Review: The author of the article provides a brief review of the creative work by Michael Yudin, the Russian composer and Leningrad and Kazan Conservatory professor (1893-1948). The uniqueness and diversity of Yudin's work was highly valued by musical culture figures of Leningrad and Kazan.  One of the purpose of this article is to describe main aspects of Yudin's musical creativity in 1942-1948 in Kazan. The teacher, public figure, and the author of many chorus compositions, Yudin became the first dean of the choral faculty in Kazan conservatory that was opened in 1945. As a result of Kazan's archives research, the author of the article managed to reestablish the history of creation of some works and to clarify the details of missing or previously misinterpreted facts. Yudin contributed to the development of opera in Tatarstan (in particular, his opera "Farida" written in 1944) during the era of intense formation of national musical cultures; Yudin also had an effective cooperation with the Tatar composer Saydashev ("Milaya Hafiza", 1943) and accordionist Tuishev ("Pioneer Suite" for string quartet).  It was he who created the Kazan Conservatory Choir.

Keywords: musical comedy, Tatar opera, national republics' music, co-authorship, Tatarstan Composers Union, Kazan of the 1940s, Mikhail Yudin, Salikh Saydashev, Faizulla Tuishev, Kazan Conservatory

References:
Yudin M.A. - Saydashev S. Muzykal'naya komediya «Khafizәlәm irkәm» («Milaya Khafiza»). Kazan': Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2002. S. 79-158.
Yudin M.A. «Pionerskaya syuita» (obrabotka muzyki F.K. Tuisheva dlya strunnogo kvarteta) // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina. - Rukopis'
Yudin M.A. Opera «Farida». Klavir i partitura // Semeynyy arkhiv M. A. Yudina. - Rukopis'
Yudin M.A. Sozdadim khorovuyu kapellu // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina.
Shakhnazarova N. Razvitie muzykal'nykh kul'tur Soyuznykh respublik// Muzyka XX veka. Ocherki. Ch. 2 (1917-1945). Kn. 4. M., 1984. S. 154-199.
Stepanov V.P. Pis'mo M. A. Yudinu ot 2.04.1947 goda // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina - Rukopis'.
Tyulin Yu.N. Kharakteristika M.A. Yudina // Arkh. SPbGK [Arkhiv Sankt-Peterburgskoy gos. konservatorii im. N.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova] / Lichnye dela professorsko-prepodavatel'skogo sostava. D. 268. L. 76.
Urazgil'deev R. Vladimir Vlasov – pervoprokhodets muzykal'nogo iskusstva Kyrgyzstana [Elektronnyy resurs] // Slovo Kyrgyzstana, 13 dekabrya, 2013. URL: http://slovo.kg/?p=28355 (data obrashcheniya – 2.10.2016)
Shafer N. Sozdatel' gimna i ne tol'ko… [Elektronnyy resurs]: K 100-letiyu E.G. Brusilovskogo// Naum Shafer. Knigi i raboty. 15 noyabrya, 2005 goda. URL: http://shafer.pavlodar.com/works/brusilovskiy100.htm (data obrashcheniya-2.10.2016)
Sakharov L.N. [Vystuplenie na soveshchanii kompozitorov natsional'nykh respublik RSFSR ot 22 yanvarya 1948 goda] / Stenogramma soveshchaniya. Tom 2 // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 19. L. 78.
Romanov V. Lichnost' v istorii – Anton Eykhenval'd [Elektronnyy resurs]: k 140-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya kompozitora, pedagoga i obshchestvennogo deyatelya // Bashinform.rf. Informatsionnoe agenstvo. Ufa, 1 maya 2015. URL: http://www.bashinform.ru/news/725452-lichnost-v-istorii-anton-eykhenvald-k-140-letiyu-so-dnya-rozhdeniya-kompozitora-pedagoga-i-obshchest/ (data obrashcheniya - 2.10.2016)
Salikhova L.I. Tatarskaya opernaya studiya pri Moskovskoy gosudarstvennoy konservatorii (1934-1938) v kontekste muzykal'noy kul'tury Tatarii 1930-kh gg. XX veka. Avtoreferat diss… kand. isk. Kazan', 2009. 28 s.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (9 yanvarya – 17 dekabrya 1947) // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 14. 43 l.
Kantor G.M. Kazan'-Muzyka-XX vek. Issledovatel'skie ocherki. Kazan': Izdatel'skiy dom «Titul-Kazan'», 2007. 424 s.
Kuznetsov A. Tvortsy i interpretatory. Ocherki o kirgizskikh muzykantakh. Bishkek: Izd-vo KRSU, 2009. 343 s.
Konen Valentina Dzhozefovna [Elektronnyy resurs] // Moskovskaya konservatoriya im. P.I. Chaykovskogo / Personalii. URL: http://www.mosconsv.ru/ru/ person.aspx?id =38135 (data obrashcheniya: 9.09.2016).
Maklygin A.L. Muzykal'nye kul'tury Srednego Povolzh'ya. Stanovlenie professionalizma. M-vo kul'tury Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya (akad.) im. N. G. Zhiganova. Kazan': Kazanskaya gos. Konservatoriya, 2000. 311 s.
Porfir'eva E.V. Muzykal'noe obrazovanie v Kazani (konets XVIII – nachalo XX veka). M-vo kul'tury Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya (akad.) im. N.G. Zhiganova. Kazan' : Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya, 2014. 246 s.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (23 iyulya – 29 dekabrya 1942 g.) // NA RT. F. 7057 (Arkh. Soyuza kompozitorov). Op. 1. Ed. khr. 8. 36 l.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (1 aprelya 1943 – 20 noyabrya 1945) // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 9. 47 l.
Prikazy direktora teatra (podlinnye) i materialy k nim (2 oktyabrya 1944 – 31 dekabrya 1944) // NA RT. F. 6663. Op.1. Ed.khr. 58. 206 l.
Protokoly Khudozhestvennogo Soveta Tatarskogo gosudarstvennogo teatra opery i baleta (30 maya 1944 – 25 noyabrya 1944) // NA RT. F. 6663. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 59. 16 l.
Prikazy direktora teatra (podlinnye) i materialy k nim (5 iyulya 1944-27 sentyabrya 1944) // NA RT [Nats. arkh. Respubliki Tatarstan]. F. 6663 (Tatarskiy gosudarstvennyy teatr opery i baleta). Op. 1. Ed. khr. 57. 151 l.
Asaf'ev B.V. Otzyv o M.A. Yudine // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina. 2 s. - Rukopisnaya kopiya.
Voropaeva V. Fere Vladimir Georgievich. U istokov professional'nogo muzykal'nogo iskusstva… [Elektronnyy resurs]/ Istoricheskie lichnosti Kyrgyzstana. 24.02.2012 URL: http://www.time.kg/istoricheskie-lichnosti-kyrgyzstana/3166-fere-vladimir-georgievich.html (data obrashcheniya-2.10.2016)
Gulinskaya Z. Reyngol'd Moritsevich Glier. M.: «Muzyka», 1986. 224 s.
Zakirov I., Biktagirova Z. Fayzulla Tuishev – pervyy tatarskiy professional'nyy garmonist // Megarif. RF: elektronnyy pedagogicheskiy zhurnal. Dop. obrazovanie. 2015. ¹ 33. URL: http://magarif.rf/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/F.K.Tuishev-STA.doc (data obrashcheniya – 16.09.2016)

References (transliteration):
Yudin M.A. - Saydashev S. Muzykal'naya komediya «Khafizәlәm irkәm» («Milaya Khafiza»). Kazan': Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2002. S. 79-158.
Yudin M.A. «Pionerskaya syuita» (obrabotka muzyki F.K. Tuisheva dlya strunnogo kvarteta) // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina. - Rukopis'
Yudin M.A. Opera «Farida». Klavir i partitura // Semeynyy arkhiv M. A. Yudina. - Rukopis'
Yudin M.A. Sozdadim khorovuyu kapellu // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina.
Shakhnazarova N. Razvitie muzykal'nykh kul'tur Soyuznykh respublik// Muzyka XX veka. Ocherki. Ch. 2 (1917-1945). Kn. 4. M., 1984. S. 154-199.
Stepanov V.P. Pis'mo M. A. Yudinu ot 2.04.1947 goda // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina - Rukopis'.
Tyulin Yu.N. Kharakteristika M.A. Yudina // Arkh. SPbGK [Arkhiv Sankt-Peterburgskoy gos. konservatorii im. N.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova] / Lichnye dela professorsko-prepodavatel'skogo sostava. D. 268. L. 76.
Urazgil'deev R. Vladimir Vlasov – pervoprokhodets muzykal'nogo iskusstva Kyrgyzstana [Elektronnyy resurs] // Slovo Kyrgyzstana, 13 dekabrya, 2013. URL: http://slovo.kg/?p=28355 (data obrashcheniya – 2.10.2016)
Shafer N. Sozdatel' gimna i ne tol'ko… [Elektronnyy resurs]: K 100-letiyu E.G. Brusilovskogo// Naum Shafer. Knigi i raboty. 15 noyabrya, 2005 goda. URL: http://shafer.pavlodar.com/works/brusilovskiy100.htm (data obrashcheniya-2.10.2016)
Sakharov L.N. [Vystuplenie na soveshchanii kompozitorov natsional'nykh respublik RSFSR ot 22 yanvarya 1948 goda] / Stenogramma soveshchaniya. Tom 2 // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 19. L. 78.
Romanov V. Lichnost' v istorii – Anton Eykhenval'd [Elektronnyy resurs]: k 140-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya kompozitora, pedagoga i obshchestvennogo deyatelya // Bashinform.rf. Informatsionnoe agenstvo. Ufa, 1 maya 2015. URL: http://www.bashinform.ru/news/725452-lichnost-v-istorii-anton-eykhenvald-k-140-letiyu-so-dnya-rozhdeniya-kompozitora-pedagoga-i-obshchest/ (data obrashcheniya - 2.10.2016)
Salikhova L.I. Tatarskaya opernaya studiya pri Moskovskoy gosudarstvennoy konservatorii (1934-1938) v kontekste muzykal'noy kul'tury Tatarii 1930-kh gg. XX veka. Avtoreferat diss… kand. isk. Kazan', 2009. 28 s.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (9 yanvarya – 17 dekabrya 1947) // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 14. 43 l.
Kantor G.M. Kazan'-Muzyka-XX vek. Issledovatel'skie ocherki. Kazan': Izdatel'skiy dom «Titul-Kazan'», 2007. 424 s.
Kuznetsov A. Tvortsy i interpretatory. Ocherki o kirgizskikh muzykantakh. Bishkek: Izd-vo KRSU, 2009. 343 s.
Konen Valentina Dzhozefovna [Elektronnyy resurs] // Moskovskaya konservatoriya im. P.I. Chaykovskogo / Personalii. URL: http://www.mosconsv.ru/ru/ person.aspx?id =38135 (data obrashcheniya: 9.09.2016).
Maklygin A.L. Muzykal'nye kul'tury Srednego Povolzh'ya. Stanovlenie professionalizma. M-vo kul'tury Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya (akad.) im. N. G. Zhiganova. Kazan': Kazanskaya gos. Konservatoriya, 2000. 311 s.
Porfir'eva E.V. Muzykal'noe obrazovanie v Kazani (konets XVIII – nachalo XX veka). M-vo kul'tury Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya (akad.) im. N.G. Zhiganova. Kazan' : Kazanskaya gos. konservatoriya, 2014. 246 s.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (23 iyulya – 29 dekabrya 1942 g.) // NA RT. F. 7057 (Arkh. Soyuza kompozitorov). Op. 1. Ed. khr. 8. 36 l.
Protokoly tvorcheskikh sobraniy Soyuza sovetskikh kompozitorov TASSR (1 aprelya 1943 – 20 noyabrya 1945) // NA RT. F. 7057. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 9. 47 l.
Prikazy direktora teatra (podlinnye) i materialy k nim (2 oktyabrya 1944 – 31 dekabrya 1944) // NA RT. F. 6663. Op.1. Ed.khr. 58. 206 l.
Protokoly Khudozhestvennogo Soveta Tatarskogo gosudarstvennogo teatra opery i baleta (30 maya 1944 – 25 noyabrya 1944) // NA RT. F. 6663. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 59. 16 l.
Prikazy direktora teatra (podlinnye) i materialy k nim (5 iyulya 1944-27 sentyabrya 1944) // NA RT [Nats. arkh. Respubliki Tatarstan]. F. 6663 (Tatarskiy gosudarstvennyy teatr opery i baleta). Op. 1. Ed. khr. 57. 151 l.
Asaf'ev B.V. Otzyv o M.A. Yudine // Semeynyy arkhiv M.A. Yudina. 2 s. - Rukopisnaya kopiya.
Voropaeva V. Fere Vladimir Georgievich. U istokov professional'nogo muzykal'nogo iskusstva… [Elektronnyy resurs]/ Istoricheskie lichnosti Kyrgyzstana. 24.02.2012 URL: http://www.time.kg/istoricheskie-lichnosti-kyrgyzstana/3166-fere-vladimir-georgievich.html (data obrashcheniya-2.10.2016)
Gulinskaya Z. Reyngol'd Moritsevich Glier. M.: «Muzyka», 1986. 224 s.
Zakirov I., Biktagirova Z. Fayzulla Tuishev – pervyy tatarskiy professional'nyy garmonist // Megarif. RF: elektronnyy pedagogicheskiy zhurnal. Dop. obrazovanie. 2015. ¹ 33. URL: http://magarif.rf/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/F.K.Tuishev-STA.doc (data obrashcheniya – 16.09.2016)

Review: Used by the Bengal Renaissance thinkers in the process of understanding of Other, a method of dialogical hermeneutics is reconstructed in the article. The method is described as a mental phenomenon and general way of understanding the Other, the latter is being represented by the Western culture and its representatives. The generality of the method depends on both circumstances of colonial urban society and educational and scientific development in India and general aspiration to revive as well as general aspiration of Bengal intellectuals to revive and develop India. Admitting the presence of some general method of understanding, the author reconstructs the method based on the phenomenological approach and analysis of texts created by the key persons of the epoch. The methodology helps to present a structure and peculiarities of the process of understaning as well as working of dialogic hermeneutics. Dialogic hermeneutics is described as a trajectory of the thought moving that proceeds from the aspiration to find universal grounds behind differences of cultures and points of contacts and similarity of traditions, and then it moves from an exposing the deep similarity to an understanding of differences as a result of many-sides of life. This method opened new ways of self-cognition for Indian culture and created “understanding as an event” (M. Buber) owing to which India opened herself to interaction with the modern world.

Keywords: liberalism, hermeneutics, method of understanding, understanding of the Other, the Bengal Renaissance, Indian philosophy, Indian culture, East–West dialogue, conservatism, self-cognition of culture

References:
Averintsev S. S. Svyaz' vremen. Kiev, 2005.
Aurobindo Shri. Dukhovnoe vozrozhdenie. Sochineniya na bengali. SPb., 2005.
Buber M. Dva obraza very. M., 1999.
Gadamer G. G. Aktual'nost' prekrasnogo. M., 1991.
Gesse G. Stepnoy volk. Igra v biser. M., 2003.
Pomerants G. S., Mirkina Z. N. V teni Vavilonskoy bashni. 2-e izd. M., 2012.
Rashkovskiy E. B. Nauchnoe znanie, instituty nauki i intelligentsiya v stranakh Vostoka XIX–XX vv. M., 1990.
Skorokhodova T. G. Anglofil'stvo bengal'skikh intellektualov: put' k sebe ot priznaniya Drugogo // Voprosy filosofii. 2013. ¹ 6. S. 118–128.
Skorokhodova T. G. Bengal'skoe Vozrozhdenie. Ocherki istorii sotsiokul'turnogo sinteza v indiyskoy filosofskoy mysli Novogo vremeni. SPb., 2008.
Skorokhodova T. G. Drugoy v traditsii induizma i filosofii Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya: opyt sopostavleniya // Zografskiy sbornik. Vyp. 3. Otv. red. Ya. V. Vasil'kov. SPb.: MAE RAN, 2013. S. 191–207.
Skorokhodova T. G. “Palomnichestvo v stranu Zapada” v opyte mysliteley Bengal'skogo Renessansa // Voprosy filosofii. 2011. ¹ 11. S. 163–173.
Skorokhodova T. G. Rammokhan Ray, rodonachal'nik Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya. SPb., 2008.
Tagor R. Osoznanie istiny // Kur'er YuNESKO. 1994. Mart. S. 38–39.
Tagor R. Sobranie sochineniy v 12 tt. / Per. s beng. i angl. M., 1961–1965.
Awakening in Bengal in the Early Nineteenth Century. Selected Documents / Ed. by G. Chattopadhyaya. Calcutta, 1965.
Banerjea Krishna Mohun. Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy. L.–Edinburgh, 1861.
Bankim‘s Hinduism. An Anthology of Writing by Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay. Ed. by. Amiya P. Sen. New Delhi, 2011.
Chaudhuri N. Autobiography of Unknown Indian. Mumbai, Delhi, 2003.
Chaudhuri N. Ch. The Intellectual in India. New Delhi, 1967.
Collet S. D. The Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Roy. Calcutta, 1962.
Dasgupta Subrata.The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore. Delhi, 2012.
Flora G. The Evolution of Positivism in Bengal: Jogendra Chandra Ghosh, Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay, Benoy Kumar Sarkar. Napoli, 1993.
Halbfass W. India and Europe. An Essay of Philosophical Understanding. Albany, 1988.
Justyński Janusz. Mysl Spoleczna i Politiczna Renesansu Indyiskiego, od Rama Mohana Raya do Rabindranata Tagora. Warszawa etc., 1985
Kopf D. British Orientalism and Bengal Renaissance. Berkeley, 1969.
Poddar A. Renaissance in Bengal. Quests and Confrontations.1800–1860. Simla, 1970.
Poddar A. Renaissance in Bengal. Search for Identity. 1860–1919. Simla, 1977.
Roy Raja Rammohun. The English Works. Ed. by J. C. Ghose. In 4 vols. New Delhi, 1982.
Sarkar Susobhan. Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays. New Delhi, etc., 1970.
Vivekananda Swami. Complete Works. In 9 vols. Mayavati – Almora, 1998–2002

References (transliteration):
Averintsev S. S. Svyaz' vremen. Kiev, 2005.
Aurobindo Shri. Dukhovnoe vozrozhdenie. Sochineniya na bengali. SPb., 2005.
Buber M. Dva obraza very. M., 1999.
Gadamer G. G. Aktual'nost' prekrasnogo. M., 1991.
Gesse G. Stepnoy volk. Igra v biser. M., 2003.
Pomerants G. S., Mirkina Z. N. V teni Vavilonskoy bashni. 2-e izd. M., 2012.
Rashkovskiy E. B. Nauchnoe znanie, instituty nauki i intelligentsiya v stranakh Vostoka XIX–XX vv. M., 1990.
Skorokhodova T. G. Anglofil'stvo bengal'skikh intellektualov: put' k sebe ot priznaniya Drugogo // Voprosy filosofii. 2013. ¹ 6. S. 118–128.
Skorokhodova T. G. Bengal'skoe Vozrozhdenie. Ocherki istorii sotsiokul'turnogo sinteza v indiyskoy filosofskoy mysli Novogo vremeni. SPb., 2008.
Skorokhodova T. G. Drugoy v traditsii induizma i filosofii Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya: opyt sopostavleniya // Zografskiy sbornik. Vyp. 3. Otv. red. Ya. V. Vasil'kov. SPb.: MAE RAN, 2013. S. 191–207.
Skorokhodova T. G. “Palomnichestvo v stranu Zapada” v opyte mysliteley Bengal'skogo Renessansa // Voprosy filosofii. 2011. ¹ 11. S. 163–173.
Skorokhodova T. G. Rammokhan Ray, rodonachal'nik Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya. SPb., 2008.
Tagor R. Osoznanie istiny // Kur'er YuNESKO. 1994. Mart. S. 38–39.
Tagor R. Sobranie sochineniy v 12 tt. / Per. s beng. i angl. M., 1961–1965.
Awakening in Bengal in the Early Nineteenth Century. Selected Documents / Ed. by G. Chattopadhyaya. Calcutta, 1965.
Banerjea Krishna Mohun. Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy. L.–Edinburgh, 1861.
Bankim‘s Hinduism. An Anthology of Writing by Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay. Ed. by. Amiya P. Sen. New Delhi, 2011.
Chaudhuri N. Autobiography of Unknown Indian. Mumbai, Delhi, 2003.
Chaudhuri N. Ch. The Intellectual in India. New Delhi, 1967.
Collet S. D. The Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Roy. Calcutta, 1962.
Dasgupta Subrata.The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore. Delhi, 2012.
Flora G. The Evolution of Positivism in Bengal: Jogendra Chandra Ghosh, Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay, Benoy Kumar Sarkar. Napoli, 1993.
Halbfass W. India and Europe. An Essay of Philosophical Understanding. Albany, 1988.
Justyński Janusz. Mysl Spoleczna i Politiczna Renesansu Indyiskiego, od Rama Mohana Raya do Rabindranata Tagora. Warszawa etc., 1985
Kopf D. British Orientalism and Bengal Renaissance. Berkeley, 1969.
Poddar A. Renaissance in Bengal. Quests and Confrontations.1800–1860. Simla, 1970.
Poddar A. Renaissance in Bengal. Search for Identity. 1860–1919. Simla, 1977.
Roy Raja Rammohun. The English Works. Ed. by J. C. Ghose. In 4 vols. New Delhi, 1982.
Sarkar Susobhan. Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays. New Delhi, etc., 1970.
Vivekananda Swami. Complete Works. In 9 vols. Mayavati – Almora, 1998–2002

Review: In the previous article a hypothesis was proposed that the United States is a subcivilizacional community, which is different from Europe by the specific form of American individualism. In this article we consider, first, the specific forms of collectivism, existing on two levels: at the micro level in the various communities and clubs as an American "bourgeois community" and American democratic institutions at the macro level of the country. Secondly, the three forms of American individuality, specify the national specifics of the United States and compare them with a form of individualism with European counterparts to clarify the subcivilizacional specifics of the United States. Thirdly, a comparison of American and Russian forms of individualism and collectivism.There is used the comparative-historical analysis using previously developed system concepts, in the heart of the concept are notions of civilization, subcivilizacion and national communities, emerging around the "cultural core". There is introduced the concept of "bourgeois community" contrasting with the characteristic for the Russian “narodnik” discourse the notion of "community", a prototype of which was "peasant community". A concentrated presentation of the development of American democratic institutions at the macro level is done. There is identified and discussed three types of American identity, reflecting the specificity of the three regions of the United States: New England, the South and the West. The comparison of types of collectivity and identity in the United States and Russia, as well as the focus of their cultures (degree of pragmatism and idealism) is done.

Keywords: bourgeois community, nation, subcivilizacion, individualism, ethnic, Russia, Europe, USA, individuality, frontier

References:
Lipkin, A.I. Rossiya mezhdu nesovremennymi «prikaznymi» institutami i sovremennoy demokraticheskoy kul'turoy // "Mir Rossii" 2012 (4) s. 40-62.
Lipkin, A.I. «Dukhovnoe» i «politicheskoe» «yadra» «lokal'noy tsivilizatsii» i ikh stolknovenie v istorii Rossii. Preprint WP17/2012/01 Seriya WP17.Nauchnye doklady Laboratorii sravnitel'nogo analiza razvitiya postsotsialisticheskikh obshchestv M.: VShE, 2012. http://www.hse.ru/data/2012/04/10/1251631302/WP17_2012_01_f.pdf.
Lipkin, A.I. "Dukhovnoe yadro" tsivilizatsionnoy obshchnosti // «Sintez tsivilizatsii i kul'tury». Mezhdunarodnyy al'manakh. M. : INION RAN, 2004.
Lipkin A.I. Subtsivilizatsionnaya spetsifika SShA. 1. Amerikanskiy individualizm // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. – 2014. – ¹ 6. – S. 618-633. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2014.6.13365.
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Lerner M. Razvitie tsivilizatsii v Amerike, Obraz zhizni i mysley v Soedinennykh Shtatakh segodnya. T.1-2. M.: Raduga, 1992
Lipkin A.I. K voprosu o ponyatiyakh natsional'noy obshchnosti i natsional'nogo «kul'turnogo yadra» // Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 2012, ¹ 4 – 5, s. 155-176.
Vev'erka M. Formirovanie razlichiy // Sotsis. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya : Nauchnyy i obshchestvenno-politicheskiy zhurnal . – M. : Nauka, 08/2005 . – N8 . – S.13-24.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: demokraticheskiy opyt. M.: «Progress»-«Litera», 1993.
Burstin D. Amerikantsy: natsional'nyy opyt. M.: «Progress» – «Litera», 1993.
Burstin D. Amerikantsy: kolonial'nyy opyt. M. : «Progress» – «Litera», 1993.
Morozova, T.L. Spor o cheloveke v amerikanskoy literature. M.: Nauka, 1990
Tokvil', A.de. Demokratiya v Amerike. M. .: Progress,1992.
Khantington S. Kto my? Vyzovy amerikanskoy natsional'noy identichnosti. M. :Tranzitkniga, 2004.
Shlezinger A.M. Tsikly amerikanskoy istorii. M.: Progress, 1992.
Lapeyrouse, St. L. Towards the Spiritual Convergence of America and Russia: American Mind and Russian Soul, American Individulity and Russian Community, and the Potent Alchemy of National Characteristics. Calif. 1990.
Persons S. American Minds. A history of Ideas. Univ of Iowa. 1983
Robertson W. The History of America, vol. III. London, 1821

References (transliteration):
Lipkin, A.I. Rossiya mezhdu nesovremennymi «prikaznymi» institutami i sovremennoy demokraticheskoy kul'turoy // "Mir Rossii" 2012 (4) s. 40-62.
Lipkin, A.I. «Dukhovnoe» i «politicheskoe» «yadra» «lokal'noy tsivilizatsii» i ikh stolknovenie v istorii Rossii. Preprint WP17/2012/01 Seriya WP17.Nauchnye doklady Laboratorii sravnitel'nogo analiza razvitiya postsotsialisticheskikh obshchestv M.: VShE, 2012. http://www.hse.ru/data/2012/04/10/1251631302/WP17_2012_01_f.pdf.
Lipkin, A.I. "Dukhovnoe yadro" tsivilizatsionnoy obshchnosti // «Sintez tsivilizatsii i kul'tury». Mezhdunarodnyy al'manakh. M. : INION RAN, 2004.
Lipkin A.I. Subtsivilizatsionnaya spetsifika SShA. 1. Amerikanskiy individualizm // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. – 2014. – ¹ 6. – S. 618-633. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2014.6.13365.
Lipkin A.I. K evolyutsii mul'tikul'turnykh obshchestv. (Mezhtsivilizatsionnye aspekty v usloviyakh globalizatsii) // Ot riskov nestabil'nosti k ustoychivomu razvitiyu. Chast' II. Dilemmy mul'tikul'turalizma i natsionalizma. M.: IE RAN, 2011.
Lerner M. Razvitie tsivilizatsii v Amerike, Obraz zhizni i mysley v Soedinennykh Shtatakh segodnya. T.1-2. M.: Raduga, 1992
Lipkin A.I. K voprosu o ponyatiyakh natsional'noy obshchnosti i natsional'nogo «kul'turnogo yadra» // Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 2012, ¹ 4 – 5, s. 155-176.
Vev'erka M. Formirovanie razlichiy // Sotsis. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya : Nauchnyy i obshchestvenno-politicheskiy zhurnal . – M. : Nauka, 08/2005 . – N8 . – S.13-24.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: demokraticheskiy opyt. M.: «Progress»-«Litera», 1993.
Burstin D. Amerikantsy: natsional'nyy opyt. M.: «Progress» – «Litera», 1993.
Burstin D. Amerikantsy: kolonial'nyy opyt. M. : «Progress» – «Litera», 1993.
Morozova, T.L. Spor o cheloveke v amerikanskoy literature. M.: Nauka, 1990
Tokvil', A.de. Demokratiya v Amerike. M. .: Progress,1992.
Khantington S. Kto my? Vyzovy amerikanskoy natsional'noy identichnosti. M. :Tranzitkniga, 2004.
Shlezinger A.M. Tsikly amerikanskoy istorii. M.: Progress, 1992.
Lapeyrouse, St. L. Towards the Spiritual Convergence of America and Russia: American Mind and Russian Soul, American Individulity and Russian Community, and the Potent Alchemy of National Characteristics. Calif. 1990.
Persons S. American Minds. A history of Ideas. Univ of Iowa. 1983
Robertson W. The History of America, vol. III. London, 1821

Review: The article is devoted to the relationship between culture and civilization. Within the framework of the research, civilization is interpreted as the external expression of culture while culture is the content of civilization. Culture and civilization develop in different directions because civilization moves towards the greatest possible objectivity while culture develops retaining its subjective nature. This creates a growing tension in the relationship between civilization and culture. Civilization does not try to get rid of subjectivity, however, natural or socio-humanitarian sciences are unable to offer ways to do it. The present article was written based on the analysis and synthesis of the terms ‘culture’, ‘civilization’ and ‘subjectivity’ in the history of science. The author of the article also uses the method of rising from the abstract to the concrete. The author offers his own definition of the term ‘subjectivity’ in terms of the relationship between culture and civilization. According to the author, the ‘building’ of modern civilization is built upon the outrageous discrepancy between the speeding movement towards the globalized humanity (following the way of technological progress that involves the society and human himself and transforms the latter into an objective and controlled element) and the level of understanding the nature of this movement.

Keywords: Horror zivilizationis, civilization, culture, subjectivity, progress, natural sciences, socio-humanitarian sciences, noosphere, technical development, rationality.

References:
Parsons T. O strukture sotsial'nogo deystviya. — M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2000.-880 s.
Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy. M.: Progress, 1977. – 300 s.
Kondorse Zh.A. Eskiz istoricheskoy kartiny progressa chelovecheskogo razuma. // URL: http://larevolution.ru/books/Condorcet-5.html.
Gurevich P.S. Plenitel'noe mertsanie tsivilizatsii // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2014.-10.-C. 1389-1392. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.10.13119.
Gol'bakh P.A. Sistema prirody // Pol' Anri Gol'bakh. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v dvukh tomakh. T. 1. M.: Izd-vo sots-ek. lit-ry, 1963.-715 s.
Viner N. Ya – matematik. M.: Nauka, 1964-354 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Neskol'ko slov o noosfere (1944) // URL: http://vernadsky.lib.ru/e-texts/archive/noos.html
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2009-464 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Filosofskie mysli naturalista. M.: Nauka, 1988.-520 s.
Smit A. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov // URL: http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/adam-smith/wealth-nations.pdf
Khaydegger M. Vopros o tekhnike // Martin Khaydegger Vremya i bytie. M.: Respublika, 1993. – 447 s.

References (transliteration):
Parsons T. O strukture sotsial'nogo deystviya. — M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2000.-880 s.
Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy. M.: Progress, 1977. – 300 s.
Kondorse Zh.A. Eskiz istoricheskoy kartiny progressa chelovecheskogo razuma. // URL: http://larevolution.ru/books/Condorcet-5.html.
Gurevich P.S. Plenitel'noe mertsanie tsivilizatsii // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2014.-10.-C. 1389-1392. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.10.13119.
Gol'bakh P.A. Sistema prirody // Pol' Anri Gol'bakh. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v dvukh tomakh. T. 1. M.: Izd-vo sots-ek. lit-ry, 1963.-715 s.
Viner N. Ya – matematik. M.: Nauka, 1964-354 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Neskol'ko slov o noosfere (1944) // URL: http://vernadsky.lib.ru/e-texts/archive/noos.html
Bulgakov S.N. Filosofiya khozyaystva. M.: Institut russkoy tsivilizatsii, 2009-464 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Filosofskie mysli naturalista. M.: Nauka, 1988.-520 s.
Smit A. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov // URL: http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/adam-smith/wealth-nations.pdf
Khaydegger M. Vopros o tekhnike // Martin Khaydegger Vremya i bytie. M.: Respublika, 1993. – 447 s.

Review: The author describes the definition and genesis of American individualism forming the basis of subcivilizational particularity of the USA compared to Europe and especially Russia. Individualism is a result of a certain ‘life style’ and colonization of a new continent. The main ideals of individualism are a ‘self made man’, ‘American dream’, success, competition and risk. The American individualism is viewed based on the examples of such typical American phenomena as land, gold, oil, meat ‘rush’, growth of cities and colleges, development of technology, education, science and culture. In his research the author has carried out comparative historical analysis by using the developed conceptual framework centered on the concepts of civilizational and subcivilizational communities that are being formed around the ‘cultural core’. Besides describing an important element of North American subcivilizational cultural core the author also shows that it is the subcivilizational particularity of American individualism created during the formation of the USA in the 17th – 19th centuries which is the main cause of the USA’s leading position in the modern post-industrial world. The author also describes the socio-cultural grounds of the American tendency towards the ‘direct action’ and simpler forms of high culture.

Keywords: Post-industrial, the cult of rush, land rush, life style, self made man, the cult of success, American dream, individualism, subcivilization, direct action.

References:
Rifkin J. The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream [Text] / J. Rifkin.-New York: Jeremy P. Tacher / Penguin. New York. 2004. – 448.
Smith J. E. The Spirit of American Philosophy [Text] / J.E. Smith.-Revised Edition, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1983. – 253.
Realism, naturalism and simbolism: Modes of thought and expression in Europe, 1848-1914 [Text] / [ed. by Stromberg R.N.].-N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1968. xxxvi, 296 p 24 cm
Persons S. American Minds. A history of Ideas. [Text] / S. Persons. – Huntington, N.Y., R. E. Krieger Pub. Cob 1975.-xii, 527.
Lapeyrouse St. L. Towards the Spiritual Convergence of America and Russia: American Mind and Russian Soul, American Individulity and Russian Community, and the Potent Alchemy of National Characteristics [Text] / StL. Lapeyrouse.-Santa Cruz, Calif., USA : S. Lapeyrouse 1990.-168.
Bell D. The coming of post-industrial society; A venture in social forecasting [Text] / D. Bell.-N.Y.: Basic Books,1973.-XIII, 507.
Bell D. The cultural contradictions of capitalism [Text] / D. Bell.-N.Y. .: Basic Books, 1976.-XXXIV, 301.
Cohen E. A Consumers' Republic. The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, [Text] / E.A. Cohen.-N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. 567.
Gavin, W.M. and Blakely, T.J. Russia and America; a philosophical Comparison (Development and Change of Outlook from the 19th to the 20th Century) [Text] / Dordrecht-Holland/ Boston-U.S.A., 1976. – 115.
Fomina V.N. Postindustrial'noe obshchestvo [Tekst] / V.N. Fomina // Sovremennaya zapadnaya sotsiologiya (slovar'). M., 1990.
Russkaya ideya [Tekst]/ Sost. i avt. vstup. stat'i Maslin M.A.-M.: Respublika, 1992.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Vosstanie mass [Tekst] / Kh. Ortega-i-Gasset // Voprosy filosofii, 1989, ¹ 3.
Tokvil', A.de. Demokratiya v Amerike [Tekst] / A. De Tokvil' ; perevod s frants. [gredisl. Garol'da Dzh. Laski]. M. .: Progress,1992. – 554.
Lipkin, A.I. K voprosu o ponyatiyakh "natsional'nroy obshchnosti" i natsional'nogo "kul'turnogo yadra" [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 2012 b, ¹4-5, s.155-176.
Morozova T.L. Spor o cheloveke v amerikanskoy literature [Tekst] / T.L. Morozova. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 334.
Lipkin, A.I. «Dukhovnoe» i «politicheskoe» «yadra» «lokal'noy tsivilizatsii» i ikh stolknovenie v istorii Rossii [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin; Preprint WP17/2012/01 Seriya WP17.Nauchnye doklady Laboratorii sravnitel'nogo analiza razvitiya postsotsialisticheskikh obshchestv M.: VShE, 2012. http://www.hse.ru/data/2012/04/10/1251631302/WP17_2012_01_f.pdf.
Lipkin, A.I. K evolyutsii mul'tikul'turnykh obshchestv. (Mezhtsivilizatsionnye aspekty v usloviyakh globalizatsii) [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // Ot riskov nestabil'nosti k ustoychivomu razvitiyu. Chast' II. Dilemmy mul'tikul'turalizma i natsionalizma. M.: IE RAN, 2011. C. 7-23.
Lipkin, A.I. "Dukhovnoe yadro" tsivilizatsionnoy obshchnosti [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // «Sintez tsivilizatsii i kul'tury». Mezhdunarodnyy al'manakh. M. : INION RAN, 2004. S. 310-340.
Lipkin, A.I. Dukhovnyy krizis i natsional'noe vozrozhdenie (Popytka kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza). Filosofskiy ocherk [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin. – Nizhn. Novg.: Izd-vo Volgo-Vyat. kadrovogo tsentra, 1993. – 55.
Veber, M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Tekst] / M. Veber ; perevod s nem. [Sost., obshch. red. i poslesl. Yu. N. Davydova; Predisl P. P. Gaydenko].— M. : Progress, 1990. —808.
Istoriya vsemirnoy literatury: v 8 tomakh / AN SSSR; In-t mirovoy lit. im. A. M. Gor'kogo. — M.: Nauka, 1983—1994.
Konen, V.D. Ocherki po istorii zarubezhnoy istorii muzyki [Tekst] / V.D. Konen. – M. : Muzyka, 1997. – 640.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: natsional'nyy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 621.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: demokraticheskiy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 832.
Bodriyar, Zh. Amerika [Tekst] / Zh. Bodriyar ; perevod s frantsuzskogo D. Kalugin SPb. : Vladimir Dal', 2000. – 205.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: kolonial'nyy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 480

References (transliteration):
Rifkin J. The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream [Text] / J. Rifkin.-New York: Jeremy P. Tacher / Penguin. New York. 2004. – 448.
Smith J. E. The Spirit of American Philosophy [Text] / J.E. Smith.-Revised Edition, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1983. – 253.
Realism, naturalism and simbolism: Modes of thought and expression in Europe, 1848-1914 [Text] / [ed. by Stromberg R.N.].-N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1968. xxxvi, 296 p 24 cm
Persons S. American Minds. A history of Ideas. [Text] / S. Persons. – Huntington, N.Y., R. E. Krieger Pub. Cob 1975.-xii, 527.
Lapeyrouse St. L. Towards the Spiritual Convergence of America and Russia: American Mind and Russian Soul, American Individulity and Russian Community, and the Potent Alchemy of National Characteristics [Text] / StL. Lapeyrouse.-Santa Cruz, Calif., USA : S. Lapeyrouse 1990.-168.
Bell D. The coming of post-industrial society; A venture in social forecasting [Text] / D. Bell.-N.Y.: Basic Books,1973.-XIII, 507.
Bell D. The cultural contradictions of capitalism [Text] / D. Bell.-N.Y. .: Basic Books, 1976.-XXXIV, 301.
Cohen E. A Consumers' Republic. The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, [Text] / E.A. Cohen.-N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. 567.
Gavin, W.M. and Blakely, T.J. Russia and America; a philosophical Comparison (Development and Change of Outlook from the 19th to the 20th Century) [Text] / Dordrecht-Holland/ Boston-U.S.A., 1976. – 115.
Fomina V.N. Postindustrial'noe obshchestvo [Tekst] / V.N. Fomina // Sovremennaya zapadnaya sotsiologiya (slovar'). M., 1990.
Russkaya ideya [Tekst]/ Sost. i avt. vstup. stat'i Maslin M.A.-M.: Respublika, 1992.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Vosstanie mass [Tekst] / Kh. Ortega-i-Gasset // Voprosy filosofii, 1989, ¹ 3.
Tokvil', A.de. Demokratiya v Amerike [Tekst] / A. De Tokvil' ; perevod s frants. [gredisl. Garol'da Dzh. Laski]. M. .: Progress,1992. – 554.
Lipkin, A.I. K voprosu o ponyatiyakh "natsional'nroy obshchnosti" i natsional'nogo "kul'turnogo yadra" [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 2012 b, ¹4-5, s.155-176.
Morozova T.L. Spor o cheloveke v amerikanskoy literature [Tekst] / T.L. Morozova. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 334.
Lipkin, A.I. «Dukhovnoe» i «politicheskoe» «yadra» «lokal'noy tsivilizatsii» i ikh stolknovenie v istorii Rossii [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin; Preprint WP17/2012/01 Seriya WP17.Nauchnye doklady Laboratorii sravnitel'nogo analiza razvitiya postsotsialisticheskikh obshchestv M.: VShE, 2012. http://www.hse.ru/data/2012/04/10/1251631302/WP17_2012_01_f.pdf.
Lipkin, A.I. K evolyutsii mul'tikul'turnykh obshchestv. (Mezhtsivilizatsionnye aspekty v usloviyakh globalizatsii) [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // Ot riskov nestabil'nosti k ustoychivomu razvitiyu. Chast' II. Dilemmy mul'tikul'turalizma i natsionalizma. M.: IE RAN, 2011. C. 7-23.
Lipkin, A.I. "Dukhovnoe yadro" tsivilizatsionnoy obshchnosti [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin // «Sintez tsivilizatsii i kul'tury». Mezhdunarodnyy al'manakh. M. : INION RAN, 2004. S. 310-340.
Lipkin, A.I. Dukhovnyy krizis i natsional'noe vozrozhdenie (Popytka kul'turno-istoricheskogo analiza). Filosofskiy ocherk [Tekst] / A.I.Lipkin. – Nizhn. Novg.: Izd-vo Volgo-Vyat. kadrovogo tsentra, 1993. – 55.
Veber, M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Tekst] / M. Veber ; perevod s nem. [Sost., obshch. red. i poslesl. Yu. N. Davydova; Predisl P. P. Gaydenko].— M. : Progress, 1990. —808.
Istoriya vsemirnoy literatury: v 8 tomakh / AN SSSR; In-t mirovoy lit. im. A. M. Gor'kogo. — M.: Nauka, 1983—1994.
Konen, V.D. Ocherki po istorii zarubezhnoy istorii muzyki [Tekst] / V.D. Konen. – M. : Muzyka, 1997. – 640.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: natsional'nyy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 621.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: demokraticheskiy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 832.
Bodriyar, Zh. Amerika [Tekst] / Zh. Bodriyar ; perevod s frantsuzskogo D. Kalugin SPb. : Vladimir Dal', 2000. – 205.
Burstin, D. Amerikantsy: kolonial'nyy opyt [Tekst] / D. Burstin ; perevod s angl. [Pod obshch. red. i s komment. V. T. Oleynika]. – M. : «Progress»-«Litera», 1993. – 480

Review: The article is devoted to the role of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the sphere of intangible cultural heritage safeguarding. The author of the article analyzes the content of the Convention and established institutional structure. The author also studies the examples of the implementation of particular projects on intangible cultural values safeguarding. The author concludes that the Convention had played the primary role in protecting intangible cultural values. According to the author, this can be proved by the fact that one of the results of the Convention was the creation of the list of intangible cultural values. The list attracted attention of different states and popularized intangible cultural values. The author also notes that the Convention created the institutional grounds for the safeguarding of intangible cultural values and established such authorities as the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund. Based on the author of the article, that allowed to assign responsible authorities at the international level. The author also states that the establishment of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund financed collectively by the states participating in the project as well as creation of the programs and other initiatives aimed at preservation of intangible cultural values were the guarantee of an efficient execution of activities on preservation of cultural values.

Keywords: International law, UNESCO, Convention, cultural heritage, intangible cultural values, heritage, safeguarding, protection, Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, National Cultural Center.

References:
Belugina G.A. Aktualizatsiya nematerial'nogo kul'turnogo naslediya v muzeyno-vystavochnoy i turistsko-rekreatsionnoy deyatel'nosti. Diss. kand. kul't. Yaroslavl'. 2012.
Kostin A.S. Kostina A.V. Sokhranenie nematerial'nogo kul'turnogo naslediya narodov RF kak prioritet kul'turnoy politiki RF v XXI veke//Kul'turnaya politika. 2008.-¹
S. 59-71. 3. Ch. Beat Graber‬, M. Burri Nenova, ‬ Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment‬, Edward Elgar Publishing‬, 2008.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
E. Clement, Le concept de responsabilité collective de la communauté internationale pour la protection des bien culturels dans les conventions et recommandations de l’UNESCO, Revue belge de droit international, 1993, pp. 534-551
C. Forest. International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage‬ Routledge‬, 2012.‬‬‬‬‬
L. Lixinski, Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law‬, Oxford University Press‬, 2013.‬‬‬‬‬
T.M. Schmitt, The UNESCO Concept of Safeguarding Intqngible Cultural Heritage: its Background and Marakeshi Roots. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2008.
F. Starr, Corporate Responsibility for Cultural Heritage‬: Conservation, Sustainable Development, and Corporate Reputation‬, Routledge‬, 2013.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
K. Stenou, L’Unesco et la géstion de la diversité culturelle : bilan et stratégie, 1946-2004, Etude réalisée par la Division des politiques culturelles et du dialogue interculturel de l’Unesco, Paris, 2004, 25 P.
UNESCO, What is intangible cultural heritage ?. UNESCO. 2008.

References (transliteration):
Belugina G.A. Aktualizatsiya nematerial'nogo kul'turnogo naslediya v muzeyno-vystavochnoy i turistsko-rekreatsionnoy deyatel'nosti. Diss. kand. kul't. Yaroslavl'. 2012.
Kostin A.S. Kostina A.V. Sokhranenie nematerial'nogo kul'turnogo naslediya narodov RF kak prioritet kul'turnoy politiki RF v XXI veke//Kul'turnaya politika. 2008.-¹
S. 59-71. 3. Ch. Beat Graber‬, M. Burri Nenova, ‬ Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment‬, Edward Elgar Publishing‬, 2008.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
E. Clement, Le concept de responsabilité collective de la communauté internationale pour la protection des bien culturels dans les conventions et recommandations de l’UNESCO, Revue belge de droit international, 1993, pp. 534-551
C. Forest. International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage‬ Routledge‬, 2012.‬‬‬‬‬
L. Lixinski, Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law‬, Oxford University Press‬, 2013.‬‬‬‬‬
T.M. Schmitt, The UNESCO Concept of Safeguarding Intqngible Cultural Heritage: its Background and Marakeshi Roots. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2008.
F. Starr, Corporate Responsibility for Cultural Heritage‬: Conservation, Sustainable Development, and Corporate Reputation‬, Routledge‬, 2013.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
K. Stenou, L’Unesco et la géstion de la diversité culturelle : bilan et stratégie, 1946-2004, Etude réalisée par la Division des politiques culturelles et du dialogue interculturel de l’Unesco, Paris, 2004, 25 P.
UNESCO, What is intangible cultural heritage ?. UNESCO. 2008.

Review: Latest Ukrainian events that have led to the disagreements between Russia and the West regarding evaluation of these events return us to the eternal problem about relations between Russia and the West as the two civilizations. Their relations have been developing in a form of a dialogue but there have been periods when the dialogue has been ceased. This is what happened during the First World War which 100th anniversary the world is going to celebrate in 2014. However, the First World War was not the last evidence of a growing conflict between Russia and the West. The Second World War was the next act of this tragedy. Reflecting on the two world wars of the 20th century, the author touches upon one of the most nettlesome questions in history – the misunderstanding that happens between different civilizations and the flare-up of which we are witnessing today. The author of the article makes an attempt not only to understand the damage caused by the clash of civilizations to the culture but also the way culture proves oneself in time of war. In this regard, the author focuses on the mentality of nations entering into a conflict. War is usually studied by historians or, to be more specific, military historians. Very few researchers study the psychological factor of war. However, the author of the present article makes an assumption that the clash of civilization does not only involve the conflict of military capacities but also the conflict of national mentalities. According to the author, by studying the mentality factor as a significant cultural feature in the history of wars, just as the present article does, we can create a new approach to war, the dialogue between civilizations and functions performed by culture in extreme situations.

Keywords: war, civilization, dialogue, mentality, culture, barbarism, statehood, empire, Byzantine tradition, messianism.

Contact information: Khrenov Nikolay Andreevich, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Kozitsky per., d. 5

References:
Bakunin M. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politika. M., 1989;
Berdyaev N. Sud'ba Rossii. Opyty po psikhologii voyny i natsional'nosti. M., 1990;
Veber A. Izbrannoe: Krizis evropeyskoy kul'tury. SPb., 1999;
Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politicheskie otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991;
Dostoevskiy F. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy v 30 t., t. 22., L., 1981;
Dzhonson Ch. Nemezida. Poslednie dni amerikanskoy respubliki. M., 2008;
Dzhivelegov A. Nemetskaya kul'tura i voyna. M., 1915;
Evtushenko E. Sobranie sochineniy v 3-kh t., t. 2. Stikhotvoreniya i poemy. 1965-1972., M., 1984;
Zheffroy G. Reymskiy sobor // Apollon. 1915.,¹ 4-5;
Il'in I. Nashi zadachi. Istoricheskaya sud'ba i budushchee Rossii. Stat'i 1948-1954 godov. V 2-kh t., t. 1., M., 1992;
Mosse D. Natsizm i kul'tura. Ideologiya i kul'tura natsional-sotsializma. M., 2010;
Pushkin A. Sobranie sochineniy v 10 t., t. 3., M., 1960;
Roberts D. Iosif Stalin. Ot Vtoroy mirovoy voyny do "kholodnoy" voyny. 1939-1953., M., 2014;
Rozanov V. V chadu voyny. Stat'i ocherki 1916-1918 gg., M-SPb., 2008;
Solzhenitsyn A. Publitsistika. V 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i i rechi. Yaroslavl'., 1995; v
Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problemy. M., 1994;
Toynbi A. Tsivilizatsiya pered sudom istorii.M., 2003;
Fedotov G. Sud'ba i grekhi Rossii. Izbrannye stat'i po filosofii russkoy istorii i kul'tury., t. 2., SPb., 1992;
Fikhte I. Rechi k nemetskoy natsii. M., 2008
Kenya I.A. Dialog kul'tur russkoy i frantsuzskoy tsivilizatsii: imena i sud'by // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 1. - C. 147 - 165. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.1.523. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_523.html
Kuchinov A.M. Podkhod k analizu politicheskogo protsessa cherez ego vzaimosvyaz' s sotsiokul'turnoy dinamikoy – al'ternativa podkhodu «politicheskoy kul'tury» // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 4. - C. 43 - 52. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.4.5567. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_5567.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Aksiologicheskoe osoznanie idei rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v kontekste natsional'nogo kharaktera // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 12. - C. 135 - 194. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.12.9902. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_9902.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v kontekste filosofskoy traditsii dialoga kul'tur // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 10. - C. 183 - 244. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.10.8848. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8848.html
Boltaevskiy A.A. Saraevskiy krizis: uroki Pervoy mirovoy voyny // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2014. - 3. - C. 37 - 52. DOI: 10.7256/2306-420X.2014.3.11459. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_11459.html
Belyaev V.A. Krizis interkul'tury i «stolknovenie tsivilizatsiy» // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 8. - C. 117 - 146. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.8.662. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_662.html
Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskoy kul'ture kak sposobe politicheskogo bytiya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 102 - 128. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_69.html
Gurevich P.S. Trezvost' mysli, ili apologiya voyny // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 1. - C. 7 - 11. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.1.10769.

References (transliteration):
Bakunin M. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politika. M., 1989;
Berdyaev N. Sud'ba Rossii. Opyty po psikhologii voyny i natsional'nosti. M., 1990;
Veber A. Izbrannoe: Krizis evropeyskoy kul'tury. SPb., 1999;
Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politicheskie otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991;
Dostoevskiy F. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy v 30 t., t. 22., L., 1981;
Dzhonson Ch. Nemezida. Poslednie dni amerikanskoy respubliki. M., 2008;
Dzhivelegov A. Nemetskaya kul'tura i voyna. M., 1915;
Evtushenko E. Sobranie sochineniy v 3-kh t., t. 2. Stikhotvoreniya i poemy. 1965-1972., M., 1984;
Zheffroy G. Reymskiy sobor // Apollon. 1915.,¹ 4-5;
Il'in I. Nashi zadachi. Istoricheskaya sud'ba i budushchee Rossii. Stat'i 1948-1954 godov. V 2-kh t., t. 1., M., 1992;
Mosse D. Natsizm i kul'tura. Ideologiya i kul'tura natsional-sotsializma. M., 2010;
Pushkin A. Sobranie sochineniy v 10 t., t. 3., M., 1960;
Roberts D. Iosif Stalin. Ot Vtoroy mirovoy voyny do "kholodnoy" voyny. 1939-1953., M., 2014;
Rozanov V. V chadu voyny. Stat'i ocherki 1916-1918 gg., M-SPb., 2008;
Solzhenitsyn A. Publitsistika. V 3-kh t., t. 1. Stat'i i rechi. Yaroslavl'., 1995; v
Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problemy. M., 1994;
Toynbi A. Tsivilizatsiya pered sudom istorii.M., 2003;
Fedotov G. Sud'ba i grekhi Rossii. Izbrannye stat'i po filosofii russkoy istorii i kul'tury., t. 2., SPb., 1992;
Fikhte I. Rechi k nemetskoy natsii. M., 2008
Kenya I.A. Dialog kul'tur russkoy i frantsuzskoy tsivilizatsii: imena i sud'by // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 1. - C. 147 - 165. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.1.523. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_523.html
Kuchinov A.M. Podkhod k analizu politicheskogo protsessa cherez ego vzaimosvyaz' s sotsiokul'turnoy dinamikoy – al'ternativa podkhodu «politicheskoy kul'tury» // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva. - 2013. - 4. - C. 43 - 52. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2013.4.5567. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_5567.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Aksiologicheskoe osoznanie idei rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v kontekste natsional'nogo kharaktera // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 12. - C. 135 - 194. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.12.9902. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_9902.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v kontekste filosofskoy traditsii dialoga kul'tur // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 10. - C. 183 - 244. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.10.8848. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8848.html
Boltaevskiy A.A. Saraevskiy krizis: uroki Pervoy mirovoy voyny // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2014. - 3. - C. 37 - 52. DOI: 10.7256/2306-420X.2014.3.11459. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_11459.html
Belyaev V.A. Krizis interkul'tury i «stolknovenie tsivilizatsiy» // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2013. - 8. - C. 117 - 146. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.8.662. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_662.html
Borisenkov A.A. O politicheskoy kul'ture kak sposobe politicheskogo bytiya // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 102 - 128. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_69.html
Gurevich P.S. Trezvost' mysli, ili apologiya voyny // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 1. - C. 7 - 11. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.1.10769.

Review: The article is devoted to ethno-historical concept of the Russian culture suggested by L. Gumilev who discovered the relationship between ethnogenesis and culturegenesis in ethno-cultural history. He showed the dependence of culture on the landscape, the biosphere and the passionarity of other ethnic groups. Lev Gumilev viewed Russian culture as the Eurasian phenomenon and the frontier between sedentary and nomadic peoples, the Forest and the Steppe, the East and the West. Collapse of the USSR and the ethno-cultural crisis of former constituents of the Russian and Soviet Empires make us view Gumilev’s theory of ethnogenesis in a different light and apply its projective and predictive capabilities to modern socio-cultural realities in Russia during XXI century.

Keywords: cultural research, Russian culture, cultural and civilizational identity, ethnogenesis, culturegenesis, passionarity, breakdown (collapse), Eurasian cultural knot, super-ethnos.

Contact information: KONDAKOV Igor Vadimovich, 125009, Russia, Moscow, Kozitsky per., 5.

References:
1. Gumilev L. Chernaya legenda: Druz'ya i nedrugi Velikoy stepi. M.: Ayris- press, 2008. 576 s.
2. Gumilev L. N. Struna istorii. Lektsii po etnologii. 4-e izd. M.: Ayris- press, 2011. – 608 s.
3. Gumilev L. N. Etnogenez i biosfera Zemli. M.: Ayris-press, 2010. 560 s.
4. Gumilev L. N. Drevnyaya Rus' i Velikaya step'. M.: Ayris-press, 2009. 736 s.
5. Lev Gumilev: Sud'ba i idei / S. B. Lavrov i dr. 3-e izd. M.: Ayris-press, 2008. 608 s.
6. Baskakov N. A. Russkie familii tyurkskogo proiskhozhdeniya. M.: Nauka, 1979. 279 s.
7. Berdyaev N. A. Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma. M.: Nauka, 1990. 224 s.
8. Zaliznyak A. A. «Slovo o polku Igoreve»: vzglyad lingvista. 2 izd. M.: Rukopisnye pamyatniki Drevney
Rusi, 2007. 478 s.
9. Kondakov I. V. Lev Gumilev kak kul'turolog // Nasledie L.N. Gumileva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya,
sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb.: Izd-vo RGPU im. A. I. Gertsena, 2012. S. 476–486.
10. Kondakov I. V., Sokolov K. B., Khrenov N. A. Tsivilizatsionnaya identichnost' v perekhodnuyu epokhu: kul'tu-
rologicheskiy, sotsiologicheskiy i iskusstvovedcheskiy aspekty. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2011. 1024 s.
11. Nasledie L. N. Gumileva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. Sbornik statey
Mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kongressa, posvyashchennogo 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya L. N. Gumileva. SPb.:
Izd-vo RGPU im. A. I. Gertsena, 2012. 571 s.
12. Eydel'man N. Ya. «Revolyutsiya sverkhu» v Rossii. M.: Kniga, 1989. 176 s.

References (transliteration):
1. Gumilev L. Chernaya legenda: Druz'ya i nedrugi Velikoy stepi. M.: Ayris- press, 2008. 576 s.
2. Gumilev L. N. Struna istorii. Lektsii po etnologii. 4-e izd. M.: Ayris- press, 2011. – 608 s.
3. Gumilev L. N. Etnogenez i biosfera Zemli. M.: Ayris-press, 2010. 560 s.
4. Gumilev L. N. Drevnyaya Rus' i Velikaya step'. M.: Ayris-press, 2009. 736 s.
5. Lev Gumilev: Sud'ba i idei / S. B. Lavrov i dr. 3-e izd. M.: Ayris-press, 2008. 608 s.
6. Baskakov N. A. Russkie familii tyurkskogo proiskhozhdeniya. M.: Nauka, 1979. 279 s.
7. Berdyaev N. A. Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma. M.: Nauka, 1990. 224 s.
8. Zaliznyak A. A. «Slovo o polku Igoreve»: vzglyad lingvista. 2 izd. M.: Rukopisnye pamyatniki Drevney
Rusi, 2007. 478 s.
9. Kondakov I. V. Lev Gumilev kak kul'turolog // Nasledie L.N. Gumileva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya,
sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb.: Izd-vo RGPU im. A. I. Gertsena, 2012. S. 476–486.
10. Kondakov I. V., Sokolov K. B., Khrenov N. A. Tsivilizatsionnaya identichnost' v perekhodnuyu epokhu: kul'tu-
rologicheskiy, sotsiologicheskiy i iskusstvovedcheskiy aspekty. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2011. 1024 s.
11. Nasledie L. N. Gumileva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. Sbornik statey
Mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kongressa, posvyashchennogo 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya L. N. Gumileva. SPb.:
Izd-vo RGPU im. A. I. Gertsena, 2012. 571 s.
12. Eydel'man N. Ya. «Revolyutsiya sverkhu» v Rossii. M.: Kniga, 1989. 176 s.

Review: The author proposes a theoretical model of origin and dynamics of new “butt-joint” culture (term by G. S. Pomerants) cultures in Eastern regions, based on an understanding of the Other as general ground of that process. Civilizationalcultural “borderland” in model is described as imperative presence of Other (Western) culture and its representatives in the space of traditional East Subecumenism. The attitude towards the Other from both sides directs process and results of interaction. New “butt-joint” culture is complex “symphonic” synthesis of civilizations, which are in dialogue. Heuristic possibilities of this model are depicted on the material of the Bengal Renaissance XIX – early XX century, which is the first regional variant of national-cultural renaissance in India.

Keywords: cultural research, culture, the Other, understanding, tradition, innovation, West, East, national and cultural renaissance, the Bengal Renaissance.

References:
1. Oruell Dzh. Anglichane // Oruell Dzh. Pamyati Katalonii. Esse. M., 2003.
2. Pomerants G. S. Vykhod iz transa. M., 2010.
3. Pomerants G. S. Nekotorye osobennosti literaturnogo protsessa na Vostoke // Literatura i kul'tura Kitaya.
Sb. st. k 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya akad. V. M. Alekseeva. M., 1972. S. 292–303.
4. Professor Maks Myuller ob Indii i indusakh // Russkiy vestnik. M. Fevral' 1900. T. 265.
5. Rashkovskiy E. B. Na osi vremen. Ocherki filosofii istorii. M., 1999.
6. Rashkovskiy E. B. Nauchnoe znanie, instituty nauki i intelligentsiya v stranakh Vostoka XIX–XX vv. M., 1990.
7. Sen A. Razvitie kak svoboda / Per. s angl. Pod red. R. I. Nureeva. M., 2004.
8. Skorokhodova T. G. Realizm versus utopizm: sotsial'no-filosofskie razmyshleniya Rabindranata Tagora
i Semena Franka // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 2 (8).
9. Skorokhodova T. G. Sem'ya Tagorov: zhivaya istoriya Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya // Tagor Debendronatkh. Avto-
biografiya. Per. s angl., vstup. st., prim. T. G. Skorokhodovoy. M., 2007.
10. Tagor Rabindranat. Sobranie sochineniy: V 12 t. / Per. s beng. i angl. M., 1961–1965.
11. Toynbi A. Dzh. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1990.
12. Toporov V. N. Prostranstvo kul'tury i vstrechi v nem // Vostok – Zapad. Issledovaniya, perevody, publikatsii.
M., 1989.
13. Awakening in Bengal in the Early Nineteenth Century. Selected Documents / Ed. by G. Chattopadhyaya. Calcutta, 1965.
14. Banerjea Surendranath. A Nation in Making. Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life. Bombay, etc., 1963.
15. Banerjee Surendranath. The Study of Indian History // Nationalism in Asia and Africa. N. Y., Cleavland, L., 1970.
16. Chatterjee Bankim Chandra. Sociological Essays; Utilitarianism and Positivism in Bengal / Transl. & Ed. by
S. N. Mukherjee, M. Maddern. Calcutta, 1986.
17. Ghose Aurobindo. The Renaissance in India. Pondicherry, 1954.
18. Kling Blair. Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore. Berkeley etc., 1976.
19. Kopf D. British Orientalism and Bengal Renaissance. Berkeley, 1969.
20. Kripalani Krishna. Dwarkanath Tagore. An Forgotten Pioneer. A Life. New Delhi, 1981.
21. Krishna Mohan Banerjea: Christian Apologist. Ed. with Introd. by T. V. Philip. Bangalore, 1982.
22. Halbfass W. India and Europe. An Essay of Philosophical Understanding. Albany, 1988.
23. Roy Rammohun. A Letter to Robert Dale Owen // Collet S.D. (and Stead F. H.) The Life and Letters of Raja
Rammohun Roy. Ed. by D. K. Biswas and R. Ch. Ganguli. 3rd. ed. Calcutta, 1962.
24. Sarkar Susobhan. Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays. New Delhi, etc.: 1970.

References (transliteration):
1. Oruell Dzh. Anglichane // Oruell Dzh. Pamyati Katalonii. Esse. M., 2003.
2. Pomerants G. S. Vykhod iz transa. M., 2010.
3. Pomerants G. S. Nekotorye osobennosti literaturnogo protsessa na Vostoke // Literatura i kul'tura Kitaya.
Sb. st. k 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya akad. V. M. Alekseeva. M., 1972. S. 292–303.
4. Professor Maks Myuller ob Indii i indusakh // Russkiy vestnik. M. Fevral' 1900. T. 265.
5. Rashkovskiy E. B. Na osi vremen. Ocherki filosofii istorii. M., 1999.
6. Rashkovskiy E. B. Nauchnoe znanie, instituty nauki i intelligentsiya v stranakh Vostoka XIX–XX vv. M., 1990.
7. Sen A. Razvitie kak svoboda / Per. s angl. Pod red. R. I. Nureeva. M., 2004.
8. Skorokhodova T. G. Realizm versus utopizm: sotsial'no-filosofskie razmyshleniya Rabindranata Tagora
i Semena Franka // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. 2012. ¹ 2 (8).
9. Skorokhodova T. G. Sem'ya Tagorov: zhivaya istoriya Bengal'skogo Vozrozhdeniya // Tagor Debendronatkh. Avto-
biografiya. Per. s angl., vstup. st., prim. T. G. Skorokhodovoy. M., 2007.
10. Tagor Rabindranat. Sobranie sochineniy: V 12 t. / Per. s beng. i angl. M., 1961–1965.
11. Toynbi A. Dzh. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1990.
12. Toporov V. N. Prostranstvo kul'tury i vstrechi v nem // Vostok – Zapad. Issledovaniya, perevody, publikatsii.
M., 1989.
13. Awakening in Bengal in the Early Nineteenth Century. Selected Documents / Ed. by G. Chattopadhyaya. Calcutta, 1965.
14. Banerjea Surendranath. A Nation in Making. Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life. Bombay, etc., 1963.
15. Banerjee Surendranath. The Study of Indian History // Nationalism in Asia and Africa. N. Y., Cleavland, L., 1970.
16. Chatterjee Bankim Chandra. Sociological Essays; Utilitarianism and Positivism in Bengal / Transl. & Ed. by
S. N. Mukherjee, M. Maddern. Calcutta, 1986.
17. Ghose Aurobindo. The Renaissance in India. Pondicherry, 1954.
18. Kling Blair. Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore. Berkeley etc., 1976.
19. Kopf D. British Orientalism and Bengal Renaissance. Berkeley, 1969.
20. Kripalani Krishna. Dwarkanath Tagore. An Forgotten Pioneer. A Life. New Delhi, 1981.
21. Krishna Mohan Banerjea: Christian Apologist. Ed. with Introd. by T. V. Philip. Bangalore, 1982.
22. Halbfass W. India and Europe. An Essay of Philosophical Understanding. Albany, 1988.
23. Roy Rammohun. A Letter to Robert Dale Owen // Collet S.D. (and Stead F. H.) The Life and Letters of Raja
Rammohun Roy. Ed. by D. K. Biswas and R. Ch. Ganguli. 3rd. ed. Calcutta, 1962.
24. Sarkar Susobhan. Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays. New Delhi, etc.: 1970.

Review: According to the author of the article, Silver Age showed that by restoring mythological pagan meanings culture could actually destroy civilization which has been slowly and heavily built by advanced force of people. That artistic epoch was the resonse to introduction of huge massses into the historical field of freedom. Old systems of hominization, humaniziation and civilization failed – and the artistic system stepped in taking people back to a pre-civilized stage with real mysteries and human sacrifices in an effort to help masses deal with all the freedom that came upon them. It was as if humankind went through its spiritual development again and came to prevenative mechanisms of civilization again, but this time masses could deal with it. At the end of the article the author concludes that after cataclysms in the 20th century all Europe including Russia are coming back to the renaissance paragirm of history (i.e. paradigm that is based on persoality).

Keywords: cultural studies, history, culture, civiliza tion, cultural renaissance, spiritial elite, Silver Age, historical field of freedom, aristic epoch, the masses.

References:
1. Berdyaev N. A. Russkaya ideya. Osnovnye problemy russkoy mysli XIX i nachala KhKh veka // O Rossii i russkoy
filosofskoy kul'ture. M.: Nauka, 1990.
2. Bunin I. A. Okayannye dni. M.: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1990.
3. Danilevskiy R. Ya. Rossiya i Evropa. SPb., 1889.
4. Zaytsev B. K. Molodost' — Rossiya // Zaytsev B. K. V puti. Parizh: Knigoizdatel'stvo Vozrozhdenie — La Renaissance,
1951.
5. Kant I. Otvet na vopros: chto takoe prosveshchenie? // Kant I. Soch.: V 6 t. T. 6. M.: Mysl', 1966.
6. Mann K. Na povorote. Zhizneopisanie. M.: Raduga, 1991.
7. Mann T. Ob uchenii Shpenglera // Mann T. Sobr. soch.: V 10 t. T. 9. M.: Khud. lit., 1960.
8. Nitsshe F. Stikhotvoreniya. Filosofskaya proza. SPb.: Khud. lit., 1993.
9. Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Vosstanie mass // Voprosy filosofii. 1989. ¹ 3.
10. Piko della Mirandola Dzhovanni. Rech' o dostoinstve cheloveka // Estetika Renessansa: V 2 t. T. I. M.: Iskusstvo, 1981.
11. Sorokin P. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M.: Politizdat, 1992.
12. Stepun F. Byvshee i nesbyvsheesya: V 2 t. T. I. London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1990.
13. Stepun F. Vstrechi i razmyshleniya. London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1992.
14. Tolstoy L. N. Tak chto zhe nam delat'? // Tolstoy L. N. Sobr. soch.: V 22 t. T. XVI. M.: Khud. lit., 1983.
15. Florenskiy P. A. Obratnaya perspektiva // Florenskiy P. A. Soch.: V 2 t. T. 2: U vodorazdelov mysli. M.: Pravda, 1990.
16. Frank S. L. Iz razmyshleniy o russkoy revolyutsii // Novyy mir. 1990. ¹ 4.

References (transliteration):
1. Berdyaev N. A. Russkaya ideya. Osnovnye problemy russkoy mysli XIX i nachala KhKh veka // O Rossii i russkoy
filosofskoy kul'ture. M.: Nauka, 1990.
2. Bunin I. A. Okayannye dni. M.: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1990.
3. Danilevskiy R. Ya. Rossiya i Evropa. SPb., 1889.
4. Zaytsev B. K. Molodost' — Rossiya // Zaytsev B. K. V puti. Parizh: Knigoizdatel'stvo Vozrozhdenie — La Renaissance,
1951.
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13. Stepun F. Vstrechi i razmyshleniya. London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1992.
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15. Florenskiy P. A. Obratnaya perspektiva // Florenskiy P. A. Soch.: V 2 t. T. 2: U vodorazdelov mysli. M.: Pravda, 1990.
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Review: The article inspired by the work ‘Avant-Garde in Culture of the 20th Century (1900-1930): Theory. History. Poetics’ views avant-garde from the point of view of the ‘frontier’ conception. The author of the article describes the heuristic potential of the system approach and raises a question about specifying the civilization ‘look’ of avantgarde. The author concludes that as a socio-cultural phenomenon avant-garde is global but not universal and its archaic origins are limited to Indo-European area. During the Þ rst three decades of the 20th century avantgarde movement covered the closely related civilizations of the two types: ‘classical’ Western sub-ecumene and ‘frontier’ civilizations of Russia, Latin America, Pyrenean Europe and the Balkans. The East was, and still is, affected by the avantgarde movement but its affect has been rather superÞ cial and avant-garde has been more of a foreign innovation there.

Keywords: cultural studies, avant-garde, socio-cultural ‘frontier’, dialogic approach, heuristic potential of the system approach, integrity under the conditions of dominating variety, classical Western sub-ecumene, frontier civilizations, foreign innovation, theory and history.

References:
1. Paz O. El laberinto de la soledad. México, 1981.
2. Radcliff – Brown A.R. Method in social Anthropology. Bombay, 1973.
3. Avangard v kul'ture XX veka (1900–1930 gg.): Teoriya. Istoriya. Poetika: v 2 kn. M.: IMLI RAN, 2010.
4. Averintsev S. S. Poetika rannevizantiyskoy literatury. M., 1997.
5. Ainsa F. Rekonstruktsiya utopii. Esse. M., 1999.
6. Al'ternativnost' istorii. Donetsk, 1992.
7. Akhiezer A. S. Rossiya: Kritika istoricheskogo opyta. t. 1–3, M., 1991.
8. Akhiezer A. S. Trudy. M., 2006.
9. Berdyaev N. A. Dusha Rossii. Russkaya ideya. M., 1992.
10. Berdyaev N. A. Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma. M., 1990.
11. Berdyaev N. A. Sud'ba Rossii. M., 1990.
12. Brodel' F. Material'naya tsivilizatsiya, ekonomika i kapitalizm. XV–XVIII vv. T. 3: Vremya mira. M., 1992.
13. Vostok-Zapad. Issledovaniya. Perevody. Publikatsii. M., 1988.
14. Gaydenko P. P. Evolyutsiya ponyatiya nauki (XVII–XVIII vv.). M., 1987.
15. Gamkrelidze T. V., Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Indoevropeyskiy yazyk i indoevropeytsy. Rekonstruktsiya i istoriko-
tipologicheskiy analiz prayazyka i protokul'tury. Ch. II. Tbilisi, 1984.
16. Gachev G. D. Obraz v russkoy khudozhestvennoy kul'ture. M., 1981.
17. Zemskov V. B. Kul'turnyy sintez v Latinskoy Amerike: kul'turologicheskaya utopiya ili kul'turoobrazuyushchiy
mekhanizm? // Latinskaya Amerika, 1999, ¹ 4.
18. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Chet i nechet. Assimetriya mozga i znakovykh sistem. M., 1978.
19. Il'in V. N. Esse o russkoy kul'ture. Spb., 1997.
20. Istoriya literatur Latinskoy Ameriki. M., 1985, 1988, 1994, 2004, 2005.
21. Kondakov I. V. Vvedenie v istoriyu russkoy kul'tury. M., 1997.
22. Le Goff Zh. Tsivilizatsiya srednevekovogo Zapada. M., 1992.
23. Lich E. Kul'tura i kommunikatsiya. Logika vzaimosvyazi simvolov. K ispol'zovaniyu strukturnogo analiza
v sotsial'noy antropologii. M., 2001.
24. Losskiy N. O. Kharakter russkogo naroda. Kn. 1–2, M., 1990.
25. Makovskiy M. M. Sravnitel'nyy slovar' mifologicheskoy simvoliki v indoevropeyskikh yazykakh. Obrazy
mira i miry obrazov. M., 1996.
26. Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediya. M.. 1992, t. 2.
27. Pomerants G. S. Vykhod iz transa. M., 1995.
28. Rashkovskiy E. B. Tsivilizatsionnyy diskurs v istorii mysli i praktiki // Tsivilizatsii v globalizi-
ruyushchemsya mire. Predvaritel'nye itogi mezhdistsiplinarnogo proekta. M., 2009.
29. Sadovskiy V. N. Sistemnosti printsip // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. M., 2001, t. 3.
30. Sea L. Filosofiya amerikanskoy istorii: sud'by Latinskoy Ameriki. M., 1984.
31. Toynbi A. Dzh. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1991.
32. Fedorov N. F. Filosofiya obshchego dela: Stat'i, mysli i pis'ma…: v 2 t. M., 1906, 1913.
33. Tsivilizatsii i kul'tury. M., 1994, vyp. 1.
34. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Budushchee zemli i chelovechestva. Kaluga, 1928.
35. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Zhizn' v mezhzvezdnoy srede. M., 1964
36. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Monizm vselennoy. Kaluga, 1931.
37. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Obshchestvennaya organizatsiya chelovechestva (Vychisleniya i tablitsy). Kaluga, 1928.
38. Shemyakin Ya. G. «Pogranichnye» tsivilizatsii planetarnogo masshtaba. Osobennosti i perspektivy evolyutsii //
Latinskaya Amerika, 2007, ¹ 7.
39. Shemyakin Ya. G. V poiskakh smysla. Iz istorii filosofii i religii. M., 2003.
40. Shemyakin Ya. G. Vera i ratsio v dukhovnom kosmose latinoamerikanskoy tsivilizatsii // Latinskaya Amerika,
2007, ¹ 3.
41. Shemyakin Ya. G. Granitsa (Protsess perekhoda i tip sistemnosti) // ONS, 2009, ¹ 5.
42. Shemyakin Ya. G. Dinamika vospriyatiya obraza Rossii v zapadnom tsivilizatsionnom soznanii // ONS, 2009, ¹ 2.
43. Shemyakin Ya. G. Evropa i Latinskaya Amerika: Vzaimodeystvie tsivilizatsiy v kontekste vsemirnoy istorii.
M., 2001.
44. Shemyakin Ya. G. Latinoamerikanskaya tsivilizatsiya i latinoamerikanskaya literatura // Izvestiya RAN.
Seriya literatury i yazyka, 2006, t/ 65, ¹ 4.
45. Shemyakin Ya. G. Rossiya v zapadnom vospriyatii (spetsifika obrazov «pogranichnykh» tsivilizatsiy) // ONS,
2008, ¹ 1.
46. Shemyakin Ya. G. Tsivilizatsii «pogranichnogo» tipa: formirovanie kontseptsii // Sotsiokul'turnoe pogranich'e
kak fenomen mirovykh i rossiyskikh transformatsiy. M., 2008.
47. Shemyakin Ya. G., Shemyakina O. D. Puti i usloviya dostizheniya tselostnosti tsivilizatsionnoy sistemy.
Sopostavlenie istoricheskogo opyta Rossii i Latinskoy Ameriki // Latinskaya Amerika, 2009, ¹ 9–10.
48. Shemyakin Ya. G., Shemyakina O. D. Sootnoshenie very i ratsio v tsivilizatsionnom «pogranich'e»: rossiyskie
paralleli latinoamerikanskogo opyta // Latinskaya Amerika, 2007, ¹ 11.
49. Shemyakina O. D. Vlast' linii v rossievedenii i nelineynyy kharakter rossiyskogo khaokosmosa //
ONS, 2008, ¹ 2.
50. Yuan' Ke. Mify drevnego Kitaya. M., 1987.

References (transliteration):
1. Paz O. El laberinto de la soledad. México, 1981.
2. Radcliff – Brown A.R. Method in social Anthropology. Bombay, 1973.
3. Avangard v kul'ture XX veka (1900–1930 gg.): Teoriya. Istoriya. Poetika: v 2 kn. M.: IMLI RAN, 2010.
4. Averintsev S. S. Poetika rannevizantiyskoy literatury. M., 1997.
5. Ainsa F. Rekonstruktsiya utopii. Esse. M., 1999.
6. Al'ternativnost' istorii. Donetsk, 1992.
7. Akhiezer A. S. Rossiya: Kritika istoricheskogo opyta. t. 1–3, M., 1991.
8. Akhiezer A. S. Trudy. M., 2006.
9. Berdyaev N. A. Dusha Rossii. Russkaya ideya. M., 1992.
10. Berdyaev N. A. Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma. M., 1990.
11. Berdyaev N. A. Sud'ba Rossii. M., 1990.
12. Brodel' F. Material'naya tsivilizatsiya, ekonomika i kapitalizm. XV–XVIII vv. T. 3: Vremya mira. M., 1992.
13. Vostok-Zapad. Issledovaniya. Perevody. Publikatsii. M., 1988.
14. Gaydenko P. P. Evolyutsiya ponyatiya nauki (XVII–XVIII vv.). M., 1987.
15. Gamkrelidze T. V., Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Indoevropeyskiy yazyk i indoevropeytsy. Rekonstruktsiya i istoriko-
tipologicheskiy analiz prayazyka i protokul'tury. Ch. II. Tbilisi, 1984.
16. Gachev G. D. Obraz v russkoy khudozhestvennoy kul'ture. M., 1981.
17. Zemskov V. B. Kul'turnyy sintez v Latinskoy Amerike: kul'turologicheskaya utopiya ili kul'turoobrazuyushchiy
mekhanizm? // Latinskaya Amerika, 1999, ¹ 4.
18. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Chet i nechet. Assimetriya mozga i znakovykh sistem. M., 1978.
19. Il'in V. N. Esse o russkoy kul'ture. Spb., 1997.
20. Istoriya literatur Latinskoy Ameriki. M., 1985, 1988, 1994, 2004, 2005.
21. Kondakov I. V. Vvedenie v istoriyu russkoy kul'tury. M., 1997.
22. Le Goff Zh. Tsivilizatsiya srednevekovogo Zapada. M., 1992.
23. Lich E. Kul'tura i kommunikatsiya. Logika vzaimosvyazi simvolov. K ispol'zovaniyu strukturnogo analiza
v sotsial'noy antropologii. M., 2001.
24. Losskiy N. O. Kharakter russkogo naroda. Kn. 1–2, M., 1990.
25. Makovskiy M. M. Sravnitel'nyy slovar' mifologicheskoy simvoliki v indoevropeyskikh yazykakh. Obrazy
mira i miry obrazov. M., 1996.
26. Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediya. M.. 1992, t. 2.
27. Pomerants G. S. Vykhod iz transa. M., 1995.
28. Rashkovskiy E. B. Tsivilizatsionnyy diskurs v istorii mysli i praktiki // Tsivilizatsii v globalizi-
ruyushchemsya mire. Predvaritel'nye itogi mezhdistsiplinarnogo proekta. M., 2009.
29. Sadovskiy V. N. Sistemnosti printsip // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. M., 2001, t. 3.
30. Sea L. Filosofiya amerikanskoy istorii: sud'by Latinskoy Ameriki. M., 1984.
31. Toynbi A. Dzh. Postizhenie istorii. M., 1991.
32. Fedorov N. F. Filosofiya obshchego dela: Stat'i, mysli i pis'ma…: v 2 t. M., 1906, 1913.
33. Tsivilizatsii i kul'tury. M., 1994, vyp. 1.
34. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Budushchee zemli i chelovechestva. Kaluga, 1928.
35. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Zhizn' v mezhzvezdnoy srede. M., 1964
36. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Monizm vselennoy. Kaluga, 1931.
37. Tsiolkovskiy K. E. Obshchestvennaya organizatsiya chelovechestva (Vychisleniya i tablitsy). Kaluga, 1928.
38. Shemyakin Ya. G. «Pogranichnye» tsivilizatsii planetarnogo masshtaba. Osobennosti i perspektivy evolyutsii //
Latinskaya Amerika, 2007, ¹ 7.
39. Shemyakin Ya. G. V poiskakh smysla. Iz istorii filosofii i religii. M., 2003.
40. Shemyakin Ya. G. Vera i ratsio v dukhovnom kosmose latinoamerikanskoy tsivilizatsii // Latinskaya Amerika,
2007, ¹ 3.
41. Shemyakin Ya. G. Granitsa (Protsess perekhoda i tip sistemnosti) // ONS, 2009, ¹ 5.
42. Shemyakin Ya. G. Dinamika vospriyatiya obraza Rossii v zapadnom tsivilizatsionnom soznanii // ONS, 2009, ¹ 2.
43. Shemyakin Ya. G. Evropa i Latinskaya Amerika: Vzaimodeystvie tsivilizatsiy v kontekste vsemirnoy istorii.
M., 2001.
44. Shemyakin Ya. G. Latinoamerikanskaya tsivilizatsiya i latinoamerikanskaya literatura // Izvestiya RAN.
Seriya literatury i yazyka, 2006, t/ 65, ¹ 4.
45. Shemyakin Ya. G. Rossiya v zapadnom vospriyatii (spetsifika obrazov «pogranichnykh» tsivilizatsiy) // ONS,
2008, ¹ 1.
46. Shemyakin Ya. G. Tsivilizatsii «pogranichnogo» tipa: formirovanie kontseptsii // Sotsiokul'turnoe pogranich'e
kak fenomen mirovykh i rossiyskikh transformatsiy. M., 2008.
47. Shemyakin Ya. G., Shemyakina O. D. Puti i usloviya dostizheniya tselostnosti tsivilizatsionnoy sistemy.
Sopostavlenie istoricheskogo opyta Rossii i Latinskoy Ameriki // Latinskaya Amerika, 2009, ¹ 9–10.
48. Shemyakin Ya. G., Shemyakina O. D. Sootnoshenie very i ratsio v tsivilizatsionnom «pogranich'e»: rossiyskie
paralleli latinoamerikanskogo opyta // Latinskaya Amerika, 2007, ¹ 11.
49. Shemyakina O. D. Vlast' linii v rossievedenii i nelineynyy kharakter rossiyskogo khaokosmosa //
ONS, 2008, ¹ 2.
50. Yuan' Ke. Mify drevnego Kitaya. M., 1987.

Review: The article is devoted to the language as one of those cultural components which are the most apprehended by very diverse culture beams with a very different level of education. However, as numerous examples show, collective stereotypes and prejudices are rather usual for famous writers, people of art and even scientists including linguists. Collective concepts of the world and language also need explanation and assessment. The article compares collective concepts of language in the two countries, Russia and Japan; regarding Russia the article covers only Russian language speakers.

Keywords: cultural studies, linguistic culture, native language, collective consciousness, stereotypes and prejudices, cultural infl uences, modernization, westernization, national specifi city, concept of the world and language.