Abstract: The object of this article is the actual problems of collection, storage, usage and transmission of personal data at the international level with regard to modern judicial practice of precedent-setting legal systems. The authors thoroughly examine such aspects as the need for harmonization not only of international and national but also regional legislations in this sphere. Special attention is paid to the issues of illegal dissemination of personal data. Currently the country with precedent judicial system find the desire to own and dispose of personal data of citizens of other States on formal legal grounds. The protection of the privacy of users of the Internet should be regulated both at the national and international levels. The authors also emphasize the necessity for development and adoption of national laws and international treaties governing rules of gathering information about consumers. The research method is the analysis of political, economic and social processes. The authors have also used the following research methods: scientific methods of cognition as well as logical and historical methods of scientific research. According to the authors, states have not resolved many of the issues of implementation of information processes at the legal, organizational and technical levels. The authors of the article carry out the analysis of individual foreign precedents and conclude that they involve the creation of threats to the security of personal data. Judicial practice of foreign states was the basis for the adoption of amendments to the Russian legislation on personal data regarding the prohibition on the use of personal data of citizens of the Russian Federation by foreign operators of personal data.

Keywords: privacy policy, protection levels, informational law, informational legislation, personal data, foreign economic activity, cross-border information transfer, data bases, dissemination of information, personal data processing

Abstract: The article discusses the social portrait of the young participants of the public movement "Hizmet", one of the most authoritative and influential movements in Turkey. The authors of the article examine attitudes of young people towards family life, happiness, future, business, choice of profession, etc. This article presents the results of the opinion survey that was conducted in the second half of May, 2013 and involved a group of Belarusian and Turkish scientists working and studying in the Belarusian State University. 1500 followers of the social movement 'Hizmet' participated in the survey which allowed to create a fairly complete social portrait of the young participants. The survey used by the Turkish Statistics Institute offers only one option to choose while in this study the authors apply a more liberal approach and offer participants to choose out of several variants of the survey responses. This, in their opinion, will give a more detailed picture of the value orientations of the study group of young people. The novelty of the research is to establish a social portrait of modern Turkish youth on the basis of summarizing the results of concrete opinion surveys conducted in Turkey as well as the inclusion of these results in the scientific research of Russian scientists that provides a reasonable basis for future comparative studies in this sphere.

Keywords: education, The Gülen Movement, opinion survey, social movement, social portpet, Hizmet, Turkey, youth, nurture, family

Abstract: The author examines the activities of bodies of local self-government in pre-revolutionary Russia in the field of education. It is noted that the undoubted merits in the field of education belong to zemsky institutions. The authors also consider issues of school education as well as other means of education: libraries, public readings of books, etc.. It is observed that the increased attention of zemsky institutions towards public education was due to the illiteracy of the most people and hindered socio-economic progress in the country. The emphasis is made on the development of education being aimed at mainstream population but not elites. The authors argue that the development of national education became an important modernization issue which was solved by zemstvo. Methodological basis of the research involves the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The authors have also used the following special methods of research: historical, comparative, problem-chronological and analytical. It is shown that the local government and public education became important factors in the maintenance of social harmony in terms of socio-economic differentiation of the population of Kursk province of the late XIX - early XX centuries. Thus, the study of zemstvo experience in the field of non-formal education of the population deserves in-depth analysis in the current context of the search for the optimal model of secondary school.

Keywords: public reading, library, zemsky school, historical experience, Kursk province, public education, Zemstvo, local government, repetitive courses, the rural population

Abstract: The research object of the present article is the educational sector in Russia in the context of the formation of a common space of higher education. The research subject is the process of reformation of the educational sector and the development of Russian higher education in the context of the Bologna process. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of promising directions in the development of the modern higher education sphere, the problems arising in the framework of the formation and development of a comprehensive education sector and the main priorities of state activities in the modern transformation of the education sector, the latter being the main indicator of the level of development of modern economy and competitive ability with respect to the international community. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the main sources that characterize the current situation of the educational sector and involves the analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization of the sources on key priorities of state development of the educational sector in the context of a common space of higher education. The main contribution of the author's research is the allocation of the main perspective directions for the development, reformation and  analysis of a common space of higher education within the framework of the priorities of the educational sector considering the current state of labor market issues and priorities of the knowledge-based economy and socio-economic development of the country.

Keywords: priority directions, the education sector, education reform, innovations in education, knowledge economy, labor market, higher education, The Bologna process, modernization, socio-economic development

Abstract: In his article Rozin discusses Bruno Latour's book "Reassembling the Social - An Intruduction to Actor-Network Theory". Rozin analyzes Latour's approach (in this paper he acts as a sociology methodologist) as well as the basic principles and provisions Latour relies on (critics of the natural scientific and social engineering approaches, prohibition on the reduction of social phenomena to ultimate ontologies of society and nature, orientation at the development of empirical sociology ). Rozin analyzes the basic terms that Latour introduces, intermediaries and networks. According to Rozin, the genesis of these concepts is due to the fundamental principle of studied provisions. Based on the concepts of intermediary and network Latour introduces a number of other terms ("translation", "interaction", "actor", "action", "group") as well as develops a comprehensive ontology. This ontology is analyzed, too. Rozin discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Latour's theory and the conditions necessary for the reform of sociology as a science. In his research Rozin uses the methods of comparative analysis, methodological problematization and reconstruction. In addition to the methodological approach Rozin also implements the basic principles of humanitarian research.Reading and interpretation of Latour's ideas and concepts raise a lot of questions and Rozin tries to formulate and discuss some of them. From his point of view, the problem is not an indication of a weak thought but rather a strong point particularly in terms of further development. It is important not to miss valuable ideas and schemes outlined by Latour, for example, the scheme for relations between intermediaries and sociality, criticics of the fundamental principles of traditional sociology and development of original ideas of relativistic sociology.

Keywords: methodology, ontology, terms, schemes, discourse, reality, sociality, concept, construction, reform

Abstract: In his article Nemtsev views the development of the consumer society in the post-soviet territories as a result of the influence of Western ideology of ‘overconsumption’. The author criticizes such ideology and the associated type of society. He examines other ideological concepts that could form the basis of Russian ideology (besides sustainable development) and concludes that they would have no prospects. The author also concludes that without ideology Russia would also fail as a state. The research subject of the article is the sustainable development as a common ideology of the Eurasian Union of Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan. Methodological basis of the research involves social and philosophical methods and principles. The aforesaid issues are studied on the basis of provisions and conclusions on the matter made by modern Russian and foreign researchers, authors and philosophers. Moreover, Nemtsev has used findings of sociological and statistical researches. He suggests that the paradigm of sustainable development should be the ‘core’ of the ideology of the Russian Federation and future Eurasian Union. He proves that it is important to develop such an ideology and describes the ideological concept. According to Nemtsev, the Sustainable Development Code should be introduced to implement the sustainable development strategies of the Eurasian Union. The author emphasizes on the implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the sphere of education to provide for the evolutionary transition of the society to a ‘sustainable’ lifestyle. Sustainable development is viewed as a system of better principles of the noospheric concept, socialism, Euriasianism and modern theories of the moneyless economy. Nemtsev also discusses the stages of establishing the sustainable development concept as a future state ideology. 

Keywords: consumer society, global processes, globalization, national idea, Eurasian Union, ideology, sustainable development, integration of post-soviet territories, geopolitics, custom union

Abstract: The author studies the issue of the US deterrence doctrine evolution in the 1950s – 1960s. Special attention is paid to the role played by the RAND Corporation analysts in this process. The origins of nuclear deterrence theories, their evolving and influence on the decision-making process in the United States during the early period of the Cold War are also regarded in this article. The author pays special attention to the stages of the American nuclear deterrence evolvement and to the role of the RAND Corporation in its establishing and further development. The methods of historical comparison, historical typology and historical periodization are the essential approaches exploited in the article. The review of nuclear deterrence evolvement in the RAND analysts' works, particularly in those written by B.Brodie and D.Elssberg is a feature of the article novelty. The transition from mutual assured destruction doctrine to the theory of nuclear balance in the relations between the superpowers is also stuided. The author brings into application the mathematical expression of nuclear deterrence, offered by A. Lee Burns, D. Ellsberg and D. Hunter.

Keywords: Analytics, Desicion, RAND, Nuclear weapon, Doctrines, Deterrence, the USA, Cold war, Method, Development

Abstract: The article presents a conceptual author's view on the current topic related to the change of the political regime in the Ukraine and the role of the United States of America in this process. The object of research is the technology of the regime change and manipulation of consciousness used by the US to implement its own foreign policy strategy. The subject of research is the use of such technologies in the Ukraine. The novelty of the research lies in the innovative approach of the authors to the actual problem which is associated with the dismantling of the political regime in the Ukraine.

Keywords: interests, state, political regime, political instability, geopolitics, USA, society, politics, values, security

Abstract:  The article is devoted to the research of constitutional and legal regulation of process of formation of the Russian Government, the main problems arising in legal regulation during appointment of the Russian Chairman of the Government and his further actions for formation of the entire government. In his article Chepus analyzes historical milestones of formation of the government in work. Special attention is paid to the current state of this process, relationship between the parliament and the President of the country in this sphere. The researcher also considers the status and the legal position of so-called "ministers without portfolio". Special attention is paid to the analysis of standards of regulations of Federal Assembly of Russia as well as to the decisions and practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In this connection the author comes to the conclusion that selection of a candidate for the Russian Chairman of the Government presented to the State Duma for approval (disapproval) is an unfettered right of the Russian President allowing the head of state to define concrete options of the execution of his right. In his research Chepus has used the following methods: systems approach, comparative method, legalistic and logical methods, doctrinal interpretation, analogy of the law and right. At the end of the article the researcher makes short conclusions based on the carried-out analysis of the material and offers a thesis that a special constitutional legal status of the executive authority in Russia and the process of formation of the Government of the Russian Federation happen under the political influence of the President. 

Keywords: ministers, Constitution, Parliament, President, institute of formation of the Government, Parliamentary responsibility, the Chairman of the Government, parliamentary control, parliamentary system, law

Abstract: The subject of study is the process of heroization of an individual, group of people or profession. The research object is a person, a hero or a citizen. The author considers the folk process of the birth of myths and legends and deliberate formation of heroic individuals and groups of individuals for the interests of state institutions. Special attention is paid to systems of values and causes that determine the criteria for the classification of an action as heroic. The author emphasizes the need to take into account the probabilistic nature and subjectivity of historical facts in the perception of ethics and heroic actions. An attempt is made to show that the opposition of the interests of the individual and the state through the heroic act is immoral, historically unjustified and strategically unacceptable. The research is based on the method of analysis of the systems of historical facts, study of scientific works and periodic literature, exposing essence problem questions of popularization of heroism in Russia. The basic conclusion of the article is that the policy of state institutions should be aimed at creating a stable civil position. Deliberate generation of heroic professions, social layers and separate individuals in the favour of the state of affairs of situation fraught the dissidence of society. The research novelty is caused by the fact that the author offers a number of principles that are supposed to provide internal logic of the system of popularization of heroism in Russia and assist strengthening stability of the state system.

Keywords: state, civil position, citizen, heroization, moral, ethics, hero, heroic act, society, popularization

Abstract: The subject of the proposed study is the description of the social network of practices aimed at ensuring security in the Internet environment.The author examines several aspects of the activity of subjects in the safety set by the nature of social communication in cyberspace and network, streaming the organization of the virtual space of the Internet. Risks and threats in the Network formed by the presence/absence information and the increasing rate of obsolescence information. Social actors produce all new practices to protect the interests and security, including in the virtual reality of cyberspace. These practices are associated with information security and protection of information, and facilitate orientation in the information space Network, with the aim of obtaining new information. The theoretic-methodological basis of research is the socio-philosophical and sociological theory. The author refers to the ideas of Maltsev, Nazarchuk, Ivanov and others. In her research Vladimirova has used the network and information approaches. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author has identified the specific social practices of security on the Internet. The formation of personal micro-networks, clonable cell network and their ability to high variability are peculiarities of network security practices. Practices of cultivation of "temporal gaps" and / or "bridge gaps" are also viewed as a tool of information security and protection of information. Standard practices of Internet safety today are "risk taking" and "comfortable anomie" which only encourage further multiplication of threats to information security.

Keywords: information security, network practices, comfort anomie, temporal gaps, social norm, multifactorial regulation, weak ties networks, freedom risk, burden mobility, cyberspace

Abstract: The work is done in prosopographical genre. For the purposes of collective portrait of the Komsomol officials during the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1980-ies the personal records of 7 secretaries of the regional Committee, 41 secretaries of the town committees, 122 secretaries of the district committees of the Komsomol of the Tambov region (170 people) from the State Archive of Social-Political History of Tambov region are analyzed and created a database. This article presents the results of its processing.The list of required personal and business qualities of the first secretaries is compiled on the basis of 114 party and komsomol characteristics of heads of region, town and district committees of the Komsomol. The increased uniformity of characteristics, use of a large number of stamps and templates, citation of documents of the central and regional committees of the Komsomol on personnel policy are marked. The presence of well-deserved authority and respect among members, nonunion youth and party activists was leading among the most frequently mentioned qualities of candidates to the post of first secretary.According to the author, the activity of Komsomol organizations in 1965-1984 is characterized primarily by the dominance of command-and-control style of relations between the party and the Komsomol. Describing the body of first secretaries of this period, the author notes a sharp increase in educational level of the Komsomol leaders, the prevalence among them of agriculture experts and technical workers, the increase in the share of immigrants from the urban environment, the increase in the average age of the Komsomol officials. Analysis of the causes rotation allowed us to conclude that a consistently high proportion of the Komsomol leaders continued upward movement on nomenclature the stairs.

Keywords: education, description, gender analysis, first secretary, Komsomol, youth, prosopography, history, age, career