Abstract: Academic community widely discusses the problem of the dual status of justices of the peace in the structure of judicial power. Are they the judges of the constituents of the Russian Federation as it is stated by law or do they in fact have the status of federal judges? The problem of the dual status of justices of the peace is related to the question whether the position of the justice of the peace should be legally assigned to the public position of the Russian Federation or public position of the constituent of the Russian Federation. Solution of the aforesaid problem is associated with the questions whether the organizational support of activity performed by the justices of the peace should be referred to the federal level or regional level. In general, the solution of the problem reduces to suggestions about future development of the commission of the peace as an element of the judicial system, from the lowest courts of the law magistrate to autonomous judicial systems of the constituents of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of numerous points of view on the solution of the aforesaid problem as well as taking into account the results of the opinion survey, the author of the present article provides a better insight into the problem and evaluates the practical importance of solving the problem of the dual status of justices of the peace. Conclusions made by the author question the solution of the problem related to assigning the position of the justice of the peace or organizational support of activity performed by the justice of the peace to the federal or regional level. According to the author, the problem is more profound and it is necessary to take another look at the role and place of the commission of the peace in the system of judicial power.

Keywords: judicial power, judicial system, justice of the peace, dual status of justices of the peace, prospects for further development, the problem of the status of judges/magistrates, courts of the Russia’s constituent.

Abstract: The subject under research is the appearance of Barbarian Tanaits in the civic communityof a Bosporan city Tanaits. Despite the fact that this is quite a popular theme in history, researchers still haven’t come to the same point of view on this phenomenon. All attempts to explain it are usually based on the process of sedentarization or interpretation of Tanaits as forced migrants. According to the author, in order to solve the aforesaid problem, it is necessary to appeal to the overall political and military situation in the Northern Black Sea Region at the second half of the XXth century BC. Thus, the purpose of the present research is to view the origin of Tanaits on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus in term of foreign political aspirations of the Roman Empire and Bosporan Kingdom. In his research the author uses an integrated approach to the sources and particular comparative method and makes a conclusion that the crisis that started in mid II BC in the Northern Black Sea Region and was caused by the migration of nomadic tribes into the region forced Roman people to change their strategy in the above mentioned region. The Roman Empire had to regain their contacts with powerful Sarmatian clans who helped to strengthen the Roman hegemony and return the lost peace to the Northern Black Sea Region. It is the author’s opinion t we should view the phenomenon of Tanaits from this point of view. The main conclusion made by the author is that individual representatives of Barbarian noblemen were gathered to form a civic community that had the same rights as Hellenes and inhabited Tanais in order to coordinate military actions with Sarmatian allies and to infl uence them through cultural expansion. The new hypothesis will defi nitely contribute to the creation of a holistic picture of the history of the Northern Black Sea Region during the Roman period.

Keywords: Roman Empire, Bosporan Kingdom, alans, tanaits, tamga, strategy, cultural expansion, Tanais, Sarmatia, late Sarmatian culture.

Abstract: ‘Debthar Marpo’ is a historical writing created by Kunga Dorje in Tibet the XIVth century. This book has never been translated to European languages and has been published only in the Tibetan language. Consequently, there are no comprehensive researches on the matter despite the fact that both Tibetan historiographers and European tibetologists have repeatedly underlined the importance of this source especially in terms of political history of Tibet and Central Asia. The article is devoted to Kunga Dorje’s personality and provides an insight into the political and cultural environment of that period. Undoubtedly, Kunga Dorje’s book is quite interesting for historians. This book has a complex structure and devoted to both political history of Tibet and history of Buddhist schools. Kunga Dorje starts with the description of life of Shakyamuni Buddha and touches upon the history of India and China. Particular parts of the book re devoted to Tangut and Mongolian people. Such a scheme is based on the concept developed by all Tibet historians and researchers of Buddha. Tibet is a heir and successor of India in expansion of the Teaching of Buddha.

Keywords: history, Tibet, Tibetan studies, historiography of Tibet, history of Tibet, oriental studies, Central Asia, Tibetan literature, Buddhist studies, Buddhism.

Abstract: The author of the article provides a sociological analysis of the problem of social cohesion, describes methodology of the empiric research of the problem and modern scientifi c understanding of the problem in the form of a whole complex of ideas and theories revealing peculiarities of social compliance and social trust, social integration and inclusion, social solidarity and social distance which content depends on the social and political regime, stability and practical state policy. As a central factor of social cohesion in a post-industrial society, the author views cultural pluralism and variety of styles. The reason for this is that encouragement of individual consumption and fi nancial success leads to polarization of the population, estrangement and formation of social groups, social relations and models of social perception of people depending on their material prosperity. Based on the results of the analysis of theoretical sources and data obtained during the interregional sociological research, for the fi rst time in scientifi c literature the researcher defi nes conditions infl uencing the cohesion of the Russian society, proves the relation between the size of the community and the level of trust in the community. The researcher also proves that atomistic tendencies prevail in the modern society. This is important not only for expansion of the theoretical social knowledge but this also serves as the grounds for practical recommendations on improving state policy aimed at achievement of social cohesion at the national level.

Keywords: social policy, social cohesion, processes of social inclusion, solidarity, social integration, civil society, model of social cohesion.

Abstract: Rapid development of modern social and humanitarian studies raises a very important question n about personal qualities of a researcher as a person who presents his personal values when performing scientifi c work. The author notes that the personal culture of a researcher depends on different objective and subjective factors. Among these factors there is the relations that a scientist has with the academic community, his absorption into the subject under review and a high level of profi ciency in theoretical and methodological concepts and research methods of scientifi c activity. The author of the present article focuses on the need for preserving the person-centered nature of modern scientifi c work. Methodological ground of the research is the axiological approach. The author also encourages researches in the philosophy of science as a branch of science. Scientifi c novelty of the research is defi ned by the need for studying the phenomenon of research culture because social and humanitarian studies impose more and more requirements to scientifi c work but these requirements do not consider peculiarities of a personal identity formation of a scientist, his professional qualities and other important circumstances. The present article is devoted to evaluation of different directions of the research culture and the main conclusion made by the author is that there is a certain need for personalizing the research culture and raising personal responsibility of a researcher before scientifi c and professional communities.

Keywords: Culture, society, researcher, social and humanitarian studies, science, scientifi c activity, socio-cultural processes, values, cultural system, social development.

Abstract: The article contains the analysis of the legislation of Canada, the United States of America and Mexico regulating the sector of coal mining industry and coal electric energy industry. It is quite an interesting fact that in Canada this sector is mostly regulated at the provincial level and there is only one law passed at the federal level while in the USA the third part of all legal acts regulating coal electric energy industry is adopted at the federal level. In Mexico the authorities to regulate the electric energy sector is fully assigned to the federal government. Despite the fact that the production of energy using coal has been regarded to be a faulty (environmentally unsafe) technology, a great share of the production is still run in this way. Geopolitical factors show that, for instance, coal will remain the main energy source of the USA in the future. In the light of these facts, recently legal regulation of all activities related to coal (coal mining, coal conversion and etc.) has been mostly oriented at achieving environmental targets and imperatives.

Keywords: North America, coal mining industry, electric energy law, electric energy industry, federal legislation, environmental studies, concessions, distribution of authorities, taxation, energy supply.

Abstract: The subject under review is the historical process of the genesis of criminal law in Ancient German tribes prior to the formation of the fi rst Barbarian kingdoms of the Merovingian epoch. The grounds for that genesis of law were the combination of socio-political and cultural-religious features of the seminomadic style of life and everyday life of Ancient Germans, their hostility, love for freedom and ‘the rule of force’. Peculiarities of community-based organizations and poetical mythopoetic refl ection of the surrounding world, combined as one whole, led to the formation of a completely different legal perception of Germans of the times of Caesar and Tacitus. The researcher uses the particular historical research method which is based on the analysis and scientifi c interpretation of historical and legal materials. Appearance of Ancient German tribes on the historical scene was caused by their migration and change of the territory which, in its turn, inevitably led to military collusions with the native population of conquered lands. This is where the rule of force comes from. The rule of force creates a special image of a warrior who underwent the initiation procedure and became a free legal entity. A captured enemy is an alien and not only an enemy but also a criminal who deserves the most severe punishment for showing resistance. The 'rule of force' and the 'right of war' are sanctioned by the supreme anthropomorphic gods who are close and understandable and therefore worthy of respect or blame. However, a heroic enemy sometimes can be worthy of respect too. The freedom of a legal entity is expressed in his right to fully participate in public life and decision making process regarding war and peace and justice. Even though the legal side of public life was not viewed as an individual sphere, it was invariant and at the same time simple and easy to understand for everyone. Legal customs were mostly formed by the social and political structure of the Ancient German society and at the same time they were inextricably entwined with religion which was susceptible to transformation, too. In many ways, the nature of the law genesis of Ancient Germans had a criminal law aspect because it was inseparably related to the solution of the most important issues (death, life, honor and blood feud) which had been initially referred to that sphere of legal regulation all over the world.

Keywords: law genesis, Ancient Germany, war, captive (prisoner), victim, Gauls, religion, mythology, opposition, Christianity.

Abstract: The present research article is devoted to the main tendencies of political developments, factors infl uencing political developments and transformation of political developments in Western Belarus after the crushing defeat of the Belarusian Peasants’ and Workers’ Union ‘Hramada’ under the conditions of the authorization of the political regime in the Second Polish Republic since 1928 till 1939.The researcher analyzes the main actors of the political process in the region and social aspects of their functioning as well as the infl uence of the policy implemented by the Polish government regarding Belarusian population living in Poland. All these aspects are being viewed taking into account the important geopolitical role of Western Belarus (northeastern Kresy). The researcher bases his research on the interdisciplinary approach and uses both general scientifi c research methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction and particular scientifi c research methods such as the systems approach and historical analysis methods. The scientifi c novelty of the research is defi ned by the fact that this research is the fi rst attempt made in Russian political science to describe political developments in Western Belarus under the conditions of the authorization of the political regime in the Second Polish Republic. The main conclusions made by the researcher are the following: Western Belarus after the crushing defeat of Hramada by the Polish government faced the decrease of intensity and at the same time quite a diversity of political developments. An important feature of the political developments in Western Belarus was a prevailing role of external factors compared to the internal factors triggering the development of the political process. That become possible as a result of a relatively low potential of ideological confl icts between Ukrainian and Belarusian societies.

Keywords: political developments, Western Belarus, authorization of the political regime, Commonwealth of Poland (‘Second Polish Republic’), Hramada, Communist Party of Western Belarus, Chadecja, Zmahannie, Central Union, Belsanacja.

Abstract: Enormous economic resources and a growing political importance of the European Union (EU) used by the EU in its relations with other actors based on the conditionality principle give the EU a signifi cant but quite contradictory potential to infl uence the course of international confl icts. The subject under review of the present research article is the particular features of this potential that are the most pronounced in the EU policy regarding the Israel-Palestine issue. The purpose of research is to identity the problem of the EU infl uence on the confl ict. The EU is trying to make this infl uence through using the conditionality principle. From the point of view of methodology, discussion of this topic within the framework of the present research article involves a detailed analysis of the case study, i.e. initiatives offered by the EU during Israel-Palestine negotiations in 2013-2014. Based on the results of the research, the author shows that despite the unprecedented boldness of initiatives and a great infl uence potential of the EU, the EU did not manage to use the conditionality principle effi ciently and bring the parties to a compromise. As before, the EU did not use the conditionality principle successively in its relations with both parties and therefore damaged its infl uence on both parties and did not take into account particular features of the confl ict. Results of the research can make a contribution to both understanding this particular direction of the EU policy (which is a very important but insuffi ciently studied direction of the EU policy) and understanding particular features of the EU as an international actor.

Keywords: European Union, external activity of the EU, conditionality, Israel-Palestine issue, Middle East issue, peace process, international confl icts, resolution of confl icts, negotiations, mediation.

Abstract: As the results of the analysis show, despite the fact that new religious organizations and destructive cults function in nearly all countries of the global community, nevertheless there is a number of countries that have managed to considerably decrease the infl uence of these organizations on political developments. This was the consequence of a number of measures undertaken by the government and taking into account peculiarities of religious organizations in each particular country. The author of the present research article is quite sure that this issue can be also solved in our country through a complex analysis of current relations between the government and religious organizations. There are several political and social prerequisites of a wide spread and infl uence of destructive religious organizations on young people in Russia. These prerequisites include, fi rst of all, extremely liberal legal regulations of the Russian Federation regarding religious organizations. The author of the article analyzes the infl uence of new religious organizations of the destructive and occult nature on social processes in modern Russia. The author also offers her own classifi cation of the spheres of infl uence based on the analysis of primary data. The author also provides a substantiation of the given classifi cation.

Keywords: New religious organizations, destructive cults, national security, political infl uence, legislation, confessions, traditional religions, separatism, mind control, violation of law.

Abstract: Political advertising is an effi cient mechanism of positioning of regional government institutions in the internal and external political environment. The subject under review of the present article is limited to regional political communications that involve the following key actors: state authorities, political parties, social organizations and interest groups. Using various communication channels, political actors get involved into networks and create the image of particular political institutions and political leaders. Regional models of political communications demonstrate insuffi cient use of network tools and Internet resources when arranging for and carrying out election processes. As the research methodology, the author uses a neo-institutional approach that involves evaluation of both formal and informal elements of the communication potential of the regional political process. This approach is completed with special scientifi c methods of analysis, synthesis, systems analysis, comparative political analysis and modeling method. The novelty of research is in using regional experience for attracting political advertising in order to position regional government institutions and particular offi cials in the external environment. The variety of regional models of political advertising raises the need for fi nding the best mechanisms of formation of a positive image of state authorities. In this respect, the experience of the Omsk Region as one of the most typical constitutions of the Russian Federation seems to be rather interesting and useful for understanding variants of further development of political advertising at the regional level.

Keywords: Political communications, political advertising, political institutions, public relations, mass media, state authorities, information policy, political agitation, election campaign, political networks.

Abstract: The subject under review is the main directions, forms and methods of the political awareness education among the youth at the end of the 1950th. Refusing from ideological stereotypes not only of the Soviet Period but also of the recent past, the author tries to study Komsomol and the youth movement in Russia in general non-judgmentally and with respect to the rich historical experience of our country. This is an interesting topic for research because in the youth age one’s personality has been already formed. A young person understands his place and role in life and tries to achieve a certain social status and to perform his social role. Focusing on the province allows to provide a more detailed insight into the history of the fi rst years after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as well as to correct particular conclusions made on the analysis of the materials of the central board of the Party and Komsomol. The author shows that the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Union set the mission to radically improve the ideological education performed by the Party and to narrow the gap between agitation and propaganda and practice. Successful performance of ambitious plans of the economic construction was directly related to the political education performed by the Party, Soviet and Komsomol authorities. However, opposed to plans declared at the forums of the Party and Komsomol and despite implementation of new forms of political education and more attractive methods of educational activity, the reality showed that in fact the system of political education was far from being effi cient. The youth was taught undiscussable dogmas. Data regarding the number of young people who underwent the courses of political education were still exaggerated and topics discussed at educational meetings were still far from the real life. Political education clubs were still indulged in formalism and learning by rote.

Keywords: history, youth (young people), Komsomol, political culture, political education, ideological education, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, print media, propaganda, formalism.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the religiosity of the revolutionary ideology and evaluation of Marxism teaching from the point of view of its religiosity and religiosity of public consciousness as well as the analysis of why Marxism was popular as an ideology of radical forms of the social protest of the XXth. Despite eclecticism, Marxism became almost a ‘religious teaching’ not only for the revolutionists of the second half of the XIX – XXth centuries but also for signifi cant amounts of population in underdeveloped countries of Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa. The author of the article used comparative analysis and systems analysis as the main research methods. The author analyzed the elements of Marxism such as the economic theory, social utopia and protest ideology (religion). The scientifi c novelty of research is in studying Marxism from a completely different point of view, i.e. not as the economic theory and a historical and philosophical teaching but as an ideological teaching for radical forms of the social protest. This is how the author explains why Marxism has been so popular. Marxism was not a principally new teaching from the poi of view of each element present in that teaching. However, due to well selected and combined elements, relations between them and orientation at the revolutionary ideology, Marxism became a teaching and a religion and a popular ideology of the social protest. What has made Marxism so demanded as an ideology of the protest and what has defi ned its durability? Many philosophers have tried to answer that question from different points of view and from different positions but nobody has ever taken a chance to make a special study of Marxism for the purpose of analyzing all its elements as a whole.

Keywords: Marxism, social protest, revolution, social utopia, religion of revolution, Marx, Engels, social theories, ideology of the protest, communism.