Abstract: This article discusses the peculiarities of ethnic and religious identity of the Orthodox Sakha – Yakuts, as well as self-categorization within the system “familiar – alien”. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of self-categorization of the Orthodox Sakha – Yakuts. Leaning on theoretical analysis of the previous works, an assumption is made that as a criterial attribute at the core of self-categorization of the Orthodox Yakuts the ethnic identity would supersede the religious. The author examines the self-categorization processes among minorities, represented by the Orthodox Sakha – Yakuts , since they hold such position in their ethnic and confessional group. The article used the methodology of E. Bogardus in modification of L. G. Pochebut; peculiarities of social identity of the Orthodox Sakha – Yakuts were assessed using the test of Manfred Kuhn and Thomas McPartland “Who Am I?” Determination within the social representations of the Orthodox Yakuts of the system of objective differentiation criteria of “familiar – alien” was conducted on the basis of modified version of semantic differential and method of arbitrary associations. For determination of citerial structure of self-categorization was used factor analysis through extraction of key components. The main conclusion consists in the high index of ethnic tolerance among the Orthodox Sakha-Yakuts with regards to representatives of other ethnoses, their acceptance as the colleagues, and desire to establish business relationship. The respondents have augmented understanding of the concept “us”, demonstrating clear religious and ethnic identity. The author describes the categorial structure of self-categorization of the Orthodox Sakha – Yakuts comprised of the three factors: “quality of relationship with others”, “live activeness”, and “self-confidence”.

Keywords: self-awareness, criteria structure, identity, ethnic identity, self categorization, religious identity, social identity, own, alien, Orthodox

References:
Grazhdanskaya, etnicheskaya i regional'naya identichnost': vchera, segodnya, zavtra/ ruk. proekta i otv. red. L. M. Drobizheva.-M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya, 2013.-485 s.-S. 195.
Danilova E.N. Sotsial'naya identifikatsiya lichnosti pod red. V. A. Yadova. – M.,1994.
Kuli Ch. Sotsial'naya samost' Ch. Kuli Amerikanskaya sotsiologicheskaya mysl': teksty pod red. V. I. Dobren'kova. – M. : Izd-vo MGU, 1994.
Mayers D. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya.-7-izd.-SPb.: Piter, 2006.-794.
Olport G. Priroda predubezhdeniy// Vek tolerantnosti/ Pod red. A.G. Asmolova. M.,2003. Vyp.5.
Pochebut L.G. "Kross-kul'turnaya i etnicheskaya psikhologiya: uchebnoe posobie. – SPb.: Piter, 2012
Serkin V.P. Metody psikhosemantiki. M.: Aspekt Press, 2004. S.80-95.
Seroshevskiy V.L. Yakuty / opyt etnograficheskogo issledovaniya M. 1993 g.
Soldatova G.U. Psikhologiya mezhetnicheskoy napryazhennosti. M.: Smysl, 1998.
Sushkov I.R. Samokategorizatsionnaya teoriya i gruppovye fenomeny.// Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal, t.15, № 1, 1994
Tajfel, H. and Turner,

Abstract: This study is devoted to the problem of differences in metaphorical ideas about people with a different ethnocultural appearance as representations of various ethnic “world images”. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the metaphors of "friendly" and "alien" people with different ethnocultural appearance in persons with a similar ethnocultural appearance. The subject of the research was the metaphors of "friendly" and "alien" people with a "Slavic", "Caucasian" and "Asian" appearance in persons with a "Slavic" appearance. The following methods were used: content analysis of metaphors, correlation analysis. The method developed by the author for the study of the metaphors of "friendly" and "alien" people with different ethnocultural appearance is applied. It was first established that the metaphorical images of “alien” people and “enemies” with an “Asian” appearance are more positive than the metaphorical images of “alien” people and “enemies” with a “Caucasian” appearance. Respondents perceive “friendly” people with “Caucasian” appearance as having more similarity with them than “their” people with “Asian” appearance. It was concluded that the images of "friendly" people with different ethnocultural appearance in the subjective perception may have a similar structure, may be mediated by the same criteria for categorization of surrounding people in the "own" continuum - "alien", and the images of "alien" people with different ethnocultural appearance can be structurally different. Stereotypical metaphors of communication partners with different appearance indicate the impact of ethnocultural codes on ideas about other people from different ethnocultural groups.The results of the research can be applied in applied social psychology of conflict and discrimination.

Keywords: Caucasian external appearance, Slave external appearance, ethnolookism, external appearance, ethnocultural external appearance, aliens, friends, metaphors, Asian external appearance, ethnic image of the world

References:
Al'perovich V.D. Metafory «svoikh» i «chuzhikh» lyudey s raznym etnokul'turnym vneshnim oblikom v svyazi so stratifikatsionnymi kharakteristikami vzrosloy lichnosti // Psikholog. 2017. № 3. S.88-104. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8701.2017.3.22570. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=29424201
Bazarova D.R. Obraz mira sovremennoy molodezhi i ego strukturno-soderzhatel'nye kharakteristiki (na primere Baykal'skogo regiona) // Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2011. № 5. S. 27-30.
Baksanskiy O.E., Kucher E.N. Kognitivnyy obraz mira. M.: Kanon+, 2010. 224 s.
Belousova A.K., Mochalova Yu.A. Osobennosti obraza mira i tsennostnykh orientatsiy u predstaviteley razlichnykh etnicheskikh grupp // Izvestiya Yuzhnogo federal'nogo universiteta. Pedagogicheskie nauki. 2013. № 1. S. 99-106.
Bzezyan A.A. Osobennosti predstavleniy russkikh predprinimateley o partnerakh po malomu biznesu, prinadlezhashchikh k «svoey» i «chuzhoy» etnicheskoy gruppe // Severo-Kavkazskiy psikhologicheskiy vestnik. 2011. T. 9. № 3. S. 10-14.
Bzezyan

Abstract: In the modern world, we are constantly confronted with situations in which people are discriminated because of their appearance. One of the forms of discrimination is ethnolookism when the evaluation of ethnocultural identity is based on an assessment of the external appearance, and this evaluation results in a certain attitude, discriminatory or tolerant. In her article Pogontseva outlines the problem of attitudes toward women in connection with ethno-religious characteristics of their appearance for example, hijab (an Islamic handkerchief covering hair and neck). The research involved 807 people (371 men and 436 women) aged 18-55 years old (the average age was 25 years) living in Rostov-on-Don, Russia. The author has used her own questionnaire consisting of an incentive material (2 sets of photographs of 5 girls, in one case it is a portrait, in full-face, taken with natural make-up, the second set - the same girls, but in black hijabs). Respondents were asked to evaluate their attitude to the girls on the photos, on a scale from friendly to hostile, and to assess the degree of acceptance of the discriminatory behavior of the Other on the basis of the girl's appearance in the photograph. Based on the results, it can be said that the hostility towards the girl in the hijab is based only on the design of their appearance. It can be also noted that while the discriminatory behavior of the Other is directed at the girl in the hijab, respondents tend to condemn this behavior less than when the discriminatory attitude is directed at the girl without the hijab. Thus, the author emphasizes that a trigger of ethnolookism can be just a cover for a head or other symbols of different cultures.

Keywords: adoption of discriminatory behavior, attitude, ethnolookism, lookism, appearance, hijab, discrinination behavior, discrimination, racism, islam

References:
Hamzeh M. FIFA's double hijabophobia: A colonialist and Islamist alliance racializing Muslim women soccer players. Women's Studies International Forum, Volume 63, July–August 2017, P. 11-16.
Eid R., El-Gohary H. The role of Islamic religiosity on the relationship between perceived value and tourist satisfaction // Tourism Management. 2015. Vol. 46. R. 477–488.
Tarasenko O. V. Khidzhab v islamskoy religii // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. 2010. № 581. S. 217–226.
Awan I., Zempi I. The affinity between online and offline anti-Muslim hate crime: Dynamics and impacts. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Volume 27, March–April 2016, P. 1-8.
Pogontseva D. V. Osobennosti otnosheniya k devushkam s razlichnym oformleniem vneshnego oblika: rol' khidzhaba // Psikhologiya i psikhotekhnika. 2015. № 3. S. 235–244.
Pogontseva D.V. K voprosu o diskriminatsiya po vneshnemu obliku // Severo-Kavkazskiy psikhologicheskiy vestnik. 2011. T. 9. № 2. S. 47-50
Pogontseva D.V. Vidy diskriminatsii po vneshn

Abstract: The article provides an overview of foreign and domestic socio-psychological studies of the civil (national) identity in the period from 2007 to 2016. To do this, the author selected Web of Science and RISC cited publications on the subject which allowed to see the most relevant aspects thereof. Researches were grouped according to the main issues raised in these issues: the concept of civic identity as one of the social identities, factors affecting the national identity, relationship of civic identity and a variety of plants, intra-identification and national prejudices, loss of national identity, nationalism and patriotism (in-group identity and attitude to the outgroup). Such selection of articles and their analysis have provided an understanding of how to represent the civil identity of contemporary researchers and how this phenomenon is studied.

Keywords: in-group identity, national prejudices, in-group identification, social identity, patriotism, nationalism, national identity, civil identity, attitudes towards out-group, out-group aggression

References:
Verkuyten M., Yildiz A.A. National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007. V. 33. Issue 10. Pp. 1448-1462.
Tsukamoto S., Enright J., Karasawa M. Psychological Essentialism and Nationalism as Determinants of Interethnic Bias // Journal of Social Psychology. 2013. V. 153. I. 5. Pp. 515-519.
Tajfel H., Turner, J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict // Austin W.G., Worchel S. (Eds.) The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979, pp. 33-47.
Muldoon O.T., Trew K., Todd J., Rougier N., McLaughlin K. Religious and national identity after the Belfast Good Friday Agreement // Political Psychology. 2007. V. 28. I. 1. P. 89-103.
Reijerse A., Van Acker K., Vanbeselaere N., Phalet K., Duriez B. Beyond the Ethnic-Civic Dichotomy: Cultural Citizenship as a New Way of Excluding Immigrants // Political Psychology. 2012. V. 34. Issue 4. Pp. 611-630.
Tajfel H. Social c

Abstract: The article presents results of the empirical social-psychological research. 83 Russian second- and third-year elementary school students of Smolensk (47 girls and 36 boys) aged from 7 to 9 participated in the research. The subject of the research is the contents and emotional predictors of elementary school students' preceptions of their and others' ethnic groups. Ethnic groups they represented included Russian, Belorussian and Ukrainian. Emotional predictors included affective components of ethnic identity of elementary school students as well as their level of satisfaction with different sides of their own life. Empirical data were collected through survey (interviewing) of elementary school students. Each respondent was interviewed individually. The authors of the article analyze data obtained using the modified method of studing racial and ethnic attitudes offered by Doyle and Aboud (adapted by N. Sheskina for Russian elementary school students), modified method of diagnosing the level of social frustration by L. Wasserman and analyzing responses of children to the questions aimed at defining the affective component of their ethnic identity. These data were processed by using Statistica 7.0 program, methods of descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher's angular transformation (φ*-criterion), regression analysis (Forward stepwise method). As a result of the empirical research, the majority of elementary school students demonstrate a positive ethnic affective identification and differentiation and tendency to be more positive about their own ethnic group compared to others. The author registered a high subjective importance of ethnicity for elementary school students disregarding their positive or negative affective attitude towards members of their ethnic group. The authors discover that the emotional predictor of how elementary school students preceive their or others' ethnic groups is their subjective sense of well-being in the spheres related to a child's school life and his or her success. The factor that is especially important in the formation of a positive attitude to their and others' ethnic groups is the level of satisfaction of elementary school students with the relations they have with their classmates. The results of the research underline the important role of the elementary school age in the process of ethnic identity formation and draw our attention to targets of ethnic intolerance prevention and correction of children's ethnic perceptions. The results also prove a close connection between child's subjective sense of well-benig and his or her attitude towards their and others' ethnic groups. 

Keywords: personal satisfaction, subjective well-being, emotional predictors, elementary school age, components of ethnic identity, ethnic differentiation, ethnic identification, ethnic groups, ethnic perceptions, ethnic identity

References:
Seredkina N.N. Teoreticheskaya model' pozitivnoy etnicheskoy identichnosti i mekhanizmy ee formirovaniya // Sotsiodinamika. 2016. № 2. C. 37-46. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2016.2.17690. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_17690.html
Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of traum [Text] / R. Janoff-Bulman. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Padun M.A. Osobennosti bazisnykh ubezhdeniy u lits, perezhivshikh travmaticheskiy stress: dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2003. 159 s.
Fetiskin N.P., Kozlov V.V., Manuylov G.M. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskaya diagnostika razvitiya lichnosti i malykh grupp. M.: Izd-vo Instituta Psikhoterapii, 2002. 490 s.
Razvitie natsional'noy etnolingvisticheskoy i religioznoy identichnosti u detey i podrostkov / Otv. red. M. Barret, T. Ryazanova, M. Volovikova. M., 2001. S. 87.
Soldatova G.U. Psikhologiya mezhetnicheskikh otnosheniy v situatsii sotsial'noy nestabil'nosti: dis. ... d-ra psikhol. nauk. M., 2001. 431 s.
Shamionov R.M. Psikhologiya sub'ektivnogo blagopoluchiya. Saratov, 2004.

Abstract: The article deals with one of the most pressing issues of modern gender psychology - the changing gender identity of the youth. The authors of the article present the results of the study on the gender identity of modern youth from the Northern areas of the Far Eastern district of the Russian Federation and adherence to gender stereotypes as well as the comparative analysis of the relationship between personality traits and a proposed gender-based portrait of the same gender person. The research is based on the model offered by S. Bam. The results of the research have shown that there is a shift in gender roles of today's youth. In the portrait of modern females the girls indicate masculine traits. This indicates the formation of a new strategy of women's behaviour in Russian society - the equation with men in psychological terms. Men along with masculinity traits also indicate femininity traits which indicates the decline in their level of internal aggression. Thus, the shift of gender roles occurs in both gender directions. It is also worth noting that a certain class of people with an androgynous behavioural style has been defined by the authors which indicates a "transitional" stage in the shift of gender attitudes. The concentration of more than half of the respondents in the field of androgyny opens new perspectives for further research in this area of scientific knowledge

Keywords: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, gender identity, gender stereotypes, gender typing, gender, North, ethnos, traditional culture

References:
Unger R. Nesovershenstvo sovremennogo myshleniya: Psikhologiya stroitel'stva pola. – N'yu-Kheyven, L.: Izdatel'stvo Yel'skogo universiteta, 2000. 370 s.
Ryabova T. B. Stereotipy i stereotipizatsiya kak problema gendernykh issledovaniy // Lichnost'. Kul'tura. Obshchestvo. 2013. T. V. Vyp. 1-2 (15-16). S. 120-125.
Kletsina I. S. Gendernaya psikhologiya i napravleniya ee razvitiya. SPb. : INFO, 2003. 471 s.
Zav'yalova N. I., Ryabkov D. A. Nekotorye problemy konstruirovaniya gendernoy stratifikatsii rossiyskogo obshchestva // Sbornik nauchnykh trudov NGTU. 2004. №4 (38). S. 109-114.
Dzheys F. L. Samoispolnyayushchiesya prorochestva: gender s sotsial'no-psikhologicheskoy tochki zreniya. — SPb. : Piter, 2001. 161 s.
Burn S.M. Women Across Cultures: A Global Perspective (1st ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill, 2000. 251 pp.