Review: The research subject is the features of the formation of a unique mental and socio-cultural concept of the Russian North. The research object is the Russian North concept as a specific code of the Russian cultural memory. The article is based on the use of a combination of methods: system, historical typological, cultural-historical, social-cultural, ethnic-cultural analysis, semiotics and art criticism. The empirical base of the research is 34 architectural-ethnographic expeditions during which 368 settlements of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and Karelia were studied. The source of research includes archival materials and museum collections of Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk, Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg. In accordance with the objectives, "the Russian" (European) North" concept structure is considered as well as its territorial, ethno-cultural boundaries in the context of the historical formation and settlement of the lands north of the Russian ethnos. The research also covers the northern ecumene where a special type of mentality was developed based on Orthodox religion and the monastic area, "the Northern (Russian) Thebaid" was created. According to the author, the basis of the "Russian North" cultural code was the absence of serfdom and the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the spread of the Old Belief and long-term preservation of traditions of zemsky self-government. The study indicates the formation of a special ethnic group called “Pomors”. They have developed invaluable experience of survival and economic activities in the Arctic extreme conditions, free trade with the European countries and the presence of pidgin. This allows to make the following assumption: the Russian North people were more citizens of the world, than servile citizens of the Russian Empire. The result of the study and conclusion is that in the last two centuries the Russian North has become a stable word combination characterizing the component of the Russian mentality and the concept reflecting the ideas that are important for the Russian culture. The Russian North has played an outstanding role in the becoming of the national consciousness and takes one of the major places on the Russian cultural map. 

Keywords: pidgin, Russian North, Russia, cultural code, mentality, Orthodoxy, Pomors, people of the world, Old Belief, Russian (Northern) Thebaid

References:
Nemaeva N.O. Formirovanie rossiyskoy sotsial'noy i kul'turnoy identichnosti posredstvom vozrozhdeniya sakral'nogo iskusstva // Sotsiodinamika. - 2015. - 2. - C. 54 - 67. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2015.2.14404. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_14404.html
Kalutskov V.N. Landshaft v kul'turnoy geografii. M. : Novyy khronograf, 2008. 320 s.
Solov'eva A.N. Etnichnost' i kul'tura: problemy diskurs-analiza. Arkhangel'sk : Kira, 2009. 231 s.
Terebikhin N.M Sakral'naya geografiya Russkogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk : Izd-vo Pomor. mezhd. ped. un-ta, 1993. 223 s.
Chistov K.V. Problemy etnograficheskogo i fol'klornogo izucheniya Severo-Zapada SSSR // Etnograficheskie issledovaniya Severo-Zapada SSSR: traditsii i kul'tura sel'skogo poseleniya. Etnografiya Peterburga. L., 1977. S. 5-10.
Chistov K.V. Narodnye traditsii i fol'klor. L.: Nauka, 1986. 304 s.
Bernshtam T.A. Pomory. L. : Nauka, 1978. 176 s.
Bernshtam T.A. Russkaya narodnaya kul'tura Pomor'ya v XIX – nachale XX v. L.: Nauka, 1983. 233 s.
Bazarova E.L., Bitsadze N.V. i dr. Kul'tura russkikh pomorov. M. : Nauchnyy mir, 2005. 400 s.
Murav'ev A.N. Russkaya Fivaida na Severe. SPb.: v tipog. III Otd. Sobstvennoy E.I. V. Kantselyarii, 1855. 503 s.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Aforizmy. Istoricheskie portrety i etyudy. Dnevniki. M. : Mysl', 1993. – 415 s.
Shergin B.V. Poeticheskaya pamyat'. M. : Sov. Rossiya, 1978. 128 s. Tsit. po: Solov'eva A.N. Ukaz. soch. S. 180.
Likhachev D.S. Russkaya kul'tura. M. : Iskusstvo, 2000. 440 s.
Kamkin A.V. Soyuzy severnorusskikh krest'yanskikh mirov v sisteme rasseleniya i zhiznennoy povsednevnosti XVII – XVIII vv. // Mirovozzrenie i kul'tura severnorusskogo naseleniya. M. : Nauka, 2006. S. 233 – 243.
Abramov F.A. Chem zhivem – kormimsya. L. : Sov. pisatel', 1986. 527 s.
Pomorskaya entsiklopediya. T. 1: Istoriya Arkhangel'skogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk: PGU, 2001. 483 s.
Otmechal G.V. Plekhanov, govorya o zhiznennom puti M.V. Lomonosova: Tsit. po: Zapovednyy Sever. Arkhitektura. Iskusstvo. Landshaft. M.,1987. S. 9.
Poshman A. Arkhangel'skaya guberniya v khozyaystvennom, kommercheskom, filosoficheskom, istoricheskom, topograficheskom, statisticheskom, fizicheskom i nravstvennom obozrenii, s poleznymi na vse onye chasti zamechaniyami. SPb., 1866. T. 1. 194 s.
Klyuchevskiy O.V. Kurs russkoy istorii. M. : Mysl', 1989. 399 s.
Chekalov A.K. Narodnaya derevyannaya skul'ptura Russkogo Severa. M.: Iskusstvo, 1974. 191 s.
Kuznetsova N.Yu. Staroobryadchestvo Evropeyskogo Severa po materialam A. S. Prugavina: evolyutsiya vnutrikonfessional'nykh granits // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2015. - 2. - C. 215 - 227. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1972.2015.2.16092.
Danilenko D.V. Why Russians are so different? // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2015. - 4. - C. 1 - 35. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2015.4.17642. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psen/article_17642.html
Lebedev S.V., Maksimovich V.F. Russkiy Sever: istoricheskie i etnokul'turnye osobennosti formirovaniya rossiyskogo regiona // Chelovek i kul'tura. - 2015. - 6. - C. 28 - 63. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2015.6.15788. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_15788.html
Russkiy Sever. Etnicheskaya istoriya i narodnaya kul'tura XII–XX veka. M: Nauka, 2001. 848 s.
Russkiy Sever: arealy i kul'turnye traditsii. SPb. : Nauka, 1992. 272 s.
Kuratov A.A. Istoriya i istoriki Arkhangel'skogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk : Izd-vo Pomor. gos. un-ta, 1999. 271 s.
E.F. Fursova, A.B. Permilovskaya, A.V. Chernykh i dr. Sibir' i Russkiy Sever: problemy migratsiy i etnokul'turnykh vzaimodeystviy (XIX – nachalo XXI veka): koll. nauch. monogr. Novosibirsk : Izd-vo Instituta arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2014. 296 s.
Permilovskaya A.B. Russkiy Sever kak osobaya territoriya naslediya. Arkhangel'sk : Pravda Severa; Ekaterinburg : UrO RAN, 2010. 552 s.
Permilovskaya A.B. Kul'turnye smysly narodnoy arkhitektury Russkogo Severa. Ekaterinburg : UrO RAN, Arkhangel'sk : Pravda Severa; Yaroslavl' : YaGPU, 2013. 608 s.

References (transliteration):
Nemaeva N.O. Formirovanie rossiyskoy sotsial'noy i kul'turnoy identichnosti posredstvom vozrozhdeniya sakral'nogo iskusstva // Sotsiodinamika. - 2015. - 2. - C. 54 - 67. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2015.2.14404. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_14404.html
Kalutskov V.N. Landshaft v kul'turnoy geografii. M. : Novyy khronograf, 2008. 320 s.
Solov'eva A.N. Etnichnost' i kul'tura: problemy diskurs-analiza. Arkhangel'sk : Kira, 2009. 231 s.
Terebikhin N.M Sakral'naya geografiya Russkogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk : Izd-vo Pomor. mezhd. ped. un-ta, 1993. 223 s.
Chistov K.V. Problemy etnograficheskogo i fol'klornogo izucheniya Severo-Zapada SSSR // Etnograficheskie issledovaniya Severo-Zapada SSSR: traditsii i kul'tura sel'skogo poseleniya. Etnografiya Peterburga. L., 1977. S. 5-10.
Chistov K.V. Narodnye traditsii i fol'klor. L.: Nauka, 1986. 304 s.
Bernshtam T.A. Pomory. L. : Nauka, 1978. 176 s.
Bernshtam T.A. Russkaya narodnaya kul'tura Pomor'ya v XIX – nachale XX v. L.: Nauka, 1983. 233 s.
Bazarova E.L., Bitsadze N.V. i dr. Kul'tura russkikh pomorov. M. : Nauchnyy mir, 2005. 400 s.
Murav'ev A.N. Russkaya Fivaida na Severe. SPb.: v tipog. III Otd. Sobstvennoy E.I. V. Kantselyarii, 1855. 503 s.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Aforizmy. Istoricheskie portrety i etyudy. Dnevniki. M. : Mysl', 1993. – 415 s.
Shergin B.V. Poeticheskaya pamyat'. M. : Sov. Rossiya, 1978. 128 s. Tsit. po: Solov'eva A.N. Ukaz. soch. S. 180.
Likhachev D.S. Russkaya kul'tura. M. : Iskusstvo, 2000. 440 s.
Kamkin A.V. Soyuzy severnorusskikh krest'yanskikh mirov v sisteme rasseleniya i zhiznennoy povsednevnosti XVII – XVIII vv. // Mirovozzrenie i kul'tura severnorusskogo naseleniya. M. : Nauka, 2006. S. 233 – 243.
Abramov F.A. Chem zhivem – kormimsya. L. : Sov. pisatel', 1986. 527 s.
Pomorskaya entsiklopediya. T. 1: Istoriya Arkhangel'skogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk: PGU, 2001. 483 s.
Otmechal G.V. Plekhanov, govorya o zhiznennom puti M.V. Lomonosova: Tsit. po: Zapovednyy Sever. Arkhitektura. Iskusstvo. Landshaft. M.,1987. S. 9.
Poshman A. Arkhangel'skaya guberniya v khozyaystvennom, kommercheskom, filosoficheskom, istoricheskom, topograficheskom, statisticheskom, fizicheskom i nravstvennom obozrenii, s poleznymi na vse onye chasti zamechaniyami. SPb., 1866. T. 1. 194 s.
Klyuchevskiy O.V. Kurs russkoy istorii. M. : Mysl', 1989. 399 s.
Chekalov A.K. Narodnaya derevyannaya skul'ptura Russkogo Severa. M.: Iskusstvo, 1974. 191 s.
Kuznetsova N.Yu. Staroobryadchestvo Evropeyskogo Severa po materialam A. S. Prugavina: evolyutsiya vnutrikonfessional'nykh granits // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. - 2015. - 2. - C. 215 - 227. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1972.2015.2.16092.
Danilenko D.V. Why Russians are so different? // SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2015. - 4. - C. 1 - 35. DOI: 10.7256/1339-3057.2015.4.17642. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psen/article_17642.html
Lebedev S.V., Maksimovich V.F. Russkiy Sever: istoricheskie i etnokul'turnye osobennosti formirovaniya rossiyskogo regiona // Chelovek i kul'tura. - 2015. - 6. - C. 28 - 63. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8744.2015.6.15788. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_15788.html
Russkiy Sever. Etnicheskaya istoriya i narodnaya kul'tura XII–XX veka. M: Nauka, 2001. 848 s.
Russkiy Sever: arealy i kul'turnye traditsii. SPb. : Nauka, 1992. 272 s.
Kuratov A.A. Istoriya i istoriki Arkhangel'skogo Severa. Arkhangel'sk : Izd-vo Pomor. gos. un-ta, 1999. 271 s.
E.F. Fursova, A.B. Permilovskaya, A.V. Chernykh i dr. Sibir' i Russkiy Sever: problemy migratsiy i etnokul'turnykh vzaimodeystviy (XIX – nachalo XXI veka): koll. nauch. monogr. Novosibirsk : Izd-vo Instituta arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2014. 296 s.
Permilovskaya A.B. Russkiy Sever kak osobaya territoriya naslediya. Arkhangel'sk : Pravda Severa; Ekaterinburg : UrO RAN, 2010. 552 s.
Permilovskaya A.B. Kul'turnye smysly narodnoy arkhitektury Russkogo Severa. Ekaterinburg : UrO RAN, Arkhangel'sk : Pravda Severa; Yaroslavl' : YaGPU, 2013. 608 s.

Review: According to the teaching about the Uniform Spiritual Tradition, the modern situation in the world is a catastrophic departure from the normal, i.e. tradition development of culture, society and humankind. This is the ‘decline’ towards destruction of all forms of cultural and social life and what is called ‘the end of the world’. Traditions are not the past of culture. Traditions retain and convey internal cultural forms. They also translate the spiritual influence and all symbols of religions and all metaphysical teachings are more or less readable prints thereto. Focusing on the problem of the relation between the macrocosmos and micocosmos, the author of the article draws the analogy between historical events, the course of history and man’s life. For that purpose the author uses the ‘health-sickness’ criterion for evaluating the overall historical process, in particular, concepts of the end of history from the traditional point of view. Disregarding the fact whether researchers of the Uniform Tradition follows the transcendental point of view or not, they all note that tradition and consecration have meta-historical and cross-cultural dimensions.

Keywords: Tradition, spiritual influence, consecration, principle, symbol, health, East and West, modern culture, metaphysics, history.

References:
Koptseva N.P.. Problema istiny v filosofii religii. Spetsifika kongtseptualizatsii istiny v buddiyskoy filosofii. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2013.-¹ 11.-C. 1564-1573. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.11.961
T. A. Sherkova Drevneegipetskie khramovye tayniki // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2012.-5.-C. 104-110.
Uslysh' fleytista. Sufii o sufizme. M., 1998
M.M. Prokhorov Istoriya, kul'tura opredeleniya bytiya i gumanizma // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-2.-C. 51-61.
Eliade M. Istoriya very i religioznykh idey. Soch. v 3-kh t., M., 2012.
Eliade M. Taynye obshchestva: Obryady initsiatsii i posvyashcheniya. M., 2002.
Zorzi A. I svet vo t'me svetit… / Orientiry… Vyp. 9. M., 2012/
Genon R. Tsarstvo kolichestva i znameniya vremeni. M., 2011
Konovalov S. S. 500 vazhnykh mysley dlya zdorov'ya i schast'ya. M., 2014
Genon R. Razmyshleniya ob induizme. M., 2003
Genon R. Obshchee vvedenie v izuchenie induistskikh doktrin. Razdel vtoroy. Glavy III po VI // Orientiry… Vyp. 9. M., 2012
Borkhes Kh. . L. Soch. v 3 t. T. 1. M., 1997
Genon R. Velikaya triada. M., 2010
Genon R. Zametki o posvyashchenii. M., 2010

References (transliteration):
Koptseva N.P.. Problema istiny v filosofii religii. Spetsifika kongtseptualizatsii istiny v buddiyskoy filosofii. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2013.-¹ 11.-C. 1564-1573. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.11.961
T. A. Sherkova Drevneegipetskie khramovye tayniki // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2012.-5.-C. 104-110.
Uslysh' fleytista. Sufii o sufizme. M., 1998
M.M. Prokhorov Istoriya, kul'tura opredeleniya bytiya i gumanizma // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-2.-C. 51-61.
Eliade M. Istoriya very i religioznykh idey. Soch. v 3-kh t., M., 2012.
Eliade M. Taynye obshchestva: Obryady initsiatsii i posvyashcheniya. M., 2002.
Zorzi A. I svet vo t'me svetit… / Orientiry… Vyp. 9. M., 2012/
Genon R. Tsarstvo kolichestva i znameniya vremeni. M., 2011
Konovalov S. S. 500 vazhnykh mysley dlya zdorov'ya i schast'ya. M., 2014
Genon R. Razmyshleniya ob induizme. M., 2003
Genon R. Obshchee vvedenie v izuchenie induistskikh doktrin. Razdel vtoroy. Glavy III po VI // Orientiry… Vyp. 9. M., 2012
Borkhes Kh. . L. Soch. v 3 t. T. 1. M., 1997
Genon R. Velikaya triada. M., 2010
Genon R. Zametki o posvyashchenii. M., 2010

Review: The article is devoted to the history of Sufism and Hesychasm that are interpreted by the author of the article as esoteric teachings. First of all, the author offers his definition of what the term ‘esoteric teaching’ means to him. According to the author, an important prerequisite for esotericism being formed is a personality of a man who discovers the true reality in accordance with his own dreams and supreme values. The researcher explains the difference between religious and esoteric concepts and ways of salvation and describes a very important esoteric teaching which views God as the true reality. Another esoteric teaching is mysticism when a person seeking salvation tries to contact or to meet God. Development of these esoteric teachings has the three basic stages: the stage of creation when the main ideas are being formulated and realized by followers, the stage of popularization when some kind of a sacral technology is being created, and, finally, the stage of confluence with the initial ‘mother’ religion (Islam or Orthodoxy). Carrying out his historical research, the author of the article applies the methodology of the cultural and historical re-enactment which includes, among other research methods, the method of problematization and the method of comparative analysis. The results of the historical research allow to describe special features of the development of esoteric opinions, to understand the difference between esotericism and religion, to show the role of personality in the development of early esotericism and to describe the three basic stages in the development of esoteric opinions as well as to show that esoteric opinions are still related to their mother religions and therefore both esoteric and religious teachings change as a result of their development.

Keywords: Sufism, Hesychasm, esoteric, religion, God, reality, personality, esotery scientist, teaching, knowledge.

Contact information: Rozin Vadim Markovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, stroenie 5

References:
Andreev Daniil Roza Mira. Metafilosofiya istorii. M., 1991.
Aristotel'. Metafizika. M.,-L., 1934.
Baltanova G.R. Musul'manka. M., 2005.
Bertel's E. Proiskhozhdenie sufizma i zarozhdenie sufiyskoy literatury // Sufii: Voskhozhdenie k istine. M., 2003. Vul'fing fon Ror. Ezoterika. http://manyabout.narod.ru/i_e_whatisaezoterika.html.
Laytman M. Svoboda voli // Istoricheskiy aspekt nauki kabbala (Nauka kabbala. www.kabbalah.info.2004.
Laytman M., Rozin V. Kabbala v kontekste istorii i sovremennosti. Izd. 2. M., 2006.
Leon-Portil'ya M. Filosofiya nagua. M., 1961.
Neretina S.S. Veruyushchiy razum. K istorii srednevekovoy filosofii. Arkhangel'sk, 1995.
Platon. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 4. M., 1994.
Platon. Gosudarstvo. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 3. M., 1994.
Rozin V.M. Ezotericheskiy mir. Semantika sakral'nogo teksta. M., 2002.
Rozin V.M. Puteshestvie v stranu ezotericheskoy real'nosti. M., 1998.
Rozin V.M. Kabbala v kontekste istorii i sovremennosti (sovmestno s M. Laytmanom). M., 2005.
Rozin V.M. Kul'turologiya. M., 2003-2005; Psikhologiya: nauka i praktika. M., 2005.
Rozin V.M. Semioticheskie issledovaniya. M., 2001.
Sokolov I.I. Palama // Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T.2. M., 1995.
Solov'ev V. Svedenborg // Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T.2. M., 1995.
Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny (I). T. 1. M., 1990.
Khoruzhiy S.S. O filosofii svyashchennika Pavla Florenskogo // Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny (I). T. 1. M., 1990.
Shteyner R. Istina i nauka. M., 1992.
Rozin V.M. Istoriya stanovleniya monashestva kak sotsial'nogo instituta // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 212 - 263. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_335.html
I.A. Manev Yavlyayutsya li real'nost'yu bibleyskie ray i ad? // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 2. - C. 42 - 52.
Samokhina N.E. Shambala: mif ili zagadka istorii? // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 1 - 33. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_243.html

References (transliteration):
Andreev Daniil Roza Mira. Metafilosofiya istorii. M., 1991.
Aristotel'. Metafizika. M.,-L., 1934.
Baltanova G.R. Musul'manka. M., 2005.
Bertel's E. Proiskhozhdenie sufizma i zarozhdenie sufiyskoy literatury // Sufii: Voskhozhdenie k istine. M., 2003. Vul'fing fon Ror. Ezoterika. http://manyabout.narod.ru/i_e_whatisaezoterika.html.
Laytman M. Svoboda voli // Istoricheskiy aspekt nauki kabbala (Nauka kabbala. www.kabbalah.info.2004.
Laytman M., Rozin V. Kabbala v kontekste istorii i sovremennosti. Izd. 2. M., 2006.
Leon-Portil'ya M. Filosofiya nagua. M., 1961.
Neretina S.S. Veruyushchiy razum. K istorii srednevekovoy filosofii. Arkhangel'sk, 1995.
Platon. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 4. M., 1994.
Platon. Gosudarstvo. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 3. M., 1994.
Rozin V.M. Ezotericheskiy mir. Semantika sakral'nogo teksta. M., 2002.
Rozin V.M. Puteshestvie v stranu ezotericheskoy real'nosti. M., 1998.
Rozin V.M. Kabbala v kontekste istorii i sovremennosti (sovmestno s M. Laytmanom). M., 2005.
Rozin V.M. Kul'turologiya. M., 2003-2005; Psikhologiya: nauka i praktika. M., 2005.
Rozin V.M. Semioticheskie issledovaniya. M., 2001.
Sokolov I.I. Palama // Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T.2. M., 1995.
Solov'ev V. Svedenborg // Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. T.2. M., 1995.
Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny (I). T. 1. M., 1990.
Khoruzhiy S.S. O filosofii svyashchennika Pavla Florenskogo // Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny (I). T. 1. M., 1990.
Shteyner R. Istina i nauka. M., 1992.
Rozin V.M. Istoriya stanovleniya monashestva kak sotsial'nogo instituta // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 212 - 263. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_335.html
I.A. Manev Yavlyayutsya li real'nost'yu bibleyskie ray i ad? // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 2. - C. 42 - 52.
Samokhina N.E. Shambala: mif ili zagadka istorii? // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 1 - 33. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_243.html

Review: The subject under research is the methods of achieving the national and cultural identity formation of Russian people through localizing mechanisms of such identity formation. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to find the main mechanism of the local formation (localization) of the national and cultural identity. Noteworthy that the process of the identity formation may also include bilingual, enthocreative, behavioral, axiological and spiritual forms of identification. The latter becomes closely intertwined with ethno-confessional, family, domestic and household, ceremonial, artistic and socio-cultural traditions of the Russians which symbolizes the confluence of the global and regional elements. In his research the author of the article uses system, structural and conceptual cultural research analysis. Methodologically the research is based on the idea of the multi-culturalism and cultural dialogue introduced by M. Bakhtin. The scientific novelty is in discovery of the forms of national and cultural identity formation, in particular, bilingual, ethno-creative, behavioral, axiological, spiritual and local identity formation and description of their mechanisms. Combined altogether, they are a trigger for the linguistic, ethno-creative, behavioral, axiological and spiritual commonality integrated in an original local form of identity formation that is also conditioned by the spirits, mentality and attitudes of national groups.

Keywords: Mechanisms of identity formation, localization of identity formation processes, Russian national traditions, diasporas, national identity, civil identity, local identity, regional identity, ethnocultural environment, spiritual commonality of the Russians.

Contact information: Khilko Nikolay Fedorovich, 644077, Russia, Omsk Region, Omsk, ul. Andrianova 28-204À

References:
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v kontekste filosofskoy traditsii dialoga kul'tur // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. — 2013.-¹ 10.-S.183-244. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.10.8848. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8848.htm
A.I Kirillova Integratsiya migrantov-musul'man v rossiyskoe obshchestvo // Trendy i upravlenie.-2013.-2.-C. 165-179. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2013.2.5009.
Malinina K.O. Mekhanizm formirovaniya sotsial'noy anomii // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2013.-6.-C. 134-143. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.6.10604.
Spirova E.M. «Chelovek svedushchiy» (homo intelligens) // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2014.-1.-C. 22-32. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.1.10703.
Kharitonov A.V. Obzor biometricheskikh metodov identifikatsii lichnosti // NB: Kibernetika i programmirovanie.-2013.-2.-C. 12-19. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4196.2013.2.8300. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/kp/article_8300.html
L.P. Bueva Mekhanizm identifikatsii v kul'ture // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-11.-C. 41-49.
Shchuplenkov N.O., Shchuplenkov O.V. Russkiy yazyk emigrantskogo zarubezh'ya «pervoy volny» kak sredstvo sokhraneniya natsional'noy samoidentifikatsii // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva.-2014.-1.-C. 31-57. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2014.1.10686. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_10686.html
P.S. Gurevich Magiya personifikatsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2013.-8.-C. 721-725. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.8.9413.
Malygina, N.V. Rossiyskaya identichnost' v kontekste kul'turnykh razlomov global'nogo i lokal'nogo [Tekst]// Yaroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik. – 2013. ¹1. Tom 1. S. 245 S. 242-246.
Tavadov, G.T. Etnologiya: Sovremennyy slovar'-spravochnik [Tekst]. – M.: ANO «Dialog kul'tur», 2001. – 704 s.-S. 127.
Khvylya-Olinter, N. A. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' sovremennoy rossiyskoy molodezhi v usloviyakh globalizatsii: metodologiya sotsiologicheskogo analiza : Avtoref. dis. ... kandidata sotsiologicheskikh nauk [Tekst].-Moskva, 2010.-24 s. – S.
Kiyashchenko N.I.. Muki dukhovnoy kommunikatsii. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2014.-¹ 3.-C. 282-294. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11447
Manzarkhanova L.V.. Mezhdistsiplinarnyy podkhod v issledovanii traditsionnoy kul'tury. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2014.-¹ 2.-C. 190-194. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.2.10766
Gurevich P.S.. Pervoobrazy kul'tury. // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2013.-¹ 4.-C. 335-343. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.4.10480
Sergeeva S.L.. Osobennosti natsional'noy politicheskoy kul'tury: sotsiokul'turnaya spetsifika i perspektivy razvitiya v usloviyakh sovremennoy rossiyskoy deystvitel'nosti. // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2013.-¹ 10.-C. 1286-1301. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.10.983

References (transliteration):
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v kontekste filosofskoy traditsii dialoga kul'tur // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. — 2013.-¹ 10.-S.183-244. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.10.8848. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_8848.htm
A.I Kirillova Integratsiya migrantov-musul'man v rossiyskoe obshchestvo // Trendy i upravlenie.-2013.-2.-C. 165-179. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2013.2.5009.
Malinina K.O. Mekhanizm formirovaniya sotsial'noy anomii // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2013.-6.-C. 134-143. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.6.10604.
Spirova E.M. «Chelovek svedushchiy» (homo intelligens) // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2014.-1.-C. 22-32. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.1.10703.
Kharitonov A.V. Obzor biometricheskikh metodov identifikatsii lichnosti // NB: Kibernetika i programmirovanie.-2013.-2.-C. 12-19. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4196.2013.2.8300. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/kp/article_8300.html
L.P. Bueva Mekhanizm identifikatsii v kul'ture // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-11.-C. 41-49.
Shchuplenkov N.O., Shchuplenkov O.V. Russkiy yazyk emigrantskogo zarubezh'ya «pervoy volny» kak sredstvo sokhraneniya natsional'noy samoidentifikatsii // NB: Kul'tury i iskusstva.-2014.-1.-C. 31-57. DOI: 10.7256/2306-1618.2014.1.10686. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/ca/article_10686.html
P.S. Gurevich Magiya personifikatsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2013.-8.-C. 721-725. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.8.9413.
Malygina, N.V. Rossiyskaya identichnost' v kontekste kul'turnykh razlomov global'nogo i lokal'nogo [Tekst]// Yaroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik. – 2013. ¹1. Tom 1. S. 245 S. 242-246.
Tavadov, G.T. Etnologiya: Sovremennyy slovar'-spravochnik [Tekst]. – M.: ANO «Dialog kul'tur», 2001. – 704 s.-S. 127.
Khvylya-Olinter, N. A. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' sovremennoy rossiyskoy molodezhi v usloviyakh globalizatsii: metodologiya sotsiologicheskogo analiza : Avtoref. dis. ... kandidata sotsiologicheskikh nauk [Tekst].-Moskva, 2010.-24 s. – S.
Kiyashchenko N.I.. Muki dukhovnoy kommunikatsii. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2014.-¹ 3.-C. 282-294. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11447
Manzarkhanova L.V.. Mezhdistsiplinarnyy podkhod v issledovanii traditsionnoy kul'tury. // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2014.-¹ 2.-C. 190-194. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.2.10766
Gurevich P.S.. Pervoobrazy kul'tury. // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya.-2013.-¹ 4.-C. 335-343. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2013.4.10480
Sergeeva S.L.. Osobennosti natsional'noy politicheskoy kul'tury: sotsiokul'turnaya spetsifika i perspektivy razvitiya v usloviyakh sovremennoy rossiyskoy deystvitel'nosti. // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2013.-¹ 10.-C. 1286-1301. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.10.983

Review: The author of the present research article disproves of Fedyor Dostoevsky’s appraisal of Pushkin’s series of poems ‘Imitations of Quran’ shared by Dostoevsky shared during his ‘speech devoted to Pushkin’ on June 8, 1880 when the writer interpreted the aforesaid series of poems as being written according to Russian populist religious traditions. Dostoevsky spoke of Pushkin as an ideologist of the empire, church, religious nation and Russian roots. From this point of view, his speech devoted to Pushkin was an ‘anti-Pushkin’ speech that actually disguised Pushkin’s system of values. The author of the present article proves that referring to Quran Pushkin pursued only creative goals. The only Pushkin’s goal was to create Russian poetry. Davydov uses the comparative analysis for studying Muhammad’s and Pushkin’s logics of reasoning and gives examples of Dostoevsky’s inadequate comments or appraisals. Muhammad used the concepts of ‘God’ and ‘people’ while Pushkin created poetic meanings in the sphere ‘between’ these two absolutes. For the first time in studies of Dostoevsky the researcher proves the failure of Dostoevsky’s point of view on Pushkin’s series of poems ‘Imitations of Quran’ based on the comparative analysis of personal values used by Pushkin and religious values of Quran. Therefore the conclusion about Dostoevsky’s misinterpretation of the meaning of ‘Imitations of Quran’ can be considered to have been proved. This allows to progress in our understanding of the speech devoted to Pushkin as an objectively anti-Pushkin speech.

Keywords: Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Quran, poem, Imitations of Quran, comments, poetry, art, Allah, God, the purpose of poetry, poetry.

Contact information: Davydov Aleksey Platonovich, 119990, Russia, Moscow, ul. Krzhizhanovskogo 24/25, stroenie 5

References:
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Posvyashcheno P. A. Osipovoy.// Pushkin A. S. Poln. sobr. soch. v desyati tomakh. M.--L. Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR. T. 2. S. 204--211. «Podrazhaniya Koranu» napisany v noyabre 1824 g. Vpervye opublikovany v 1826 g. V nikh Pushkin vospol'zovalsya perevodom Korana s frantsuzskogo na russkiy M. I. Verevkina izd. 1790 g. Dalee po tekstu ssylki na proizvedeniya Pushkina privodyatsya kak: Pushkin. Nomer toma i nomer stranitsy.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy F. M. Poln. sobr. soch. v tridtsati tomakh. L., «Nauka». 1980. T. 26. S. 136-149.Dalee po tekstu ssylki na proizvedeniya Dostoevskogo privodyatsya kak: Dostoevskiy. Nomer toma i nomer stranitsy.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Primechaniya. //Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy F. M. T. 26. S. 146.
Aliev R. Posleslovie. // Koran. S. 730.
Ayat 5, sura 21 «Proroki». // Koran. Perevod i kommentarii I. Yu. Krachkovskogo. M., Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva «Nauka». Yazychi. 1990. S. 266. Dalee ssylki na tekst Korana privodyatsya kak: Koran. Nomer stranitsy.
Pushkin A. S.--Vyazemskomu P. A. Konets marta--nachalo aprelya 1825 g. Iz Mikhaylovskogo v Moskvu. // Pushkin. T. 10. S. 135.
Gordeev K. Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
Pushkin A. S. Evgeniy Onegin. Rannie redaktsii. Glava 7. Al'bom Onegina.// http://www.rvb.ru/pushkin/01text/04onegin/02edit/0853.htm
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146.
Solov'ev V. S. Magomet: Ego zhizn' i religioznoe uchenie // Biblioteka «Vekhi». http://islamdag.ru/vse-ob-islame/7676
Pushkin A. S. Talisman. // Pushkin. T. 2. S. 35-36.
Pushkin A. S. O narodnoy drame i drame «Marfa Posadnitsa».// Pushkin. T. 7. C. 211.
Ayaty 1-2, sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya». // Koran. S.489.
Ayaty 26(25)--29(28), sura 20 «Ta kha».//Koran.S. 258-259.
«Islam i musul'mane v russkoy literature XIX veka». M., Blagotvoritel'nyy fond «Put'».//http://www.islamdag.ru/vse-ob-islame/6048; sm. takzhe Fomichev S. A. «Podrazhaniya Koranu». Genezis, arkhitektonika i kompozitsiya tsikla.// http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v81/v81-022-.htm
Podrobno sm. Davydov A. P. Nepoliticheskiy liberalizm v Rossii. M. Mysl'. 2012.
Sm. Davydov A. P. Dusha Gogolya. Opyt sotsiokul'turnogo analiza. M, Novyy Khronograf. 2008.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.//Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210.
Tam zhe.
Aliev R. Posleslovie.// Koran. S. 730.
Tomashevskiy B. V. Primechaniya. Podrazhaniya Koranu. //Pushkin. T 2. S. 425-426
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.//Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.//Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146-147.
Sura 91 «Solntse». //Koran. S. 500-501.
Pushkin A. S.--Zhukovskomu V. A. 31 oktyabrya 1824 g. Iz Mikhaylovskogo i Trigorskogo v Peterburg: «Milyy, pribegayu k tebe. Posudi o moem polozhenii. Priekhav syuda, byl ya vsemi vstrechen kak nel'zya luchshe, no skoro vse peremenilos': otets, ispugannyy moey ssylkoyu, besprestanno tverdil, chto i ego ozhidaet ta zhe uchast'; Peshchurov, naznachennyy za mnoyu smotret', imel besstydstvo predlozhit' ottsu moemu dolzhnost' raspechatyvat' moyu perepisku, koroche — byt' moim shpionom; vspyl'chivost' i razdrazhitel'naya chuvstvitel'nost' ottsa ne pozvolyali mne s nim ob'yasnit'sya; ya reshilsya molchat'. Otets nachal uprekat' brata v tom, chto ya prepodayu emu bezbozhie. Ya vse molchal. Poluchayut bumagu, do menya kasayushchuyusya. Nakonets, zhelaya vyvesti sebya iz tyagostnogo polozheniya, prikhozhu k ottsu, proshu ego pozvoleniya ob'yasnit'sya otkrovenno... Otets oserdilsya. Ya poklonilsya, sel verkhom i uekhal. Otets prizyvaet brata i povelevaet emu ne znat'sya avec ce monstre, ce fils dénaturé... (Zhukovskiy, dumay o moem polozhenii i sudi.) Golova moya zakipela. Idu k ottsu, nakhozhu ego s mater'yu i vyskazyvayu vse, chto imel na serdtse tselykh tri mesyatsa. Konchayu tem, chto govoryu emu v posledniy raz. Otets moy, vospol'zuyas' otsutstviem svideteley, vybegaet i vsemu domu ob'yavlyaet, chto ya ego bil, khotel bit', zamakhnulsya, mog pribit'... Pered toboyu ne opravdyvayus'. No chego zhe on khochet dlya menya s ugolovnym svoim obvineniem? rudnikov sibirskikh i lisheniya chesti? spasi menya khot' krepostiyu, khot' Solovetskim monastyrem. Ne govoryu tebe o tom, chto terpyat za menya brat i sestra — eshche raz spasi menya. 31 okt. A. P. Pospeshi: obvinenie ottsa izvestno vsemu domu. Nikto ne verit, no vse ego povtoryayut. Sosedi znayut. Ya s nimi ne khochu ob'yasnyat'sya — doydet do pravitel'stva, posudi, chto budet. Dokazyvat' po sudu klevetu ottsa dlya menya uzhasno, a na menya i suda net. Ya hors la loi. R.S. Nadobno tebe znat', chto ya uzhe pisal bumagu gubernatoru, v kotoroy proshu ego o kreposti, umalchivaya o prichinakh. P. A. Osipova, u kotoroy pishu tebe eti stroki, ugovorila menya sdelat' tebe i etu doverennost'. Priznayus', mne nemnogo na sebya dosadno, da, dusha moya, — golova krugom idet». // Pushkin. T. 10. S. 107.
Pushkin v primechanii ukazyvaet, chto «Perelozhenie pervoe» napisano kak perelozhenie sury «Nagrady».// Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210. Takovo nazvanie sury v tekste Korana, perevedennogo M. I. Verevkinym, kotorym pol'zovalsya Pushkin. V perevode V. M. Pokhorovoy eta sura imenuetsya «Solntse voskhodyashchee». V perevode I. Yu. Krachkovskogo, kotorym ya pol'zuyus', ona nazyvaetsya «Solntse».
Ayaty 1-8, sura 91 «Solntse». //Koran. S. 500.
Ayat 1, sura 90 «Gorod».// Koran. S.499.
Ayaty 1-3(4), sura 89 «Zarya».// Koran. S. 498.
Ayaty 1-3, sura 92 «Noch'».// Koran. S. 501.
Ayaty 35(32)-37(34), sura 74 «Zavernuvshiysya».// Koran. S. 479.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Primechaniya.//Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210-211.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. // Pushkin. T. 2. C. 204.
Lermontov M. Yu. Demon.// Lermontov M. Yu. Sobr. soch. v 4-kh t. M. Izd-vo «Pravda». 1949 g. T. 2. S. 435.
Sura 33 «Sonmy». // Koran. S.343-350.
Ayat 30, sura 33 «Sonmy». // Koran. S.346.
Ayat 32, sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 346.
Ayat 49(50), sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 348.
Ayat 50, sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 348.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhanie Koranu. // Pushkin. S. 204-205.
Pushkin A. S. Evgeniy Onegin. Rannie redaktsii. Glava tret'ya.// http://www.rvb.ru/pushkin/01text/04onegin/02edit/0853.htm
Pushkin A.S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. // Pushkin. T. 2. S. 211.
Ayat 28, sura 33 «Sonmy».// Koran. S.346.
Sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya».// Koran. S.489-490.
Sura 22 «Khadzh».// Koran. S.274-281.
Kommentarii. Sura 80.// Koran. S.638.
Fomichev S. A. «Podrazhaniya Koranu». Genezis, arkhitektonika i kompozitsiya tsikla // http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v81/v81-022-.htm
Ayaty 11-15, sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya». // Koran. S.489.
Ayat 2, sura 22 «Khadzh». // Koran. S. 274.
Ryleev K.F.--Pushkinu A.S. Konets aprelya 1825 g. Peterburg//Gordeev K. Pushkin. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Sm. http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
Ayat 260 (258), sura 2 «Korova». // Koran. S. 56.
Dzhovanni Piko della Mirandola. Rech' o dostoinstve cheloveka. Per. s it. L.Braginoy.// http://www.opentextnn.ru/man/?id=1812
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Pushkin. T. 2. C. 211.
Sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. C. 418-421.
Ayat 27, sura 48 «Pobeda».//Koran. S. 421. 1.Al'-Másdzhid al'-Kharám (arab. المسجد الحرام‎‎, Zapretnaya (zapovednaya) mechet') — glavnaya mechet', vo vnutrennem dvore kotoroy nakhoditsya Kaaba. Raspolozhena v Mekke v Saudovskoy Aravii. Razreshenie voyti v zapretnuyu mechet'--eto nagrada Allakha cheloveku za veru. 2.musul'manin, sovershayushchiy khadzh, breet golovu. 3.«Ukorotit'»--znachit ukorotit' vremya namaza.
Ayat 1, sura 48 «Pobeda».//Koran. S. 418
Tomashevskiy B. V. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Pushkin. T. 2. Primechaniya. S. 426.
Ayat 29, sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. S. 421.
Ayat 15, sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. S. 420.
Ryleev K. F.--Pushkinu A. S. Konets aprelya 1825 g. Peterburg. // Gordeev K. http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
V drugikh perevodakh Korana sura «Zavernuvshiysya» perevoditsya kak «Robkiy».
Ayaty 1(1)-7(7), sura 74 «Zavernuvshiysya».// Koran. S. 478.
Ayaty 1(1)-4(4), sura 73 “Zavernuvshiysya». // Koran. S. 477.
Ayat 261 (259), sura 2 «Korova».// Koran. S. 57.
V. M. Rozin Lichnost' i tragediya Mariny Tsvetaevoy // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 59 - 67.

References (transliteration):
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Posvyashcheno P. A. Osipovoy.// Pushkin A. S. Poln. sobr. soch. v desyati tomakh. M.--L. Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR. T. 2. S. 204--211. «Podrazhaniya Koranu» napisany v noyabre 1824 g. Vpervye opublikovany v 1826 g. V nikh Pushkin vospol'zovalsya perevodom Korana s frantsuzskogo na russkiy M. I. Verevkina izd. 1790 g. Dalee po tekstu ssylki na proizvedeniya Pushkina privodyatsya kak: Pushkin. Nomer toma i nomer stranitsy.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy F. M. Poln. sobr. soch. v tridtsati tomakh. L., «Nauka». 1980. T. 26. S. 136-149.Dalee po tekstu ssylki na proizvedeniya Dostoevskogo privodyatsya kak: Dostoevskiy. Nomer toma i nomer stranitsy.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Primechaniya. //Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy F. M. T. 26. S. 146.
Aliev R. Posleslovie. // Koran. S. 730.
Ayat 5, sura 21 «Proroki». // Koran. Perevod i kommentarii I. Yu. Krachkovskogo. M., Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva «Nauka». Yazychi. 1990. S. 266. Dalee ssylki na tekst Korana privodyatsya kak: Koran. Nomer stranitsy.
Pushkin A. S.--Vyazemskomu P. A. Konets marta--nachalo aprelya 1825 g. Iz Mikhaylovskogo v Moskvu. // Pushkin. T. 10. S. 135.
Gordeev K. Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
Pushkin A. S. Evgeniy Onegin. Rannie redaktsii. Glava 7. Al'bom Onegina.// http://www.rvb.ru/pushkin/01text/04onegin/02edit/0853.htm
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.// Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146.
Solov'ev V. S. Magomet: Ego zhizn' i religioznoe uchenie // Biblioteka «Vekhi». http://islamdag.ru/vse-ob-islame/7676
Pushkin A. S. Talisman. // Pushkin. T. 2. S. 35-36.
Pushkin A. S. O narodnoy drame i drame «Marfa Posadnitsa».// Pushkin. T. 7. C. 211.
Ayaty 1-2, sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya». // Koran. S.489.
Ayaty 26(25)--29(28), sura 20 «Ta kha».//Koran.S. 258-259.
«Islam i musul'mane v russkoy literature XIX veka». M., Blagotvoritel'nyy fond «Put'».//http://www.islamdag.ru/vse-ob-islame/6048; sm. takzhe Fomichev S. A. «Podrazhaniya Koranu». Genezis, arkhitektonika i kompozitsiya tsikla.// http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v81/v81-022-.htm
Podrobno sm. Davydov A. P. Nepoliticheskiy liberalizm v Rossii. M. Mysl'. 2012.
Sm. Davydov A. P. Dusha Gogolya. Opyt sotsiokul'turnogo analiza. M, Novyy Khronograf. 2008.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.//Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210.
Tam zhe.
Aliev R. Posleslovie.// Koran. S. 730.
Tomashevskiy B. V. Primechaniya. Podrazhaniya Koranu. //Pushkin. T 2. S. 425-426
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.//Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146.
Dostoevskiy F. M. «Dnevnik pisatelya» na 1880 god. Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti.//Dostoevskiy. T. 26. S. 146-147.
Sura 91 «Solntse». //Koran. S. 500-501.
Pushkin A. S.--Zhukovskomu V. A. 31 oktyabrya 1824 g. Iz Mikhaylovskogo i Trigorskogo v Peterburg: «Milyy, pribegayu k tebe. Posudi o moem polozhenii. Priekhav syuda, byl ya vsemi vstrechen kak nel'zya luchshe, no skoro vse peremenilos': otets, ispugannyy moey ssylkoyu, besprestanno tverdil, chto i ego ozhidaet ta zhe uchast'; Peshchurov, naznachennyy za mnoyu smotret', imel besstydstvo predlozhit' ottsu moemu dolzhnost' raspechatyvat' moyu perepisku, koroche — byt' moim shpionom; vspyl'chivost' i razdrazhitel'naya chuvstvitel'nost' ottsa ne pozvolyali mne s nim ob'yasnit'sya; ya reshilsya molchat'. Otets nachal uprekat' brata v tom, chto ya prepodayu emu bezbozhie. Ya vse molchal. Poluchayut bumagu, do menya kasayushchuyusya. Nakonets, zhelaya vyvesti sebya iz tyagostnogo polozheniya, prikhozhu k ottsu, proshu ego pozvoleniya ob'yasnit'sya otkrovenno... Otets oserdilsya. Ya poklonilsya, sel verkhom i uekhal. Otets prizyvaet brata i povelevaet emu ne znat'sya avec ce monstre, ce fils dénaturé... (Zhukovskiy, dumay o moem polozhenii i sudi.) Golova moya zakipela. Idu k ottsu, nakhozhu ego s mater'yu i vyskazyvayu vse, chto imel na serdtse tselykh tri mesyatsa. Konchayu tem, chto govoryu emu v posledniy raz. Otets moy, vospol'zuyas' otsutstviem svideteley, vybegaet i vsemu domu ob'yavlyaet, chto ya ego bil, khotel bit', zamakhnulsya, mog pribit'... Pered toboyu ne opravdyvayus'. No chego zhe on khochet dlya menya s ugolovnym svoim obvineniem? rudnikov sibirskikh i lisheniya chesti? spasi menya khot' krepostiyu, khot' Solovetskim monastyrem. Ne govoryu tebe o tom, chto terpyat za menya brat i sestra — eshche raz spasi menya. 31 okt. A. P. Pospeshi: obvinenie ottsa izvestno vsemu domu. Nikto ne verit, no vse ego povtoryayut. Sosedi znayut. Ya s nimi ne khochu ob'yasnyat'sya — doydet do pravitel'stva, posudi, chto budet. Dokazyvat' po sudu klevetu ottsa dlya menya uzhasno, a na menya i suda net. Ya hors la loi. R.S. Nadobno tebe znat', chto ya uzhe pisal bumagu gubernatoru, v kotoroy proshu ego o kreposti, umalchivaya o prichinakh. P. A. Osipova, u kotoroy pishu tebe eti stroki, ugovorila menya sdelat' tebe i etu doverennost'. Priznayus', mne nemnogo na sebya dosadno, da, dusha moya, — golova krugom idet». // Pushkin. T. 10. S. 107.
Pushkin v primechanii ukazyvaet, chto «Perelozhenie pervoe» napisano kak perelozhenie sury «Nagrady».// Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210. Takovo nazvanie sury v tekste Korana, perevedennogo M. I. Verevkinym, kotorym pol'zovalsya Pushkin. V perevode V. M. Pokhorovoy eta sura imenuetsya «Solntse voskhodyashchee». V perevode I. Yu. Krachkovskogo, kotorym ya pol'zuyus', ona nazyvaetsya «Solntse».
Ayaty 1-8, sura 91 «Solntse». //Koran. S. 500.
Ayat 1, sura 90 «Gorod».// Koran. S.499.
Ayaty 1-3(4), sura 89 «Zarya».// Koran. S. 498.
Ayaty 1-3, sura 92 «Noch'».// Koran. S. 501.
Ayaty 35(32)-37(34), sura 74 «Zavernuvshiysya».// Koran. S. 479.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. Primechaniya.//Pushkin. T. 2. S. 210-211.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. // Pushkin. T. 2. C. 204.
Lermontov M. Yu. Demon.// Lermontov M. Yu. Sobr. soch. v 4-kh t. M. Izd-vo «Pravda». 1949 g. T. 2. S. 435.
Sura 33 «Sonmy». // Koran. S.343-350.
Ayat 30, sura 33 «Sonmy». // Koran. S.346.
Ayat 32, sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 346.
Ayat 49(50), sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 348.
Ayat 50, sura 33 «Sonmy» // Koran. S. 348.
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhanie Koranu. // Pushkin. S. 204-205.
Pushkin A. S. Evgeniy Onegin. Rannie redaktsii. Glava tret'ya.// http://www.rvb.ru/pushkin/01text/04onegin/02edit/0853.htm
Pushkin A.S. Podrazhaniya Koranu. // Pushkin. T. 2. S. 211.
Ayat 28, sura 33 «Sonmy».// Koran. S.346.
Sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya».// Koran. S.489-490.
Sura 22 «Khadzh».// Koran. S.274-281.
Kommentarii. Sura 80.// Koran. S.638.
Fomichev S. A. «Podrazhaniya Koranu». Genezis, arkhitektonika i kompozitsiya tsikla // http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v81/v81-022-.htm
Ayaty 11-15, sura 80 «Nakhmurilsya». // Koran. S.489.
Ayat 2, sura 22 «Khadzh». // Koran. S. 274.
Ryleev K.F.--Pushkinu A.S. Konets aprelya 1825 g. Peterburg//Gordeev K. Pushkin. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Sm. http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
Ayat 260 (258), sura 2 «Korova». // Koran. S. 56.
Dzhovanni Piko della Mirandola. Rech' o dostoinstve cheloveka. Per. s it. L.Braginoy.// http://www.opentextnn.ru/man/?id=1812
Pushkin A. S. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Pushkin. T. 2. C. 211.
Sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. C. 418-421.
Ayat 27, sura 48 «Pobeda».//Koran. S. 421. 1.Al'-Másdzhid al'-Kharám (arab. المسجد الحرام‎‎, Zapretnaya (zapovednaya) mechet') — glavnaya mechet', vo vnutrennem dvore kotoroy nakhoditsya Kaaba. Raspolozhena v Mekke v Saudovskoy Aravii. Razreshenie voyti v zapretnuyu mechet'--eto nagrada Allakha cheloveku za veru. 2.musul'manin, sovershayushchiy khadzh, breet golovu. 3.«Ukorotit'»--znachit ukorotit' vremya namaza.
Ayat 1, sura 48 «Pobeda».//Koran. S. 418
Tomashevskiy B. V. Podrazhaniya Koranu.// Pushkin. T. 2. Primechaniya. S. 426.
Ayat 29, sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. S. 421.
Ayat 15, sura 48 «Pobeda».// Koran. S. 420.
Ryleev K. F.--Pushkinu A. S. Konets aprelya 1825 g. Peterburg. // Gordeev K. http://www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=240§ion=0&heading=0
V drugikh perevodakh Korana sura «Zavernuvshiysya» perevoditsya kak «Robkiy».
Ayaty 1(1)-7(7), sura 74 «Zavernuvshiysya».// Koran. S. 478.
Ayaty 1(1)-4(4), sura 73 “Zavernuvshiysya». // Koran. S. 477.
Ayat 261 (259), sura 2 «Korova».// Koran. S. 57.
V. M. Rozin Lichnost' i tragediya Mariny Tsvetaevoy // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. - 2012. - 5. - C. 59 - 67.

Review: The author of the present research article raises the issues that make us take another look at childhood and old age as the frames (development and completion) of human’s individual life. The author views phylogenic parallels to the child development and introduces the concept of human cultures, the latter being described in terms of peculiarities of life activities and views (consciousness) as well as the nature of socialization processes. Childhood is not only an independent culture of life but also the beginning of a difficult transition from one life to another (from the ‘pram’ to personality). Childhood provides the two methods of the world development – play and first social contacts with significant others. A child understands the adult world through play and thinks according to particular patterns. The meaning of a so-called childhood crisis so many people are talking about now is in the crisis of our adult life. Old age develops as a culture of life only if the society admits singularity of life of elderly people and creates special conditions for their life. The other condition is the efforts and work put forth by elderly people and old people towards developing their own concept of old age and putting that concept into life. The third condition for developing the concept of old age in culture (literature, music, science and etc.) is the creation of so called ‘semiotics of old age’. The author views different concepts of old age and analyzes a very important element of these concepts, institutionalization of the meaning of life in the culture of old age. The main research methods used by the author included comparative analysis, methodological problematization, cultural and historical reenactment and case analysis. General methodology included the philosophical interpretation based on humanitarian and cultural approaches. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the author offered the definition of the term ‘culture of childhood and culture of old age’ and described the conditions of their formation, peculiarities and essence of each culture, issues related to these cultures and the main solutions of these issues. Generally speaking, the author offers a new philosophical concept of childhood and old age.

Keywords: Crisis, activity, society, prams, culture, childhood, old age, reality, personality, development.

Contact information: Rozin Vadim Markovich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, stroenie 5

References:
M., 1992. Asmolov A. G. Psikhologiya lichnosti. Printsipy obshchepsikhologicheskogo analiza. M., 2001. German Gesse O starosti. 1952 http://www.lib.ru/GESSE/starost.txt Akhutin A. V. Otkrytie soznaniya // Chelovek i kul'tura. M., 1990. Berdyaev N. Samopoznanie (opyt filosofskoy avtobiografii). M. 1990. Vygotskiy L.S. Myshlenie i rech'. Sobr. soch. T.2, M.,1982. Ermolaeva M. V. Prakticheskaya psikhologiya starosti. M., 2002. Zen'kovskiy V.V. Psikhologiya detstva. Red. Golden-Ship.ru 2012. (Tekst publikuetsya po izdaniyu: Zen'kovskiy V.V., prof. Psikhologiya detstva. Leyptsig: Izd-vo «Sotrudnik», 1924). Kle M. Psikhologiya podrostka // Frolov Yu.I. Psikhologiya podrostka.M., 1997. Kon I. S. Rebenok i obshchestvo. – M., 1988. Kon I. S. Otkrytie "Ya". – M., 1978. Krasil'shchikov A. Evreyskaya mest'. Byl'. ES. N
-30 yanvarya 2007. Leon-Portil'ya M. Filosofiya nagua. M., 1961. Meletinskiy E.M. Poetika mifa. M., 1976. Mid M. Kul'tura i mir detstva. – M., 1988. Neretina S.S. Tochki na zrenii. Sankt-Peterburg, 2005. Platon. Apologiya Sokrata // Platon. Soch: V 4 t. T.1. M., 1994. Platon Gosudarstvo. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 3. M., 1994. Platon. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T.
M., 1994. Pomerants G.S. Postmodernizm // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. V 4 t. M, 2001. T. 3. Psikhologiya detstva. Uchebnik. M., 2003. Rodzher Alan Dikon Proizvodstvo sub'ektivnosti // Logos. # 2 (65) 2008. Rozin V.M. Kul'turologiya. Uchebnik. 2-e izd. M., 2004. Rozin V.M. Chelovek kul'turnyy. Vvedenie v antropologiyu. M., 2003 Rozin V.M. Filosofiya obrazovaniya. Etyudy-issledovaniya (paragraf «Kakim obrazom i ot kogo proizoshel chelovek?»). Moskva-Voronezh, 2007. Rozin V.M. Teoriya kul'tury. M., 2004 Rozin V.M. Vizual'naya kul'tura i vospriyatie. Kak chelovek vidit i ponimaet mir. Izd.
M,. 2012. Rozin V.M. Filosofiya tekhniki. Ot egipetskikh piramid do virtual'nykh real'nostey. M., 2001 Teylor E. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M., 1939. Khyubner K. Istina mifa. M., 1996. Chukovskiy K. Ot dvukh do pyati. http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=72192 Yung K. Vospominaniya, snovideniya, razmyshleniya. Kiev, 1994. Meltzoff, A.N., & Moore, M.K. (1977). «Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates.». Science, vol. 198, 1977. http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-370609.html
Rozin V.M. Prostranstvo zhizni i seksa sovremennogo marginala // NB: Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 2. - C. 1 - 105. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0425.2013.2.400. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psp/article_400.html
Dzhafarova D.T. Fenomen starosti v dukhovnom opyte chelovechestva // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 12. - C. 1200 - 1206. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.12.10163.
SPb.: RKhGI, 2001. Apuley. Metamorfozy v XI knigakh. M., 1960. Abramenkova V.V. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya detstva v kontekste razvitiya otnosheniy rebenka v mire // Voprosy psikhologii. 2002. Godfrua Zh. Chto takoe psikhologiya. V 2-kh t. T.

References (transliteration):
M., 1992. Asmolov A. G. Psikhologiya lichnosti. Printsipy obshchepsikhologicheskogo analiza. M., 2001. German Gesse O starosti. 1952 http://www.lib.ru/GESSE/starost.txt Akhutin A. V. Otkrytie soznaniya // Chelovek i kul'tura. M., 1990. Berdyaev N. Samopoznanie (opyt filosofskoy avtobiografii). M. 1990. Vygotskiy L.S. Myshlenie i rech'. Sobr. soch. T.2, M.,1982. Ermolaeva M. V. Prakticheskaya psikhologiya starosti. M., 2002. Zen'kovskiy V.V. Psikhologiya detstva. Red. Golden-Ship.ru 2012. (Tekst publikuetsya po izdaniyu: Zen'kovskiy V.V., prof. Psikhologiya detstva. Leyptsig: Izd-vo «Sotrudnik», 1924). Kle M. Psikhologiya podrostka // Frolov Yu.I. Psikhologiya podrostka.M., 1997. Kon I. S. Rebenok i obshchestvo. – M., 1988. Kon I. S. Otkrytie "Ya". – M., 1978. Krasil'shchikov A. Evreyskaya mest'. Byl'. ES. N
-30 yanvarya 2007. Leon-Portil'ya M. Filosofiya nagua. M., 1961. Meletinskiy E.M. Poetika mifa. M., 1976. Mid M. Kul'tura i mir detstva. – M., 1988. Neretina S.S. Tochki na zrenii. Sankt-Peterburg, 2005. Platon. Apologiya Sokrata // Platon. Soch: V 4 t. T.1. M., 1994. Platon Gosudarstvo. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T. 3. M., 1994. Platon. Sobr. soch. v 4 t. T.
M., 1994. Pomerants G.S. Postmodernizm // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. V 4 t. M, 2001. T. 3. Psikhologiya detstva. Uchebnik. M., 2003. Rodzher Alan Dikon Proizvodstvo sub'ektivnosti // Logos. # 2 (65) 2008. Rozin V.M. Kul'turologiya. Uchebnik. 2-e izd. M., 2004. Rozin V.M. Chelovek kul'turnyy. Vvedenie v antropologiyu. M., 2003 Rozin V.M. Filosofiya obrazovaniya. Etyudy-issledovaniya (paragraf «Kakim obrazom i ot kogo proizoshel chelovek?»). Moskva-Voronezh, 2007. Rozin V.M. Teoriya kul'tury. M., 2004 Rozin V.M. Vizual'naya kul'tura i vospriyatie. Kak chelovek vidit i ponimaet mir. Izd.
M,. 2012. Rozin V.M. Filosofiya tekhniki. Ot egipetskikh piramid do virtual'nykh real'nostey. M., 2001 Teylor E. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M., 1939. Khyubner K. Istina mifa. M., 1996. Chukovskiy K. Ot dvukh do pyati. http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=72192 Yung K. Vospominaniya, snovideniya, razmyshleniya. Kiev, 1994. Meltzoff, A.N., & Moore, M.K. (1977). «Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates.». Science, vol. 198, 1977. http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-370609.html
Rozin V.M. Prostranstvo zhizni i seksa sovremennogo marginala // NB: Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 2. - C. 1 - 105. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0425.2013.2.400. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/psp/article_400.html
Dzhafarova D.T. Fenomen starosti v dukhovnom opyte chelovechestva // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2013. - 12. - C. 1200 - 1206. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.12.10163.
SPb.: RKhGI, 2001. Apuley. Metamorfozy v XI knigakh. M., 1960. Abramenkova V.V. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya detstva v kontekste razvitiya otnosheniy rebenka v mire // Voprosy psikhologii. 2002. Godfrua Zh. Chto takoe psikhologiya. V 2-kh t. T.

Review: The author of the present research article raises the issues that make us take another look at childhood and old age as the frames (development and completion) of human’s individual life. The author views phylogenic parallels to the child development and introduces the concept of human cultures, the latter being described in terms of peculiarities of life activities and views (consciousness) as well as the nature of socialization processes. Childhood is not only an independent culture of life but also the beginning of a difficult transition from one life to another (from the ‘pram’ to personality). Childhood provides the two methods of the world development – play and first social contacts with significant others. A child understands the adult world through play and thinks according to particular patterns. The meaning of a so-called childhood crisis so many people are talking about now is in the crisis of our adult life. Old age develops as a culture of life only if the society admits singularity of life of elderly people and creates special conditions for their life. The other condition is the efforts and work put forth by elderly people and old people towards developing their own concept of old age and putting that concept into life. The third condition for developing the concept of old age in culture (literature, music, science and etc.) is the creation of so called ‘semiotics of old age’. The author views different concepts of old age and analyzes a very important element of these concepts, institutionalization of the meaning of life in the culture of old age. The main research methods used by the author included comparative analysis, methodological problematisation, cultural and historical reenactment and case analysis. General methodology included the philosophical interpretation based on humanitarian and cultural approaches. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the author offered the definition of the term ‘culture of childhood and culture of old age’ and described the conditions of their formation, peculiarities and essence of each culture, issues related to these cultures and the main solutions of these issues. Generally speaking, the author offers a new philosophical concept of childhood and old age.

Keywords: culture, childhood, old age, reality, personality, prams, society, activity, development.

Review: The author of the article touches upon the issue about the relation between culture and civilization that are being viewed in terms of development of communication processes throughout history. The importance of this problem is especially recognized due to the appearance of TV broadcast at the second half of the XXth century and the Internet over the last decade. However, the only provision being actually recognized is that in actual practice communication has been existing since the times of appearance of the written language. The history of mass communication relates to the successive involvement of different technologies in the cultural process. Quite often these technologies take communication processes beyond the borders of culture. Technology represents civilization preferences. However, the other side of mass communication addresses culture which, in accordance with Johan Huizinga’s statement, ‘is born in personality and therefore retains its health in personality’. This discordance between preferences of civilization and culture plays the decisive role in raising the problem about personal potential of mass communication. Where mass communication expresses preferences of civilization, personality plays the role of an object in the communication process. Civilization tends to expand the communication space and therefore to involve as many people as possible into the communication process. Mass communication is meant to solve the problems that usually arise in the history of civilization when mass societies appear and processes of massification of culture are started. Personality becomes an actor of communication processes only when technology answers the preferences of culture but does not take communication beyond the borders of culture as it often happens and what mass media such as cinematograph, TV broadcast and the Internet often demonstrates. Sometimes it takes too long for the critical evaluation of the new communication media created on the basis of advanced technologies to be formed. So the humanity is often too excited about the opportunities that the new mean of communication may offer. Such statement of the question makes it necessary to undertake further historical researches of communication but not in the apologetic meaning as it often happens.

Keywords: globalization, individualization, massification, civilization, mass communication, mass media, book printing, culture, written language, cinematograph.

Review: As a musical composition, march is a piece of music of a certain form and with a certain regular rhythm that is written for marching to and satisfying esthetic needs of a listener. In his search for answers to the question about the role and place of march in our life, the author faced the absence of methodological concepts on the matter and therefore chose to study the military march in all its kinds and forms. The subject of the research is the particular role of march as a piece of music in the life of an individual and ethnos, in the process of up-bringing, philosophical achievement of one’s personhood and development of culture. The research method is the search for and interpretation of information about the military music in general and military march in particular as well as comparison of discovered facts deriving from different epochs and cultures about military science, raising a warrior, formation and development of the army and attitude to music as an important element of culture. The novelty of the present research is in the attempt to provide a philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of march, to compare this musical genre with other active branches of art and to analyze philosophical reflections on the role and influence of military march on the national culture. The author of the research article suggests that we should pay more attention to this unique phenomenon that has become not only the kind of musical composition but also the genre which, besides its ‘official’ purpose, has also created the grounds for further development of musical art and division of music into different musical genres.

Keywords: march, music, philosophy, war, religion, rites, musical instruments, state, army, peace.

Contact information: Chertok Mikhail Davidovich, 129021, Russia, Moscow, Komsomolsky prosp., d. 18.

References:
Avgustin A. Ispoved'. M.: Renessans. 1991.
Artkhashastra Kautil'i. / Samozvantsev A.M. M.: Vostochnaya literatura RAN. 2009.
Afiney. Pir mudretsov. V 15 kn. T. 1. Kn. 2. M.: Nauka. 2003. S. 38.
Berdyaev N.A. Futurizm na voyne. M.: Kanon+. 2004, S. 40.
Bibliya: Iskhod, Chisla.
Veyder B. Blistatel'nyy Bonapart. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1992.
Gadamer G.G. Istina i metod. M.: Progress. 1988.
Gegel' G.V. Kurs estetiki, ili Nauka izyashchnogo. Kn. II, Muzyka, epicheskaya poeziya. M. 1869.
Gegel' G.V. Lektsii po estetike. Kn. III. M.: Institut filosofii AN SSSR. 1958.
Gegel' G.V. Entsiklopediya filosofskikh nauk. M.: 1975. T. 2.
Gegel' G.V. Filosofiya religii. M.: Mysl'. 1977. T. 2.
Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. M.: 1986.
Deva B. Chaytan'ya. Indiyskaya muzyka. M.: Muzyka, 1980.
Dostoevskiy F.M. Dnevnik pisatelya. Sentyabr'-noyabr' 1877 goda. L.: Nauka, 1984.
Zalesskiy P.I. Grekhi staroy Rossii i ee armii. Tsit. po: Grigor'ev A.B. Filosofiya voyny: Rossiyskiy voennyy sbornik. M.: Izd. tsentr «Ankil-voin», 1995.
Ingarden R. Issledovaniya po estetike. M. 1962.
Iosif Flaviy. Iudeyskie drevnosti. SPb. 1900. V 2 t. T. 2. Gl. XI.
Kant I. Kritika sposobnosti suzhdeniya. Sochineniya v 6 tomakh. T. 5. M.: Mysl', 1966.
Kant I. Traktat «K vechnomu miru». Sochineniya v 6 tomakh. T. 6. M.: Mysl'. 1966.
Kastner G. Obshchee rukovodstvo po voennoy muzyke. Parizh. 1847.
Klauzevits K. O voyne. M.: Eksmo, SPb.: Midgard. 2007.
Kurysheva T. Teatral'nost' i muzyka. M.: Sov. kompozitor. 1984.
Losev A.F. Antichnaya muzykal'naya estetika. M.: Gosmuzizdat. 1960.
Losev A.F. Dialektika khudozhestvennoy formy. M.: Mysl'. 1995.
Losev A.F. Dialektika mifa. M. Akademicheskiy proekt. 2008.
Losev A.F. Muzyka kak predmet logiki. M.: Izdanie avtora. 1927.
Lugovaya E.K. Filosofiya tantsa. SPb. 2008.
Makiavelli N. O voennom iskusstve. SPb.: AMFORA. 1999.
Mamardashvili M. D'yavol igraet nami, kogda my ne myslim tochno. Teatr. 1989. ¹ 3.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M. Nauka.1994.
Nitsshe F. Veselaya nauka. SPb.: Azbuka. 1997.
Nitsshe F. Tak govoril Zaratustra. M.: Azbuka. 1990.
Nitsshe F.V. Pesni Zaratustry. SPb.: Azbuka. 1997.
Nitsshe F. Rozhdenie tragedii iz dukha muzyki. SPb.: Azbuka-klassiki. 2007.
Penskoy V.V., Penskaya T.M. Ocherki istorii voennogo dela Vizantii. Belgorod.: OOO IPTs «POLITERRA». 2011.
Platon. Lakhes: dialog filosofa Platona o muzhestve. M.: Univ. tip.. 1890.
Platon. Dialogi. Alkiviad. M.: Mysl'. 1986.
Plutarkh. O muzyke. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo. 1922.
Plutarkh. Sravnitel'nye zhizneopisaniya. M.: Al'fa-kniga: 2008. Likurg i Numa Pompiliy, gl. 22. Agezilay i Pompey, gl.19.
Poslaniya sv. Afanasiya Velikogo, arkhiepiskopa Aleksandriyskogo, k Ammunu monakhu // Kniga Pravil svyatykh apostol, svyatykh Soborov Vselenskikh i pomestnykh i svyatykh otets. M. 2004.
Russo Zh.Zh. Suzhdenie o vechnom mire // Traktaty o vechnom mire. M.: Sotsekgiz. 1963.
Sisauri V.I. Tseremonial'naya muzyka Kitaya i Yaponii. SPb. Izd. SPbGU, 2008.
Solov'ev V.S. Filosofskie nachala tsel'nogo znaniya. Sochineniya v 2-kh t. M.: Mysl'. 1988, T. 1.
Strabon. Geografiya, kn. I, gl. 25.
Sun'-tszy. Iskusstvo strategii. M.: Eksmo, SPb.: Midgard, 2006.
Tkachenko G.A. Kosmos, muzyka i ritual: Mif i estetika v «Lyuyshi chun'tsyu». M.: Nauka. 1990.
Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka / Shvedova N.Yu. M. RAN IRYa im. V.V. Vinogradova. 2007.
Feodorit Kirrskiy. Tolkovanie na poslanie k evreyam. SPb., 1843.
Fink E. Osnovnye fenomeny chelovecheskogo bytiya. Problemy cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Mysl'. 1988.
Khaydegger M. Istok khudozhestvennogo tvoreniya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2008.
Tsertelev D. Estetika Shopengauera. SPb. 1890.
Chechott V.A. Istoriya muzyki. Kiev. 1890.
Sheler M. Polozhenie cheloveka v Kosmose. // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988.
Shelling F.V.Y. Filosofiya iskusstva. M.: Mysl'. 1966.
Shopengauer A. Mir kak volya i predstavlenie. Perevod A. Feta. S-Peterburg. 1881.
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. M.; Mysl', 1998. T. 1.
Entsiklopediya «Muzykal'nye instrumenty». M. «Deka-VS». 2008.
Popov E.A. Ponyatie gosudarstva kak tsennostno-smyslovoy sistemy v filosofii prava i filosofii gosudarstvennosti // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2013. - 2. - C. 193 - 217. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_454.html
Yu.V. Naumov Religiozno-filosofskie idei naslediya F. Nitsshe i V. Solov'eva (Komparativistskiy analiz). // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 6. - C. 114 - 120.

References (transliteration):
Avgustin A. Ispoved'. M.: Renessans. 1991.
Artkhashastra Kautil'i. / Samozvantsev A.M. M.: Vostochnaya literatura RAN. 2009.
Afiney. Pir mudretsov. V 15 kn. T. 1. Kn. 2. M.: Nauka. 2003. S. 38.
Berdyaev N.A. Futurizm na voyne. M.: Kanon+. 2004, S. 40.
Bibliya: Iskhod, Chisla.
Veyder B. Blistatel'nyy Bonapart. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1992.
Gadamer G.G. Istina i metod. M.: Progress. 1988.
Gegel' G.V. Kurs estetiki, ili Nauka izyashchnogo. Kn. II, Muzyka, epicheskaya poeziya. M. 1869.
Gegel' G.V. Lektsii po estetike. Kn. III. M.: Institut filosofii AN SSSR. 1958.
Gegel' G.V. Entsiklopediya filosofskikh nauk. M.: 1975. T. 2.
Gegel' G.V. Filosofiya religii. M.: Mysl'. 1977. T. 2.
Gulyga A.V. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya. M.: 1986.
Deva B. Chaytan'ya. Indiyskaya muzyka. M.: Muzyka, 1980.
Dostoevskiy F.M. Dnevnik pisatelya. Sentyabr'-noyabr' 1877 goda. L.: Nauka, 1984.
Zalesskiy P.I. Grekhi staroy Rossii i ee armii. Tsit. po: Grigor'ev A.B. Filosofiya voyny: Rossiyskiy voennyy sbornik. M.: Izd. tsentr «Ankil-voin», 1995.
Ingarden R. Issledovaniya po estetike. M. 1962.
Iosif Flaviy. Iudeyskie drevnosti. SPb. 1900. V 2 t. T. 2. Gl. XI.
Kant I. Kritika sposobnosti suzhdeniya. Sochineniya v 6 tomakh. T. 5. M.: Mysl', 1966.
Kant I. Traktat «K vechnomu miru». Sochineniya v 6 tomakh. T. 6. M.: Mysl'. 1966.
Kastner G. Obshchee rukovodstvo po voennoy muzyke. Parizh. 1847.
Klauzevits K. O voyne. M.: Eksmo, SPb.: Midgard. 2007.
Kurysheva T. Teatral'nost' i muzyka. M.: Sov. kompozitor. 1984.
Losev A.F. Antichnaya muzykal'naya estetika. M.: Gosmuzizdat. 1960.
Losev A.F. Dialektika khudozhestvennoy formy. M.: Mysl'. 1995.
Losev A.F. Dialektika mifa. M. Akademicheskiy proekt. 2008.
Losev A.F. Muzyka kak predmet logiki. M.: Izdanie avtora. 1927.
Lugovaya E.K. Filosofiya tantsa. SPb. 2008.
Makiavelli N. O voennom iskusstve. SPb.: AMFORA. 1999.
Mamardashvili M. D'yavol igraet nami, kogda my ne myslim tochno. Teatr. 1989. ¹ 3.
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. M. Nauka.1994.
Nitsshe F. Veselaya nauka. SPb.: Azbuka. 1997.
Nitsshe F. Tak govoril Zaratustra. M.: Azbuka. 1990.
Nitsshe F.V. Pesni Zaratustry. SPb.: Azbuka. 1997.
Nitsshe F. Rozhdenie tragedii iz dukha muzyki. SPb.: Azbuka-klassiki. 2007.
Penskoy V.V., Penskaya T.M. Ocherki istorii voennogo dela Vizantii. Belgorod.: OOO IPTs «POLITERRA». 2011.
Platon. Lakhes: dialog filosofa Platona o muzhestve. M.: Univ. tip.. 1890.
Platon. Dialogi. Alkiviad. M.: Mysl'. 1986.
Plutarkh. O muzyke. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo. 1922.
Plutarkh. Sravnitel'nye zhizneopisaniya. M.: Al'fa-kniga: 2008. Likurg i Numa Pompiliy, gl. 22. Agezilay i Pompey, gl.19.
Poslaniya sv. Afanasiya Velikogo, arkhiepiskopa Aleksandriyskogo, k Ammunu monakhu // Kniga Pravil svyatykh apostol, svyatykh Soborov Vselenskikh i pomestnykh i svyatykh otets. M. 2004.
Russo Zh.Zh. Suzhdenie o vechnom mire // Traktaty o vechnom mire. M.: Sotsekgiz. 1963.
Sisauri V.I. Tseremonial'naya muzyka Kitaya i Yaponii. SPb. Izd. SPbGU, 2008.
Solov'ev V.S. Filosofskie nachala tsel'nogo znaniya. Sochineniya v 2-kh t. M.: Mysl'. 1988, T. 1.
Strabon. Geografiya, kn. I, gl. 25.
Sun'-tszy. Iskusstvo strategii. M.: Eksmo, SPb.: Midgard, 2006.
Tkachenko G.A. Kosmos, muzyka i ritual: Mif i estetika v «Lyuyshi chun'tsyu». M.: Nauka. 1990.
Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka / Shvedova N.Yu. M. RAN IRYa im. V.V. Vinogradova. 2007.
Feodorit Kirrskiy. Tolkovanie na poslanie k evreyam. SPb., 1843.
Fink E. Osnovnye fenomeny chelovecheskogo bytiya. Problemy cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Mysl'. 1988.
Khaydegger M. Istok khudozhestvennogo tvoreniya. M.: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2008.
Tsertelev D. Estetika Shopengauera. SPb. 1890.
Chechott V.A. Istoriya muzyki. Kiev. 1890.
Sheler M. Polozhenie cheloveka v Kosmose. // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988.
Shelling F.V.Y. Filosofiya iskusstva. M.: Mysl'. 1966.
Shopengauer A. Mir kak volya i predstavlenie. Perevod A. Feta. S-Peterburg. 1881.
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. M.; Mysl', 1998. T. 1.
Entsiklopediya «Muzykal'nye instrumenty». M. «Deka-VS». 2008.
Popov E.A. Ponyatie gosudarstva kak tsennostno-smyslovoy sistemy v filosofii prava i filosofii gosudarstvennosti // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2013. - 2. - C. 193 - 217. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_454.html
Yu.V. Naumov Religiozno-filosofskie idei naslediya F. Nitsshe i V. Solov'eva (Komparativistskiy analiz). // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2011. - 6. - C. 114 - 120.

Review: The author of the article touches upon the issue about the relation between culture and civilization that are being viewed in terms of development of communication processes throughout history. The importance of this problem is especially recognized due to the appearance of TV broadcast at the second half of the XXth century and the Internet over the last decade. However, the only provision being actually recognized is that in actual practice communication has been existing since the times of appearance of the written language. The history of mass communication relates to the successive involvement of different technologies in the cultural process. Quite often these technologies take communication processes beyond the borders of culture. Technology represents civilization preferences. However, the other side of mass communication addresses culture which, in accordance with Johan Huizinga’s statement, ‘is born in personality and therefore retains its health in personality’. This discordance between preferences of civilization and culture plays the decisive role in raising the problem about personal potential of mass communication. Where mass communication expresses preferences of civilization, personality plays the role of an object in the communication process. Civilization tends to expand the communication space and therefore to involve as many people as possible into the communication process. Mass communication is meant to solve the problems that usually arise in the history of civilization when mass societies appear and processes of massification of culture are started. Personality becomes an actor of communication processes only when technology answers the preferences of culture but does not take communication beyond the borders of culture as it often happens and what mass media such as cinematograph, TV broadcast and the Internet often demonstrates. Sometimes it takes too long for the critical evaluation of the new communication media created on the basis of advanced technologies to be formed. So the humanity is often too excited about the opportunities that the new mean of communication may offer. Such statement of the question makes it necessary to undertake further historical researches of communication but not in the apologetic meaning as it often happens.

Keywords: globalization, individualization, massification, civilization, mass communication, mass media, book printing, culture, written language, cinematograph.

References:
Avtonomova N. Otkrytaya struktura: Yakobson, Bakhtin, Lotman, Gasparov. M., 2009;
Balash B. Kul'tura kino. L., 1925;
Burkkhardt Ya. Kul'tura Italii v epokhu Vozrozhdeniya. M., 1996;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovaniya o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Vartanov A. Razvitie kinoyazyka: ot pryamogo efira k interaktivu. V kn. : Sredstva massovoy kommunikatsii v khudozhestvennoy kul'ture Rossii KhKh veka. , t. 3. Televidenie na rubezhe vekov (1980-2001 gody)., M., 2002;
Volkov A. Ob aktual'nykh problemakh sredstv massovogo vozdeystviya (SMV) i sredstv massovykh kommunikatsiy (SMK). V kn. : Predmet semiotiki. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy vzaimodeystviya sredstv massovykh kommunikatsiy. M., 1975;
Gyugo V. Sobranie sochineniy v 16 t., t. 2., M., 1953.;
Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politichesike otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991;
Derrida Zh. O grammatologii. M., 2000;
Zimmel' G. Krizis kul'tury. V kn. : Zimmel'. Izbrannoe., t. 1. Filosofiya kul'tury. M., 1996;
Istoriya russkikh media. 1989-2011;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Kurennoy V. Media: sredstva v poiskakh tseley. Otechestvennye zapiski. 2003., ¹ 4;
Levi-Stros K. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Luman N. Media kommunikatsii. M., 2005;
Mandel'shtam O. Sobranie sochineniy v 4-kh t., t. 2., M., 1991;
Maklyuen M. Ponimanie media: vneshnie rasshireniya cheloveka.M., 2003;
Maklyuen M. Galaktika Guttenberga. Sotvorenie cheloveka pechatnoy kul'tury. Kiev., 2003;
Mikhalkovich V. Kino i televidenie ili o neskhodstve skhodnogo. Kinovedcheskie zapiski. 1996., ¹ 30;
Monten' M. Opyty. Kniga 3., M., 1979;
Motroshilova N. Tsivilizatsiya i varvarstvo v epokhu global'nykh krizisov. M., 2010;
Mol' A. Sotsiodinamika kul'tury. M., 1973;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostey. M., 2005;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 2., 1970;
Reyngol'd G. Umnaya tolpa: novaya sotsial'naya revolyutsiya. M., 2006;
Rozanov V. Uedinennoe. M., 1990;
Rozanov V. Sumerki prosveshcheniya. M., 1990;
Safranski R. Gofman. M., 2005;
Strakovich Yu. Muzykal'naya kul'tura v tsifrovuyu epokhu. M., 2013;
Tarasov K. Nasilie v zerkale audiovizual'noy kul'tury. M., 2005;
Tard G. Publika i tolpa. SPb;
Tolstoy L. Sobranie sochineniy v 20 t., t. 18., M., 1965;
Tokvil' de A. Demokratiya v Amerike. M., 1992;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Tret'yakov S. Novyy Lev Tolstoy. Novyy Lef., 1927., ¹ 1;
Funke F. Knigovedenie. Istoricheskiy obzor knizhnogo dela. M., 1982;
Kheyzinga Y. Teni zavtrashnego dnya. Chelovek i kul'tura. Zatemnennyy mir. SPb.,2010;
Khrenov N. Teoreticheskie voprosy istorii funktsionirovaniya i razvitiya massovoy kommunikatsii. V kn. : V zerkale kritiki. Iz istorii izucheniya khudozhestvennykh vozmozhnostey massovoy kommunikatsii. M., 1985;
Khrenov N. Zrelishcha v epokhu vosstaniya mass. M., 2006;
Khrenov N. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy aspekt funktsionirovaniya zrelishch v kul'ture goroda. V kn. : Teatr kak sotsiologicheskiy fenomen. SPb., 2004;
Khrenov N. K probleme sotsiologii i psikhologii kino 20-kh godov. Voprosy kinoiskusstva. M., 1976;
Khukhtamo E. Elementy ekranologii: k probleme arkheologii media. V kn. : Ekrannaya kul'tura. Teoreticheskie problemy. SPb., 2012;
Chukovskiy K. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t., t. 6., M., 1969;
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993;
Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. SPb.,1996;
Yaspers K. Nitsshe. Vvedenie v ponimanie ego filosofstvovaniya. SPb., 2004

References (transliteration):
Avtonomova N. Otkrytaya struktura: Yakobson, Bakhtin, Lotman, Gasparov. M., 2009;
Balash B. Kul'tura kino. L., 1925;
Burkkhardt Ya. Kul'tura Italii v epokhu Vozrozhdeniya. M., 1996;
Bulgakov S. Dva grada. Issledovaniya o prirode obshchestvennykh idealov. SPb., 1997;
Vartanov A. Razvitie kinoyazyka: ot pryamogo efira k interaktivu. V kn. : Sredstva massovoy kommunikatsii v khudozhestvennoy kul'ture Rossii KhKh veka. , t. 3. Televidenie na rubezhe vekov (1980-2001 gody)., M., 2002;
Volkov A. Ob aktual'nykh problemakh sredstv massovogo vozdeystviya (SMV) i sredstv massovykh kommunikatsiy (SMK). V kn. : Predmet semiotiki. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy vzaimodeystviya sredstv massovykh kommunikatsiy. M., 1975;
Gyugo V. Sobranie sochineniy v 16 t., t. 2., M., 1953.;
Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politichesike otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991;
Derrida Zh. O grammatologii. M., 2000;
Zimmel' G. Krizis kul'tury. V kn. : Zimmel'. Izbrannoe., t. 1. Filosofiya kul'tury. M., 1996;
Istoriya russkikh media. 1989-2011;
Kanneti E. Massa i vlast'. M., 1997;
Kurennoy V. Media: sredstva v poiskakh tseley. Otechestvennye zapiski. 2003., ¹ 4;
Levi-Stros K. Strukturnaya antropologiya. M., 1983;
Luman N. Real'nost' massmedia. M., 2005;
Luman N. Media kommunikatsii. M., 2005;
Mandel'shtam O. Sobranie sochineniy v 4-kh t., t. 2., M., 1991;
Maklyuen M. Ponimanie media: vneshnie rasshireniya cheloveka.M., 2003;
Maklyuen M. Galaktika Guttenberga. Sotvorenie cheloveka pechatnoy kul'tury. Kiev., 2003;
Mikhalkovich V. Kino i televidenie ili o neskhodstve skhodnogo. Kinovedcheskie zapiski. 1996., ¹ 30;
Monten' M. Opyty. Kniga 3., M., 1979;
Motroshilova N. Tsivilizatsiya i varvarstvo v epokhu global'nykh krizisov. M., 2010;
Mol' A. Sotsiodinamika kul'tury. M., 1973;
Nitsshe F. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostey. M., 2005;
Platon. Sochineniya v 3-kh t., t. 2., 1970;
Reyngol'd G. Umnaya tolpa: novaya sotsial'naya revolyutsiya. M., 2006;
Rozanov V. Uedinennoe. M., 1990;
Rozanov V. Sumerki prosveshcheniya. M., 1990;
Safranski R. Gofman. M., 2005;
Strakovich Yu. Muzykal'naya kul'tura v tsifrovuyu epokhu. M., 2013;
Tarasov K. Nasilie v zerkale audiovizual'noy kul'tury. M., 2005;
Tard G. Publika i tolpa. SPb;
Tolstoy L. Sobranie sochineniy v 20 t., t. 18., M., 1965;
Tokvil' de A. Demokratiya v Amerike. M., 1992;
Toffler E. Tret'ya volna. M., 1999;
Tret'yakov S. Novyy Lev Tolstoy. Novyy Lef., 1927., ¹ 1;
Funke F. Knigovedenie. Istoricheskiy obzor knizhnogo dela. M., 1982;
Kheyzinga Y. Teni zavtrashnego dnya. Chelovek i kul'tura. Zatemnennyy mir. SPb.,2010;
Khrenov N. Teoreticheskie voprosy istorii funktsionirovaniya i razvitiya massovoy kommunikatsii. V kn. : V zerkale kritiki. Iz istorii izucheniya khudozhestvennykh vozmozhnostey massovoy kommunikatsii. M., 1985;
Khrenov N. Zrelishcha v epokhu vosstaniya mass. M., 2006;
Khrenov N. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiy aspekt funktsionirovaniya zrelishch v kul'ture goroda. V kn. : Teatr kak sotsiologicheskiy fenomen. SPb., 2004;
Khrenov N. K probleme sotsiologii i psikhologii kino 20-kh godov. Voprosy kinoiskusstva. M., 1976;
Khukhtamo E. Elementy ekranologii: k probleme arkheologii media. V kn. : Ekrannaya kul'tura. Teoreticheskie problemy. SPb., 2012;
Chukovskiy K. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t., t. 6., M., 1969;
Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993;
Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. SPb.,1996;
Yaspers K. Nitsshe. Vvedenie v ponimanie ego filosofstvovaniya. SPb., 2004

Review: the article mentions facts from the history of the ancient art (stages of formation of cave art, peculiarities of the Ancient Egyptian canon in art and etc.) that require scientific research. The author of the article offers explanation of these facts from the point of view of cultural studies and semiotics. The author shows that formation of art (particularly, quasi art of the first cultures when the esthetical point of view hadn’t been formed yet) is a communication and sacral semiosis from one hand and a result of non-utilitarian policy in art that encouraged the outcome of an expert in quasi art and an artist himself.

Keywords: cultural studies, art, quasi art, formation, culture, sign, non-utilitarian, situation, fine arts, canon.

Contact information: Rozin Vadim Markovich, 119019, Russia, Moscow, Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5.

References:
1. Gidion Z. Prostranstvo, vremya, arkhitektura. M., 1977.
2. Stolyar A.D. O genezise izobrazitel'noy deyatel'nosti i ee roli v stanovlenii soznaniya // Rannie formy
iskusstva. M., 1972.
3. Lot A. V poiskakh fresok Tassili. M., 1962.
4. Uspenskiy B.A. O semiotike ikony. – Trudy po znakovym sistemam V. Tartu, 1971.
5. Reynak S. «Appolon» (vseobshchaya istoriya plasticheskikh iskusstv). M., 1924.
6. Raushenbakh B. Prostranstvennye postroeniya v zhivopisi. M., 1980.
7. Bol'shakov A.O. Chelovek i ego dvoynik. Sankt-Peterburg, 2001.
8. Aristotel'. Poetika. 1068. http://exbicio.boom.ru
9. Rozin V.M. Semioticheskie issledovaniya. M., 2001.
10. Vygotskiy L.S. Konspekt k lektsiyam po psikhologii detey doshkol'nogo vozrasta // El'konin D.B. Psikho-
logiya igry. M., 1978.
11. Teylor E. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M., 1939.
12. Arnkheym R. Iskusstvo i vizual'noe vospriyatie. M., 1974.

References (transliteration):
1. Gidion Z. Prostranstvo, vremya, arkhitektura. M., 1977.
2. Stolyar A.D. O genezise izobrazitel'noy deyatel'nosti i ee roli v stanovlenii soznaniya // Rannie formy
iskusstva. M., 1972.
3. Lot A. V poiskakh fresok Tassili. M., 1962.
4. Uspenskiy B.A. O semiotike ikony. – Trudy po znakovym sistemam V. Tartu, 1971.
5. Reynak S. «Appolon» (vseobshchaya istoriya plasticheskikh iskusstv). M., 1924.
6. Raushenbakh B. Prostranstvennye postroeniya v zhivopisi. M., 1980.
7. Bol'shakov A.O. Chelovek i ego dvoynik. Sankt-Peterburg, 2001.
8. Aristotel'. Poetika. 1068. http://exbicio.boom.ru
9. Rozin V.M. Semioticheskie issledovaniya. M., 2001.
10. Vygotskiy L.S. Konspekt k lektsiyam po psikhologii detey doshkol'nogo vozrasta // El'konin D.B. Psikho-
logiya igry. M., 1978.
11. Teylor E. Pervobytnaya kul'tura. M., 1939.
12. Arnkheym R. Iskusstvo i vizual'noe vospriyatie. M., 1974.

Review: The article is devoted to the contribution of a famous ethnologist, historian and geographer Lev Gumilev to Russian and world science and culture. As a part of Gumilev’s legacy, the author of the article underlines the elimination of the ‘Orientalistic discourse’ in Western humanities – the image of the East which was created in Western science during the early modern period but did not depicture the real East adequately. That image was created based on the emperial complex of the Romano-Germanic nations which, as Lev Gumilev said, was at the ‘acmatic’ stage of development. That image was Þ rst born in the minds of the ruling elite at Western states and later adopted by the humanities. Russian science happened to be under the inß uence of the ‘Orientalistic discourse’, too. This is why Lev Gumilev’s idea that there was no Mongol-Tatar Yoke in Russian history is usually taken with such resentment. The author of this particular article refers the Orientalistic discourse to Art Nouveau project that was created in Western philosophy during the Age of Enlightenment. It is also proved that there was an alternative project in history of humanities although it was related to the Romantic movement. Romanticists argued against separating West and East and viewed these two super cultures as one whole. Attemp to deÞ ne and prove that there was an alternative project in Russia, too, although Russian romanticists were better known as Slavophiles, allows to understand Lev Gumilev’s approach and appreciate his contribution to world science.

Keywords: cultural studies, Orientalistic approach, ethnos, civilizational identity, humanitarian sciences, natural sciences, passionarity, acmatic phase, Art Nouveau project, romanticism.

References:
1. Berdyaev N. Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Tomsk, 1996.
2. Vernadskiy V. Dva podviga svyatogo Aleksandra Nevskogo // Russkaya ideya. V krugu pisateley i mysliteley
russkogo zarubezh'ya. T. 2. M., 1994.
3. Vernadskiy V. Nachertanie russkoy istorii. M., 2004.
4. Gumilev L. Etnogenez i biosfera zemli. L., 1989.
5. Gete I. V. Zapadno-vostochnyy divan. M., 1988.
6. Evraziytsy: za i protiv, vchera i segodnya // Voprosy filosofii. 1995. ¹ 6.
7. Gumilev L. Etnosfera. Istoriya lyudey i istoriya prirody. M., 1993.
8. Gumilev L. Ritmy Evrazii. Epokhi i tsivilizatsii. M., 2005.
9. Gumilev L. Drevnyaya Rus' i Velikaya step'. M., 1992.
10. Gumilev L. Ot Rusi k Rossii. Ocherki etnicheskoy istorii. M., 1992.
11. Gumilev L. Chernaya legenda. Druz'ya i nedrugi Velikoy Stepi. M., 2012.
12. Genon R. Vliyanie islamskoy tsivilizatsii na Evropu // Voprosy filosofii. 1991. ¹ 4.
13. Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politicheskie otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira
k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991.
14. Zavadskaya E. Kul'tura Vostoka v sovremennom zapadnom mire. M., 1977.
15. Ivanov V. Temy i motivy Vostoka v poezii Zapada // Ivanov V. Izbrannye trudy po semiotike i istorii
kul'tury. T. 3. M., 2004.
16. Kardini F. Evropa i islam. Istoriya neponimaniya. SPb., 2007.
17. Lavrov S. Lev Gumilev. Sud'ba i idei. M., 2000.
18. Medden E. Imperii doveriya. Kak Rim stroil novyy mir. Kak Amerika stroit novyy mir. M., 2010.
19. Noymann I. Ispol'zovanie «Drugogo». Obrazy Vostoka v formirovanii evropeyskikh identichnostey. M., 2004.
20. Said E. Orientalizm. Zapadnye kontseptsii Vostoka. SPb., 2006.
21. Khrenov N. Ot imperskogo monologa k dialogu v ego tsivilizatsionnom ponimanii // Dialog kul'tur i part-
nerstvo tsivilizatsiy. Stanovlenie global'noy kul'tury. SPb., 2010.
22. Khrenov N. Sintez Zapada i Vostoka kak kul'turologicheskaya problema // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 1.
23. Khrenov N. Sintez Zapada i Vostoka kak kul'turologicheskaya problema // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 1.
24. Khrenov N. Idei L. N. Gumileva na fone orientalistskogo diskursa // Nasledie L. N. Gumileva i sud'by
narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb., 2012.
25. Khrenov N. Kul'turnyy sintez v istorii: evraziyskie tsennosti rossiyskoy kul'tury // Nasledie L. N. Gumi-
leva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb., 2012.
26. Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993.
27. Shubart V. Evropa i dusha Vostoka. M., 1997.
28. Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problema. M., 1994.
29. Toynbi A. Tsivilizatsiya pered sudom istorii. M., 2003.
30. Trubetskoy N. Vzglyad na russkuyu istoriyu ne s Zapada, a s Vostoka // Osnovy evraziystva. M., 2002.
31. Yanov A. Russkaya ideya i 2000 god // Neva. 1990. ¹ 1.
32. Yaspers K. Smysl i naznachenie istorii., M., 1991

References (transliteration):
1. Berdyaev N. Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Tomsk, 1996.
2. Vernadskiy V. Dva podviga svyatogo Aleksandra Nevskogo // Russkaya ideya. V krugu pisateley i mysliteley
russkogo zarubezh'ya. T. 2. M., 1994.
3. Vernadskiy V. Nachertanie russkoy istorii. M., 2004.
4. Gumilev L. Etnogenez i biosfera zemli. L., 1989.
5. Gete I. V. Zapadno-vostochnyy divan. M., 1988.
6. Evraziytsy: za i protiv, vchera i segodnya // Voprosy filosofii. 1995. ¹ 6.
7. Gumilev L. Etnosfera. Istoriya lyudey i istoriya prirody. M., 1993.
8. Gumilev L. Ritmy Evrazii. Epokhi i tsivilizatsii. M., 2005.
9. Gumilev L. Drevnyaya Rus' i Velikaya step'. M., 1992.
10. Gumilev L. Ot Rusi k Rossii. Ocherki etnicheskoy istorii. M., 1992.
11. Gumilev L. Chernaya legenda. Druz'ya i nedrugi Velikoy Stepi. M., 2012.
12. Genon R. Vliyanie islamskoy tsivilizatsii na Evropu // Voprosy filosofii. 1991. ¹ 4.
13. Danilevskiy N. Rossiya i Evropa. Vzglyad na kul'turnye i politicheskie otnosheniya slavyanskogo mira
k germano-romanskomu. M., 1991.
14. Zavadskaya E. Kul'tura Vostoka v sovremennom zapadnom mire. M., 1977.
15. Ivanov V. Temy i motivy Vostoka v poezii Zapada // Ivanov V. Izbrannye trudy po semiotike i istorii
kul'tury. T. 3. M., 2004.
16. Kardini F. Evropa i islam. Istoriya neponimaniya. SPb., 2007.
17. Lavrov S. Lev Gumilev. Sud'ba i idei. M., 2000.
18. Medden E. Imperii doveriya. Kak Rim stroil novyy mir. Kak Amerika stroit novyy mir. M., 2010.
19. Noymann I. Ispol'zovanie «Drugogo». Obrazy Vostoka v formirovanii evropeyskikh identichnostey. M., 2004.
20. Said E. Orientalizm. Zapadnye kontseptsii Vostoka. SPb., 2006.
21. Khrenov N. Ot imperskogo monologa k dialogu v ego tsivilizatsionnom ponimanii // Dialog kul'tur i part-
nerstvo tsivilizatsiy. Stanovlenie global'noy kul'tury. SPb., 2010.
22. Khrenov N. Sintez Zapada i Vostoka kak kul'turologicheskaya problema // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 1.
23. Khrenov N. Sintez Zapada i Vostoka kak kul'turologicheskaya problema // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. ¹ 1.
24. Khrenov N. Idei L. N. Gumileva na fone orientalistskogo diskursa // Nasledie L. N. Gumileva i sud'by
narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb., 2012.
25. Khrenov N. Kul'turnyy sintez v istorii: evraziyskie tsennosti rossiyskoy kul'tury // Nasledie L. N. Gumi-
leva i sud'by narodov Evrazii: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy. SPb., 2012.
26. Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Ocherki morfologii mirovoy istorii. M., 1993.
27. Shubart V. Evropa i dusha Vostoka. M., 1997.
28. Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problema. M., 1994.
29. Toynbi A. Tsivilizatsiya pered sudom istorii. M., 2003.
30. Trubetskoy N. Vzglyad na russkuyu istoriyu ne s Zapada, a s Vostoka // Osnovy evraziystva. M., 2002.
31. Yanov A. Russkaya ideya i 2000 god // Neva. 1990. ¹ 1.
32. Yaspers K. Smysl i naznachenie istorii., M., 1991

Review: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Russian hip-hop culture. The author analyzes theoretical concepts of subcultures in foreign and Russian humanities and reviews postsubculture researches in terms of Post-Modern culture. Hip-hop is analyzed as a subcultural society and a form of culture which arose as the result of cross-cultural interaction and acquired specify c features associated with the Russian socio-cultural reality.

Keywords: cultural studies, subculture, hybridism, glocali zation, authenticity, youth, discourse, style, post-subculture, culture.

References:
1. Levikova S. I. Molodezhnaya subkul'tura. M., 2004.
2. Omel'chenko E. Molodezhnye kul'tury i subkul'tury. M., 2000.
3. Slesareva I. V. Sovremennaya molodezhnaya klubnaya kul'tura: znachenie i perspektivy (na primere intel-
lektual'nykh klubov) // Voprosy kul'turologii. 2008. ¹ 2.
4. Shapinskaya E. N. Ocherki populyarnoy kul'tury. M., 2008.
5. Shchepanskaya T. Sistema: teksty i traditsii subkul'tury. SPb., 2004.
6. Cohen S. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Oxford, 1987.
7. Hebdidge D. Subculture. The meaning of Style. L.; N. Y., 1981.
8. Postsubcultures Reader. Oxford; N. Y., 2004.
9. Resistance Through Rituals. Ed. S. Hall. L., 1976.

References (transliteration):
1. Levikova S. I. Molodezhnaya subkul'tura. M., 2004.
2. Omel'chenko E. Molodezhnye kul'tury i subkul'tury. M., 2000.
3. Slesareva I. V. Sovremennaya molodezhnaya klubnaya kul'tura: znachenie i perspektivy (na primere intel-
lektual'nykh klubov) // Voprosy kul'turologii. 2008. ¹ 2.
4. Shapinskaya E. N. Ocherki populyarnoy kul'tury. M., 2008.
5. Shchepanskaya T. Sistema: teksty i traditsii subkul'tury. SPb., 2004.
6. Cohen S. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Oxford, 1987.
7. Hebdidge D. Subculture. The meaning of Style. L.; N. Y., 1981.
8. Postsubcultures Reader. Oxford; N. Y., 2004.
9. Resistance Through Rituals. Ed. S. Hall. L., 1976.

Review: This article is an attempt to understand that the term ‘collective unconsciousness’ means in terms of Russian culture. The author associates this term with Scythianism which grew popular at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries (which is well illustrated by a famous poem written by Alexander Blok). Among Russian philosophers Europeanists were the fi rst ones to decode the meaning behind the ‘Scythianistic’ spirits which were so typical for that epoch. Analyzing the creative work by various artists at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries the author describes how the Russian culture developed from Europeanism to Eurocentrism. The central theme of the article is a growing interest towards the East which results in a more intensive variant of on-going synthesis of cultures.

Keywords: cultural studies, collective consciousness, Europeanism, Eurocentrism, synthesis of cultures, Scythianism, Axial Age, prasymbol, Modern and Post- Modern, Romanticism and Symbolism, ‘ours’ and ‘the others’ in culture.

References:
1. Belyy A. Simvolizm kak miroponimanie. M., 1994.
2. Benua A. Put' Rerikha // Rerikh. Pg., 1916.
3. Berdyaev N. Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii // Berdyaev N. Mutnye liki. Tipy religioznoy
mysli v Rossii. M., 2004.
4. Braginskiy I. Zametki o zapadno-vostochnom sinteze v lirike Pushkina // Narody Azii i Afriki. 1966. ¹ 4.
5. Voloshin M. Arkhaizm v russkoy zhivopisi (Rerikh, Bogaevskiy i Bakst) // Apollon. 1909. ¹ 1.
6. Gidoni A. Tvorcheskiy put' Rerikha // Apollon. 1915. ¹ 4–5.
7. Gudziy N. Iz istorii rannego russkogo simvolizma // Iskusstvo. 1927. ¹ 4.
8. Zhirmunskiy V. Religioznoe otrechenie v istorii romantizma. Materialy dlya kharakteristiki Klemensa
Brentano i geydel'bergskikh romantikov. M., 1919.
9. Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008.
10. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Temy i motivy Vostoka v poezii Zapada // Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Izbr. trudy po semiotike
i istorii kul'tury. T. 3. M., 2004.
11. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Eyzenshteyn i kul'tura Yaponii i Kitaya // Vostok — Zapad. Issledovaniya. Perevody.
Publikatsii. M., 1988.
12. Karsavin L. Vostok, Zapad i russkaya ideya. Pg., 1922.
13. Kozyrev A. Solov'ev i gnostiki. M., 2007.
14. Makovskiy S. Stranitsy khudozhestvennoy kritiki. Kn. 2. SPb., 1911.
15. Markov V. Istoriya russkogo futurizma. SPb., 2000.
16. Solov'ev V. Kitay i Evropa // Russkoe obozrenie. 1890. ¹ 2.
17. Solov'ev V. Nepodvizhno lish' solntse lyubvi… M., 1990.
18. Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problemy. M., 1994.
19. Trubetskoy N. Nasledie Chingiskhana. M., 2007.
20. Shopengauer A. Sobr. soch.: V 5 t. T. 1: Mir kak volya i predstavlenie. M., 1992.

References (transliteration):
1. Belyy A. Simvolizm kak miroponimanie. M., 1994.
2. Benua A. Put' Rerikha // Rerikh. Pg., 1916.
3. Berdyaev N. Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii // Berdyaev N. Mutnye liki. Tipy religioznoy
mysli v Rossii. M., 2004.
4. Braginskiy I. Zametki o zapadno-vostochnom sinteze v lirike Pushkina // Narody Azii i Afriki. 1966. ¹ 4.
5. Voloshin M. Arkhaizm v russkoy zhivopisi (Rerikh, Bogaevskiy i Bakst) // Apollon. 1909. ¹ 1.
6. Gidoni A. Tvorcheskiy put' Rerikha // Apollon. 1915. ¹ 4–5.
7. Gudziy N. Iz istorii rannego russkogo simvolizma // Iskusstvo. 1927. ¹ 4.
8. Zhirmunskiy V. Religioznoe otrechenie v istorii romantizma. Materialy dlya kharakteristiki Klemensa
Brentano i geydel'bergskikh romantikov. M., 1919.
9. Zedl'mayr Kh. Utrata serediny. M., 2008.
10. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Temy i motivy Vostoka v poezii Zapada // Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Izbr. trudy po semiotike
i istorii kul'tury. T. 3. M., 2004.
11. Ivanov Vyach. Vs. Eyzenshteyn i kul'tura Yaponii i Kitaya // Vostok — Zapad. Issledovaniya. Perevody.
Publikatsii. M., 1988.
12. Karsavin L. Vostok, Zapad i russkaya ideya. Pg., 1922.
13. Kozyrev A. Solov'ev i gnostiki. M., 2007.
14. Makovskiy S. Stranitsy khudozhestvennoy kritiki. Kn. 2. SPb., 1911.
15. Markov V. Istoriya russkogo futurizma. SPb., 2000.
16. Solov'ev V. Kitay i Evropa // Russkoe obozrenie. 1890. ¹ 2.
17. Solov'ev V. Nepodvizhno lish' solntse lyubvi… M., 1990.
18. Trel'ch E. Istorizm i ego problemy. M., 1994.
19. Trubetskoy N. Nasledie Chingiskhana. M., 2007.
20. Shopengauer A. Sobr. soch.: V 5 t. T. 1: Mir kak volya i predstavlenie. M., 1992.

Review: The article analyzes the notion of a ‘cultural DNA’, describes the grounds for differentiating between specific nar rati ves and narrative templates and brings forward certain arguments proving the assumption that there is the ‘expulsion of alien enemies’ template lying in the basis of the Russian mnemonic community. According to the author, this template has got the two opposing properties, – generalizability (or schematization) and ethnocentric particularity, and such a template is rather a norm than an ex ception. National narratives are very resistant to change. It explains why it is so diffi cult to bring changes and to offer new strategies.

Keywords: cultural studies, history, cultural code, cultural DNA, national narrative, Russian mnemonic community, narrative template, the ‘expulsion of alien enemies’ template, specifi c narrative, ethnocentric particularity.

References:
1. Bakhtin, M. M. The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M.M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
(edited by M. Holquist; translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist).
2. Bakhtin, M. M. The problem of the text in linguistics, philology, and the human sciences: An experiment
in philosophical analysis // Bakhtin, M. M. Speech genres & other late essays. Austin: University Texas Press,
1986, p.103–131. (translated by Vern W. McGee; edited by C. Emerson and M. Holquist)
3. Bartlett, F. Remembering; a Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995. First published in 1932.
4. Buruma, I. Wages of guilt: Memories of war in Germany and Japan. New-York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994.
5. De Waal, T. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. London: NYU Press, 2004.
6. Dostoevsky, F. Demons. New-York: Vintage, 1995.
7. Propp, V. Theory and History of Folklore (Theory & History of Literature). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
8. Sen, A. (2006). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. New-York, NY:
Picador, 1984.
9. Solzhenitsyn, A. Text of an address by Alexander Solzhenitsyn at Harvard class day afternoon exercises // Thursday,
June 8, 1978 (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html).
10. Smith, R. M. Stories of peoplehood: The politics and morals of political membership. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
11. Weiner, T. Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA. New-York: Anchor Books, 2007.
12. Wertsch, J. Blank Spots in Collective Memory. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008.
¹ 617(1), p. 58–71.
13. Wertsch, J. Voices of Collective Remembering. New-York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

References (transliteration):
1. Bakhtin, M. M. The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M.M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
(edited by M. Holquist; translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist).
2. Bakhtin, M. M. The problem of the text in linguistics, philology, and the human sciences: An experiment
in philosophical analysis // Bakhtin, M. M. Speech genres & other late essays. Austin: University Texas Press,
1986, p.103–131. (translated by Vern W. McGee; edited by C. Emerson and M. Holquist)
3. Bartlett, F. Remembering; a Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995. First published in 1932.
4. Buruma, I. Wages of guilt: Memories of war in Germany and Japan. New-York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994.
5. De Waal, T. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. London: NYU Press, 2004.
6. Dostoevsky, F. Demons. New-York: Vintage, 1995.
7. Propp, V. Theory and History of Folklore (Theory & History of Literature). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
8. Sen, A. (2006). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. New-York, NY:
Picador, 1984.
9. Solzhenitsyn, A. Text of an address by Alexander Solzhenitsyn at Harvard class day afternoon exercises // Thursday,
June 8, 1978 (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html).
10. Smith, R. M. Stories of peoplehood: The politics and morals of political membership. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
11. Weiner, T. Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA. New-York: Anchor Books, 2007.
12. Wertsch, J. Blank Spots in Collective Memory. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008.
¹ 617(1), p. 58–71.
13. Wertsch, J. Voices of Collective Remembering. New-York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Review: Cervantes’ novel is alongside the Bible as one of the most frequently published books in the world. His interpretations are countless and make the text rather diffi cult for understanding. Let us try to read the novel putting aside his ideologies and axiologies. Let’s say we are not interested in Cervantes as a Catholic, Cervantes as a monarchist, a patriot or a representative of the Pochvennichestvo. It is Cervantes the ‘free lancer’ we are interested in. Perhaps such an approach will cast light on important aspects of the novel’s meaning which heretofore have been hidden from the researches of Spanish literature and culture.

Keywords: Spain, Catholicism, monarchism, catholicity, European values, creative freedom, anthropology of mistrust, novel, Cervantes.

References:
1. Aykhenval'd Yu. Don Kikhot na russkoy pochve. N'yu-York, 1982–1984.
2. Bagno V. E. Don Kikhot v Rossii i russkoe donkikhotstvo. SPb., 2009.
3. Bagno V. E. Dorogami Don Kikhota. M., 1988.
4. Bokardov N. Istoriya zapadnoevropeyskoy literatury. XVI–XVII vv. Servantes i Shekspir, Kiev, 1914.
5. Viardo L. Zhizn' i proizvedeniya Servantesa. M., 1895.
6. Geyne G. Vvedenie k Don-Kikhotu // Servantes M. Sobranie sochineniy. Izd. 2-e. T. IV. SPb., 1904. S. 304–305.
7. Kelli D. Ispanskaya literatura. M., 1923.
8. Kogan P. S., Ocherki po istorii zapadnoevropeyskoy literatury. Izd. 9-e. T. I. M., 1928.
9. Merezhkovskiy D. Servantes // Merezhkovskiy D. Vechnye sputniki. SPb., 1910. S. 97–122.
10. Nabokov V. V. Lektsii o «Don Kikhote» / per. s angl. SPb., 2010.
11. Novitskiy P. I. «Don-Kikhot» Servantesa. K sotsiologii zhanra i obraza // Servantes M. Don-Kikhotu. T. I. L., 1929.
12. Shepelevich L. «Don-Kikhot» Servantesa. Opyt literaturnoy monografii, SPb., 1903.
13. Shklovskiy V. Kak sdelan Don-Kikhot // Razvertyvanie syuzheta. M.: «Opoyaz», 1921; Teoriya prozy. M.:
«Krug», 1925.
14. Armas J. de. El Quijote y su época. Madrid, 1915.
15. Bazan de Camara R. El alma del Quijote. Buenos Aires, 1924.
16. Bickermann J. Don-Quichote und Faust, die Helden und ihre Werke. Berlin, 1929.
17. Bloom H., ed. Cervantes’s Don Quixote (Modern Critical Interpretations). Chelsea House Publishers, 2000
18. D’ Haen T., ed. International Don Quixote. Editions Rodopi B.V., 2009.
19. Duran M. and Rogg Fay R. Fighting Windmills: Encounters with Don Quixote. Yale University Press, 2006.
20. Echevarría Roberto González, ed. Cervantes’ Don Quixote: a casebook. Oxford, 2005.
21. Fernandez Lopez V. El linaje del Quijote. Toledo, 1922.
22. Grierson H. J. C. Don-Quixote: wartime refl exions on its characters and infl uences. 1921.
23. Johnson Carroll B., ed. Don Quijote Across Four Centuries: 1605–2005. Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 2006.
24. Ker W. P. Two essays: Don-Quixote — The politics of Burns. 1918.
25. Menéndez Pidal R. Un aspecto en la elaboración del «Quijote». Madrid, 1924.
26. Millé y Giménez J. Los locos y el Quijote. Buenos Aires, 1920.
27. Rezzoagli M. L. Cervantes y el Quijote. Rosario, 1915.
28. Ruis L. Bibliografi a critica de las obras de Cervantes. v. I– II. Barcelona, 1895, 1899.

References (transliteration):
1. Aykhenval'd Yu. Don Kikhot na russkoy pochve. N'yu-York, 1982–1984.
2. Bagno V. E. Don Kikhot v Rossii i russkoe donkikhotstvo. SPb., 2009.
3. Bagno V. E. Dorogami Don Kikhota. M., 1988.
4. Bokardov N. Istoriya zapadnoevropeyskoy literatury. XVI–XVII vv. Servantes i Shekspir, Kiev, 1914.
5. Viardo L. Zhizn' i proizvedeniya Servantesa. M., 1895.
6. Geyne G. Vvedenie k Don-Kikhotu // Servantes M. Sobranie sochineniy. Izd. 2-e. T. IV. SPb., 1904. S. 304–305.
7. Kelli D. Ispanskaya literatura. M., 1923.
8. Kogan P. S., Ocherki po istorii zapadnoevropeyskoy literatury. Izd. 9-e. T. I. M., 1928.
9. Merezhkovskiy D. Servantes // Merezhkovskiy D. Vechnye sputniki. SPb., 1910. S. 97–122.
10. Nabokov V. V. Lektsii o «Don Kikhote» / per. s angl. SPb., 2010.
11. Novitskiy P. I. «Don-Kikhot» Servantesa. K sotsiologii zhanra i obraza // Servantes M. Don-Kikhotu. T. I. L., 1929.
12. Shepelevich L. «Don-Kikhot» Servantesa. Opyt literaturnoy monografii, SPb., 1903.
13. Shklovskiy V. Kak sdelan Don-Kikhot // Razvertyvanie syuzheta. M.: «Opoyaz», 1921; Teoriya prozy. M.:
«Krug», 1925.
14. Armas J. de. El Quijote y su época. Madrid, 1915.
15. Bazan de Camara R. El alma del Quijote. Buenos Aires, 1924.
16. Bickermann J. Don-Quichote und Faust, die Helden und ihre Werke. Berlin, 1929.
17. Bloom H., ed. Cervantes’s Don Quixote (Modern Critical Interpretations). Chelsea House Publishers, 2000
18. D’ Haen T., ed. International Don Quixote. Editions Rodopi B.V., 2009.
19. Duran M. and Rogg Fay R. Fighting Windmills: Encounters with Don Quixote. Yale University Press, 2006.
20. Echevarría Roberto González, ed. Cervantes’ Don Quixote: a casebook. Oxford, 2005.
21. Fernandez Lopez V. El linaje del Quijote. Toledo, 1922.
22. Grierson H. J. C. Don-Quixote: wartime refl exions on its characters and infl uences. 1921.
23. Johnson Carroll B., ed. Don Quijote Across Four Centuries: 1605–2005. Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs, 2006.
24. Ker W. P. Two essays: Don-Quixote — The politics of Burns. 1918.
25. Menéndez Pidal R. Un aspecto en la elaboración del «Quijote». Madrid, 1924.
26. Millé y Giménez J. Los locos y el Quijote. Buenos Aires, 1920.
27. Rezzoagli M. L. Cervantes y el Quijote. Rosario, 1915.
28. Ruis L. Bibliografi a critica de las obras de Cervantes. v. I– II. Barcelona, 1895, 1899.

Review: The article is devoted to avant-garde which is viewed as an integral system of culture with its own axiology and its own esthetical measure. It is well understood that the purpose of avant-garde is creation of a new cultural continuum but not just an artwork. Avant-garde is an important element of renovationism movement in a universal culture. It is the art of generating and changing forms where an artist is himself involved in transformation of the world, turning from a subject into an object of history.

Keywords: cultural studies, art, science and scientifi c character, culture, avant-garde, irrationalism, cultural continuum, the idea of total artwork, cosmicality of cogitation and language, avant-garde poetics.

Review: The article compares principles of organization and semantization of the Cyrillic alphabet and Japanese syllabary iroha as well as other forms of structuring Japanese syllabic letters (including modern gojuon). The author describes potentials and limitations of each form in being a modeling scheme of world perception.

Keywords: cultural studies, alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, iroha, azbuki, pangrams, acrostic, telestich, writing tradition, cogitation.

Contact information: Steiner Evgeniy Semenovich, evenbach@gmail.com

Review: By defining the continuum of one certain culture the author shows how traditions, values, customs and rituals, lifestyle and general rules of social life and behavior forming the variety of cultures within one culture, are transformed nit he course of a political and cultural process, how people understand or misunderstand each other. If we view all what happens from the point of view of culture, we can actually understand where we can engage culture in order to influence humanity, and where we can’t do it.

Keywords: cultural studies, art history, conservatism, inno vations, modernization, multiculturalism, interculturalism, transcul turalism, mutual understanding, culture

Contact information: Razlogov Kirill Emilieivich, Kirill.razlogov@gmail.com

Review: The article analyzes the relation and interactions between the three streams or ‘cultural layers’ in modern culture, - world high and popular culture, national cultures (‘All-Russian Culture’ in Russia) and particular ethnic cultures. The author of the article describes resources which allow various cultures to keep a decent place in a cultural range. Special attention is paid at the Russian culture which complexity is a good example of historical unity constantly being proved by every new generation (‘nonhomogenous whole’ as Mikhail Bakhtin used to call it), - unity in diversity.

Keywords: cultural studies, ethnology, world culture, national cultures, particular ethnic cultures, ‘national renaissances’, epoch of globalization, cultural norms, cultural differences, referential cultural norm

Contact information: Tishkov Valery Alexandrovich, tishkov@iea.ras.ru