e. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2010.
Sofronova L. A. Poetika slavyanskogo teatra XVII-XVIII vv. M.: Nauka. 1981.
Teplits E. S. Istoriya kinoiskusstva. 1895-1927. M.: Progress. 1968.
Trostnikova A. Neronii. Smena politiki razvlecheniy v Rime v epokhu Nerona. // Razvlechenie i iskusstvo. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2008. S. 118-131.
Trubochkin D. V. «Vse v poryadke! Starets plyashet…» Rimskaya komediya plashcha v deystvii. M.: GITIS. 2005.
Uvarova E. D. Vokzaly, sady, parki. // Razvlekatel'naya kul'tura Rossii XVIII-XIX vv. Ocherki istorii i teorii. SPb.: Dmitriy Bulanin. 2000. S. 316-349.
Altick R. D. The Shows Of London. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1978.
Nicoll A. Stuart Masques And The Renaissance Stage. N. Y. 1968.
Orgel S., Strong R. Inigo Jones. The Theatre of The Stuart Court. Including the complete designs for productions at court for the most part in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire together with their texts and historical documentation. V. 1-2. Sotheby Parke Bernel. 1973.
Tinyakova E.A. Klassika, istoriya i sovremennost' v teatral'nom iskusstve // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 6. - C. 38 - 55. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.6.3880. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_3880.html
D. A. Zhurkova Muzyka kak fon povsednevnosti:
funktsii i osobennosti vospriyatiya // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2011. - 4. - C. 66 - 73.
N. F. Khil'ko Sravnitel'nyy analiz
yazyka sotsial'nogo kino i televideniya // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 3. - C. 64 - 68.

References (transliteration):
Avdeev A. D. Maska i ee rol' v protsesse vozniknoveniya teatra. M. : Nauka. 1964.
Belkin A. A. Russkie skomorokhi. M.: Nauka. 1975.
Val'ter Ben'yamin. Proizvedenie iskusstva v epokhu ego tekhnicheskoy vosproizvodimosti. Izbrannye esse. M.: Medium. 1996.
Berezkin V. I. Iskusstvo stsenografii mirovogo teatra. Ot istokov do nachala XX veka. M.: Gosudarstvennyy institut iskusstvoznaniya. 1995.
Berkov P. N. Russkaya narodnaya drama XVII-XX vv. M.: Iskusstvo. 1953.
Bodriyyar Zh. K kritike politicheskoy ekonomii znaka. M.: Biblion-Russkaya kniga. 2003.
Gonzaga P. di G. 1751-1831. Zhizn' i tvorchestvo. Sochineniya. (Monograficheskoe issledovanie F. Ya. Syrkinoy.) M. : Iskusstvo. 1974.
Dukov E. V. Kontsert v istorii zapadnoevropeyskoy kul'tury. Ocherki sotsial'nogo bytiya iskusstva. M.: Gosudarstvennyy institut iskusstvoznaniya. 1999.
Zabelin I. E. Domashniy byt russkikh tsarey. T. 1. M.: Sinodal'naya tipografiya. 1915.
Kolyazin V. F. Ot misterii k karnavalu: teatral'nost' nemetskoy religioznoy i ploshchadnoy stseny rannego i pozdnego Srednevekov'ya. M.: Nauka. 2002.
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M.: Praksis. 2005.
Marten-Fyuzh'e A. Elegantnaya zhizn', ili Kak voznik «ves' Parizh». 1815-1848. M.: Izdatel'stvo im. Sabashnikovykh. 1998.
Repertuar «Siney bluzy». Sbornik. M.: Trud i kniga. 1928.
Sarieva E. A. Kafeshantan: iskusstvo i razvlechenie. // Razvlechenie i iskusstvo. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2008. S. 292-303.
Silyunas V. Yu. Ispanskiy teatr XVI-XVII vekov. Ot istokov do vershin. M.: RIK-Kul'tura. 1995.
Skrzhinskaya M. V. Drevnegrecheskie prazdniki v Ellade i Severnom Prichernomor'e. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2010.
Sofronova L. A. Poetika slavyanskogo teatra XVII-XVIII vv. M.: Nauka. 1981.
Teplits E. S. Istoriya kinoiskusstva. 1895-1927. M.: Progress. 1968.
Trostnikova A. Neronii. Smena politiki razvlecheniy v Rime v epokhu Nerona. // Razvlechenie i iskusstvo. SPb.: Aleteyya. 2008. S. 118-131.
Trubochkin D. V. «Vse v poryadke! Starets plyashet…» Rimskaya komediya plashcha v deystvii. M.: GITIS. 2005.
Uvarova E. D. Vokzaly, sady, parki. // Razvlekatel'naya kul'tura Rossii XVIII-XIX vv. Ocherki istorii i teorii. SPb.: Dmitriy Bulanin. 2000. S. 316-349.
Altick R. D. The Shows Of London. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1978.
Nicoll A. Stuart Masques And The Renaissance Stage. N. Y. 1968.
Orgel S., Strong R. Inigo Jones. The Theatre of The Stuart Court. Including the complete designs for productions at court for the most part in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire together with their texts and historical documentation. V. 1-2. Sotheby Parke Bernel. 1973.
Tinyakova E.A. Klassika, istoriya i sovremennost' v teatral'nom iskusstve // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 6. - C. 38 - 55. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.6.3880. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_3880.html
D. A. Zhurkova Muzyka kak fon povsednevnosti:
funktsii i osobennosti vospriyatiya // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2011. - 4. - C. 66 - 73.
N. F. Khil'ko Sravnitel'nyy analiz
yazyka sotsial'nogo kino i televideniya // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 3. - C. 64 - 68.

Review: Golem is one of the most known mythological images. The present article is devoted to the history of that image from Ancient times to the middle of the XIX century, before the appearance of the first literary sources mentioned it. During the medieval period the book by Sefer Yetsira was considered as a key to creation and revival of the golem. It was assumed that the golem could be woken by using various letters of the Jewish alphabet. Process of revival of the golem was associated with mystical experience. According to ashkenazi tradition golems were the creation of righteous persons who, because they were close to God, possessed some part of his wisdom and force. One of manifestations of Divine force is the ability to create living beings. However, even the righteous person could create only a weak reminder of Divine creations. One of shortcomings of the golem was his inability to speak. The earliest known written mentioning of creation of the Golem by the historical person refers to Rabbi Eliyahu from the Hill (1550–1583), and the most known history is the history about the Prague golem. His founder was Judah Loew ben Bezalel (the MaHaRal). Based on the dominating among historians and philologists opinion, the history of the Prague golem was first mentioned in German-speaking Jewish literature of the XIX century. In the 1830-1840’s there was a number of writing where that story was described. Origin of such stories was due to the folklore movement which was famous in Jewish literary communities back in those times. The earliest known source for the story thus far is the 1834 book Der Jüdische Gil Blas by Josef Seligman Kohn. Cathy Gelbin finds an earlier source in Gustav Filippson’s story «The Golem and the Adulteress» published in the Jewish magazine Shulamit» in 1834, however this dating is doubtful. The legend was transferred before orally; probably it goes back to times the MaHaRal.

Keywords: cultural research, golem, artificial creatures, Zizkov, Prague, Moshe Idel, Gustav Meyrink, Sefer Yetzirah, Rabbi Loew, Vilna Gaon, Kabala.

Contact information: Arapov Alexander Vladilenovich, 394006, Russia, Voronezh, Universitetskaya ploschad 1.

References:
Elektronnyy resurs-http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=33676&st=&pgnum=18
Elektronnyy resurs-http://seforim.blogspot.ru/2007/02/shnayer-z-leiman-did-disciple-of.html
Idel, Moshe. Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. – 1990. – P. 56
Ibid., Pp. 207-208
Ibid., P. 64
Ibid., Pp. 234-235
Chernyavskaya E.N. Yavnoe i taynoe v arkhitekturnoy simvolike Moskvy // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 3. - C. 18 - 34. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_2310.html

References (transliteration):
Elektronnyy resurs-http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=33676&st=&pgnum=18
Elektronnyy resurs-http://seforim.blogspot.ru/2007/02/shnayer-z-leiman-did-disciple-of.html
Idel, Moshe. Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. – 1990. – P. 56
Ibid., Pp. 207-208
Ibid., P. 64
Ibid., Pp. 234-235
Chernyavskaya E.N. Yavnoe i taynoe v arkhitekturnoy simvolike Moskvy // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 3. - C. 18 - 34. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_2310.html

Review: the article discusses the semiotic approach to studying such a historical phenomenon as artillery of XVI–XVIII centuries. The article is based on the supposition that a historical cannon creates heterogeneous text with certain meanings that help to reconstruct the system of signs and recode the text itself. Local cannon text has its inner structure and is being viewed from the point of modern cultural approaches. The author makes an attempt to analyze the structure of cultural text of such historical cannon and evaluates the degree of information richness of such text. The author also views the ability of the cannon text to acquire new meanings and to bring into focus old forgotten meanings when interacting with new cultural contexts. The author also raises a question about historical value of cannon’s text. The author offers a classification of ‘readers’ of canon’s text depending on their interest, manner of text research and the nature of searched information. The results are shown in a table.

Keywords: cultural studies, semiotics, text, context, structure, function, artillery, cannon, information, primary source.

Contact information: Malchenko Oleg Evgenievich, 01001, Ukraine, Kiev oblast, Trekhsvyatitelskaya 4, kab. 507.

References:
1. Voenno-istoricheskiy muzey artillerii, inzhenernykh voysk i voysk svyazi / Nauchnyy redaktor i sostavi-
tel' V. M. Krylov. SPb., 2001.
2. Gutsol S. Yu. Semioticheskiy podkhod k problemam issledovaniya mifa. [Elektronnyy resurs].
URL: http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/znpip /2/2010_ 6/st11.pdf. (Data obrashcheniya: 18. 03. 2013).
3. Doba get'mana ?vana Mazepi v dokumentakh / Uporyad.: S. O. Pavlenko. K., 2007.
4. Lotman Yu. M. O semiosfere // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
5. Lotman Yu. M. Semiotika kul'tury i ponyatie teksta // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
6. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst v tekste // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
7. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst i poliglotizm kul'tury // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. – Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
8. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst i funktsiya // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
9. Toporov V. N. Peterburgskie teksty i Peterburgskie mify // Mif. Ritual. Simvol. Obraz. Issledovaniya
v oblasti mifopoeticheskogo. M., 1995.
10. Filippova N. V. Informatsionnaya arkhitekturnaya sreda gorodskikh ploshchadey kak gipertekstual'naya
matritsa. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://book.uraic.ru/project/conf/txt/005/archvuz26_pril/21/template_
article-ar=K41-60-k47.htm. (Data obrashcheniya: 09. 02. 2013).
11. Badecki K. Leonard Herle ludwisarz i jego lwowskie działa 1544–1572. Studium archiwalno-muzealne. Lwow, 1932.
12. Balasubramaniam R. The saga of Indian cannons. New Delhi, 2008.
13. Bersohn M. Dawnia zbrojownia książęt Radziwiłłów w Nieswieżu. Warszawa, 1904.
14. Charles R. Boxer, Macao, Three hundred years ago. As described by Antonio Bocarro in 1635, and now translated
with an introduction and notes // T’ien Hsia Monthly (hereafter THM), 4 (1938) R. 281-316). [Elektronnyy resurs].
URL: http: // publicacoes.foriente.pt/?101,macau-na-epoca-da-restauracao-macao-three-hundred-years-agocharles-
ralph-boxer. (Data obrashcheniya: 20. 03. 2013).
15. Grodzicka M. Zabytkowe dzaiła spiżowe w zbiorach polskich // Studia i Materiały do Historii Wojskowości.
Warszawa, 1960. T. VI / 2.

References (transliteration):
1. Voenno-istoricheskiy muzey artillerii, inzhenernykh voysk i voysk svyazi / Nauchnyy redaktor i sostavi-
tel' V. M. Krylov. SPb., 2001.
2. Gutsol S. Yu. Semioticheskiy podkhod k problemam issledovaniya mifa. [Elektronnyy resurs].
URL: http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/znpip /2/2010_ 6/st11.pdf. (Data obrashcheniya: 18. 03. 2013).
3. Doba get'mana ?vana Mazepi v dokumentakh / Uporyad.: S. O. Pavlenko. K., 2007.
4. Lotman Yu. M. O semiosfere // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
5. Lotman Yu. M. Semiotika kul'tury i ponyatie teksta // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
6. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst v tekste // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
7. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst i poliglotizm kul'tury // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. – Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
8. Lotman Yu. M. Tekst i funktsiya // Izbrannye stat'i v trekh tomakh. Tallinn, 1992. T.1.
9. Toporov V. N. Peterburgskie teksty i Peterburgskie mify // Mif. Ritual. Simvol. Obraz. Issledovaniya
v oblasti mifopoeticheskogo. M., 1995.
10. Filippova N. V. Informatsionnaya arkhitekturnaya sreda gorodskikh ploshchadey kak gipertekstual'naya
matritsa. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://book.uraic.ru/project/conf/txt/005/archvuz26_pril/21/template_
article-ar=K41-60-k47.htm. (Data obrashcheniya: 09. 02. 2013).
11. Badecki K. Leonard Herle ludwisarz i jego lwowskie działa 1544–1572. Studium archiwalno-muzealne. Lwow, 1932.
12. Balasubramaniam R. The saga of Indian cannons. New Delhi, 2008.
13. Bersohn M. Dawnia zbrojownia książęt Radziwiłłów w Nieswieżu. Warszawa, 1904.
14. Charles R. Boxer, Macao, Three hundred years ago. As described by Antonio Bocarro in 1635, and now translated
with an introduction and notes // T’ien Hsia Monthly (hereafter THM), 4 (1938) R. 281-316). [Elektronnyy resurs].
URL: http: // publicacoes.foriente.pt/?101,macau-na-epoca-da-restauracao-macao-three-hundred-years-agocharles-
ralph-boxer. (Data obrashcheniya: 20. 03. 2013).
15. Grodzicka M. Zabytkowe dzaiła spiżowe w zbiorach polskich // Studia i Materiały do Historii Wojskowości.
Warszawa, 1960. T. VI / 2.