Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the term ‘residence’ according to German law ad compared to a similar concept in the Russian law taking into account provisions of international tax agreements. The article discusses criteria of residence based on Russian and German tax laws and provides their comparative analysis. Based on the study, the author of the article concludes that in Russia the most important criterion for defining a resident’s status is the number of days the resident has spent in the country while in Germany the most important criteria is the domicile and the place of permanent residence. However, these terms still lack a clear and precise definition. The definitions of the aforesaid terms are studied based on the judicial practice. Taxation of a tax resident is quite rough in Germany. Income tax includes one’s profit all over the world and gift tax and estate tax are imposed on gifted and inherited property. Profit gained from a foreign company controlled by a German resident is also subject to taxation. In this regard, a very important target of international tax planning should be a number of measures allowing a physical entity to avoid becoming a German resident and paying all associated taxes. The article describes particular methods of international tax planning allowing to avoid gaining a status of a tax resident in Germany.

Keywords: resident, physical entity, Russia, Germany, gift tax, profit tax, estate tax, international tax planning, international tax agreement, permanent residence.

Abstract: Under current conditions, budgetary police is the main mechanism of macroeconomic regulation. It plays a particularly important role in achieving targets of regional development. Under conditions of economic liberalization and budgetary decentralization of tax revenues are the main source of approaching these targets. The higher a region’s taxable capacity is, the more opportunities there are for a region to implement its development programs.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, taxable capacity, Uzbekistan, Central Asia, budgetary police, macroeconomics, global crisis, financial crisis, regional development, United Nations Development Program.

Abstract: When forming a taxable base of the profit tax imposed on organizations conducting research and development activities (R&D), there should be a certain procedure for calculating the cost of such activities. This topic is much discussed and disputed over not only by organizations but also government officials. The author of the present article reveals the main points of including the cost of R&D in the taxable base.

Keywords: Taxes and taxation, profit tax, research, development, costs, R&D, taxable base, taxpayer, special economic zones, List No. 988.

Abstract: The author of the article proves the need in developing the administrative mechanism of taxable bases as a very important element of taxation. According to the author of the article, the most important factor of building a taxation system should be the provision of guarantees for interaction and interdependence of taxable bases within the entire framework of existing taxes. It is strongly advised to form a taxation system that would be based on the principle of unification of taxable bases of related taxes. Issues about unification of taxable bases are being discussed from the point of view of efficiency of tax administration.

Keywords: Taxes and taxation, base, administration, system, politics, control, management, unification, improvement, mechanism.

Abstract: Pursuant to Clause 2 of Article 218 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the right of ownership to property can be purchase by a third party by signing the purchase/sale agreement, contract of exchange, gift agreements and other deeds of assignment of assets. Clause 2 of Article 423 of the same Code provides a definition of so called ‘gratuitous contract’ or ‘contract of benevolence’. A contract of benevolence is concluded between the two parties, one of which undertakes to provide assets to the other party without charging any pay. So should we consider that the terms ‘gift’ and ‘gratuitous delivery’ to be synonymous from the point of view of civil law?

Keywords: Taxes and taxation, un-payable, tangible, assets, gift, delivery, active assets, market, value.

Abstract: The present article describes theoretical grounds and principles of formation of transfer price of a group of interdependent parties taking into account the possibility of correcting the transfer price to the level of market prices in order to avoid additional taxation charges from the federal executive bodies carrying out control and supervision in the sphere of taxes and levies. It is noted that transfer price formation is quite popular in Russia. At the same time, there is no clear description of the process of price formation and composition of the final price. The author also analyzes methods used by tax authorities for defining whether the price of the deal matches the market prices taking into account particular features of activities performed by the companies which control these deals. Moreover, the author also describes certain consequences of additionally charged taxes such as compensating adjustments and specification of tax liabilities in relation to the budget.

Keywords: tax, transfer, price, interdependent, parties, additional charge, methods, profitability, control, market.