Abstract: The article lays out the results of the evaluation of household and apartment occupation in Russia, based on the size of the property and 2002-2010 census data. Currently, the housing fund development management faces a severe lack of complete information on housing security of the population and the extent of usage of the existing housing fund. This leads to the growth of governmental social housing obligations, and results in unfounded expectations of the population regarding the state’s capability for improving their housing conditions and budget government support, and, as a result, does not enable efficient use of the resources poured into housing. A differential evaluation of household and apartment occupation, based on their classification, as well as integral evaluation of housing conditions of separate buildings, building complexes and regions, may become invaluable tools for solving housing issues. Positive changes in projections and planning of the housing fund development, the efficiency of government support, in maintaining availability of housing, are largely defined by the availability of up to date and accurate information on occupation conditions of households, apartments, individual houses, which would permit the evaluation of the conditions of occupation of housing units by type, in accordance with size and living space per individual. The article singles out trends which characterize the conditions of household and apartment occupancy and demonstrates the possibilities of a matrix-based approach in evaluating the housing conditions. The author proposes several ways to improve government management of the housing fund growth and its rational use, as well as the efficiency of budget money usage in housing.

Keywords: evaluation, conditions, occupation, households, housing units, apartments, indicators, structire, census

Abstract: To ensure the preservation of cultural heritage objects in their historical environment, Russian law enables for the territories which surround such objects to be given special land use status, which denies construction and business operations. To establish the boundaries of such areas, cultural heritage object zoning projects are being drafted. Analyzing several of such projects, made in recent years, shows that they don’t pay enough attention to provide justification for the limitations that they impose. It often happens that the establishment of such areas is not done in order to preserve a certain object of cultural heritage, but rather for the sake of a “general” preservation of a historical environment. The preservation of valuable fragments of urban environment, and not separate objects would be a favorable thing, of not for the doubts in the sincerity of the legal mechanisms employed. Establishment of land use boundaries limits the rights of owners of land and capital construction objects. This would mean that the very decision in favor of establishing cultural heritage preservation zones can be brought to the court. And in this situation, justification for the placing of legal protection on an area is very important, as well as a defined connection of the exact object of protection and the area surrounding it, for the purpose of land use. The Objects of Cultural Heritage Act #73 of 2002 defines the “object of protection” for the first time in legal practice – the description of the special properties of the object which would justify listing it as cultural heritage and vesting it with legal protection. This, the justification of limiting the use of areas, may only be used in light of the necessity for the preservation of objects of cultural heritage. This particular point, regretfully, is often overlooked when cultural heritage preservation plans are being drafted.

Keywords: urban planning, urban management, heritage, protection areas, historical construction, principles of regulation, protection, law, limitations, procedure

Abstract: The development of market relations in Russia, which are based on property rights, has led to the necessity for drafting a new legal base for real property transactions, necessary for creating a new property and transaction registration regulation, first and foremost. With that in mind, it was necessary for the legal status of real property to be founded on firm protection of property rights, and for it to have special procedures for managing it. The article explores state registration on property rights and transactions, from the point of view of goal-setting and the priority of creating a strong system for property transactions within civil law environment. State registration of property rights and transactions is an important element of public regulation of civil law relations, and thus, holds a secondary role in relation to the civil law in this case. The goal for such regulation is to provide more stability in civil law relations.

Keywords: Legal nature, government registration, property rights, real property, expropriation, law application, proof, legal basis, emergence of rights

Abstract: The article offers a legal analysis of a court decision, ruling the actions of registration bodies invalid, as well as the process of its execution. According to Article 8 of the Russian Civil Code, civil law rights and liabilities emerge from a set of foundations – including a valid court ruling, which establishes rights and obligations. However, it does not specify which types of rulings may be the cause for such rights and obligations to be established or terminated. With that in mind, it is also said that “not every court ruling is always a source for establishing, or terminating civil law rights. The traits of a court ruling, which involves disputing of actions of registration organs, are the subject for research in this article. Analyzing the Government Registration of Real Property Rights and Transactions Act, we can conclude that the example court ruling is viewed as a valid foundation for the establishment of property rights, and, in turn, a valid foundation for government registration. However, a court ruling which invalidates the actions of a registration body, may not be the basis for establishing property rights, because it does not recognize, or establish the appellant’s property rights.

Keywords: Court decision, ruled as invalid, execution, ruling, registration bodies, real property, right, satisfaction, refusal, dispute

Abstract: The Moscow region is one of the most actively developing regions of Russian Federation. In recent years, it’s the number one region in terms of housing being introduced into the market. By the square meters area of housing being brought into operation, this region is on par with successful European countries. The Moscow region maintains a leading position in the construction industry in Russia. High prices on property, which is erected on historical grounds, are also defined by the appeal of the territories. Contradictions arise between the demands of the population and the economy, urban environment services in cities and historical settlements. The demands of the population for the conservation of historical and cultural environment is, in fact, higher than the actual value of historical heritage on the given territory. New properties which emerge on historical grounds are often met with fair criticism from both, the professionals and the community. The article explores the problems which emerge during the preparation of land planning documentation in Moscow region’s municipalities. Such problems emerge from the absence of real legal mechanisms for the preservation of historical buildings, territories and landscapes, which have the cultural heritage legal status. The author points out the necessity for drafting more defined and reliable legal grounds for the preparation of new, and the actualization of the old cultural heritage areas, because the earlier projects did not take into account the development needs of municipalities, property owners and users.

Keywords: object, cultural heritage, area planning, document, general plan, plans, protected areas, historical and cultural, museums and reserves, historical town

Keywords: Pravo, Velikobritaniya, SShA, Kaliforniya, Servitut

Abstract: Culture tourism is generally concentrated in the city centre and most people believe that culture tourists have no business in the periphery. But if one would succeed in diverting a substantial part of culture tourism to the outskirts or the periphery, this would lead to dispersion of visitors, relief of the pressure on the city centre and increased manageability of tourism. In contrast to the important role the Constructivist architects played in the development of modern architecture, some of the buildings from that period appear to be in a rather poor condition, whereas these buildings provide good opportunities for redevelopment for the creative industry and for culture tourism. There is no doubt that the early modernist architecture of Moscow can be a popular attraction for culture tourists. More attention for this architecture in general, creates advantages in a direct economic sense, related to culture tourism, but also advantages in terms of relieving the pressure on the city centre, in terms of dispersing economic activities to the outskirts and the periphery, in terms of stimulating new functions in rather mono-functional areas. Advantages in terms of keeping variation and high architectural quality within otherwise rather low-quality areas (which the outskirts are now) and in making pleasant physical and visual environments. Even in new urban development areas, heritage can be a source of inspiration and can develop into an icon and therefore a tourist attraction. For instance by building older designs by Melnikov or and Tatlin. In short: heritage does not always have to cost a lot of money; it could even bring money, if handled well. More attention for this architecture in general, creates advantages in a direct economic sense, related to culture tourism, but also advantages in terms of relieving the pressure on the city centre, in terms of dispersing economic activities to the outskirts and the periphery, in terms of stimulating new functions in rather mono-functional areas. Advantages in terms of keeping variation and high architectural quality within otherwise rather low-quality areas (which the outskirts are now) and in making pleasant physical and visual environments. Even in new urban development areas, heritage can be a source of inspiration and can develop into an icon and therefore a tourist attraction. For instance by building older designs by Melnikov or and Tatlin. In short: heritage does not always have to cost a lot of money; it could even bring money, if handled well.

Keywords: Culture tourism, Heritage tourism, Talin, Early modernist, Architecture, Creative Industry, Icon, Cultural, Urban planning, Melnikov

Abstract: Anglo-Saxon Law stimulates a research interest, due to the peculiarities of its structure, the way that its sources interact, and how legal constructs emerge – approaching from the perspective of the user, the Legist and their client, and not from the perspective of lawmakers. The article examines the real property Law of Great Britain and the USA (at the example of California). Great Britain and the USA, despite being Anglo-Saxon Law countries, demonstrate both, similarities and differences in their approach to establishing the legal constructs of real property rights. The author describes the structure of the legal base, its approaches to regulation, and the magnitude of influence of political and social tradition, and draws conclusions on several aspects of the real property forms dynamics in those countries.

Keywords: Law, real estate, Great Britain, USA, California, Fee, Easement, Freehold, Leasehold, Joint ownership

Abstract: This article presents an overview and an analysis of the existed methods of real estate market development projections. The author reviews the works of Russian and foreign authors, and points out the advantages and limitations of each of the presented methods. The article traces the evolution of methods for the real property market projections, which were used in Russian Federation from 1996 to present day, focusing attention on the newest, most potent method, which is based on imitational modular iteration feedback model. The results of testing and retrospective experimentation with this method confirm its viability. The author presents a number of calculus experiments on the influence of macroeconomic and industry-based parameters on the market, which conform the viability of this method to validate target capacities for bringing housing into operation.

Keywords: real estate market, factors, methods, projections, mathematical models, imitational model, justification, housing capacities, testing, retrospective