Abstract: The research subject is the process of movement of soil along the plowshare of a cultivating separating ripper – a stratification machine. The article contains particular constructive features of the implements used for cutting and elevating soil, quality and energy indexes of their operation. The author defines the estimation criteria for the development of a relatively new solution to the problem of secondary tillage effectiveness. The author describes the technological process of operation of a cultivating separating ripper with additional leading passive plane rotary disks, which ensure appropriate movement of soil along the shovel at the cultivation depth of 3-12 cm. The author considers in theory and analyzes the impact of some constructive factors on quality indexes of the implements used for soil cutting and elevating. The scientific novelty consists in usage of parallel free-rotating plane disks together with the plowshare at the same time. The author acquires the values of angle of soil friction and elevation by the plowshare giving the minimum resistance of the plowshare. In the result, the mechanical elevation and movement of soil along the plowshare of a cultivating separating ripper doesn’t give a building up effect and requires minimum energy. 

Abstract: The subject of the study is a monograph by the Chinese author Zhao Linglin "How to Feed the Nation: China's Agricultural Innovations". This work is included in a series of books published by the St. Petersburg State Economic University in cooperation with the China Intercontinental Publishing House. Its relevance is due to the fact that in connection with the demographic explosion and depletion of resources, the solution of the problem of food security is a priority for most modern countries. The focus is on the innovations and biotechnologies that China uses to ensure its food security. While working on the review, Boltaevsky has used systems approach and logical methods as well as methods of historical and sociological analysis. The novelty of the research is caused both by the weak knowledge of the broad readership of dynamically developing China within which BRICS is becoming an increasingly important partner for our country and rich factual data on the state and prospects of the Chinese agricultural sector. The main conclusion of the monograph is that under the conditions of innovative economy small traditional producers give way to centralized enterprises using modern biotechnologies.

Abstract: The object of the research is the process of a work tool of a tillage machine with a flexible element getting into contact with the soil. The subject of the research is a physical model that allows to analyze the process of a work tool with a flexible element getting into contact with the soil and mechanical and technological methods of improving the process of soil cultivation. The cable with a cross section area in a form of a circle is viewed as a wedge with a dull edge. The authors of the article pay special attention to the theory of granular medium statics. The extreme limit state at which even the slightest change in the volume and surface forces distorts the balance of the granular medium is especially interesting and useful for composing mathematical models of a work tool getting into contact with theh soil because pressure forces reach the highest point at such moments. The authors carried out their theoretical research using the method of the mathematical mechanical modelling of work tools getting into contact with the soil. The authors discover the dependence of the wedge cutting pressure on the cutting angle and depth. They prove that when the cutting angle is reduced, the cutting pressure of the soil goes down to the minimum at first but grows endlessly afterwards. The soil cutting effort is composed of two elements, the soil destruction effort and the effort to overcome the frictional force of the soil against the wedge. When the cutting angle is reduced, the soil destruction effort decreases while the effort to overcome the frictional force of the soil against the wedge increases. The sum of these two elements is equal to the minimal effort of the wedge cutting the soil. 

Abstract: This research article is devoted to sustainable development of rural territories based on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod state agricultural academy with application of organic methodology. The possibilities of agrarian higher education institutions which are capable to offer the integrated approach which is harmoniously combining the theory and practice, synthesis of natural-science and humanitarian knowledge in the solution of problems of sustainable development of rural territories are considered. Experience of the Nizhny Novgorod state agricultural academy in implementation of the latest projects directed to preservation of the population of rural territories and involvement of youth in agrarian and industrial complex of Russia is analyzed. The question of preservation and development of complex knowledge of the organization of agricultural activity in the local territory is considered. In this connection formation of "traditional and innovative" model of agriculture of future Russia combining the latest technologies with centuries-old traditions of the organization of economic life of rural territories is offered. To analyze the sustainable development of rural territories, the author uses the methods from organic philosophy as well as typlogical and comparative analysis, synthesis and historico-philosophical reconstruction. The method of historico-philosophical reconstruction allows to view sustainable development from the point of view of the background of problem and various interpretations of it. The comparative analysis allows to compare different intellectual traditions and philosophical paradigms used in the analysis of sustainable development of rural territories (transnational and ethnic economic models). The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author applies the organic philosophy methodology to ensuring sustainble development of Russia's rurl territories (based on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy). The organic philosophy paradigm brings forth the need in creative adaptation for robust econmic activity. Creativity brings spontaneity and plasticity into economy that contributes to sustainble development of all spheres of social life. Sustainable development of rural territories is an integral phenomenon which interpretation requires a complex approach that would take into account the singularity of ethnic economic models. 

Abstract: The research subject is the process of formation and liquidation of the agricultural credit cooperation institution in the northern region near the state border. The topicality of this problem is determined by the difference between goal-setting and the goal achievement function in the formation of the institutional environment for effective functioning of cooperative crediting system in rural settlements of the distant northern region. The author considers the problems of development of agricultural credit cooperation, analyzes the mechanisms of government regulation and the reasons of institutional failures. Special attention is given to the issues of cooperatives’ relations with public structures coordinating their activities. The research methodology is based on the dialectical and materialistic approach, which explains the dialectical transformation of the process under study in its real development and improvement in time, and termination under the negative impact of the elements of the close environment of the institution of self-organization. The author explains the necessity to develop agricultural credit consumer cooperation as an institution, meeting the real socio-economic, territorial and geographical, and demographical conditions of the region, and the national interests. The author formulates the proposals about the transformation of the institutional environment for the development of rural cooperatives on the legislative level. 

Abstract: The research object is the process of functioning of the excavating parts of a cultivating separating ripper, which transforms the structure and the density of a soil layer in accordance with the requirements of agronomical science for the cultivated crop. This result is achieved using the coordinated interaction of passive and active excavating parts. The machine also combs out the weed. The author considers the plowshare with steering disks, which spends less energy when moving through soil and directs soil to the separator. Theoretical researches are based on mechanical and mathematical modeling of interaction of the moving parts with soil. Experimental researches are based on the sectoral methods using strain-gage instruments and the methods of multifactor experiments planning. In the result, the process of soil cultivation using disk cultivating parts has been improved, the theory of justification of the parameters of active-passive cultivating parts for the separation and pulverization of soil and been developed; the mathematic model of interaction of cultivating parts with soil with account of energy intensity rates of technological processes has been composed. The use of methods of direct variational calculation for the justification of shapes of cultivating parts of a cultivating separating ripper helps reduce energy consumption by 10-30%. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the economic relations in the agroindustrial sector, the restriction in the development of which introduces the factor of food security formulated at the state level. The object of this study is the agribusiness. The authors thoroughly examine such aspects of the topic as the history and present status of the theory and practice with regards to the problematics of food security. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the new document "Strategy of improving quality of food products until 2030", signed in July 2016 by the Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. The main conclusions of this work are the following: first and foremost, the strategic goals of the Russian agriculture should be based upon the provision of food security, reduction in the product cost, increase of the volume of the ecofriendly products, as well as the regional development and improving of the living standards in them. The scientific novelty of the research along with the author’s special contribution consists in the cumulative study of the question from the provision of retrospective and current conjuncture with regards to the problem of food security.

Abstract: The research subject is Russia’s fulfilment of international obligations aimed at the restriction of government support for the agricultural sector in terms of WTO membership. According to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, government support is divided into four types: the “amber” , the “green”, the “blue” and the “red” boxes. The main WTO’s principle in respect of these boxes holds that support measures should least of all distort trade and production. The research methodology is based on the statutory documents of Russia and the WTO and the general theory of micro- and macroeconomics. The scientific novelty of the study consists in legal and economical analysis of Russia’s fulfilment of obligations aimed at the reduction of government support for the agricultural sector. The results of the research help define the current problems and develop appropriate solutions. Particularly, the conclusions of the research help guarantee national food security, develop agricultural territories and raise profitability of the sector in whole.

Abstract: In modern conditions of global geopolitical instability and economic sanctions, the mechanism of state procurement and commodity interventions in Russia is not an effective tool for regulating the grain market. The subject of the research is the state policy in the field of development of agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation in order to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms of regulation of the grain market. The object of the study is the direction and mechanisms of agricultural policy of modern Russia.The study focuses on the analysis of the main shortcomings of the current mechanism of regulation of the Russian grain market, and offers a completely new alternative models to maintain the profitability of agricultural producers.The paper uses theoretical and empirical methods, in particular: literature review, logical, statistical and expert assessments, methods of empirical data collection, system analysis, description and processing of research results.The main results of the study are the following provisions. The author proposes the use of alternative models to maintain the level of income of agricultural producers in order to reduce the costs of the Federal budget and improve the efficiency of this mechanism, within the framework of which an effective institution can be created that regulates the grain market on the principles of public-private partnership – grain commodity-credit corporation. Performing such functions as warehouse receipt and purchase of grain, commodity-credit corporation will receive benefits from the state. At the same time, elimination of the excess of grain in the Russian Federation constituents (the grain that is left after the other part of the grain has been exported) by granting subsidy for transportation rates and thus raising competitive ability of aforesaid product will stabilize prices for grain on the internal market and create the basis for extending the grain export. 

Abstract: The research was held in 2014 - 2017 on the experimental field of the Falyon plant-breeding station (Falyonki village, Kirov region). The research subject is the recognized and appreciable varieties of red clover. The nursery-garden for ecological variety testing was founded in 2014 on strongly acid thatch-mesopodzol soil (pH 3.92, the content of mobile aluminium ions - 27.48mg per 100 g of soil). The purpose of the research is to evaluate the varieties of red clover according to their economic features on a natural acid field; to detect the varieties resistant to stress factors of acid soil. Red clover varieties have been tested on the base of the first, second and third year grass in terms of double-cutting regime. The registration field plot is 5 square meters, fourfold tier. Registration, evaluation and observation are based on the methodology of the National Research Institution of Forage Crops (2002).
The varieties of red clover, resistant to soil stress factors, have been selected. The late-ripening varieties: Vityaz, Kirovskij 159, Falyonskij 1. The middle-late varieties: Orpheus, P-1/09 and Tryphon. The early-ripening varieties: Kudesnik, P-15 and Green, which are notable for frost-resistance (94.0...98.7%) and ability to produce 16.1...20.5 tons of dry basis and 1.91...2..57 tons of crude protein per hectare in sum for three years without agnonomical amelioration.
 

Abstract: The paper analyzes the organic paradigm of development of higher agricultural education in Russia, which includes ethnic models of organization of agricultural sector, and the transnational abstractions of the mechanical way of thinking replacement with the logic of organic thinking, which is Russian intellectual tradition and a special methodology. The organic paradigm includes modern scientific achievements in the sphere of the study of biological and geographical, and cultural and historical factors of development of society. It always requires for the space-time, regional context. The organic paradigm of development of higher agricultural education in Russia promotes effective solving of such tasks of the agricultural science as the provision of food and environmental safety, the increase of the quality of agricultural products, the formation of appropriate ecological worldview of the next generations. The problem of training of highly professional specialists in agricultural sphere can’t be solved without taking into account regional specificity: the peculiarities of geography, history and culture, the condition of socio-economic relations. At the same time, the organic paradigm promotes effective solving of the problem of “settlement” of agricultural specialists in rural areas. The implementation of the organic paradigm is demonstrated using the example of Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy. This analysis helps reveal the potential of Russian science, which is necessary for the solution of everyday problems of the agricultural sphere of the certain region and for the formation of the general strategy of agricultural specialists training in our country. The article demonstrates the experience of innovations and traditions of Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy and the approaches of agricultural science, alternative to the western studies, to the solution of topical issues of development of the agricultural and industrial complex and higher agricultural education in Russia. The organic paradigm as a basis of the development strategy for higher agricultural education in Russia allows promoting the principle of diversity and regional reasonability of activities of educational institutions, and promotes the preservation and development of the priceless experience of agricultural specialist training. Therefore, the author applies not only the general methods of scientific research (topological and comparative, analysis, synthesis and the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction), but also the fundamental principles of co-evolution. Estimating the necessity to use innovations and traditions in educational and practical activity of agricultural institutions in Russia, it is necessary to solve the range of inconsistencies, appearing in the result of launching new technologies in the agricultural sector of the economy, and the necessity to preserve national traditions of economic activity – the cultural and historical background of rural settlements. It should be taken into account, that the economic activity models are as various, as are the unique national cultures. The organic paradigm of higher agricultural education development helps solve this inconsistency. And the solution lies not in the area of theoretical projects or the western models of transnational agricultural corporations, but in the specific scientific and practical and educational experience of particular agricultural institutions of Russia, which, preserving the specificity if their region, always can offer “innovative and traditional” solutions for the variety of problems of the modern agricultural sector. 

Abstract: The main task of this project is the creation of a reliable, highly effective, affordable high performance system of bee venom collection in order to provide the Russian pharmaceutical industry with raw products for the purposes of import substitution. Another its goal is to develop methodological documents for the comprehensive study of the process of bee venom collection during the season of 2017. The research task of the project is to find out the dependency of the amount of the collected venom on the method of bees disturbing, season, time of day, weather conditions, modes of a bee venom collector, duration of collection, state of a bee colony and other factors. The research is performed using the instruments, which have been designed in Volga State University of Technology and received 8 patents of the Russian Federation.
Within the project, significant attention will be given to the improvement of the quality of bee venom and to its certification in order to organize the production of venom-based medicines at Yoshkar-Ola pharmaceutical plant. The research is based on the methods of observation, comparison and experimental research at bee yards of the Republic of Marij El. Biological researches are conducted in the field and in the laboratory. All the acquired results are subject to qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is planned to perform comprehensive research in order to define the vitality and productivity of bee colonies in terms of the method of bees disturbing, season, time of day, weather conditions, modes of a bee venom collector, duration of venom collection, state of a bee colony and other factors. A significant feature of the bee venom collector is the automatic program change mode depending on the parameters of the environment. This mode helps avoid bees’ adaptation to the disturbing factors and to raise the effectiveness of venom collection. The output buses of the device are protected from short-circuits in wire lines and venom receivers; it guarantees their reliability and improves their effectiveness. Using the system of bee venom collection, it is possible to cover the expenses for the development and production of devices and the expenditures of regional producers on venom collection, including the groups of venom collectors. The last-mentioned factor is very important, because it can reduce the price for honey by 35-40% and improve the competitive performance of bee-keeping on the global market. Besides, it could create the basis, which would provide the Russian pharmaceutical industry with raw materials for import substitution. 

Abstract: The research subject is the agricultural policy of the Soviet Union, Russia and foreign countries. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations for the resolution of the crisis of the agricultural sphere of the economy. The research object is the types, methods and directions of agricultural policy in different periods of Soviet and contemporary Russia. The author elaborates on the peculiarities, drawbacks and mistakes of the agricultural policy of the state. Special attention is given to reindustrialization of the agricultural sphere. The author uses the method of moving from abstract to concrete and the system approach to analyze the types of agricultural policy of Russian for several years, reveals its shortcomings and mistakes and their impact on the agricultural sector of the economy. It helps formulate the solution to the current system crisis of the sector. The author reveals the reasons of distinguishing the agrarian sector as an independent direction, proves the impropriety of the chosen agricultural policy and offers the ways to improve the situation in the sector by means of reindustrialization. The results of the research can be used for the development of the directions of practical improvement of the agricultural policy of contemporary Russia and for teaching. A scientific novel as the analysis of the experience of the so-called mobilization policy and the policy of gentle regulation in the past of Russia and foreign countries. A practical novel is the analysis of the negative role of import of cheap and low-quality products and the urgent need for reindustrialization of the agricultural sphere. 

Abstract: The research subject is the set of international legal obligations in the sphere of international cooperation in transfer of technologies for sustainable forest management in the context of realization of the sustainable development strategy. The author considers the general system problems of sustainable forest management and the problems faced by developing countries, particularly – the need to form and develop technological potential, which helps harmonize economic, ecological and social dimensions of development. Special attention is given to the development of international politics in the sphere of transfer of eco-friendly technologies in forest management. It is based on international legal obligations contained in international program strategical sources and agreements. The author proves that intersectoral nature of international forest policy is its peculiarity. It determines the peculiarities of international transfer of the related technologies. The research methodology is based on the system approach, which helps reconstruct the diverse set of international legal principles of international transfer of forest technologies. These principles solve the problems of transition to sustainable use of forests. Besides, the author uses the principle of historicism, which helps study the evolution of policy of international transfer of technology in the forest sector. The author uses the comparative method to analyze the specificity the international regime of transfer of forest technologies compared to the international transfer of technology in other sectors included in the sustainable development agenda. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the analysis of international legal principles of international politics in transfer of forest technologies. The author’s special contribution is the conclusion about the need to focus on the issues of scientific research and development and transfer within the International Arrangement on Forests and especially the UN Forum on Forests. The author emphasizes the importance of convergence of new technologies, on the one hand, and the traditional knowledge of indigenous people, on the other. 

Abstract: The subject of the study is the ways to increase the efficiency of transport vehicle and traction vehicle with dual wheels in different modes of operation (transport, working, traction). The object of the study is the system of twin wheels with the ability to adjust the area of contact with the soil for operation in different operating modes. The state of the soil in the process of its re-consolidation by the running part of mobile agricultural machinery clearly indicates a close correlation between the change in the mechanical, technological, biological, chemical, morphological properties and economic indicators of the soil state, and, consequently, the level of environmental safety of used mobile agricultural machinery, including the composition of soil cultivating units. The research methodology is based on analysis and synthesis, generalization of practical experience, graphic representation of the information received. The urgency of the study is determined by the need to ensure environmental safety, soil conservation, increase the fertility of agricultural land in the modern world. The scientific novelty is that the use of dual wheel systems with the ability to adjust the contact area with the soil for operation in different operating modes will make it possible to abandon the use of expensive caterpillar thrusters.

Abstract: The research subject is the problem of involving the youth into the restoration of the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation. The research object is the development of farming as a sector. Special attention is given to differentiating the youth problems in agriculture into the problems of employees and the problems of farmers-entrepreneurs. The authors emphasize the difficulties faced by small farmers. The authors consider the measures of direct and indirect government support in the area of farming and rural areas development in general. The authors study the works of foreign and Russian scientists, analyze statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of agriculture. The authors conclude about the necessity to consider and solve the problem of involving the youth into the agricultural sector using the two-way approach. At the current stage, it would be appropriate to use foreign experience and, along with solving the problems of the agricultural sector in general, train more targeted programmes of support for employees and self-employed farmers separately.

Abstract: A traditional technology used in beef raising in Kalmykia and Siberia cannot be copied and won’t be effective in Yakutia due to its objective peculiarities. Therefore, it is necessary to use special principles and create a unique technology and a specific Yakutian type of meat cattle. High-quality marble meat production is determined by the genetic potential of the selected breeds (Kalmyk, Yakutian) and the methods of cattle raising (aimed at increasing heterozygosity). The article contains experimental data on selection and genetic parameters of productive characteristics of the young stock of meat breeds (Hereford and Kalmyk) in Yakutia. The research is based on the groups each composing 10 animals of bull calves and heifers aged 6.9 months. Groups equity is achieved through the use of couples of analogous animals. Animals were raised using the meat cattle raising technology, in equal breeding and raising conditions. Diets meet the requirements of the Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry in food value, energy level and nutrient content. It is the first time when selection and genetic parameters of production qualities of the young stock of meat breeds (Hereford and Kalmyk) are studied in Yakutia. Weight growth of the young stock of meat breeds shows that the body weight of bull calves and heifers at birth was 19.2 - 20.8 kg, at the age of 3 months - 53.3 - 55.5 kg, at the age of 5 months - 109.7 - 117 kg correspondingly.
 

Abstract: One of the most frequent pathologies that a veterinarian encounters in practice is dermatitis of various etiologies. According to statistics, the number of visits of patients with dermatological diseases increases every year. One of the factors provoking the susceptibility of an animal to allergens is the current environmental conditions.Treatment of skin infections and allergies in domestic animals remains a problem that needs to be addressed. It is known that an important component of the pathogenesis of allergic dermatitis accompanied by further infectious, in particular bacterial dermatitis, is the cytokine factor. The aim of the work is to study the level of the main classes of cytokines in bacterial eczema and the effect of Apoquel on the change in these indicators.

Abstract: This article is a review of the monograph: E. V. Belova "Organization of crop insurance system with state support in the Russian Federation. - M., 2018". This study was carried out by the author in 2018 on a fairly relevant scientific topic. The reviewer believes that this monograph is one of the first attempts of a comprehensive understanding of the need to use the crop insurance system with state support in the Russian Federation to support domestic agricultural producers. This is especially true in connection with the application of a set of socio-economic sanctions against Russia by the United States and the European Union.The monograph used a number of methods of scientific research, in particular: system and dialectical approaches; formal-logical; system-structural analysis; structural-functional analysis; statistical; sociological; various expert methods. According to the reviewer, the monographic study is sufficiently consistent with the requirements of the current legislation of Russia, which are applied to scientific works of this level, representing a wide interest both for researchers and for use in the practice of public authorities and local self-government. It can also be used in the educational process in higher and secondary special educational institutions of the country.

Abstract: The subject of the research is comparative analysis of production systems for the production of protein-containing products of the traditional type and the new production system: “New sericulture” (hereinafter referred to as “NS”), where the feeding products of a silkworm (Bombyx mori (L.): shell cocoon, processed into a functional food product (silk and amino acid peptides), and silkworm pupa, are used as an effective and cheap ingredient in animal and aquaculture feed. Production systems analysis, based on public data, is considered with account for all transformation stages: biosynthesis, bioconversion, and technical conversion, including deep technical conversion (proteins modification) right up to end products. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the detected comparable KPIs of all stages of production processes, such as: biosystem index, biosystem protein index, and income per agricultural ares unit, which help assess the effectiveness of material flow which is the basis of economic effectiveness. According to these criteria, significantly outstripping performance indicators of traditional production systems, “NS” can be considered as a sustainable alternative to the traditional types of protein-containing products manufacturing. 
 

Abstract: The subject of research is the experience of integration of scientific knowledge and interdisciplinary cooperation aimed at solving agro-ecological issues for the purpose of increasing economic effectiveness and making appropriate management decisions in the field of the agro-industrial complex. The author considers this problem using the example of Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy. To analyze the subject, the author studies the results of coordinated use of innovative solutions of different branches of scientific and practical knowledge for solving the vital agro-ecological problems and raising the effectiveness of intellectual resources management for the purpose of sustainable economic development of agricultural territories. The author considers theoretical and practical aspects of synthesis of scientific knowledge for solving the above mentioned problems and the prospects of integration of the contents of scientific and educational processes and field experience in agricultural educational institutions of Russia. The research is based on various types of analysis (typological and comparative) and the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that integration of scientific knowledge and interdisciplinary cooperation in solving topical agro-ecological problems are considered from the viewpoint of organic philosophy (using its methodological basis) and based on the scientific, educational and field experience of Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy. 
 

Abstract: The subject of the research is the operation process of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine which changes the structure and solidity of the cultivated soil layer according to the agricultural requirements. The author considers the design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine. The research object is the blade of the rotor whose form allows it to rotate with a minimum expenditure of energy. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that the theoretically justified design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine will help improve the methods of secondary tillage aimed at the improvement of its agrotechnical characteristics with a minimum expenditure of energy. To define the value of a relative speed of a soil element movement along the blade, the author derives an equation using the method described in P.M. Vasilenko’s theory of soil particles movement along rough surfaces, but the author considers soil particles movement along the blade. The article is based on theoretical research using mechanical and mathematical modeling of working tools interaction with soil. The initial data was collected via the analysis of literary sources. The author substantiates the design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine which guarantees its rotation with a minimum expenditure of energy owing to the lesser dispersion of soil particles and the prevention of their building-up on the separating grill. The research results can be used by constructors and specialists developing tillage tools.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of the external and internal factors on the sustainable development of the meat-processing industry in Russia, to establish their role, importance and the consequences of impact. 
The authors describe such external environment uncertainty factors affecting the sustainable development of the meat-processing industry as the macroeconomic development - the crops cultivation as a food reserve for animal breeding, price fluctuation, including those for raw materials and food reserves for meat processing, meat market competition.
Using the methods of logical, comparative and economic and statistical analysis, the authors study such an internal environment factor as the characteristics of sausage manufacture. The authors consider the formulation of the cooked sausage “Doktorskaya”, and analyze the food additives according to the state standards. 
The authors conclude that the sustainable development of the meat-processing industry in Russia is based, on the one hand, on risk and uncertainty levelling which is possible under the condition of the appropriate taking account of the external environment factors and the effective evaluation criteria, and on the other hand - on the technological characteristics of sausage manufacture involving the improvement of the formulation and wide use of food additives.
 

Abstract: Among fruit crops, Rowan is one of the most winter-hardy. In Russia, the predominant varieties are those derived from Sorbus aucuparia. Rowan fruits are used in fresh and dried form, they are valuable in food, dietary, and medicinal terms. The objects of this study were 7 Rowan varieties in the exposition «Wild fruit plants» of the Botanical garden-Institute of Volga State University of Technology (Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Republic). The research was conducted in 2014–2019. The fruits were collected in the mass maturation phase and weighed in 3 samples of 100 pieces. The yield of air-dry fruits, expressed as a percentage, was obtained by the ratio of the mass of dried fruits to the mass of freshly harvested ones. It was found that the varieties ‘Alaya Krupnaya’, ‘Titan’, ‘Granatnaya’, and ‘Burka’ are characterized by large fruits. ‘Desertnaya Michurina’, ‘Nevezhinskaya’, and ‘Doch Kubovoy’ are small-fruited varieties. The most favorable for fruiting of most varieties were 2016 and 2019 with dry conditions of the growing season. Excessively moistened conditions in 2017 negatively affected the formation of Rowan fruits. The yield of air-dry raw materials was inversely correlated with the weight of fruits. The obtained data can be used in the organization of plantation cultivation of Rowan varieties in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region.

Abstract: The article considers the system of scheduled preventive agricultural equipment maintenance, describes its purpose and organization, lists its strengths and weaknesses. To solve the current problems, the author suggests integrating the existing system into the new model of organization of agricultural industry Agriculture 4.0 which is becoming widespread in the world. Its peculiarity is the use of modern communication and big data technologies for the development of the most effective solutions both in the industrial process and in decision-making. The integration mechanism is based on the IoT systems projecting pattern. The author develops the system and defines the data to be collected, as well as the sources of information, communication technologies and the basic requirements to data processing algorithms. Taking into account the significant material costs associated with the integration of such systems, the author formulates supporting measures and comprehensive solutions for creating favourable conditions for agricultural enterprises development. 
 

Abstract: Daylily (Hemerocallis) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely used in landscape gardening. Daylilies are prized for their long term flowering mainly in late summer and low maintenance cultivation. According to flower spike height, the varieties are divided into runt, medium-growing and tall. The article contains the results of the study of 21 medium-growing daylily varieties’ terms of flowering in the botanic garden of the Volga region State University of Technology (Yoshkar-Ola, the Republic of Mari El). The research was conducted in 2015 - 2017. The calendar dates were converted into a continuous series. All varieties were classified as early, medium or late according to the terms of the beginning and the end of flowering and its duration. During three years of research, the earliest beginning of the phenological phase was registered in 2016, and the latest one  - in 2017. The early beginning and ending of flowering were typical for the varieties “Dr Regel” and “Royal Sovereign”. The late beginning of flowering was registered for the “Country Club” variety, and the late ending - for “Sandalwood”. Other varieties were classified as medium-term. The varieties “Royal Sovereign”, “Tejas”, and “Sugar Candy” are characterized by a short flowering period, while “Sandalwood” and “Derby Bound” - with a long one. It was established that the late-flowering varieties are characterized with a longer flowering period.

Abstract: Crocuses are beautifully flowering corm-bearing plants. They begin the growing season immediately after the snow melts. The research contains the results of phenological observations of 2014-2019 for plants of 6 Crocus taxa in the conditions of the Mari El Republic. Cultivars with early, medium and late periods of phenophase passage were identified. A flowering phenospectrum of the studied crocuses has been compiled. Crocuses vegetate from mid-April to early June for 40-50 days, and bloom from the third decade of April to early May. C. chrysanthus 'Prince Cloues' is characterized by the earliest unfolding of leaves and a short duration of their growth. The greatest value for landscaping is C. versicolor, characterized by the longest growing season and the earliest flowering, as well as C. chrysanthus ' Romance’ and C. angustifolia, characterized by the longest flowering within 2 weeks. The flowering of C. sieberi 'Spring Beauty’ is unstable. The obtained data on the seasonal development of crocuses can be used when including them in rockeries, alpine slides and other flower beds in natural-style gardens.

Abstract: Deutzia is an ornamental flowering shrub valued for its abundant long-term flowering and the elegance of flowers shape. The research objects are the plants of 3 species and 1 variety of Deutzia in the Botanic Garden-Institute of VSUT (Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Republic). Plants aged from 38 to 45 years grow in the exhibition “Fruticetum”. The study was conducted in 2015-2019. The height and diameter of plants crowns, their winter hardiness for the period from 1981 to 2019, the morphometric indicators of leaves and inflorescences, the possibility of vegetative propagation by herbaceous cuttings, and the size of annual plants were studied. According to the study results, the most hardy is Deutzia of Amur, which forms the highest shrubs. The long-leaved Deutzia has the longest leaf blades, Deutzia scabra ‘Plena’ has the smallest leaves. The long-leaved Deutzia has the largest inflorescences, Deutzia of Amur and Deutzia scabra ‘Plena’ have the smallest ones. Deutzia magnifica and Deutzia scabra ‘Plena’ have ornamentality advantage over other species due to the double flowers. For the maximum display of ornamental qualities, the plants need a successful overwintering. The greatest ability to reproduce by herbaceous cuttings is noted for Deutzia scabra ‘Plena’. The results of this study are important for the Deutzia application in the garden and park construction. In the landscaping of the republic settlements Deutzia is recommended for the target assortment.

Abstract: The Russian Federation has a huge potential for the development of agricultural production. Sustainable agricultural development is the basis for ensuring the country's food security. The 2030 Rural Territories Sustainable Development Strategy of the Russian Federation emphasizes the necessity to develop environmentally determined agriculture strengtheninig the sustainability of ecosystems and sustaining life and activities of rural dwellers. The subject of the article is the importance of bioenergy as one of the promising areas of generating electricity from renewable sources for the sustainable development of agriculture, as well as its role in reducing the negative impact on the environment of agricultural production. Bioenergy as one of the high-tech components of the green economy allows us to ensure the return of organic agricultural waste to the production cycle. Thus, the development of bioenergy can make a significant contribution to solving the problem of agricultural waste disposal and at the same time provide rural regions with heat and energy, which is especially important for remote regions of the country with poorly developed infrastructure. At the same time, the need to attract initial investment is one of the main problems that prevent the widespread introduction of bioenergy facilities in our country. In the last decade, a number of positive developments have taken place in the field of legal regulation of renewable energy in the Russian Federation. Only through the development of legal regulation, taking into account the current Russian and foreign experience, can we create a truly effective renewable energy industry in the country – bioenergy, which will simultaneously solve the problems of environmental protection in agriculture.

Abstract: The subject of research in this article is social relations in the field of ensuring biological safety by means of administrative actions for the violations of legislation in the field of handling and disposing of animal and biological waste. 
The purposes of the research are: analysis of doctrinal approaches to defining the terms “animal waste” and “biological waste”; legal assessment of using the provisions of the Administrative Offences Code of Russia establishing responsibility for the violation of rules of handling and disposing of the above mentioned types of waste; formulation of proposals aimed at the clarification of particular provisions of veterinary rules. 
The research is based on general scientific and specific research methods (analysis, generalization, the formal-legal, comparative-legal and historical methods). They help the author to consider the evolution of the term “biological waste”, and to define its merits and flaws during the operation of the 1995 Veterinary rules for the collection and utilization of biological waste as compared with the current rules of 2020. The author analyzes disputable issues appearing in judicial practice when considering cases of the violation of veterinary and sanitary rules of biological waste disposal, and describes her own opinion which is not always in line with the position of commercial and regular courts. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the conclusion about the common goals of legal regulation of responsibility in the field of handling and disposing of animal and biological waste and the necessity to regulate them in one chapter of the Administrative Offences Code, rather than in different chapters as they are regulated now. The author states the necessity to clarify the terms “biological waste” and “animal waste” and to consider some of it as recyclable materials. The author attempts to differentiate between the types of waste under study and other types of waste (including food waste of animal origin). 
 

Abstract: Species of the genus Philadelphus L. (mock orange) are among the most popular ornamental shrubs. They are valued for low maintenance, abundant flowering, exceptional aroma of flowers and a prolonged flowering period during high summer, by when many shrubs already fade. The results of phenological observations of 2018-2020 are presented in the article. The objects of the research were the plants of 8 cultivars of mock orange selected by N. K. Vekhov in the Botanical Garden-Institute of VSUT (Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Republic). The vegetation of plants lasts from the beginning of May to the end of September and has a duration of 177-189 days.  The 'Airborne force' (Vozdushny desant) cultivar was characterized by the longest growing season.  The full leafing occurred in the first decade of June, the growth of scions ended in the first half of August. Flowering began in the third decade of June and lasted on average for 13-28 days. The cultivar 'Vosdushny Desant' has the earliest beginning of flowering, 'Arktika' has the latest one. The plants of 'Elbrus' were characterized by the longest flowering, 'Yunnat' – by the shortest one. There was no connection between the duration of flowering and the structure of flowers.

Abstract: The article analyzes the current problems, functional strategies and instigating trends of the agroindustrial complex. The author describes the possible ways of solving problems and considers the prospects for the development of small-scale enterprises based on the existing government support programs for rural areas. Among the most acute problems for the successful development of farms, the author identifies the following groups of problems: 1. Economic problems: rising prices for fuels and lubricants; the volatility of the ruble exchange rate; the constant increase in tariffs for gas, electricity, fertilizers, machinery for agricultural production; the disproportion of prices of products and resources spent on their production; the lack of long-term supportive programs of preferential lending and leasing services; low level of innovation and investment activity; low level of solvency of the population; unsatisfactory state of telephone and Internet communications, roads and transport links; monopolization of sales markets by large agricultural holdings; insufficient development of marketing and logistics issues; weak image advertising of farm products and the lack of integrated marketing communications, which reduce the profitability and profitability of agricultural production. 2. Technological problems: technical and technological lagging behind the developed countries; low technological efficiency of agricultural production of peasant farms; a high degree of deterioration of the equipment and machinery. 3. Ecological problems: industrial and agricultural enterprises impacting on the environment; the inrease in land fertility; the use of pesticides leading to soil and water pollution; the lack of effective control over the quality and safety of food. 4. Social problems of rural areas: the lack of educational institutions with educational services of high quality and developed infrastructure; the lack of jobs for the adult population and youth's low interest in farming as a way of life; domestic problems. 

Abstract: As part of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Volga State University of Technology, a collection of ornamental shrubs is presented in the exposition "Fruticetum". As of 2020, plants from 86 genera of 30 families grow here. The largest number of taxa in the collection includes the following genera: Syringa – 97, Spiraea – 61, Philadelphia – 48, Berberis – 30, Lonicera – 24, Rosa – 22. The largest families are Rosaceae (167 taxa), Oleaceae (97), Hydrangeaceae (77), Caprifoliaceae (35), Berberidaceae (31). The most genera contain the families Rosaceae (28 names), Fabaceae (10), Oleaceae (5), Caprifoliaceae (5), Cupressaceae (4). Angiosperms include 505 taxa, gymnosperms – 26 taxa. The main share in the composition of the collection of Fruticetum are varieties and hybrids – 305 names, there are 226 species of plants, which is associated with the main purpose of the exposition – to present a variety of assortment of ornamental shrubs. Mandatory scientific research includes an annual assessment of winter hardiness, a note on the presence of flowering and fruiting in all plants in the exposition, conducting phenological observations of a number of plants. The features of agrotechnical measures carried out in the exposition (pruning, fertilizing, watering, weeding, pest and disease control, shelter for the winter, mowing grass) are indicated.

Abstract: There is the site of lianas as a part of the exposition «Fruticetum» in the Botanical Garden-Institute of Volga State University of Technology. It is an area of 0.15 hectares, with 5 rows of metal supports 1.5–3.0 high. Woody plants of 98 names from 14 genera of 10 families grow here: Actinidiaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Celastraceae, Hydrangeaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Schisandraceae, Vitaceae. The largest number of taxa in the collection includes the following genera: Clematis – 54 taxa, Vitis – 10, Lonicera – 7. The most widely represented family is Ranunculaceae (56 taxa). The Vitaceae family contains the largest number of genera (3). Cultivars and hybrids have the main share in the collection (62.2%). The cultivars of clematis are the most numerous (42 names). They have a high decorative value and are an undoubted decoration of the site. The low ornamental shrubs and perennial herbaceous plants are planted in the exposition to increase the decorative effect. The article provides information about winter hardiness, growth and development of lianas, as well as the features of agrotechnical measures. The directions of development are presented. These data are of interest to employees of botanical gardens, students of plant-growing directions and amateur gardeners. The materials are accompanied by photographs.

Abstract: Organic acids and carotenoids are important biologically active compounds that largely determine the pharmacological value of rowan fruits. In medicine, mountain ashberry is used as a multivitamin, diuretic, tonic. Its fruits are standardized according to the content of organic acids. In this work, the content of the organic acids sum and carotenoids in the fruits of Sorbus aucuparia and the varieties 'Burka', 'Granatnaya', 'Alaya Krupnaya' and 'Titan' from the collection of the Botanical Garden-Institute of Volga State University of Technology (Yoshkar-Ola, Mary El Republic) was studied. The moisture content in the fruits of all studied rowans varied from 0.49 to 0.60%, which corresponded to the permissible value of the pharmacopoeia. The amount of organic acids varied from 3.06 to 3.93%. In the fruits of the varieties 'Titan' and 'Burka' the greatest amount of the organic acids was found, slightly less was in the variety 'Granatnaya', but the difference is insignificant. The low content of the studied compounds was determined in Sorbus aucuparia and 'Alaya Krupnaya', while the value of this variety did not meet the requirements of the pharmacopoeia article. The content of carotenoids in rowan fruits varied from 3.09 to 5.60 mg%. In terms of the number of these compounds, the fruits of the varieties 'Titan' and 'Alaya Krupnaya' were in the lead. The smallest amount of carotenoids was found in the fruits of Sorbus aucuparia and 'Granatnaya'. The most promising for obtaining biologically active compounds is the variety 'Titan'.

Abstract: The subject of the work is the legal norms regulating social relations arising in the process of reindeer husbandry. The purpose of the work is to formulate conclusions and proposals for improving legal regulation in this area based on the analysis of federal and regional legislation, strategic planning documents, as well as information and data related to reindeer husbandry carried out in Russia. In the process of work, general scientific, private and special methods were used. Including: analysis, synthesis, analogy, deduction, induction, formal legal and other methods. The relevance of the research topic is indicated by the fact that in Russia reindeer husbandry belongs to one of the most common types of traditional economic activity. Its importance is high not only for the northern regions, but also for the whole of Russia, reindeer husbandry is rightfully attributed to one of the reserves for strengthening the country's food security. In addition, the support of traditional economic activities, which includes reindeer husbandry, contributes to the preservation of the material and spiritual culture of indigenous peoples. These facts indicate the relevance of issues related to the legal regulation of reindeer husbandry. The paper draws a number of conclusions concerning the development of legislation in this area, so, as one of the measures aimed at supporting reindeer husbandry, it is proposed at the legislative level to prioritize the implementation of traditional nature management over other types of economic activity.

Abstract: Using the comparative legal method, the article analyzes the provisions of recently adopted Federal laws regulating, respectively, the production of organic agricultural products and products with improved characteristics (hereinafter referred to as improved products), which are important vectors for the development of a "green" economy in Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the similarity of these two laws and the main differences between them and to determine the feasibility of the existence of two laws regulating largely identical relations.
When writing the article, along with the mentioned comparative legal method, general scientific and special legal methods (analysis, generalization, formal legal, etc.) were used. This made it possible to establish the advantages and legal and technical, as well as substantive shortcomings of the normative legal acts under consideration and to come to conclusions with a certain degree of scientific novelty. In particular, the study showed that both the developers of the Law on Improved Products and many scientists consider improved products as "green", environmentally friendly, i.e. as a kind of organic products, and if this is so, then, in the opinion of the author, there was no need to adopt a Law on improved products. If some relations were still insufficiently clearly regulated, it would be possible to make appropriate changes to the Law on Organic Products (for example, to introduce different types (categories) of such products "according to the degree of their organicity"), rather than adopt a duplicate law. But, assuming that the Law on Improved Products is unlikely to be repealed, the article proposes to more clearly define the range of relations regulated by each of the Laws under consideration, make the concept of improved products more informative, clarify that relations for the production of improved products are regulated not only at the federal level and solve a number of other issues.

Abstract: According to the ideology of the green economy, any economic activity should be carried out using technologies that cause minimal damage to the environment. The means and methods used by companies to minimize environmental harm from their activities, which seem effective at first glance and are even generally recognized, may turn out to be very ambiguous with a detailed and comprehensive analysis of their impact on the environment.
Unfortunately, both abroad and in the Russian Federation, the level of legal regulation in the use of so-called green technologies, confirmation of their real compliance with the declared goals of environmental protection, as well as the introduction of liability measures for relevant violations and unfair competition remains extremely low. Closer attention on the part of society and the state to the existing problem should be realized in the development of appropriate legislation, both stimulating the development of a green economy according to established standards and rules, and ensuring the establishment of proper control over activities falling into the category of green, for its real compliance with the stated goals of environmental protection and conservation of the planet's resources. Of course, alternative energy should take its place in the system of ensuring the energy security of each state. But it is necessary to use its advantages wisely on the basis of legally established procedures for a comprehensive assessment of their impact on the environment, including in the long term. In the meantime, alternative energy, especially in Western countries, has firmly established the reputation of a "green", environmentally friendly industry, which in many cases is fundamentally wrong.
The development of new necessary means and methods of legal regulation, along with their legislative consolidation, should play a key role in stimulating the effective development of society in a "green" direction, namely in a non-destructive direction for the environment.

Abstract: The article analyzes and systematizes the cases of using the concept of "green economy" in strategic planning documents at the federal and regional levels. The basis for understanding the "green" economy in Russian regulatory legal acts, which include strategic planning documents, are international-level agreements. Thematic reports of official international organizations are also of some importance. The main characteristics of the "green" economy made at the international level are emphasized: environmental taxation, energy efficiency improvement, reduction of consumption of natural resources, reduction of waste, use of renewable energy sources, development of a low-carbon economy, etc. The general context of understanding the "green" economy at the international level is also important. It is connected both with the concept of sustainable development and with the realization of the task of poverty eradication. In other words, the "green" economy should have a wide range of applications and involves a number of its manifestations. According to the Final Document of the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), the participating countries of the Conference only identified some contexts for understanding the "green" economy, and also formulated the main results to be obtained when implementing the tools of the "green" economy. It is established that the mention of the "green" economy in strategic planning documents occurs in two main aspects: firstly, as a modern attribute of regulation of environmental and natural resource activities, and exclusively in a positive sense; secondly, as a challenge and even a threat to the implementation of certain types of activities. When stating such opposite assessments of the importance of the development of the "green" economy for the Russian Federation, it is necessary to endow the concept of "green economy" with legally significant characteristics, signs and criteria. The general framework of such a definition is laid down at the level of international legal regulation, while specific directions should depend on the needs and conditions of the economy, social sphere and the state of the environment in the Russian Federation.